1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Gaetano Trentanove
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Gaetano Trentanove was an Italian and American sculptor. Trentanove was born in Florence, Italy, a goldsmiths son and he studied at the Florentine Academy, he was later named honorary scholar of this academy and Parma. Trentanove had an early career in Italy. He completed Gaddo movente (his first work, awarded a medal by the Società Promotrice delle Belle Arti. He completed both a full size statue for his palace and a monument for Count Alfredo Serristori for the cemetery of Figline. He sculpted the sculptural group Tito Vezio e Licena and he sculpted the monument of Signora Fraschetti, placing a crown of flowers on the tomb of her husband in San Miniato. He completed many portrait busts including one of Federigo Campanella and he designed a statue raised on the loggie of the Mercato Nuovo of Florence. For the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, Trentanove sculpted the Otriade or Last of the Spartans, when the Chicago fair closed, Cramer purchased the Spartan statue for the Layton Art Gallery in Milwaukee. Trentanove thus became a visitor to Milwaukee and taught classes at the Layton Art Gallery. In 1897 Trentanove was created a knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, after retirement, he returned to Italy where he died. Trentanoves public monuments are more easily located than his portrait sculptures, figural sculptures,1889 Victor Hugo, shown at the Exposition Universelle, Paris. Now at Gallery of Modern Art, Florence,1892 The Last of the Spartans, Milwaukee Art Museum. Purchased at the Esposizione di Belle Arti, Parma, by William Cramer and donated in 1893 to the Layton Art Gallery, now in lobby of the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library Systems Central Library
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Neoclassicism
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The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th, European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c.1760 in opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Each neo-classicism selects some models among the range of classics that are available to it. They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity, the Rococo art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through engravings in Woods The Ruins of Palmyra. While the movement is described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism. The case of the main champion of late Neoclassicism, Ingres, demonstrates this especially well. The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology, the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. With the advent of the Grand Tour, a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe, Neoclassicism in each art implies a particular canon of a classical model. In English, the term Neoclassicism is used primarily of the arts, the similar movement in English literature. This, which had been dominant for decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in French literature was similar, in music, the period saw the rise of classical music, and Neoclassicism is used of 20th-century developments. Ingress coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival, much Neoclassical painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann. The work of artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style. Unlike Carstens unrealized schemes, the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable and his main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the success of Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of government patronage in art
6.
Daniel Webster
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Daniel Webster was an American politician who twice served in the United States House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire and Massachusetts, served as a U. S. Senator from Massachusetts and was twice the United States Secretary of State, under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler and he and James G. Blaine were the only two people to serve as Secretary of State under three presidents. Webster also sought the Whig Party nomination for President three times, in 1836,1840 and 1852. As a diplomat he is best known for negotiating the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Great Britain, Webster was an outstanding spokesman for American nationalism with powerful oratory that made him a key Whig leader. He spoke for conservatives and led the opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson and he was a spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry, but not for the common people who composed the base of his opponents in Jacksonian democracy. He was a thoroughgoing elitist, and he reveled in it, chiefly recognized for his Senate tenure, Webster was a key figure in the institutions Golden days. Webster was the Northern member of the Great Triumvirate, with his colleagues Henry Clay from the West and his Reply to Hayne in 1830 has been regarded as one of the greatest speeches in the Senates history. As with his fellow Whig Henry Clay, Webster wanted to see the Union preserved and they both worked for compromises to stave off the sectionalism that threatened war between the North and the South. Websters support for the Compromise of 1850, devised in part by Clay, in 1957, a Senate committee selected Webster as one of the five greatest U. S. Senators with Clay, Calhoun, Robert La Follette, and Robert A. Taft, Daniel Webster was born on January 18,1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, the present-day city of Franklin. He was the son of Abigail and Ebenezer Webster and he and his nine siblings grew up on their parents farm, a small parcel of land granted to his father. His ancestors were among the settlers of Salisbury. Webster attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a school in Exeter. He was chosen Fourth of July orator in Hanover, the town, in 1800. After he graduated from Dartmouth, Webster was apprenticed to the lawyer Thomas W. Thompson in Salisbury, in 1802 Webster began as the headmaster of the Fryeburg Academy, Maine, where he served for one year. When Ezekiels education could no longer be sustained, Webster returned to his apprenticeship, in 1804 he left New Hampshire and got a position in Boston under the prominent attorney Christopher Gore. Clerking for Gore – who was involved in international, national, in 1805 Webster was admitted to the bar. He returned to New Hampshire to set up a practice in Boscawen and he began to speak locally in support of Federalist causes and candidates
7.
Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)
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Massachusetts Avenue is a major diagonal transverse road in Washington, D. C. and the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is a historic district that includes part of it. Appearing in Peter Charles LEnfants original plan, Massachusetts Avenue crosses three of Washingtons four quadrants and it intersects every major north–south street and passes numerous Washington landmarks. It is a landmark itself, long considered the boundary of the downtown as well as home of Washingtons Embassy Row. Massachusetts Avenue is tied with Pennsylvania Avenue as the widest road in the District, the two roads run in parallel through much of the city, Massachusetts about seven blocks north of Pennsylvania. Massachusetts Avenue was long Washingtons premier residential street, as Pennsylvania was once its most sought-after business address, both streets were named after states with prominent roles in the American Revolution. The historic district is an 81-acre area that includes 150 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It includes multiple properties that are listed on the National Register. The main section of Massachusetts Avenue begins at 19th Street Southeast, just to the west of the former District of Columbia General Hospital site, at elevation with respect to the hospital, Massachusetts Avenue commands a view of the Anacostia River. It proceeds in a northwesterly direction crosstown, at Lincoln Park the road enters Northeast D. C. and the neighborhood of Capitol Hill. In the tradition of the acronym SoHo, realtors sometimes give this area the moniker NoMa and it intersects with Interstate 395 at H Street NW, and passes over Mount Vernon Square in front of the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. Massachusetts Avenue passes through the ring of Dupont Circle and curves north at Sheridan Circle. After crossing Rock Creek over the Charles C, the Washington National Cathedral, located at the intersection of Mass and Wisconsin Avenues, is usually considered the end of Embassy Row. At Ward Circle, Massachusetts delineates the American University Park neighborhood from Spring Valley and it crosses the Washington-Montgomery County, Maryland border at Westmoreland Circle. In Maryland, the road signed as State Highway 396. Another section of Massachusetts Avenue, discontinuous from the one described above and that section extends from 30th Street SE near District of Columbia Route 295, to Southern Avenue SE at the border between D. C. and Prince Georges County. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the Brookings Institution, the Peterson Institute, St. Nicholas Cathedral, numerous embassies and residences are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation makes its home on Massachusetts Avenue. The track of the avenue was not paved until the administration of Alexander Robey Shepherd in the early 1870s and it was extended beyond Boundary Road in the 1880s, and beyond Rock Creek up to the District line after 1900. Residential development along Massachusetts Avenue accelerated in the 1870s, mostly around the circles located west of 9th Street NW and these brick and brownstone structures reflected the Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Château styles in vogue at the time
8.
