1.
Nursultan Nazarbayev
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Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev is the President of Kazakhstan. He holds the title Leader of the Nation, in April 2015, Nazarbayev was re-elected with almost 98% of the vote. Nazarbayev has suppressed dissent, been accused of human rights abuses by several human rights organizations, no election held in Kazakhstan since independence has met international standards. In 2010 he announced reforms to encourage a multi-party system, in January 2017, President Nazarbayev proposed constitutional reforms that would delegate powers to the parliament. Nazarbayev was born in Chemolgan, a town near Almaty. His father was a labourer who worked for a wealthy local family until Soviet rule confiscated the familys farmland in the 1930s during Joseph Stalins collectivization policy. Following this, his father took the family to the mountains to live out a nomadic existence and his father avoided compulsory military service due to a withered arm he sustained when putting out a fire. At the end of World War II the family returned to the village of Chemolgan and he performed well at school, and was sent to a boarding school in Kaskelen. After leaving school he took up a one-year, government-funded scholarship at the Karaganda Steel Mill in Temirtau and he also spent time training at a steel plant in Dniprodzerzhynsk, and therefore was away from Temirtau when riots broke out there over working conditions. By 20, he was earning a good wage doing incredibly heavy. He joined the Communist Party in 1962, becoming a prominent member of the Young Communist League, and full-time worker for the party, and attended the Karagandy Polytechnic Institute. He was appointed secretary of the Communist Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972, in his role as a bureaucrat, Nazarbayev dealt with legal papers, logistical problems and industrial disputes, as well as meeting workers to solve individual issues. In 1984, Nazarbayev became the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, under Dinmukhamed Kunayev, at the 16th session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986, Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, for not reforming his department. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayevs boss and Askars brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed, Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayevs dismissal while Nazarbayevs supporters campaigned for Kunayevs dismissal and Nazarbayevs promotion. Kunayev was ousted in 1986 and replaced by a Russian, Gennady Kolbin, Nazarbayev was named party leader on 22 June 1989-- only the second Kazakh to hold the post. He was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February to 24 April 1990, on 24 April 1990, Nazarbayev was named the first President of Kazakhstan by the Supreme Soviet. He supported Russian President Boris Yeltsin against the coup in August 1991 by Soviet hardliners. Nazarbayev was close enough to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for Gorbachev to consider him for the post of Vice President of the Soviet Union, however, the Soviet Union disintegrated following the failed coup, though Nazarbayev was highly concerned with maintaining the close economic ties between Kazakhstan and Russia
2.
Karim Massimov
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Karim Qajymqanuly Massimov is a Kazakh politician who served as Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 10 January 2007 to 24 September 2012 and again from 2 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. Massimov served as Deputy Prime Minister from 19 January 2006 to 9 January 2007 and as Minister of Economy and Budget Planning, Minister of Transport, President Nazarbayev nominated Massimov to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. The Nur Otan party endorsed Massimovs candidacy and Parliament confirmed the nomination on 10 January, born in Tselinograd in Kazakhstan, Karim Massimov graduated from Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, and then studied in Beijing and at Wuhan University in Hubei, China. Karim Massimov is considered a China expert, China has become an important strategic partner for Kazakhstan in recent years and the two countries are working closely together to develop Kazakhstans energy resources. Massimov co-chaired the third meeting of the China-Kazakhstan Cooperation Committee with Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi, several accords between agencies of the two governments were signed. Massimov later met with Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, meanwhile, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with Liu Qi, secretary of the Beijing Party Committee, in Astana. Secretary Liu said was very nice for me to visit your beautiful country at Otans invitation, the goal of the visit is to deepen cooperation and mutual understanding between our countries. On 28 March 2002 in an article in Izvestia, Massimov announced that the Government of Kazakhstan planned to increase exports to Iran from 100,000 to two million tons. Massimov said, I came to Israel with a message to the nation in Zion from the president. Kazakhstan intends to found political and economic ties with Israel and its neighbors, Massimov mentioned the Dead Sea canal and expressed desire to create a free trade zone. Vice Premier Peres and Massimov agreed to establish an agriculture-school in each country, the NIF has given USD $10 million to Israeli VC fund Vertex. Massimov also met with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who praised Kazakhstan for showing a face of Islam. Contemporary, ever-developing Kazakhstan is an example of both economic development and interethnic accord that should be followed by more Muslim states. The bill, if signed by Nazarbayev, is expected to generate an additional $30 million in annual taxes, President Nazarbayev nominated Massimov to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. Akhmetov resigned on 8 January without explanation, analysts attributed Akhmetovs political downfall to the Presidents criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. The Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of the nomination on 10 January with 37 out of 39 Senators and 66 of 77 Assemblymen from the Majilis voting for Massimov, Akhmetov became the Defense Minister, replacing Mukhtar Altynbayev. Massimov is fluent in Kazakh, Russian, Chinese, English, at the same time, he is thought to be well connected within the Kremlin. Massimov is married, has three kids and his hobbies are books, Muay Thai, skiing, rock climbing and golf
3.
