1.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
2.
Kingdom of Italy
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The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
3.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
4.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
5.
Daria Nicolodi
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Daria Nicolodi is an Italian actress and screenwriter. Daria Nicolodi was born in Florence on June 19,1950 and her father was a Florentine lawyer and her mother, Fulvia, was a scholar of ancient languages. Her maternal grandfather was composer Alfredo Casella and she moved to Rome in the late 1960s. In 1970 she participated in the variety show Babau in four episodes, written by Poli Paul and Ida Omboni. Because of program content deemed outrageous at the time, the show was archived, in the early 1970s Nicolodi had some significant work in the cinema and theater under the guidance of Elio Petri. Nicolodi starred in five films directed by Dario Argento between 1975 and 1987, Deep Red, Inferno, Tenebrae, Phenomena, and Opera and she also has a co-writing credit on Suspiria. Notably, Nicolodi starred in Shock, the film of Italian horror auteur Mario Bava. In 2007, Nicolodi made a back to the cinema, working with her daughter Asia in Argentos The Mother of Tears. In the early seventies, she had a relationship with the sculptor Mario Ceroli, Nicolodi had a professional and romantic relationship with director Dario Argento, they met in 1974 during casting for the film Deep Red, and their daughter Asia was born in 1975. In 2012, Nicolodi was highlighted in the retrospective Argento, Il Cinema Nel Sangue at the Museum of Arts, the retrospective celebrated the influence of the Argento family on filmmaking in Italy and around the world. It highlighted Nicolodis contribution to Dario Argentos films as well as that of his father, brother, and daughter
6.
Asia Argento
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Asia Argento is an Italian actress, singer, model, and director. Argento is best known for portraying her role as Yelena in the action film xXx and her maternal great-grandfather was composer Alfredo Casella. When Asia Argento was born in Rome, the city registry office refused to acknowledge Asia as an appropriate name and she nonetheless always went by the name Asia, which she later used professionally. Argento has said that as a child she was lonely and depressed and her father used to read her his scripts as bedtime stories. At age eight, Argento published a book of poems, at the age of 14, she ran away from home. She was an introvert and read to make up for having no friends, in an interview with Filmmaker magazine she stated that she was agoraphobic while she was writing Scarlet Diva and that she could not leave her apartment for months. She said, I was afraid to go out of my apartment for a long time, Argento has mentioned in interviews that she does not have a close relationship with her father. She has mentioned that he was absent when she was a child and she has also mentioned that she did not have a happy childhood. Regarding her relationship with her father and her reason for acting, she has stated that, I never acted out of ambition and it took a long time for him to notice me – I started when I was nine, and he only cast me when I was 16. And he only became my father when he was my director, I always thought it was sick to choose looking at yourself on a big screen as your job. There has to be something crooked in your mind to want to be loved by everybody and its like being a prostitute, to share that intimacy with all those people. Asia Argento started acting at the age of nine, playing a role in a film by Sergio Citti. She also had a part in Demons 2, a 1986 film written and produced by her father, at the age of 10, as well as its unofficial sequel, La Chiesa, when she was 14, and Trauma. She received the David di Donatello for Best Actress in 1994 for her performance in Perdiamoci di vista, and again in 1996 for Compagna di viaggio, in 1998, Argento began appearing in English-language movies, such as B. Argento has proven her ability to work in multiple languages, adding French and that same year, she made her first foray into directing, calling the shots behind the short films Prospettive and A ritroso. In 1996, she directed a documentary on her father, and in 1998 a second one on Abel Ferrara, Argento directed and wrote her first movie, Scarlet Diva, which her father co-produced. In 2002, she portrayed Russian undercover spy Yelena in the action film xXx alongside Vin Diesel. In 2004, she directed her second film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things, based on a book by JT LeRoy, the pen name of Laura Albert, according to a Paris Review interview with Laura Albert, Argento and Savannah Knoop became lovers
7.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
8.