Scott Circle
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Scott Circle is a traffic circle in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D. C. at the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Rhode Island Avenue, and 16th Street, N. W. N Street stops short of meeting the circle from either direction, the through-lanes of 16th Street NW pass under Scott Circle in a $317,000 tunnel that began construction in February 1941 and opened on December 29,1941. The service lanes of 16th Street intersect the circle, the embassies of Australia and the Philippines are located on Scott Circle, as is the University of California, Washington Center and the General Scott Condominiums. A sculpture of Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott was erected in Scott Circle in 1874, the Daniel Webster Memorial and Samuel Hahnemann Monument can be found on the periphery of the circle. List of Circles in Washington, D. C
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
Stilson Hutchins
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Stilson Hutchins was an American newspaper reporter and publisher, best known as founder of The Washington Post. Hutchins was born in Whitefield, Coos County, New Hampshire, on 14 November 1838 and he moved to Saint Louis, establishing the Saint Louis Times newspaper in 1866, and became a Missouri state representative for the Democratic Party. He subsequently moved to Washington, D. C. where he founded The Washington Post to advance Democratic Party views and it was first published on December 6,1877, within a year, circulation topped 6,000 copies per day. In 1880, Hungarian-born immigrant Joseph Pulitzer joined the staff, by 1888, Hutchins cut his allegiance to the Democrats, and bought out the papers only competitor, The Republican National. He sold The Post in 1889, in 1889, Hutchins commissioned a statue of Benjamin Franklin to stand at the corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 12th street, overlooking what were then the offices of The Washington Post. In 1890, he commissioned a sculpture of Charles Dickens from Francis Edwin Elwell, in 1900, Hutchins also funded Gaetano Trentanoves Daniel Webster Memorial in Scott Circle, Washington, D. C. The arrangement took effect January 1,1884, Hutchins built a mansion on the island in 1885. In 1897, Hutchins bought Oatlands Plantation in Leesburg, VA but never lived on the property, in 1903, he leased the mansion to the Ambassador from Germany, Baron Speck von Sternburg, who established a summer embassy there with a retinue of at least 20 persons. The mansion was sold by the Hutchins family in the late 1920s, while Hutchins mansion was once the only one on the island, now there are scores of large private homes. Bought out by the Meyer family in 195-- who merged it with their current ownership of The Washington Post He died at his home in Washington, D. C. on 23 April 1912 and is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery. Edward J. Gallagher, Founder of the Washington Post, A Biography of Stilson Hutchins, 1838-1912, Laconia, Washington Post history Dex Nilsson, The Names of Washington, D. C
11.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
12.
Act of Congress
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An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress. It can either be a Public Law, relating to the public, or a Private Law. The term can be used in countries with a legislature named Congress. In the United States, Acts of Congress are designated as public laws, relating to the general public, or private laws. Since 1957, all Acts of Congress have been designated as Public Law X-Y or Private Law X-Y, for example, P. L. 111-5 was the fifth enacted public law of the 111th United States Congress. Public laws are often abbreviated as Pub. L. When the legislation of those two kinds is proposed, it is called public bill and private bill respectively, the word act, as used in the term Act of Congress, is a common, not a proper noun. The capitalization of the act is deprecated by some dictionaries. Some writers, in particular the U. S. Code and this is likely a result of the more liberal use of capital letters in legal contexts, which has its roots in the 18th century capitalization of all nouns as is seen in the United States Constitution. Act of Congress is sometimes used in speech to indicate something for which getting permission is burdensome. For example, It takes an Act of Congress to get a permit in this town. The President promulgates Acts of Congress made by the first two methods, if an Act is made by the third method, the presiding officer of the house that last reconsidered the act promulgates it. In addition, if the President rejects a bill or resolution while the Congress is in session, after the Archivist receives the Act, he or she provides for its publication as a slip law and in the United States Statutes at Large. Thereafter, the changes are published in the United States Code, an Act of Congress that violates the Constitution may be declared unconstitutional by the courts. The judicial declaration of an Acts unconstitutionality does not remove the law from the books, rather. However, future publications of the Act are generally annotated with warnings indicating that the statute is no longer valid law, legislation List of United States federal legislation for a list of prominent acts of Congress. Procedures of the United States Congress Act of Parliament Coming into force Enactment Federal Register http, //bensguide. gpo. gov/6-8/glossary. html
13.
Bunker Hill Monument
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There are 294 steps to the top. An exhibit lodge built adjacent to the monument in the late 19th century houses a statue of fallen hero Dr. Joseph Warren, Bunker Hill is one of the sites along the Freedom Trail and is part of Boston National Historical Park. The monument underwent a $3.7 million renovation, completed in 2007, that included repairs, handicap accessibility improvements, the Bunker Hill Museum across the street was dedicated in June of that year and includes many exhibits about the battle. No admission charge applies to the museum or monument, the monument was one of the first in the United States. In front of the obelisk is a statue of Col. William Prescott, according to popular stories, he coined the famous Revolutionary War phrase, Dont fire until you see the whites of their eyes during the battle. However, various writers attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott or Gridley, the Monument is not on Bunker Hill, but instead on Breeds Hill, where most of the fighting in the misnamed Battle of Bunker Hill actually took place. The Monument Association, which had purchased the site, was forced to sell off all. William Ticknor, a well-known Boston lawyer and antiquarian, first suggested the memorial, an interested group of men met for breakfast at the home of Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins, including William Tudor, Daniel Webster, Professor George Ticknor, Doctor John C. Warren, William Sullivan, and George Blake, on May 10,1823, the first public meeting was called. Each member subscribed five dollars, and on June 7,1823, the Bunker Hill Monument Association was established, famed nineteenth-century philanthropist Amos Lawrence contributed $10,000 to the monuments erection. In the spring of 1825 the directors had purchased about 15 acres on the slope of Breeds Hill, the first design committee consisted of Webster, noted engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr. George Ticknor, Gilbert Stuart, and Washington Allston. One hundred dollars was offered for the best design, about 50 plans were presented in response, choice was soon narrowed to a column and an obelisk and a new committee was appointed to procure designs and estimate expenses for each. At the next meeting the majority voted that the obelisk designed by Solomon Willard be used, the directors laid the cornerstone on June 17,1825. The Marquis de Lafayette performed the ceremony, Webster delivered the oration, rev. Joseph Thaxter, who was wounded in the battle, officiated as chaplain at the ceremony, offering a prayer in thanks for the colonists victory. Blocks of granite for the monument averaged two cubic yards each and were quarried by wedging. Delivered to the site of the monument at an actual cost of $5.40 per cubic yard from an opened for the purpose far under the average contract offers for the same of $24.30. Construction was frequently halted as available funds were depleted, neighbors disgruntled with the construction eyesore were rumored to have plans to raise money to tear down the partially completed monument. Sarah Josepha Hale and the readers of her magazine supplied funds essential to the successful completion
14.
Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.
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There are many outdoor sculptures in Washington, D. C. In addition to the capitals most famous monuments and memorials, many recognized as national heroes have been posthumously awarded with his or her own statue in a park or public square. A number of figures, such as Mohandas Gandhi, have also been immortalized with statues. The Statue of Freedom is a 19½-foot tall allegorical statue that rests atop the United States Capitol dome, in addition to the human likenesses, a number of public and private sculptures of animals, objects, and abstractions are spread throughout the city. Two museums on the National Mall include sculpture gardens, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, mellon Memorial Fountain at Constitution Ave & Pennsylvania Ave. C. Memorials, a directory of memorials, monuments, statues & other outdoor art in Washington, media related to Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D. C. at Wikimedia Commons
15.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
16.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
17.
Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)
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The Adams Memorial is a grave marker located in Section E of Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. featuring a cast bronze allegorical sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The shrouded figure is seated against a granite block which forms one side of a hexagonal plot, across a small light-toned granite plaza, a comfortable stone bench invites visitors to rest and meditate. The whole is sheltered by a screen of dense conifers, more dense. Erected in 1891, the monument was commissioned by author/historian Henry Adams as a memorial to his wife, Marian Adams, suffering from depression, had died by suicide through the ingestion of potassium cyanide, which she otherwise used to develop photographs. Adams advised Saint-Gaudens to contemplate iconic images from Buddhist devotional art, one such subject, Kannon, is frequently depicted as a seated figure draped in cloth. In addition to the still and flowing elements, the monuments dualism includes male-female fusion in the figure itself and these checks to the standard heroic figure combine to make a countermonument for a woman who disliked monuments generally. Saint-Gaudens may also have influenced by Parisian funerary art from his stay in France. In a letter addressed to Homer Saint-Gaudens, on January 24,1908, Adams instructed him, every magazine writer wants to label it as some American patent medicine for popular consumption—Grief, Despair, Pears Soap, or Macys Mens Suits Made to Measure. Your father meant it to ask a question, not to give an answer, like all great artists, St. Gaudens held up the mirror and no more. At the time of Saint-Gaudenss death, the statue was known as an important work of American sculpture. Its popularity inspired at least one prominent copy, the Black Aggie, on March 16,1972, the Adams Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Adams Memorial photos at Historic American Buildings Survey Cultural Tourism D. C
18.
African American Civil War Memorial
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The sculpture, The Spirit of Freedom, is a 9-foot bronze statue by Ed Hamilton of Louisville, Kentucky, commissioned by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities in 1993 and completed in 1997. The memorial includes an area with curved panel short walls inscribed with the names of the men who served in the war. The Memorial is located at the entrance to the U Street station on the Washington Metro, served by the Yellow. The memorial was developed by the African American Civil War Memorial Freedom Foundation and it was transferred to the National Park Service on October 27,2004. The National Mall and Memorial Parks office of the NPS now manages the site, the related African American Civil War Museum is located directly across from the memorial at 1925 Vermont Avenue. From July 16–18,2011, it celebrated its opening in a new and permanent facility at this address, with a weekend of speakers. It plans four years of activities to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the war, the museum enables visitors, researchers, and descendants of the United States Colored Troops to better understand their stories. It displays photographs, newspaper articles, and replicas of period clothing, the African American Civil War Memorial Registry at the museum documents the family trees of more than 2,000 descendants of those men who served with the USCT. Visitors can easily search the database to find ancestors and relatives registered in the Descendants Registry
19.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
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Congress adopted legislation establishing the memorial on October 23,2000, authorizing the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation to design, raise funds for, and construct the memorial. The fundraising goal was reached in mid-2010, and ground for the memorial broken on November 10,2010, the memorial was dedicated by President Barack Obama on October 5,2014. Although she did not know him, Pope called the office of United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jesse Brown to plead for a memorial, Pope called every day for the next six months, until finally Browns secretary put her call through. Brown agreed to support establishing a memorial. Because the Commemorative Works Act of 1986 barred the expenditure of funds for memorials. Brown introduced Pope to Art Wilson, the National Adjutant of the Disabled American Veterans, the DAV was itself not a nonprofit, and thus Pope and Wilson agreed that a new foundation, the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation should be created. Brown, Pope, and Wilson incorporated the foundation in 1998, the three individuals and their supporters began lobbying Congress to win passage of the necessary federal legislation. The effort was announced on November 9,1998 and they received the support of Senators John McCain, Max Cleland, and John Kerry, who introduced legislation authorizing a memorial in the United States Senate in January 1999. Companion legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative John Murtha, the CWA proved to be an obstacle for the memorial foundation. Exemptions could be made for events or individuals of singular importance or long-lasting historic significance and that exemption could only be issued by the National Capital Memorial Commission. The memorial foundation sought just such an exemption, but in November 1999—just before Veterans Day—the NCMC denied the exemption, Veterans groups were outraged, and Pope declared that bureaucracy was standing in the way of honoring people who had taken a bullet for the nation. The NCMC defended its decision, pointing out that Congress enacted the law to slow the rapid proliferation of memorials on the Mall, the agency also noted that there were already many memorials to veterans and to several wars on the National Mall. Since very little remained for memorials, what was left should be kept open for future generations. In the wake of this decision, the backers in Congress quickly added new language to their bill exempting the memorial form the CWAs National Mall ban. The National Park Service and the United States Department of the Interior now opposed the legislation because of this exemption, but Congress quickly approved the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law on October 24,2000. Most of the rules of the CWA still applied to the veterans memorial. The CWA gave the seven years to begin construction, or its authorization would expire. The first site selected by the foundation was disapproved
20.
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument
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The Belmont-Paul Womens Equality National Monument is a historic house and museum of the U. S. womens suffrage and equal rights movements located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D. C. The monument is named after suffragists and National Womans Party leaders Alva Belmont, since 1929 the house has served as headquarters of the National Womans Party, a key political organization in the fight for womens suffrage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, from 1972 to 2016, the Sewall-Belmont National Historic Site was an affiliated unit of the National Park Service. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated it a National Monument, affording it more protection, visibility, and likely more funding. On June 20,1632, Charles I, King of England, made a grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert. Lord Baltimore established counties within the province, and provincial courts further subdivided counties into areas known as hundreds, one of these was New Scotland Hundred. Its southern boundary was the Potomac River, extending from the mouth of Oxon Creek upstream to Little Falls Rapids, on February 12,1663, the third Lord Baltimore granted a land patent of 1,000 acres in New Scotland Hundred to George Thompson. The property changed hands, was subdivided, and inherited a number of times before it came into the possession of nine-year-old Daniel Carroll in 1773, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, about December 1790, Washington chose the site now known as the District of Columbia. Congress ratified his decision in 1791, Congress subsequently purchased all land in the new district from its private owners, including Carroll. The district was divided into squares, and each square into lots, Daniel Carroll purchased lot 1 in square 725 on October 18,1793, for $266.66, and the same day the federal government gave lot 32 in square 725 back to Carroll gratis. Robert Sewall purchased lot 2 in square 725 for $429.33 on October 18, the construction of the main house occurred in 1799 and 1800. The main house was essentially an addition to the front of a one-room farmhouse believed to date from 1750, although the Sewall family rarely occupied the home, its size, beauty, and location led many prominent government leaders to reside there. These included Albert Gallatin, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Senator from Maryland, United States Attorney General, and U. S. Tradition maintains that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812, the house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations. After the house was burned by the British in 1814. Congress declined to award them, so Sewall himself paid to have the structure repaired in 1820, a stable was probably added to the property at this time. Sewall died in the house on December 16,1820, leaving the building to his wife, Polly and it is unclear which of these continued to live in the house, but Susan definitely lived in it until her death in 1837
21.
Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial
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Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial is a bronze statue honoring educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune, by Robert Berks. The monument is the first statue erected on land in Washington, D. C. to honor an African American. The statue features an elderly Mrs. Bethune handing a copy of her legacy to two black children. Mrs. Bethune is supporting herself by a given to her by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The statue was unveiled on the anniversary of her 99th birthday, July 10,1974, the funds for the monument were raised by the National Council of Negro Women, the organization Mrs. Bethune founded in 1935. It is located in Lincoln Park, at East Capitol Street, the inscription reads,73 Berks MARY McLEOD BETHUNE18751955 Let her works praise her ERECTED JULY10,1974 BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO WOMEN, INC. DOROTHY I. HEIGHT PRESIDENT I LEAVE YOU LOVE, I LEAVE YOU THE CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE IN ONE ANOTHER. I LEAVE YOU A THIRST FOR EDUCATION, I LEAVE YOU A RESPECT FOR THE USE OF POWER. I LEAVE YOU A DESIRE TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY WITH YOUR FELLOW MEN, I LEAVE YOU FINALLY, A RESPONSIBILITY TO OUR YOUNG PEOPLE. Mary McLeod Bethune List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Statue of Mary MacLeod Bethune, anniversary events this week for Mary McLeod Bethune statue in Lincoln Park
22.
Boy Scout Memorial
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The Boy Scout Memorial is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located at The Ellipse in Washington, D. C. This sculpture was surveyed in 1993 as part of the Smithsonians Save Outdoor Sculpture, the Boy Scout Memorial serves as a tribute to the Boy Scouts of America. The sculpture consists of three figures, a Boy Scout in the center wearing a uniform stepping forward and carrying a walking stick in his left hand. Flanking him are two allegorical figures of a man and woman. They represent American Manhood and Womanhood and the ideals they will pass onto the youth, to the Boy Scouts right side is the male figure, nearly nude, who carries a bundle of leaves and drapery in his left arm. Part of the drapery blows across his middle as he strides forward with his right leg, to the Scouts left side is the female figure who holds a torch in her left hand that has a gold-colored flame. Her left hand extends slightly and her palm is facing upward, the three figures are mounted on a hexagonal-shaped base and in front of the sculpture is a circular pool of water. The three figures represent various concepts, according to the National Park Service the Boy Scout represents the aspirations of all past, present, and future Scouts throughout the world. The male figure exemplifies physical, mental, and moral fitness, love of country, good citizenship, loyalty, honor and he carries a helmet, a symbol of masculine attire. The female figure symbolizes enlightenment with the love of God and fellow man, justice, freedom and she holds the eternal flame of Gods Holy Spirit. The sculpture was founded by Modern Art Foundry in New York, in 1959, the 50th anniversary year of Scouting, Lyndon B. Johnson, then Senate majority leader, introduced a measure to establish the memorial, upon approval, funds for the sculpture were raised by Boy Scouts collecting dimes throughout the country, therefore no government spending was used. The names of all the collecting Scouts are inscribed on scrolls that are placed inside the base of the unit, the sculpture sits at the location of the 1937 National Scout Jamboree, the first jamboree. It was dedicated on November 7,1964 and accepted by Associate Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark who celebrated his 50th anniversary of being an Eagle Scout on that day and this sculpture was surveyed by Save Outdoor Sculpture. in 1993 and was described as well maintained. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Scouting in Washington, Boy Scout Memorial on dcMemorials Roadside Americas Boy Scout Memorial - Sparingly Clad Chums The memorial is one of Lonely Planets Top 5 Secret Statues in Washington
23.
James Buchanan Memorial
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The James Buchanan Memorial is a bronze and granite memorial in the Southeast corner of Meridian Hill Park Northwest, Washington, D. C. It was designed by architect William Gorden Beecher, and sculpted by Maryland artist Hans Schuler, commissioned in 1916, but not approved by the U. S. Congress until 1918, it was completed and unveiled June 26,1930. The memorial in the nations capital complemented an earlier monument, constructed in 1907–08 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanans birthplace in Mercersburg, http, //www. c-spanvideo. org/program/298193-1 http, //dcmemorialist. com/2010/03/buchanan-statue/ Buchanan Memorial, HABS, Library of Congress
24.
District of Columbia War Memorial
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The District of Columbia War Memorial commemorates the citizens of the District of Columbia who served in World War I. As in the title, this stands for World War I soldiers that fought. The memorial stands in West Potomac Park slightly off of Independence Avenue in a grove of trees, authorized by an act of Congress on June 7,1924, funds to construct the memorial were provided by the contributions of both organizations and individual citizens of the District. Construction of the began in the spring of 1931. It was the first war memorial to be erected in West Potomac Park, part of the National Mall near the Lincoln Memorial, designed by Washington architect Frederick H. Brooke, with Horace W. Peaslee and Nathan C. Wyeth as associate architects, the District of Columbia War Memorial is in the form of a 47-foot tall circular, domed, resting on concrete foundations, the 4 foot high marble base defines a platform,43 feet 5 inches in diameter, intended for use as a bandstand. Preserved in the cornerstone of the District of Columbia World War Memorial is a list of 26,000 Washingtonians who served in the Great War. Inscribed on the base are the names of the 499 District of Columbia citizens who lost their lives in the war, twelve 22-foot tall fluted Doric marble columns support the entablature and dome. In July 2010, the National Park Service announced that work, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Work began in October 2010, and the memorial reopened on November 10,2011 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, D. C. Views of the National Parks - National Park Service Historic American Buildings Survey, HABS DC-857 World War I Memorial Foundation DC Preservation League Most Endangered Places for 2003 District of Columbia Service in World War One and the DC World War Memorial
25.
Albert Einstein Memorial
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The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D. C, united States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N. W. near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The memorial is a spot for tourists visiting the national mall to pose for pictures. The statue depicts Einstein seated in casual repose on a bench of Mount Airy white granite. The bronze figure weighs approximately 4 tons and is 12 feet in height, the monument is supported by three caissons, totaling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to 25 feet. It was cast at Modern Art Foundry, Astoria Queens, NY, the sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait busts and statues, based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculpted from life in 1953 at Einsteins Princeton home. Landscape architect James A. Van Sweden designed the monument landscaping, Berks created two replicas of his 1979 monument. Today, the replicas can be viewed in the garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The statue and bench are at one side of a circular dais,28 feet in diameter, made from granite from Larvik. Embedded in the dais are more than 2,700 metal studs representing the location of objects, including the at noon on April 22,1979. Familiar constellations are marked on the map for easy identification, to a visitor standing at the center of the dais, Einstein appears to be making direct eye contact, and any spoken words are notably amplified. They were selected to reflect Einsteins sense of wonder, scientific integrity and they are, As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world of man can just form a faint notion. The right to search for truth implies also a duty, one must not conceal any part of one has recognized to be true. The statue was filmed and subsequently used in the title sequence of Sesame Street during the shows 20th season. A copy of the Albert Einstein Memorial made of 100% dark and white chocolate was once on display in the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, DC. In July 2012, the sculpture was bombed by the Polish-born artist Olek, who enclosed the entire statue in a colorful crocheted wrap of pinks, purples. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Einstein, Albert, Statue at the Natl Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C
26.