Temirtau
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Temirtau is a city in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. The city is located on the Nura River, northwest of Karaganda,1905, June,15 - the first groups of settlers settled down on the left bank of the Nura River. There were 40 families, that had arrived from Samara, the settlement they founded was named Zhaur, after a hill on the other side of the river. 1909 - the Zhaur settlement was renamed Samarkandsky,1911 - the first school and the first hospital were built. 1933 - the Samarkandsky-Karaganda water conduit was built to facilitate the development of the Karaganda coal field,1939 - a 20-by-300-metre dam was erected across the Nura River. Filling of the resulting Samarkand water reservoir was initiated, and continued up to 1961,1942 - the first turbine of the Karaganda State Regional Electric Power Station was started up. The construction of the plant building was started in 19341944 - still under construction. 1945, October,1 - the Samarkand settlement was granted city status,1950 - the future Karaganda Steel Mill was founded. Workers,16 fatalities,27 wounded, about 70 arrested and convicted,1960 - blast furnace No.1 yielded its first cast iron. 1963 - the Karaganda Polytechnical Institute was founded as a Higher Technical Educational Institution attached to the Karaganda Steel Mill, 1970s - a new sports complex was built, including a 50 m swimming pool, a stadium that seats 15,000 and an indoor ice-skating/hockey rink. 1972 - the Metallurgists Palace of Culture was opened,1978 - Vostok recreational park was laid out in the eastern part of the city and opened to the public. 1978, July,29 - the Warrior Monument with the Eternal Flame was dedicated to the honor of Temirtau soldiers killed in World War II,1984 - a new residential area, Zenica, was established. Temirtau sent a team to the Winter Sports Tournaments in Karaganda. There is a football club FC Bolat which is playing in Kazakhstan First Division of football in Kazakhstan
4.
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
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It was created on December 5,1936 from the Kazakh ASSR, an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. At 2,717,300 square kilometres in area, it was the second largest republic in the USSR, today it is the independent state of Kazakhstan in Central Asia. During its existence as a Soviet republic it was led by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR, on October 25,1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil. Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected as president – a role he has remained in to this day, the Soviet republic was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on December 10,1991, which declared its independence six days later, on December 16,1991. The Soviet Union was disbanded on December 26,1991 by the Soviet of Nationalities, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR, was admitted to the United Nations on March 2,1992. The country is named after the Kazakh people, Turkic-speaking former nomads who sustained a powerful khanate in the region before Russian and then Soviet domination. The Soviet Unions spaceport, now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome, was located in this republic at Tyuratam, established on August 26,1920, it was initially called Kirghiz ASSR and was a part of the Russian SFSR. On April 15–19,1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR and on December 5,1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Between 1932 and 1933, a famine struck Kazakhstan, killing 1.5 million people during the catastrophe of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs, during the 1950s and 1960s Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the Virgin Lands of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants, mostly Russians, skewed the ethnic mixture, independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Only 168-200 civilians were killed or executed, the events were then spilled over to Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda and Taldykorgan. On March 25,1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with Nursultan Nazarbayev, later that year on October 25, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in a referendum to preserve the union in a different entity with 94. 1% voted in favor and it did not happened when hardline communists in Moscow took control of the government in August. Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup, as a result of those events, the Kazakh SSR was renamed to the Republic of Kazakhstan on December 10,1991. It became independent on December 16, becoming the last republic to secede and its capital was the site of the Alma-Ata Protocol on December 21,1991 that dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place which Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a state on December 26,1991. On January 28,1993, the new Constitution of Kazakhstan was officially adopted, according to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region, Kazakhs constituted 81. 7% of the total population within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10, table, Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan One of the greatest factors that shaped the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan was 1920s and 1930s famines
5.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
6.