Giallo
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Giallo is a 20th-century Italian thriller or horror genre of literature and film. It usually has elements and is often combined with slasher, crime fiction or, less frequently. In Italy, the term denotes thrillers, typically of the fiction, mystery. In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a particular style of Italian-produced murder mystery film which often includes elements of horror fiction. The genre developed in the mid-to-late 1960s, peaked in popularity during the 1970s and it has been considered to be a predecessor to, and significant influence on, the later American slasher film genre. The word giallo is Italian for yellow, the term was derived from a series of cheap paperback mystery novels, popular in post-fascist Italy, which were published with yellow covers. The term giallo derives from a series of pulp novels entitled Il Giallo Mondadori, published by Mondadori from 1929. The series consisted almost exclusively of Italian translations of novels by British. These included Agatha Christie, Ellery Queen, Edgar Wallace, Ed McBain, Rex Stout, published as cheap paperbacks, the success of the giallo novels soon began attracting the attention of other publishing houses. They published their own versions and mimicked the yellow covers, the popularity of these series eventually established the word giallo as a synonym for a mystery novel. In colloquial and media usage, it applied to a mysterious or unsolved affair. For Italian audiences, giallo has come to refer to any kind of thriller-horror, thus, American, British or other thriller-horrors such as Psycho, Vertigo or Peeping Tom are considered gialli. English-speaking audiences have used the term to specifically to the type of Italian-produced thrillers known to Italian audiences as thrilling allitaliana or spaghetti thrillers. The film subgenre began as literal adaptations of these mystery novels, directors soon began taking advantage of modern cinematic techniques, to create a unique genre which veered into horror and psychological thrillers. Many of the characteristics of these films were incorporated into the later American slasher genre. Critics disagree on characterization of a giallo film. however, despite the resistance to clear definition there are nevertheless identifiable thematic and stylistic tropes. These distinct thematic and stylistic tropes constitute a definition of the genre which is broadly consistent. Directors and stars often moved between both genres and some films could be considered under either banner, such as Massimo Dallamanos 1974 film La polizia chiede aiuto, most critics agree that the giallo represents a distinct category with unique features
9.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
10.
Sicily
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Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous Region of Italy, along with surrounding minor islands, Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula, from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the tallest active volcano in Europe, the island has a typical Mediterranean climate. The earliest archaeological evidence of activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC. It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand, a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification, Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region after the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946. Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially regard to the arts, music, literature, cuisine. It is also home to important archaeological and ancient sites, such as the Necropolis of Pantalica, the Valley of the Temples, Sicily has a roughly triangular shape, earning it the name Trinacria. To the east, it is separated from the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, about 3 km wide in the north, and about 16 km wide in the southern part. The northern and southern coasts are each about 280 km long measured as a line, while the eastern coast measures around 180 km. The total area of the island is 25,711 km2, the terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible. Along the northern coast, the ranges of Madonie,2,000 m, Nebrodi,1,800 m. The cone of Mount Etna dominates the eastern coast, in the southeast lie the lower Hyblaean Mountains,1,000 m. The mines of the Enna and Caltanissetta districts were part of a leading sulphur-producing area throughout the 19th century, Sicily and its surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes. Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe and still casts black ash over the island with its ever-present eruptions and it currently stands 3,329 metres high, though this varies with summit eruptions, the mountain is 21 m lower now than it was in 1981. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps, Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under the mountain by Zeus, Mount Etna is widely regarded as a cultural symbol and icon of Sicily. The Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, to the northeast of mainland Sicily form a volcanic complex, the three volcanoes of Vulcano, Vulcanello and Lipari are also currently active, although the latter is usually dormant
11.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
12.