Emancipation Memorial
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Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876, the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the Great Emancipator freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander. The ex-slave is depicted on one knee, with one fist clenched, shirtless, the statue originally faced west towards the U. S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial. The monument has long been the subject of controversy, according to information from American University, If there is one slavery monument whose origins are highly political, the Freedman’s memorial is it. The development process for this memorial started immediately after Abraham Lincolns assassination and ended, appropriately enough, in many ways, it exemplified and reflected the hopes, dreams, striving, and ultimate failures of reconstruction. The statue is a monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC. The turbulent politics of the era affected the fundraising campaign on many levels. Fredrick Douglass disagreed and thought the goal of education was incommensurate with that of remembering Lincoln, harriet Hosmer proposed a grander monument than that suggested by Thomas Ball. Her design, which was deemed too expensive, posed Lincoln atop a tall central pillar flanked by smaller pillars topped with Black Civil War soldiers. When Balls design was chosen, the commission insisted on certain changes. Instead of wearing a liberty cap, the slave in the monument is depicted bare-headed with tightly curled hair. The face was re-sculpted to look like Archer Alexander, an ex-slave whose life story was popularized by a written by William Greenleaf Eliot. It is no longer allegorical but realistic, in fact, Lincoln never met Archer Alexander, so it is historically inaccurate. While the original design poses a question — will this slave become a man, — the revision erases that query and instead implies a relationship between two men who never actually knew each other. In the final design, as in Balls original design, Lincoln holds a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation in his right hand. The document rests on a plinth bearing patriotic symbols including George Washingtons profile, the fasces of the American republic, the plinth replaces the pile of books in Balls original design. Behind the two figures is a whipping post draped with cloth, a vine growns around the pillory and around the ring where the chain was secured. The monument was cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington the following year, congress accepted the statue as a gift from the colored citizens of the United States and appropriated $3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. The statue was erected in Lincoln Park where it still stands. D, the first contribution of five dollars was made by Charlotte Scott
27.
John Ericsson National Memorial
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The Swedish engineer John Ericsson was also the designer of the USS Monitor, the ship that ensured Union naval supremacy during the American Civil War. The national memorial was authorized by Congress August 31,1916, Congress appropriated $35,000 for the creation of the memorial, and Americans chiefly of Scandinavian descent raised an additional $25,000. Constructed on a site near the Lincoln Memorial between September 1926 and April 1927, the pink Milford granite memorial is 20 feet high with a 150-foot diameter base. Sculpted by James Earle Fraser, it features a figure of Ericsson 6 feet 5 inches high. The national memorial is managed by National Mall and Memorial Parks, list of public art in Washington, D. C. com John Ericsson Memorial Photos-Flickr
28.
First Division Monument
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The First Division Monument is located in Presidents Park, south of State Place Northwest, between 17th Street Northwest and West Executive Avenue Northwest in Washington, DC, United States. The Monument commemorates those who died serving in the 1st Infantry Division of the U. S. Army. The monument was conceived by the Society of the First Division, later additions to the monument commemorate the lives of First Division soldiers who fought in subsequent wars. The World War II addition on the west side was dedicated in 1957, the Vietnam War addition on the east side in 1977, Cass Gilbert was the architect of the original memorial and Daniel Chester French was the sculptor of the Victory statue. Gilberts son, Cass Gilbert Jr. designed the World War II addition, both the Vietnam War addition and the Desert Storm plaque were designed by the Philadelphia firm of Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, and Larson. Congressional approval was obtained to erect the First Division Monument and its later additions on federal ground, the Society of the First Division raised all the funds for the original monument and its additions. Today, the monument and grounds are maintained by the National Park Service, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 First Division Monument. Webpage from the National Park Service website
29.
James A. Garfield Monument
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The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S. W. and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D. C. It is a memorial to President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving four months of his term. It was unveiled on May 12,1887, today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, the Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons, in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the Capitol Grounds on January 2,1975, NEW YORK Law, Justice, Prosperity J. Q. A. A. C. Ward 6 President James A. Garfield Monument, Wikimapia GARFIELD, James Abram, Memorial west of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, statue of James A. Garfield on the Garfield Monument, Architect of the Capitol
30.
Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
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The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D. C. honoring American Civil War general and U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant. It sits at the base of Capitol Hill, below the west front of the United States Capitol and its sculpture of Grant on horseback faces west, over the Capitol Reflecting Pool and toward the Lincoln Memorial, which honors Grants wartime president, Abraham Lincoln. Grants statue rests on a pedestal decorated with reliefs of the infantry, flanking pedestals hold statues of protective lions. The Grant and Lincoln memorials define the eastern and western ends, respectively, the Grant Memorial is a contributor to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, D. C. of the National Register of Historic Places. James M. Goodes authoritative The Grant Memorial in Washington, D. C. calls it one of the most important sculptures in Washington and it includes the second-largest equestrian statue in the United States and the fourth-largest in the world. The Grant Memorial is in Union Square, which encompasses the Capitol Reflecting Pool. The platform for the Monument, made of Vermont marble, is 252 feet long and 71 feet wide and is divided into three sections. The tall, middle section features a 10, 700-pound, 17-foot-2-inch high equestrian statue depicting Grant astride his war horse Cincinnati on a 22½-foot high marble pedestal, a striking feature of the central statue is Grants calm attitude amidst the raging fighting going on around him. This is not surprising because Grant was known for his calmness and coolheadedness during battle, surrounding the main pedestal are four shorter pedestals, each supporting a bronze lion in repose guarding both the United States flag and the flags of the Army. The memorial was the largest bronze sculpture cast in the United States at that time, the Artillery Group to the south shows a caisson carrying three artillerymen and pulled by three horses. Astride the horse on the left is the carrier who is signaling a sharp right wheel. Despite the impending course change the horse on the right is able to continue lunging forward due to a strap on the right bridle bit. To the north the Cavalry Group depicts a squad consisting of seven cavalrymen charging into battle. The horse on the right has fallen and the rider, modeled after Shrady himself, is moments from being trampled by the onrushing horses, the drive to erect a monument to Grant was begun in the 1890s by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. Work on the memorial was begun in 1902 as the largest ever commissioned by Congress at the time, was created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady, sculptor Edmond Amateis assisted Shrady as the monument neared completion in 1921. Shrady spent 20 years of his working on the memorial and died, stressed and overworked. The sculptures were cast in bronze at the Roman Bronze Works in New York, construction on the site of the memorial began in 1909 when the marble superstructure and the four bronze lions were installed. The Artillery Group was installed in 1912, the Cavalry Group in 1916, the memorial was dedicated on the 100th anniversary of Grants birth, April 27,1922
31.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is the United States official memorial to the Holocaust. Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D. C. the USHMM provides for the documentation, study and it is dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy. The museum has a budget, as of 2015, of $104.6 million. In 2008, the Museum had a staff of about 400 employees,125 contractors,650 volunteers,91 Holocaust survivors and it had local offices in New York City, Boston, Boca Raton, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Dallas. The Museums visitors came from all over the world, and less than 10 percent of the Museums visitors are Jewish and its website had 25 million visits in 2008 from an average of 100 different countries daily. 35% of these visits were from outside the United States and it also has teacher fellows in every state in the United States and almost 400 university fellows from 26 countries since 1994. Researchers at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum have documented 42,500 ghettos, on November 1,1978, President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on the Holocaust, chaired by Elie Wiesel, a prominent author and Holocaust survivor. Its mandate was to investigate the creation and maintenance of a memorial to victims of the Holocaust, the mandate was created in a joint effort by Elie Wiesel and Richard Krieger. After a unanimous vote by the United States Congress in 1980 to establish the museum, in October 1988, President Ronald Reagan helped lay the cornerstone of the building, designed by the architect James Ingo Freed. Dedication ceremonies on April 22,1993 included speeches by American President Bill Clinton, Israeli President Chaim Herzog, Chairman Harvey Meyerhoff, on April 26,1993, the Museum opened to the general public. Its first visitor was the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, the museum has been the target of a planned attack and a fatal shooting. On June 10,2009, 88-year-old James von Brunn, an anti-Semite, Special Police Officer Johns and von Brunn were both seriously wounded and transported by ambulance to the George Washington University Hospital. Special Police Officer Johns later died of his injuries, he is honored in an official memorial at the USHMM. Von Brunn, who had a criminal record, had been disowned by his family. He was being tried in court when he died on January 6,2010 in Butner federal prison in North Carolina. Designed by the architect James Ingo Freed of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, in association with Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, the outside of the building disappears into the neoclassical, Georgian, and modern architecture of Washington, D. C. Upon entering, each architectural feature becomes a new element of allusion to the Holocaust, in designing the building, Freed researched post-World War II German architecture and visited Holocaust sites throughout Europe. Other partners in the construction of the USHMM included Weiskopf & Pickworth, Cosentini Associates LLP, Jules Fisher, the structural engineering firm that was chosen for this project was Severud Associates
32.