Nur Otan
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The Nur Otan Democratic Peoples Party, called simply Nur Otan, is the ruling political party in Kazakhstan with over 762,000 members. Since 2007 it is headed by President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev Nazarbayevs predecessor in the party was Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov, the partys First Deputy Chairman is Askar Myrzakhmetov. At the uniting congress the new party outlined a program largely supportive of the government of Nazarbayev, at the last legislative elections under the Otan banner in 2004, the party won 60. 6% of the popular vote and 42 out of 77 seats. Otan merged with Dariga Nazarbayevas Asar on 25 September 2006, increasing the seats by 4 to 46 out of 77. After the merged party was formed, Nazarbayev remarked to his daughter Tell your Asar members that and you are returning to your father. Nazarbayeva said on 19 June 2006 that all parties should combine to create a grouping with which no other party will be able to compete in the next 50 years. In December 2006 it was announced that the Civic Party and the Agrarian Party would follow in Asars path, Nazarbayev said he expected other parties to merge with Otan. Nazarbayev said there should be fewer, stronger parties that efficiently defend the interests of the population, at the subsequent party congress on 22 December 2006, delegates voted to rename the party Nur Otan. In the 18 August 2007 Assembly elections, the party won 88. 05% of the vote, in October 2011 a cooperation agreement was signed in Astana between Nur Otan and the Ukrainian Party of Regions, and another in 2015 with United Russia
7.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
8.
Moscow State University
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Lomonosov Moscow State University is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia. It was founded on January 25,1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov, MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University. It also claims to house the tallest educational building in the world and it is rated among the universities with the best reputation in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy, ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on January 251755. The first lectures were given on April 26th, russians still celebrate January 25th as Students Day. Saint Petersburg State University and Moscow State University engage in rivalry over the title of Russias oldest university. The present Moscow State University originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787, in the 18th century, the University had three departments, philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the University until its abolition in 1812, in 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen which in 1830 became a gymnasium for the Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the most popular newspaper in Imperial Russia, in 1804, medical education split into clinical, surgical, and obstetrics faculties. During 1884–1897, the Department of Medicine -- supported by donations. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from the University in 1918, as of 2015, Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions. The roots of student unrest in the University reach deep into the nineteenth century, in 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the University and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the University, after the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit the children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the University abolished fees for tuition and established a facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalins First Five-Year Plan, prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of the newly expanded University, after 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year, the University gained a status, it is funded directly from the state budget. On March 19,2008, Russias most powerful supercomputer to date and its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS makes it the fastest supercomputer in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, the main building was designed by architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev
9.
Kazakh language
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Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz, and especially Karakalpak, Kazakh is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs through the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and Germany. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is a language. The Kazakh language has its speakers spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the shore of Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the state language of Kazakhstan, in which nearly 10 million speakers are reported to live. In China, more than one million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang. Today, Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, the oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Old Turkic alphabet. However, it is not believed any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh. Modern Kazakh has historically been written using versions of the Latin, in October 2006, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan. A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that Kazakhstan could feasibly switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period, the transition was halted temporarily on December 13,2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring, “For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state, thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation”, Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, the following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh, many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are in bold—since these are phonemes, their place and manner of articulation are very general. The borrowed phonemes /f/, /v/, /ɕ/, /t͡ɕ/ and /x/, only occur in recent mostly Russian borrowings, in the table, the elements left of a divide are voiceless, while those to the right are voiced. Kazakh has a system of nine phonemic vowels, three of which are diphthongs, the rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically, see the section on harmony below for more information. According to Vajda, the quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root. Per convention, rounded vowels are presented to the right of their unrounded counterparts, phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakhs Cyrillic alphabet
10.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
11.