Sergio Leone
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Sergio Leone was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leones film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. born in Rome, Leone was the son of the cinema pioneer Vincenzo Leone and the silent film actress Edvige Valcarenghi. During his schooldays, Leone was a classmate of his musical collaborator Ennio Morricone for a time. After watching his work on film sets, Leone began his own career in the film industry at the age of 18 after dropping out of law studies at the university. Working in Italian cinematography, he began as an assistant to Vittorio de Sica during the movie The Bicycle Thief in 1948, Leone began writing screenplays during the 1950s, primarily for the sword and sandal historical epics, popular at the time. When director Mario Bonnard fell ill during the production of the 1959 Italian epic The Last Days of Pompeii, starring Steve Reeves, Leone was asked to step in and complete the film. As a result, when the time came to make his directorial debut with The Colossus of Rhodes. His film A Fistful of Dollars was based upon Akira Kurosawas Edo-era samurai adventure Yojimbo, Leones film elicited a legal challenge from the Japanese director, though Kurosawas film was in turn probably based on the 1929 Dashiell Hammett novel, Red Harvest. A Fistful of Dollars is also notable for establishing Clint Eastwood as a star, until that time Eastwood had been an American television actor with few credited film roles. The look of A Fistful of Dollars was established by its Spanish locations, the film paid tribute to traditional American western films, but significantly departed from them in storyline, plot, characterization and mood. The characters were also morally ambiguous by appearing generously compassionate, or nakedly and brutally self-serving, relationships revolved around power and retributions were emotion-driven rather than conscience-driven. According to Christopher Fraylings book Something to do with Death, Leone knew a deal about the American Old West. It fascinated him as a child, which carried into his adulthood, the films featured innovative music scores by Ennio Morricone, who worked closely with Leone in devising the themes. Leone had a way of shooting scenes with Morricones music ongoing. In addition, Clint Eastwood stayed with the series, joined later by Eli Wallach, Lee van Cleef. Based on the success of The Man with No Name trilogy, the film was shot mostly in Almería, Spain and Cinecittà in Rome. It was also shot in Monument Valley, Utah. The film starred Charles Bronson, Henry Fonda, Jason Robards, Once Upon a Time in the West emerged as a long, violent, dreamlike meditation upon the mythology of the American Old West, with many stylistic references to iconic western films
13.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
14.
Spaghetti Western
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The term was used by American critics and other countries because most of these Westerns were produced and directed by Italians. According to veteran Spaghetti Western actor Aldo Sambrell, the phrase Spaghetti Western was coined by Spanish journalist Alfonso Sánchez, the denomination for these films in Italy is western allitaliana. Italo-Western is also used, especially in Germany, the term Eurowesterns may be used to also include Western movies that were produced in Europe but not called Spaghetti Westerns, like the West German Winnetou films or Ostern Westerns. The majority of the films were international co-productions between Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, Germany, Israel, Yugoslavia, or the United States. These movies were released in Italian, but as most of the films featured multilingual casts and sound was post-synched. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978 and these are consistently listed among the best Westerns of any variety. Sergio Leones A Fistful of Dollars established the Spaghetti Western as a kind of Western. In this seminal film the hero enters a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs and ordinary social relations are non-existent and he betrays and plays the gangs against one another in order to make money. Then he uses his cunning and exceptional skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed and he is beaten, but in the end he defeats the remaining gang. Leone moved on from borrowing and established his own oft imitated style, Leones films and other core Spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticised or even demythologized many of the conventions of traditional U. S. Westerns. This was partly intentional and partly the context of a different cultural background, use of pathos received a big boost with Sergio Corbuccis influential Django. However, in the years use of cunning and irony became more prominent. This was seen in Leones next two Westerns, with their emphasis on unstable partnerships, Ennio Morricones music for A Fistful of Dollars and later Spaghetti Westerns was just as seminal and imitated. It expresses a similar duality between quirky and unusual sounds and instruments on the one hand, and sacral dramatizing for the big scenes on the other. Most Spaghetti Westerns were made on low budgets, using inexpensive locales, gods Gun was filmed in Israel. In the 1960s, critics recognized that the American genres were rapidly changing, the genre most identifiably American, the Western, seemed to be evolving into a new rougher form. For many critics, Sergio Leones films were part of the problem, Leones Dollars Trilogy was not the beginning of the Spaghetti Western cycle in Italy, but for Americans Leones films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of an American genre
15.