Jefferson Memorial
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The Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D. C. S. Construction of the began in 1939 and was completed in 1943. The bronze statue of Jefferson was added in 1947, the Jefferson Memorial is managed by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior under its National Mall and Memorial Parks division. In 2007, it was ranked fourth on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects and it became apparent that the site was well suited for another high-profile memorial since it sat directly south of the White House. The completion of the Tidal Basin Inlet Bridge in 1908 helped to facilitate the usage of East and West Potomac Parks. In 1918, large liquid-chlorine dispensers were installed under the bridge to treat the water, a design competition was held for a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt in 1925. The winning design was submitted by John Russell Pope and consisted of a memorial situated next to a circular basin. The plan was never funded by Congress and was not built, later the same year, Congressman John J. Boylan jumped off FDRs starting point and urged Congress to create the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission. Boylan was appointed the Commissions first chairman and Congress eventually appropriated $3 million for a memorial to Jefferson, the Commission chose John Russell Pope as the architect in 1935. Pope was also the architect of the National Archives Building and original building of the National Gallery of Art and he prepared four different plans for the project, each on a different site. The Commission preferred the site on the Tidal Basin mainly because it was the most prominent site, Pope designed a very large pantheon-like structure, to sit on a square platform, and to be flanked by two smaller, rectangular, colonnaded buildings. Construction began on December 15,1938, and the cornerstone was laid on November 15,1939, by this point Pope had died and his surviving partners, Daniel P. Higgins and Otto R. Eggers, took over construction of the memorial. The design was modified at the request of the Commission of Fine Arts to a conservative design. The Commission of Fine Arts never actually approved any design for the Memorial, in addition, many Washingtonians opposed the site because it was not aligned with LEnfants original plan. Finally, many well established elm and cherry trees had to be removed for construction, in 1939, the Memorial Commission hosted a competition to select a sculptor for the planned statue in the center of the Memorial. They received 101 entries and chose six finalists, of the six, Rudulph Evans was chosen as the main sculptor and Adolph A. Weinman was chosen to sculpt the pediment relief situated above the entrance. Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. designed the memorial landscape, the Olmstead planting plan installed at the time of construction featured a simple design within a circular driveway, primarily evergreen trees with limited flowering trees and shrubs. The design was perceived as too thin, so white pines were added, many changes to Olmsteds plans occurred in the 1970s, while 1993 and 2000 restorations have attempted to restore integrity to Olmsteds altered design
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John Paul Jones Memorial
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The John Paul Jones Memorial is a monument in West Potomac Park in Washington, D. C. was uttered during the Battle of Flamborough Head. Dedicated on April 17,1912, the John Paul Jones Memorial was the first monument raised in Potomac Park, the memorial is located near the National Mall at the terminus of 17th Street Southwest near Independence Avenue on the northern bank of the Tidal Basin. A nearby marker contains a sketch of John Paul Jones. The memorial consists of a 10-foot bronze statue that was sculpted by Charles H. Niehaus, on each side of the monument, water flows out of ducts into a small pool. On the reverse side of the monument is a bas-relief of Jones raising the United States flag on his ship, the event is believed to be the first time the United States flag was flown on an American warship. The statue is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the American Revolution Statuary group in Washington, United States Navy Memorial Media related to John Paul Jones Memorial at Wikimedia Commons
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National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
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The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D. C. at Judiciary Square, honors 20,267 U. S. law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty throughout history. The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund was established by former U. S, representative Mario Biaggi, a 23-year New York City police veteran who was wounded in the line of duty over 10 times before retiring in 1965. Donald J. Guilfoil, a detective with the Suffolk County Police Benevolent Association, rep. Biaggi then took up the cause and joined forces with U. S. Senator Claiborne Pell to establish the monument to honor all of Americas fallen law enforcement officers. The legislation to authorize the memorial was enacted in October 1984, in 2012, three additions were made to the Board including representatives from DuPont, Motorola and Target. Seven years after passage of the legislation, on October 15,1991. At the time of dedication, the names of over 12,000 fallen officers were engraved on the Memorials walls, currently, there are 20,267 names on the memorial. At the current rate at which names are being added, the walls are expected to be filled by 2050. Designed by architect Davis Buckley, the features a reflecting pool which is surrounded by walkways on a 3-acre park. Along the walkways are walls that are inscribed with names of all U. S. law enforcement officers — federal, state, one entrance of the Judiciary Square Metro station is on the memorial site. The memorial maintains a Visitors Center & Store, where visitors can browse merchandise and learn more about the history of law enforcement, the Visitors Center & Store is located at 400 7th Street, NW. While the memorial sits on land, the monument was constructed and is maintained with private funds. The memorial is adjacent to the upcoming National Law Enforcement Museum, the Memorial and Museum are both projects of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a non-profit,501 organization based in Washington, D. C. The memorial features four bronze lions--two male and two female—each watching over a pair of lion cubs, the adult lions were sculpted by Raymond Kaskey, the cubs by George Carr. Below each lion is carved a different quotation, It is not how these officers died that made them heroes, —Vivian Eney Cross, Survivor In valor there is hope. —Tacitus The wicked flee when no man pursueth, but the righteous are as bold as a lion. —Proverbs 28,1 Carved on these walls is the story of America, of a continuing quest to preserve both democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream
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Lincoln Memorial
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The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the end of the National Mall in Washington. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15,1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day, in 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. Since 2010, approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually, the first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D. C. was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincolns assassination. Demands for a national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincolns death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president, an American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient, the first five bills, proposed in the years 1901,1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill, introduced on December 13,1910, passed, the Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U. S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commissions president. Progress continued at a pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commissions choice of design. There were questions regarding the commissions plan, many thought that architect Henry Bacons Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincolns humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine, the site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth, furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument. With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway, on February 12,1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule, some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet tall, was enlarged to 19 feet to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber
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Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