Kazakhs
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The Kazakhs are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia, the region also known as Eurasian sub-continent. Kazakhs were one of the nations most severely affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–33, the Kazakhs probably began using this name during either the 15th or 16th centuries. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq, some speculate that it comes from the Turkish verb qaz, because the Kazakhs were wandering steppemen, or that it derives from the Proto-Turkic word khasaq. Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh is that it comes from the ancient Turkic word qazğaq, according to the notable Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and the orientalist Veniamin Yudin, the noun qazğaq derives from the same root as the verb qazğan. Therefore, qazğaq defines a type of person who seeks profit, Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia, generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. Timur described his own youth without directory authority as his Qazaqliq, at the time of the Uzbek nomads Conquest of Central Asia, the Uzbek Abul-Khayr Khan had differences with the Chinggisid chiefs Giray/Kirey and Janibeg/Janibek, descendants of Urus Khan. These differences probably resulted from the defeat of Abul-Khayr Khan at the hands of the Qalmaqs. It is not explicitly explained that this is why the later Kazakhs took the name permanently, the group under Kirey and Janibek are called in various sources Qazaqs and Uzbek-Qazaqs. Later Russian language sources incorrectly termed them Kirghiz and Kirghiz-Kaisak, in the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the Cossacks of the Russian Imperial military transforms the ending of the word to kh instead of q or k. Kazakh – Казах Cossack – Казак The Russian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kypchak etymological root, wanderer, brigand, due to their nomadic pastoral lifestyle, Kazakhs kept an epic tradition of oral history. The nation, which amalgamated nomadic tribes of various Kazakh origins and it was important for a Kazakh to know his or her genealogical tree for no less than seven generations back. In modern Kazakhstan, tribalism is fading away in business and government life, still it is common for a Kazakh man or woman to ask another one which tribe he or she belongs to when getting acquainted with each other. Nowadays, it is more of a tradition than necessity, there is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their origin, consider themselves one nation. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century, Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length, Kazakh was written with the Arabic script during the 19th century, when a number of poets, educated in Islamic schools, incited revolt against Russia. Russias response was to set up schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet. By 1917, the Arabic script was reintroduced, even in schools, in 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed
12.
President of Kazakhstan
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The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, Commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authorities of this position are described in section of Constitution of Kazakhstan. The position was established on 24 April 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the first, and as of 2017 current and only President of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev. The President of Kazakhstans decorations include a breast mark and Standard of The President of Kazakhstan, according to a post The President of Kazakhstan granted cavalierity of the order of the Gold Eagle. Article 46 says that the Presidents honor and dignity shall be inviolable, item 4 of the article outlines the special status and authority of the first president, and refers to a special constitutional act for definitions. According to this act, the first president possesses total, absolute, and till the death he sustains the government official. There is also pointed medical care, sanatorium, provision of pensions, on April 26,2015 Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected for his 5th presidency. The official ceremony of the inauguration took place at the Palace of Independence in Astana on April 29, prior to the 2011 election, President Nazarbayev wrote an op-ed for the Washington Post titled Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy. Kazakhstans 5th presidential election was held on April 26,2015, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97. 7% of the vote. 858 observers from 19 countries were present at the stations during the election. OSCE spokesperson Cornelia Jonker criticised the lack of a choice for voters. The first column consecutively numbers the individuals who have served as president, list of leaders of Kazakhstan Official website of Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev Biography
13.