Once Upon a Time in the West
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Once Upon a Time in the West is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Leone. It stars Henry Fonda, cast against type, as the villain, Charles Bronson as his nemesis, Claudia Cardinale as a newly widowed homesteader, the screenplay was written by Sergio Donati and Leone, from a story by Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci and Leone. The widescreen cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the film score was by Ennio Morricone. After directing The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone decided to retire from Westerns and desired to produce his film based on The Hoods, which eventually became Once Upon a Time in America. However, Leone accepted an offer from Paramount Pictures to provide access to Henry Fonda and he recruited Bertolucci and Argento to devise the plot of the film in 1966, researching other Western films in the process. After Clint Eastwood turned down an offer to play the movies protagonist, during production, Leone recruited Donati to rewrite the script due to concerns over time limitations. The original version by the director was 166 minutes when it was first released on December 21,1968 and this was the version that was to be shown in European cinemas and was a box office success. For the US release on May 28,1969, Once Upon a Time in the West was edited down to 145 minutes by Paramount and was a financial flop. The film is considered by some to be the first installment in Leones Once Upon a Time Trilogy, followed by Duck, the Revolution in parts of Europe, and Once Upon a Time in America, though the films do not share any characters in common. The film is now acknowledged as a masterpiece and one of the greatest films ever made. In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being “culturally, historically or aesthetically significant”, a struggle exists for Sweetwater, a piece of land near Flagstone containing the regions only water source. The land was bought by Brett McBain, who foresaw that the railroad would have to pass through that area to water for the steam locomotives. It appears the land has no owner, however, a prostitute arrives from New Orleans, revealing she is Jill McBain, Bretts new wife. Meanwhile, a mysterious harmonica-playing gunman, whom Cheyenne later dubs Harmonica, in the films opening scene, Harmonica kills three men sent by Frank to kill him. In a roadhouse on the way to Sweetwater, he informs Cheyenne that the three appeared to be posing as Cheyennes men. Back at Sweetwater, construction materials are delivered to build a railroad station, Harmonica explains that Jill will lose Sweetwater unless the station is built by the time the tracks construction crews reach that point, so Cheyenne puts his men to work building it. Frank turns against Morton, who wanted to make a deal with Jill, after raping Jill, Frank forces her to sell the property in an auction. Harmonica rebuffs an offer by Frank to buy the farm from him for one more than he paid at the auction
16.
The Bird with the Crystal Plumage
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The Bird with the Crystal Plumage is a 1970 Italian giallo film directed by Dario Argento, in his directorial debut. The film is considered a landmark in the Italian giallo genre and it is the first instalment in the Animal Trilogy, and was followed by The Cat o Nine Tails and Four Flies on Grey Velvet. Written by Argento, the film is an adaptation of Fredric Browns novel The Screaming Mimi. The film was nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe award for best motion picture in 1971, the film was originally cut by 20 seconds for its US release and received a GP rating, though it was later re-classified as PG. It has since been released in the US uncut, upon its release the film was a huge box office hit, grossing 1,650,000,000 Italian lira, twice the production cost of $500,000. The film was also a success outside of Italy, gaining €1,366,884 admissions in Spain, Sam Dalmas is an American writer living in Rome with his model girlfriend Giulia. Suffering from writers block, Sam is on the verge of returning to America, attempting to reach her, Sam is trapped between two mechanically-operated glass doors and can only watch as the villain makes his escape. Sam is haunted by what he saw that night, feeling sure that some vital clue is evading him and he interviews the pimp of a murdered prostitute and visits a shop where another of the murdered women worked. There, he finds that the last thing she sold on the day she was murdered was a painting of a stark landscape featuring a man in a raincoat murdering a young woman and he visits the artist, but finds only another dead end. As he makes his way back to his apartment, Giulia is attacked by the same black-gloved figure, but Sam arrives home just in time to save her and the assailant escapes. This proves important since the one of its kind in Rome is kept in the Italian capitals zoo, allowing Sam. There they once again find Monica Ranieri, this time struggling with her husband, Alberto, after a short struggle, Alberto is dropped from six stories onto a concrete sidewalk below. As he dies, he confesses to the murders and tells them he loves his wife, finding that Giulia and Monica have run off, Sam goes after them, eventually coming to a darkened building. There he finds his friend Garullo murdered and Giulia bound, gagged and wounded, the assailant emerges and is revealed as Monica Ranieri. She flees and he pursues her to her art gallery, there, he is trapped, pinned to the floor by the release of a wall-sized sculpture of wire and metal. Unable to free himself, he becomes the prey of the person he was pursuing and this climax to the mystery, with strong sado-masochistic elements, has the knife-wielding Monica teasing Sam as she prepares to kill him. As she raises her knife, the police burst in and apprehend her, notified by Giulia, Sam is freed and Monica is taken to a psychiatric hospital. The victim of a traumatic attack ten years before, seeing the painting of the murdered girl drove her mad, causing her to identify not with the victim, Alberto likewise suffered from an induced psychosis, helping her to cover up the murders and committing some himself
17.