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The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial is located in West Potomac Park in Washington, D. C. next to the National Mall. The Memorial covers four acres and includes the Stone of Hope, the memorial opened to the public on August 22,2011, after more than two decades of planning, fund-raising, and construction. The national memorial is Americas 395th unit in the National Park Service, the official address of the monument,1964 Independence Avenue, S. W. commemorates the year the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law. Although this is not the first memorial to an African American in Washington, King is the first African American honored with a memorial on or near the National Mall and only the fourth non-President to be memorialized in such a way. The King Memorial is administered by the National Park Service, although during his life he was monitored by the FBI for presumed communist sympathies, King is now presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. At the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, King imagined an end to racial inequality in his I Have a Dream speech and this speech has been canonized as one of the greatest pieces of American oratory. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience. At the time of his death, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War. King was backing the Memphis Sanitation Strike and organizing a mass occupation of Washington, D. C. – the Poor Peoples Campaign – when he was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4,1968. King remained involved with the fraternity after the completion of his studies, in 1968, after Kings assassination, Alpha Phi Alpha proposed erecting a permanent memorial to King in Washington, D. C. The fraternitys efforts gained momentum in 1986, after Kings birthday was designated a national holiday, in 1998, Congress authorized the fraternity to establish a foundation—the Washington, D. C. National Memorial Project Foundation—to manage the memorials fundraising and design, in 1999, the United States Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site location for the memorial. The memorials design, by ROMA Design Group, a San Francisco-based architecture firm, was selected out of 900 candidates from 52 countries. On December 4,2000, a marble and bronze plaque was laid by Alpha Phi Alpha to dedicate the site where the memorial was to be built, soon thereafter, a full-time fundraising team began the fundraising and promotional campaign for the memorial. A ceremonial groundbreaking for the memorial was held on November 13,2006, in August 2008, the foundations leaders estimated the memorial would take 20 months to complete with a total cost of $120 million USD. The figure also includes $10 million in matching funds provided by the United States Congress, in October 2009, the memorials final project was approved by federal agencies and a building permit was issued. Construction began in December 2009 and was expected to take 20 months to complete, the foundation conducted a press tour on December 1,2010, as the Stone of Hope was nearing completion. At that time only $108 million of the $120 million project cost had been raised, the street address for the memorial is 1964 Independence Avenue SW in Washington, D. C
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Korean War Veterans Memorial
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The Korean War Veterans Memorial is located in Washington, D. C. s West Potomac Park, southeast of the Lincoln Memorial and just south of the Reflecting Pool on the National Mall. It commemorates those who served in the Korean War, a federal court case was filed and lost over the design changes. The eventual design was by Cooper-Lecky Architects who oversaw collaboration between several designers, president George H. W. Bush conducted the groundbreaking for the Memorial on June 14,1993, Flag Day, and thus construction was started. Management of the memorial was turned over to the National Park Service, under its National Mall, as with all National Park Service historic areas, the memorial was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the day of its dedication. The main memorial is in the form of a triangle intersecting a circle, the Mural was created by Louis Nelson, with photographic images sandblasted into it depicting soldiers, equipment and people involved in the war. When reflected on the wall, there appear to be 38 soldiers,38 months, and it is also representing the 38 parallel that separated the North and South Korea. Within the walled triangle are 19 stainless steel statues designed by Frank Gaylord, each larger than life-size and they are dressed in full combat gear, dispersed among strips of granite and juniper bushes which represent the rugged terrain of Korea. To the north of the statues and path is the United Nations Wall, the circle contains the Pool of Remembrance, a shallow pool 30 feet in diameter lined with black granite and surrounded by a grove of linden trees with benches. The trees are shaped to create an effect, which allows the sun to reflect on the pool. Additionally, right next to the numbers of American soldiers are those of the United Nations troops in the same categories, in the south side of the memorial, there are three bushes of the Rose of Sharon hibiscus plant, South Koreas national flower. A further granite wall bears the message, inlaid in silver. On October 12,2015, Samsung Electronics donated $1 million to the Korean War Memorial Foundation, the memorial used the donation for maintenance. According to William Weber, the chairman of the memorial foundation, and there isnt enough for all of that upkeep. In addition, on October 16, Samsung helped clean the memorial ground as part of the national day of service. Engraved on granite blocks near the pool at the east end of the monument are the casualty statistics for the soldiers who fought in the war. Dead — United States,54,246, United Nations,628,833 Wounded — United States,103,284, captured — United States,7,140, United Nations,92,970. Missing — United States,8,177, United Nations,470,267, the appeals court rejected arguments that the photo was transformative. In 2002, amateur photographer and retired Marine John Alli was paid $1,500 to use one of his photographs of the memorial on a day for the stamp which sold more than $17 million worth of stamps
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George Mason Memorial
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The George Mason Memorial is a national memorial to Founding Father George Mason, the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights that inspired the United States Bill of Rights. The Memorial is located in West Potomac Park within Washington, D. C. at 24 E Basin Drive SW, which is a part of the Tidal Basin. Authorized in 1990, with a groundbreaking in 2000 and dedication in 2002, the memorial includes a sculpture of Mason, a pool, trellis, circular hedges, and numerous inscriptions. This is the first memorial to be dedicated not to a president in the Tidal Basin. He was sometimes known as the reluctant statesman, which was also the title of a biography written about him by Robert A. Rutland, the memorial was authorized by Public Law 101-358 on August 10,1990, to be developed by the board of regents of Gunston Hall. The landscape architect was Faye B, harwell and the sculptor was Wendy M. Ross. The groundbreaking was October 18,2000, and the memorial was dedicated on April 9,2002. The George Mason Memorial is currently administered as part of the National Park Service and is within the jurisdiction of the National Mall, the George Mason Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, and the D. C. War Memorial are the only three National Mall sites where weddings are permitted, the memorial is at 900 Ohio drive, one of several outdoor public art installations within Ward 2 of the District. It is located near the intersection of Ohio Drive and East Basin Drive, the site is within the southwest quadrant of the District of Columbia, within West Potomac Park. The memorial is in an area most commonly referred to as the Tidal Basin, the design features a 72-foot long stone wall with a one-third larger than life-sized statue of a sitting Mason, his legs crossed, and a circular pool with a fountain. The circular hedges and pool are supported by a 9 ft ×72 ft trellis that curves around the back of the memorial and that slow poison, which is daily contaminating the minds and morals of our people. Every gentlemen here is born a petty tyrant, practiced in acts of despotism and cruelty, we become callous to the dictates of humanity, and all the finer feelings of the soul. George Mason, July 1773 I recommend it to my sons, George Mason, March 1773 All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural rights. Among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, George Mason, May 1776 The first declaration of rights which truly deserves the name is that of Virginia. And its author is entitled to the gratitude of mankind. Marquis de Condorcet, Paris 1789 National Park Service, official George Mason Memorial website