Khabar Agency
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The Khabar Agency is a major media outlet in Kazakhstan. It was established in 1995, known originally as the National Television News Agency and it is currently one of the largest networks in the country, and broadcasts daily in Russian and Kazakh. Additionally, Khabar runs the satellite channel Kazakh TV, which is available across Europe. It features programming in Russian, Kazakh, and English, since 1 January 2016 Khabar has been an associate member of the EBU. The ownership of Khabar has at times not been completely clear, dariga Nazarbayeva, daughter of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev, founded and controlled the company. She officially stepped down as company chairwoman during her bid for parliament in 2004, however, she still retained close ties to the agency and continued to organize the Euraisan Media Forum. Her husband, Rakhat Aliyev, confirmed that the couple still held shares in Khabar and he was, however, quick to deny direct ownership, and attacked those who claimed otherwise. In April 2006, Kazakhstan’s Information and Culture Minister Ermukhamet Ertysbayev announced the intention to gain one hundred-percent state control over the Khabar joint-stock company. This came on the heels of a government call for greater control of the media. Shortly thereafter, Dariga’s Asar party was merged into Otan, some observers see the near-simultaneous loss of both the political party and the Khabar network as efforts by President Nazarbayev to reel in his daughter. On 5 May 2006, Maulen Ashimbaev, deputy head of the Presidents administration, was named the new chairman, as of 2006 the state owned 50% plus one share of Khabar. As one of the media outlets in Kazakhstan, Khabar is often under scrutiny for its role in elections. The agency is criticized for covering mostly pro-presidential parties, namely Otan and Asar. During the 2004 elections, for example, half of all coverage on Khabar was devoted to the Asar Party. Khabar’s headquarters is located on Republic Square in Almaty, just east of the Monument to Independence and across from the Presidential Palace
14.
Fatherland (Kazakhstan)
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Fatherland was the largest political party in Kazakhstan, led by Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov with over 700,000 members until December 22. At a subsequent party congress, delegates agreed to incorporate the Civic Party, at the uniting congress, the new party outlined a program largely supportive of the government led by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. During its last legislative elections under the Otan banner, the party won 60. 6% of the vote and 42 out of 77 seats. In the run-up to previous elections, Otan usually received a majority of media coverage. Before the 1999 election, for example, it was reported that Otan was the focus in almost 60% of the coverage. Additionally, most of the major media outlets had political leanings towards Otan
15.
Rakhat Aliyev
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Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev was a senior official of the government of Kazakhstan who died in an Austrian prison awaiting trial on charges of murder. His trial was planned to start in Vienna in first half of year 2015, Austrian legal circles were giving much attention to this high-profile criminal case in which one former diplomat is facing murder charges. He was chief of Kazakhstans tax police, deputy chief of the KNB state security service, ambassador to Austria, while serving in those government posts, Aliyev amassed a fortune in the banking, oil refining, news media, telecommunications, and agricultural commodities sectors. Until June 2007, Aliyev was married to Dariga Nazarbayeva, the eldest daughter of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and he was jailed at the Josefstadt prison pending trial, and was placed under watch as a suicide risk. Aliyev, who portrayed himself as a dissident after falling out with Kazakhstans leadership, said that he was not guilty, Aliyevs money was allegedly fed into two offshore companies, A. V. Maximus SA and Argocom Ltd, both based in the British Virgin Islands, from here, the money went into A. V. Maximus Holding AG, their parent company, reportedly, A. V Maximus SA’s British Virgin Island’s affiliate received €24.8 million and USD$91.4 million, while Agrocom received €15.6 million. The money was the directed into Armoreal Trading GmbH and S. T. A. R. T Management consulting GmbH, loans between these subsidiaries were then sent to Metallwerke Bender Rhineland, some of it via ITR Information Technology GmbH. Metallwerke Bender Rhineland then paid it back through Armoreal trading, ultimately going to A. V, Maximus SA as a return on investments, which enabled the money to be legally wired to A&P Power Ltd via A. V. A&A Poweris owned by A&P Power Holdings Ltd, which is housed in Nevis, Aliyev moved to Malta with his second wife Elnara Shorazova, the two allegedly began to dissolve and reorganize their money laundering network. MBR was sold to a Dubai-based company in March 2010, Armoreal Trading was liquidated in December 2010 while an Austrian company known as Veitlissen transferred 2.4 million Euro to A&P Power Ltd. Maximus Holding was sold to A&P Power Ltd and renamed Zurich Asset management, in 2005, the investigation into this arrangement began when Wiesbaden were reportedly alerted about Armoreal Trading’s suspicious loan activity. All of his bank accounts were then blocked. The money originated in the late 1990s, when Aliyev was head of the tax office in Kazakhstan, according to reports, Aliyev amassed a large fortune through defrauding a variety of companies and services, one of which was the Kazakhstani state soccer team. All of the interests were placed inside START Management consulting GmbH. Between March 2006 and January 2007, €1 million in sponsorship money disappeared from START accounts, despite this, the contract between the two companies was renewed in early 2007 and 403,000 euros were transferred to STARTs account. The Kazakhstan government found Aliyev guilty of treason for attempting a coup against the Kazakh president, Aliyev allegedly tortured the two bodyguards of Akezhan Kazhegeldin to get them to confess to a coup détat. According to the lawyer of the two accusers, Lothar de Maiziere, they addressed law enforcement of Malta demanding a criminal case, Aliyev was accused of killing the Kazakh opposition leader, Altynbek Sarsenbayev in February 2006 according to Kazakh prosecutors
16.
SuperStar KZ
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SuperStar KZ was a reality television show based on the popular British show Pop Idol, which aired from 2003 to 2007 on the Kazhak television station Perviy Kanal Evrasia. The talent contest determined the best young singers in Kazakhstan by allowing viewers to vote by phone or SMS, a supplementary show SuperStar KZ Dnevnik, shown twice weekly, provided a recap of the previous show and weeks events for the contestants. SuperStar KZ was presented entirely in Russian, though Russian, Kazakh, some contestants such as Ainur Nazarbekova, Altynay and Zhanara spoke Kazakh on the show. A mix of ethnic groups, typical of the diversity in Kazakhstan, was represented, including Kazakhs, Russians, Koreans, Uyghurs. SuperStar KZ Season 3 premiered on Perviy Kanal Evraziya on November 11,2005, during the first and last stage contestants can sing any song, during the duo stage a pre selected song was to be chosen, this included - Could I Have This Kiss Forever. By Whitney Houston & Enrique Iglesias and Махаббат Жалыны by Madina Sadvaqasova, five groups of eight contestants performed every Sunday night to determine the two best singers of each group to advance to the Top 12. There was a Wildcards show or Lucky ticket round as it was known on the week to give a last chance performance from unsuccessful contestants. Contestants sing a song of their own choice with piano and guitar backing, adylzhan Umarov - Любить Тебя by Santos & Yuliya Nachalova Ayan Birbayev - Айсулу by Bangor Daniyar Otegen - I Believe I Can Fly by R. Ludmila Kim - VJ. Kayrat Kulbayev - Vice president of media firm Shahar Media Group & HiT TV. Igor Sirtsov - TV producer of local channel KTK. Roman Rayfeld - Famous music critic, arman Murzagaliev - World famous violinist. Lyayla Sultan-Kyzy - Famous radio and TV personality, dariga Nazarbayeva - Daughter of Kazakh president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Almaz Amirseitov - Director of Premier Records KZ, diana Snegina - DJ from radio station Europa Plus Kazakhstan Nagima Eskalieva - Recording artist. Kayrat Kulbayev - Vice president of media firm Shahar Media Group & HiT TV. Igor Sirtsov - TV producer of local channel KTK, - Unofficial Superstar KZ photo group — The winner of the fourth season
17.