The Cat o' Nine Tails
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The Cat o Nine Tails is a 1971 giallo film co-written and directed by Dario Argento. Dardano Sacchetti contributed to the original plot and it starred Karl Malden, James Franciscus and Catherine Spaak. Though successful in Europe, it was dismissed in the United States, Argento admitted in the book Broken Mirrors, Broken Minds, The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento that he was less than pleased with the film. In fact the director often cites it as his least favorite of all of his films, Franco Arnò, a middle-aged blind man, is walking down a street at night with his niece Lori when he overhears a man in a car mention blackmail. They walk back to Francos apartment and Lori sleeps, outside, the man in the parked car gets out and breaks into a large medical complex, the Terzi Institute. The next day, the police and reporter Carlo Giordani investigate the break-in, meanwhile, Dr. Calabresi looks at his files in his office and phones someone and agrees to meet with him. Calabresi tells his fiancee Bianca Merusi that he knows who broke into the institute and what was taken, at a train station, while a group of reporters are waiting for a celebrity to arrive by train, the man approaches Calabresi and pushes him onto the tracks. The next day, Lori reads the newspaper for Franco about the death of Dr. Calabresi. She describes the picture and says that Carlo Giordani wrote the article, the two of them go to see the reporter at the newspaper office and ask if the picture has been cropped. Carlo calls Righetto, the photographer who snapped the picture. Righetto goes back to the original and sees a moving hand-arm in the far left of the frame, as he prepares to print the photograph, he is strangled to death with a cord. The killer takes the photo and all the negatives and leaves, Carlo, Franco, and Lori arrive and find the body. The investigating officer, Spimi, asks Carlo questions, Carlo goes to the Terzi home and expresses his desire to talk about Calabresis accident. Afterwards, Carlo speaks with Anna, and he evades her questions of what he, Carlo and Anna drive away together. Anna drives full speed to evade a car with two detectives following them, meanwhile, Franco and Lori go to talk with Bianca, and she says that she could not find anything in the house relating to her fiances death. At a local restaurant, Anna tells Carlo about the research of chromosome alteration and XYY. Carlo goes to see Dr. Braun at the St. Peters Club, Bianca takes a taxi to Calabresis parked car in a lot. Inside, she finds a note with the details of his fatal appointment at the station
18.
Four Flies on Grey Velvet
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Four Flies on Grey Velvet is a 1971 Italian-French giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento, from a story by Luigi Cozzi. The film is the third in director Argentos Animal Trilogy, having been preceded by The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Roberto reads about the mans death in the newspaper the next day, and receives a letter identifying the man as one Carlo Marosi. During a get-together of with his bandmates, Robertos maid Amelia catches a glimpse of him with the photographs and that night, Roberto begins having recurring dreams of being decapitated in a Persian coliseum. He awakens to find himself being attacked by a man, who tells him that he could kill him now. The man knocks Roberto out and flees, when his wife Nina returns home, he confesses to her about the accidental stabbing and subsequent harassment, telling her that he cant go to the police. Roberto goes to see his beatnik artist friend Godfrey, who lives at a shack with his con-artist colleague nicknamed the Professor, Roberto confides in them about his problem and Godfrey suggests having the Professor keep an eye on him. His tormentor has a flashback of being committed to an insane asylum, when Amelia attempts to blackmail him, he locks her inside of a city park after hours and kills her with a straight razor. That same evening, Nina arrives at a station to pick up her cousin Dalia for another get together. His bandmate Mikro, asks why he skipped rehearsal, Nina gets a phone call and learns of Amelias murder. Roberto later has the same nightmare of being decapitated again and awakens to a loud noise and he investigates but only hears his pet cat hissing. The next morning, the find a note from the killer. Carlo Marosi is revealed to be alive and well, in league with Robertos tormentor to blackmail him, Carlo however wants out, and is killed the tormentor with razor wire. Elsewhere, the Professor tells Roberto that he saw someone last night in his back garden, with his cat wrapped in a blanket. The Professor tells Roberto that he may seek help to learn who is harassing him. Roberto goes to meet with Arrosio, an eccentric and flamboyantly gay private investigator, Arrosio admits to never having solved a case, but is optimistic that his bad record will be broken. During a drive with Roberto, Arrosio asks him questions about his life and about Nina, after dropping off Arrosio at his apartment, Roberto returns to his house where Nina is leaving with police officers about the Amelia murder. She tells Roberto that she not want to stay in the house anymore with someone stalking them. Roberto, however, resolves to stay and invites Dalia over and that evening, Dalia confesses romantic feelings for Roberto, and the two have sex
19.