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George Gordon Meade Memorial
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The monument is sited on the 300 block of Pennsylvania Avenue NW in front of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse. It was originally located at Union Square, but was removed and placed in storage for fourteen years before being installed at its current location. The statue was sculpted by Charles Grafly, an educator and founder of the National Sculpture Society, prominent attendees at the dedication ceremony in 1927 included President Calvin Coolidge, Governor John Stuchell Fisher, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, and Senator Simeon D. Fess. The memorial is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington, the marble and granite sculpture, which includes depictions of Meade and seven allegorical figures, rests on a granite base and granite platform. It is surrounded by a plaza and small park. The monument is owned and maintained by the National Park Service, George Meade was a career military officer from Pennsylvania who is best known for his role as a Union general during the Civil War. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1835 and he began working as a civil engineer for railroad companies and the Department of War until reenlisting in the army in 1842. Meade fought in the Mexican–American War and was promoted to first lieutenant for his actions at the Battle of Monterrey. From the 1850s until the onset of the Civil War in 1861, Meade was involved in surveying and designing lighthouses. He was promoted to brigadier general at the beginning of war and he recovered and led forces during major battles, including Antietam and Fredericksburg. He succeeding in defeating General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate forces, in the 1910s, members of the Grand Army of the Republic and Society of the Army of the Potomac fraternal organizations lobbied the Pennsylvania General Assembly to fund a statue of Meade. The state assembly commissioned the sculpture on October 18,1913, members of the Pennsylvania congressional delegation lobbied Congress to approve the sculpture and an act of Congress authorized its erection on January 21,1915. Congress mandated that the design and site of the memorial be approved by the Commission of Fine Arts. Because the memorial was a gift from the state of Pennsylvania, the commission, led by John W. Frazier, a veteran who fought with Meade at Gettysburg, was composed of architects, artists, and planners who agreed on very little. Frazier was considered abusive and tactless, sending letters to the CFA. This created an impasse which lasted until Fraziers death in 1918, following his death, the memorial commission finally chose a sculptor, a Pennsylvania native named Charles Grafly. Grafly was a founder of the National Sculpture Society and longtime educator at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts who was best known for his portrait busts. Although Grafly was at the peak of his career, the CGA was hesitant in approving him to design the sculpture because his works has been criticized for being incomprehensible
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National Statuary Hall Collection
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The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, renamed National Statuary Hall, with the addition of New Mexicos second statue in 2005, the collection is now complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states. Alabama, Arizona, California, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, a special act of Congress, Pub. L. On February 27,2013, Parks became the first African American woman to have her likeness in the Hall. Though located in Statuary Hall, Parks statue is not part of the Collection, neither Alabama nor Michigan commissioned it, the concept of a National Statuary Hall originated in the middle of the nineteenth century, even before the completion of the present House wing in 1857. At that time, the House of Representatives moved into its new larger chamber, suggestions for the use of the chamber were made as early as 1853 by Gouverneur Kemble, a former member of the House, who pressed for its use as a gallery of historical paintings. The space between the columns seemed too limited for this purpose, but it was suited for the display of busts. On April 19,1864, Representative Justin S. Originally, however, the aesthetic appearance of the Hall began to suffer from overcrowding until, in 1933, the situation became unbearable. At that time the Hall held 65 statues, which stood, in some cases, more important, the structure of the chamber would not support the weight of any more statues. Under authority of this resolution it was decided that one statue from each state should be placed in Statuary Hall. The others would be given prominent locations in designated areas and corridors of the Capitol, a second rearrangement of the statues was made in 1976 by authorization of the Joint Committee on the Library. To improve the appearance of the collection, thirty-eight statues were rearranged in Statuary Hall according to height. Statues representing ten of the thirteen colonies were moved to the Central Hall of the East Front Extension on the first floor of the Capitol. The remainder of the statues were distributed throughout the Capitol, mainly in the Hall of Columns, each statue is the gift of a state, not of an individual or group of citizens. In recent years, the statues have been unveiled during ceremonies in the Rotunda and they are then moved to a permanent location approved by the Joint Committee on the Library. An act of Congress, enacted in 2000, permits states to provide replacements, junípero Serra was born in Spain. The collection contains several statues of leaders of the Confederate States of America, Alabama replaced its statue of Confederate politician and army officer Jabez Curry in 2009. Florida approved plans to replace Edmund Kirby Smith in 2016 with a yet to be determined
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Nuns of the Battlefield
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Nuns of the Battlefield is a public artwork made in 1924 by Irish artist Jerome Connor, located at the intersection of Rhode Island Ave NW, M St & Connecticut Ave NW in Washington, D. C. A tribute to the more than 600 nuns who nursed soldiers of armies during the American Civil War, it is one of two monuments in the District that mark womens roles in the conflict. It is a monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington. In 1993, it was surveyed for the Smithsonian Institutions Save Outdoor Sculpture, the face of the sculpture has a large bronze bas relief panel showing 12 nuns dressed in traditional habit. This panel is installed on a granite slab that sits on a granite base. Each end of the slab has a female figure seated. The proper right side figure has wings, a helmet, robes, sitting, she holds a shield in her proper left hand and a scroll in her lap with her proper right hand. She is weaponless to represent peace, on the proper left side of the slab another winged figure sits wearing a long dress, a bodice and a scarf around her head to represent the angel of Peace. Her hands are folded on her lap, the lower right side of the relief is signed, JEROME CONNOR1924 The lower left side of the relief is inscribed, BUREAU BROS. BRONZE FOUNDERS PHILA ENN On the granite above the relief is inscribed, THEY COMFORTED THE DYING, NURSED THE WOUNDED, CARRIED HOPE TO THE IMPRISONED, GAVE IN HIS NAME A DRINK OF WATER TO THE THIRSTY. On the granite below the relief, TO THE MEMORY AND IN HONOR OF THE VARIOUS ORDERS OF SISTERS WHO GAVE THEIR SERVICES AS NURSES ON BATTLEFIELDS AND IN HOSPITALS DURING THE CIVIL WAR. On the rear of the slab near the base is inscribed, a. D.1924 BY AUTHORITY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. Born in Ireland in 1874, Jerome Connor moved at the age of 14 with his family moved to Massachusetts and his father was a stonemason which led to Connors jobs in New York as a sign painter, stonecutter, bronze founder and machinist. Inspired by his fathers work and his own experience, Connor used to steal his fathers chisels as a child, in 1899, he moved into the Roycroft Institution where he helped with blacksmithing and eventually began making terracotta busts and reliefs. Over four years at Roycroft, he well known as a sculptor. Syracuse, East Aurora, New York, San Francisco, in 1925, he moved to Dublin and opened his own studio, but found few patrons and his work slowed. He died on August 21,1943 of heart failure, the idea for the monument originated with Ellen Jolly, president of the womens auxiliary branch of the Ancient Order of Hibernians who grew up hearing stories of battlefield tales told by nuns. Proposing the sculpture just after the turn of the century, her request was denied by the War Department until proof of servitude was provided, for ten years Jolly worked to gather evidence and presented it to Congress in 1918