Count
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Count or countess is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning “companion”, the adjective form of the word is comital. The British and Irish equivalent is an earl, alternative names for the count rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Graf in Germany and Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era. In the Western Roman Empire, Count came to indicate generically a military commander, in the Eastern Roman Empire, from about the seventh century, count was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuries. Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux, the position of comes was originally not hereditary. By virtue of their estates, many counts could pass the title to their heirs—but not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, the title had disappeared by the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office had been replaced by others. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of count resurface in the title hrabia, in the United Kingdom, the equivalent Earl can also be used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke or marquess. In Italy, by contrast, all the sons of certain counts were counts, in Sweden there is a distinction between counts created before and after 1809. All children in comital families elevated before 1809 are called count/countess, the following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica. org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily to remain there. Dauphin was a comital title in southern France, used by the Dauphins of Vienne and Auvergne. The Dauphin was the lord of the province known as the région Dauphiné. Conde-Barão Count-Baron is a title used in Portugal, notably by D. Luís Lobo da Silveira, 7th Baron of Alvito. His palace in Lisbon still exists, located in a named after him. The German Graf and Dutch graaf stems from the Byzantine-Greek grapheus meaning he who calls a meeting together), the Ottoman military title of Serdar was used in Montenegro and Serbia as a lesser noble title with the equivalent rank of a Count. Since Louis VII, the highest precedence amongst the vassals of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i. e. In the eleventh century, conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories
18.
Sheremetev
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The Sheremetev family was one of the wealthiest and most influential noble families of Russia. The family held many high commanding ranks in the Russian military, governorships, notable members of the family include, Yelena Sheremeteva, third wife of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan the Terrible. Russian surnames are gender sensitive, the form of the name being Sheremetev. Two theories as to the origin of the surname obtain, both of which indicate a Tatar and eastern origin for the family
19.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
20.
Dmitry Yablonsky
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Dmitry Albertovich Yablonsky is a Russian classical cellist and conductor, who was educated at the Juilliard School of Music and Yale University. Dmitry began playing the cello when he was 5 years old and was accepted into the Central Music School for gifted children, at the age of 9 he gave his orchestral debut playing Haydn´s cello concerto in C major. In Russia, Dmitry studied with Stefan Kalianov, who has been Rostropovich´s assistant and Isaak Buravsky, before immigrating to the United States he performed on many occasions in Moscow and many cities of the former Soviet Union. Upon arrival in New York in 1977, he auditioned to the Juilliard School of Music and was accepted to study with Lorne Munroe principal cellist of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. In the summer of 1979, at the age 16, Dmitry was accepted to participate in Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont and was the youngest participant that summer. In Marlboro he met many musicians as M. Horszowski, M. Tree, M. Shneider, M. Foley. He played for David Soyer, cellist of Guarneri Quartet, who offered for Dmitry a place at the Curtis Institute of Music, in the summer of 1980, Dmitry met Aldo Parisot, distinguished cellist and professor at Yale University where Dmitry spent 4 years. At Yale he became interested in conducting after meeting Otto Werner Muller, after graduating from Yale, he spent two years in the artist diploma program at the Juillard School of Music with Zara Nelsova. During these years Dmitry played with János Starker, Mstislav Rostropovich, André Navarra, Maurice Gendron and this was quite challenging as he never conducted before. Dmitry was 26 years old and that was his conducting debut, some chamber music partners have included, Victor Tretyakov, Leif Ove Andsnes, Yuri Bashmet and many more. He has collaborated with soloists as Montserrat Caballé, Roberto Alagna, Olga Borodina and he has organized many festivals all over the world including Gabala Festival in Azerbaijan, Wandering Stars Festival, which takes place in different countries of the world each year. Such as Israel, Italy, Russia, USA and more, Dmitry Yablonsky is Co-Artistic Director of Gabala International Music Festival in Gabala, Azerbaijan. Dmitry has two cellos, which he uses for his concerts, a Joseph Filius Andrea Guarneri. He lives on the border of France and Spain in a beautiful Catalan Village in the mountains, on March 1,2015 he will perform with Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra with which he will play music from baroque, classical, and romantic periods. Yablonsky is also a conductor of the Ukrainian-based Kyiv Virtuosos orchestra, the piano trio recording for Erato/Warner with Vadim Repin and Boris Berezovsky has won numerous awards. He has transcribed and edited works for cello, which was released by International Music Company and his recording of all 40 Popper etudes for solo cello was released by Naxos records in the fall of 2008 to a great critical acclaim. Dmitry has made more than 70 recordings as conductor and cellist for Naxos, Erato-Warner, Chandos, Belair Music, Sonora, some of his recordings have won many prizes as, Berlin critic prize, Shostakovich´s Jazz suites recording have been on charts in UK and US. Grammy nomination for 2007 and much more, Yablonskys web site Delitiae Musicaes biography on the Naxos web site Yablonskys biography on the AllMusic web site
21.