The Five Days
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The Five Days is a 1973 comedy-drama film directed by Dario Argento. It was shot in Rome and Milan, the film is set in Milan in full swing during the anti-Austrian revolt of 1848. A petty criminal, Cainazzo and a baker, Romulus, are involved in the movements of that period. Assist - in the midst of idealists and patriots - an exemplary gallery of characters, aristocrats, opportunistic, reluctantly, the two villains are overwhelmed by events. But in the face of so much injustice and violence, Romulus responds, the Five Days was director Dario Argentos first box office failure in Italy. Audiences were displeased with his change of genre and the differences from his Animal Trilogy. Soon after, he work on his giallo masterpiece Deep Red. The Five Days at the Internet Movie Database The Five Days at AllMovie
20.
Deep Red
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Deep Red is a 1975 Italian giallo film, directed by Dario Argento and co-written by Argento and Bernardino Zapponi. It was released on 7 March 1975 and it was produced by Claudio and Salvatore Argento, and the films score was composed and performed by Goblin. It stars Macha Meril as a medium and David Hemmings as a man who investigates a series of performed by a mysterious figure wearing black leather gloves. Argento later opened a retail movie memorabilia store in Rome called Profondo rosso, two shadowy figures struggle until one of them is stabbed to death while a childs scream is heard. In the city of Rome, psychic medium Helga Ulmann holds a lecture in a theater where she senses that someone with a twisted. Musician Marcus Daly, who lives in the apartment building is walking home when he sees her being attacked through the window. Rushing inside to help, hes too late as Helga bleeds to death, after the police arrive, Marcus realizes he had seen a certain painting among a group of portraits on the walls of the victims apartment, which seems to have disappeared. Helgas is prefaced by a childs doggerel tune, which serves as the calling card. Marcus hears it in his own apartment soon after becoming involved in the case, later, he plays the tune to Professor Giordani, a psychiatrist who theorizes that the music is important because it probably played an integral part in a traumatic event in the killers past. Another friend of Ulmann tells him about a folktale involving a house in which a singing child is heard. Marcus tries to find Amanda to talk to her about her book, the dying Righetti manages to write a message on the wall of the steam-filled bathroom before expiring. Marcus then finds the body but afraid that the police think he did it. Marcus looks around the house, removing plaster from a wall that uncovers a childs drawing of a boy holding a bloody knife next to a murdered man. Only after he leaves the room, more plaster suddenly falls off, meanwhile, Giordani investigates the Righetti murder scene and, on a hunch, turns on the hot water in the bathroom and sees part of the message left on the wall by the murder victim. When Giordani returns to his office that night to investigate more, the unseen killer then breaks in and stabs him in the neck with his own knife after bashing his teeth in on a mantelpiece. Marcus also discovers a clue that he initially overlooked in the photo of the house realizing a window on one of the walls is missing. Marcus returns to the house after dark after unsuccessfully bashed in the wall where the window was when he enters inside, using a pickaxe, he knocks down an end-wall in a hallway and discovers the secret room with a skeleton next to a Christmas tree. The unseen figure then arrives and knocks Marcus unconscious, the house is set on fire, but Marcus is dragged out by Gianna, a reporter investigating the murders
21.
John Carpenter
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John Howard Carpenter is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, musician, editor and composer. Although Carpenter has worked in film genres, he is most commonly associated with horror, action. Most films in Carpenters career were initially commercial and critical failures, with the exceptions of Halloween, The Fog, Escape from New York. However, many of Carpenters films from the 1970s and the 1980s have come to be viewed as cult classics, and he has been acknowledged as an influential filmmaker. Cult classics that Carpenter directed include, Dark Star, Assault on Precinct 13, The Thing, Christine, Big Trouble in Little China, Prince of Darkness, They Live and In the Mouth of Madness. He released his first studio album Lost Themes in 2015, Carpenter was born January 16,1948 in Carthage, New York, the son of Milton Jean and Howard Ralph Carpenter, a music professor. He and his moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky in 1953. In a beginning film course at USC Cinema in 1969, Carpenter wrote and directed an 8-minute short film, the film was rediscovered in the USC archives in 2011 and proved interesting because it revealed elements that would appear in his later film, Halloween. The short film was blown-up to 35mm, sixty prints were made, and his first major film as director, Dark Star, was a science fiction black comedy that he cowrote with Dan OBannon. Carpenters efforts did not go unnoticed as much of Hollywood marveled at his abilities within the confines of a shoestring budget. Carpenters next film was Assault on Precinct 13, a low-budget thriller influenced by the films of Howard Hawks, as with Dark Star, Carpenter was responsible for many aspects of the films creation. He not only wrote, directed and scored it, but also edited the film under the pseudonym John T. Chance. Carpenter has said that he considers Assault on Precinct 13 to have been his first real film because it was the first movie that he shot on a schedule. The film marked the first time Carpenter worked with Debra Hill, Carpenter assembled a main cast that consisted of experienced but relatively obscure actors. The film received a reassessment in the United States, where it is now generally regarded as one of the best exploitation films of the 1970s. Carpenter both wrote and directed the Lauren Hutton thriller Someones Watching Me and this TV movie is the tale of a single, working woman who, shortly after arriving in L. A. discovers that she is being stalked. Halloween was a hit and helped give birth to the slasher film genre. Carpenter said of the concept, Halloween night
22.
Halloween (1978 film)
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Halloween is a 1978 American independent slasher film directed and scored by John Carpenter, co-written with producer Debra Hill, and starring Donald Pleasence and Jamie Lee Curtis in her film debut. The film was the first installment in what has become the Halloween franchise, the film is set in the fictional Midwestern town of Haddonfield, Illinois. On Halloween night in 1963, Michael Myers murders his sister and he escapes on October 30,1978 from Smiths Grove Sanitarium, and returns home to kill again. The next day, Halloween, Michael stalks teenager Laurie Strode, Michaels psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis, realizing Michaels intentions, goes to Haddonfield to track and stop him. Many critics credit the film as the first in a line of slasher films inspired by Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. Halloween had many imitators and originated several clichés found in horror films of the 1980s and 1990s. Unlike many of its imitators, Halloween contains little graphic violence and it was one of the first horror films to introduce the concept of the killer dying and coming back to life again within the same film. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, some critics have suggested that Halloween may encourage sadism and misogyny by audiences identifying with its villain. Several of Halloweens techniques and plot elements, although not founded in this film, have become standard slasher movie tropes. Halloween spawned seven sequels and was rebooted in 2007, on Halloween night of 1963, in Haddonfield, Illinois, 6-year-old Michael Myers, dressed in a clown costume and mask, murders his older sister, Judith. On October 30,1978, 21-year-old Michael escapes Smiths Grove-Warren County Sanitarium, stealing a car that was to him to court. Meanwhile, Michaels psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis, predicts where his patient is headed and goes after him, when Annies boyfriend Paul calls her to come and pick him up, she takes Lindsey over to the Doyle house to spend the night with Laurie and Tommy. After Annie gets into her car, Michael attacks and kills her, later, Lynda and her boyfriend Bob enter the Wallace house to have sex. Afterwards, Bob goes downstairs and is killed by Michael and he then poses as Bob in a ghost costume and confronts Lynda, who teases him, to no effect. Annoyed, she calls Laurie, just as Laurie picks up, a suspicious Laurie goes over to the Wallace house and finds her friends dead in the upstairs bedroom, Michael suddenly appears and slashes her arm. Barely escaping, Laurie retreats to the Doyle house, Michael gets in and attacks Laurie, but she fends him off long enough to ask Tommy and Lindsey to go to the neighbors house and have them call the police. Loomis sees Tommy and Lindsey flee the house, and goes inside to find Laurie and Michael fighting upstairs, Loomis shoots Michael six times, when Loomis goes to check Michaels body, he finds it missing. Places where Michael had previously been are shown as his breathing is heard, indicating he could be anywhere
23.