Ambassador of Russia to France
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Russian-French contacts began on August 5,1717, when the first Russian ambassador, sent by Tsar Peter I of Russia, presented his credentials to King Louis XV of France. France responded by sending its first ambassador to Russia, Jacques Kompredon, since then, relations were fairly constant between the two countries, although they were severed and restored many times. Overall, relations between France and Russia have been close, and French was even considered the unofficial second language of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Relations between the two countries were severed in 1733 with the start of the War of the Polish Succession, poor relations between the revolutionary government of France and the Russian Monarchy led to relations being severed in 1792. The Napoleonic Wars marked the start of new conflicts between Russia and France, which were not restored until the conclusion of the War of the Second Coalition between Russia and France in 1800. The War of the Third Coalition in 1805 led to the disruption of diplomatic relations once again, Russia and France conflicted over different views following the Revolutions of 1848 and the French support of revolutions in multinational countries. This led to the Crimean War on March 27,1854, relations between the two countries improved after that, and remained uninterrupted until the October Revolution. When Germany declared war on the Soviet Union on June 30,1941, relations were reestablished on October 23,1944, with the Soviet recognition of the new Provisional Government of the French Republic. Since then, relations between the new nations remained unbroken, although they were cold at times during the Cold War. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, relations with France and the new Russian Federation were warm, the current Russian ambassador to France is Alexander Konstantinovich Orlov
22.
Mazhilis
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The Mazhilis is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan, known as the Parlamenti, in the Government of Kazakhstan. The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan, members of Parliament are elected to five year terms. International observers reported procedural violations in the Majlis voting, the new parliament, which was seated in January 1996, included sixty-eight Kazak and thirty-one Russian deputies, even ten deputies were women
23.
Senate of Kazakhstan
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The Senate of Kazakhastan is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstans legislature, known as the Parliament. Members of the Senate are elected on the basis of indirect suffrage by secret ballot, half of elected members of the Senate are up for election every three years. Fifteen members are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan with the view to ensure representation for all the national, cultural components of society. The term of office for the members of the Senate is 6 years, the Chairman of the Senate is a person elected by the Senate among the members of the House by a secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the House. The candidature on the post of the Chairman of the Senate is nominated by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, kassym-Jomart Tokayev is the current Chairman of the Senate. There are two Deputy Chairmen of the Senate A member of the Parliament must be a citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan who has been a permanent resident on its territory over the last ten years. Powers of a member of the Parliament commence from the moment of registration as a member of the Parliament by the Central Election Commission of the Republic. Administration of the oath is done by the President at a ceremony in the presence of members of the Government, senators, along with all other MPs, must participate in the work of the Parliament and its bodies, they may only vote in person. Member of the Senate exercises the right of a vote on all issues considered at sessions of Parliament. Committees of the Senate hold visiting sessions across regions in order to examine public opinion on bills under consideration by the Parliament, up to now members of the Senate have made more than thousand inquiries on various issues of state and public life. Parliament’s involvement in international activity of Kazakhstan and engagement of MPs in identifying and implementing foreign policy of our country has significantly increased, Parliament website Kazakhstan, Senate Selection Holds Unusual Significance
24.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
25.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