Suspiria
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It is the first Argento horror film to have THX-certified audio and video. The score was composed by rock band Goblin and is the first of the trilogy Argento refers to as The Three Mothers, followed by Inferno. Suspiria has become one of Argentos most successful films, receiving critical acclaim for its visual and stylistic flair, use of vibrant colors. It was nominated for two Saturn Awards, Best Supporting Actress for Bennett in 1978 and Best DVD Classic Film Release in 2002 and it has since become a cult classic. Suzy Bannion, an American ballet student, attempts to enroll in the prestigious Tanz Dance Academy in Freiburg, arriving late at night and during a thunderstorm, Suzy is unable to gain entry to the academy. She witnesses a student, Pat Hingle, flee from the school. As Suzy makes her way to a hotel, Pat finds refuge at an apartment in the nearby town. Explaining that she has uncovered something terrible inside the Academy, Pat tells her friend she is leaving in the morning, after Pat locks herself in the bathroom, she sees a shadowy figure and a pair of eyes outside the window. An arm smashes through, smothering her against the glass, hearing Pats screams, her friend runs from the apartment to find help. In the bathroom, the black-cloaked attacker stabs Pat repeatedly and then slips a noose around her neck, in the room below, Pats friend is running away just as Pats body crashes through a skylight and the rope snaps taut, killing her. On the ground below Pats suspended body lie the remains of her friend. The following morning Suzy arrives at the academy and is introduced to Madame Blanc, the vice-directress and she is escorted to the students locker room, where she meets two fellow students, Sara and Olga, the latter with whom she has arranged to stay with off-campus. After a strange encounter with the custodian, Suzy faints during a lesson. Later that night, she awakens to discover that she has moved into a dormitory room against her wishes. The doctors tell her that she is to be medicated with a glass of wine daily, Suzy befriends Sara after the two are roomed together. As the students prepare for dinner, hundreds of maggots fall from the ceiling, the students are told this was due to spoiled food being stored in the attic and are invited to sleep in the practice hall overnight while the spoiled food and maggots are disposed of. During the night, Sara identifies a distinctive whistling snore as that of the schools director, the next morning, Tanner orders the schools blind piano player, Daniel, to leave the academy after his guide dog bites the custodians son. Later that night, Sara hears the teachers footsteps and counts them whilst Suzy falls asleep, while crossing a plaza Daniel senses a strange presence
24.
The Three Mothers
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The Three Mothers is a trilogy of supernatural horror films by Italian film director Dario Argento. It consists of Suspiria, Inferno and The Mother of Tears, each film deals with one of the titular Mothers, a triumvirate of ancient and evil witches whose powerful magic allows them to manipulate world events on a global scale. During the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival, Argento stated he had not ruled out the possibility of shooting a film dealing with the Three Mothers. His daughter Asia joked that one day there might be a prequel, frank Mandel Daria Nicolodi as Woman of airport/Elise Stallone Van Adler/Elisa Mandy Feodor Chaliapin, Jr. as Prof. Arnold/Dr. Varelli The story of the Three Mothers begins at the dawn of the 11th century, in the years that followed, they wandered the world and amassed great personal wealth and power, leaving only death in their wake. Both Mater Suspiriorum and Tenebrarum have claimed that the Mothers are Death personified, in the late 19th century the women commissioned E. Varelli, an Italian architect based in London, to design and construct three stately buildings. From these enchanted, bastion-like homes the Three Mothers rule the world, according to Varellis memoirs, entitled The Three Mothers by an anonymous colleague, the architect learned too late of the womens evil nature. The residences he designed will become so corrupted that eventually the land they were built on will become pestilential, Mater Suspiriorum, the Mother of Sighs, is the oldest and wisest of the Three Mothers. Her given name is Helena Markos and she is also known as The Black Queen. The actress Lela Svasta, who portrayed Markos in Suspiria was uncredited, according to Jessica Harper, the witch was a ninety-year-old ex-hooker Dario had found on the streets of Rome. Markos, a Greek émigré, was exiled from many European countries and had several books on a variety of arcane subjects. In 1895 she founded the Tanz Akademie, a school for dance, the locals feared her, having intuited that she was a witch. As Markos wealth grew so did suspicions about her true nature, to avert this unwanted scrutiny, she faked her own death in a fire in 1905. Control of the academy, which became solely a school, was said to have gone to Markos prize pupil. In reality, this was Markos herself, in Suspiria Markos is the Directress whose presence is concealed by her coven, headed by Madame Blanc. A young American, Suzy Bannion, discovers the hidden chambers beneath the school after several pupils are killed by Markos proxies. The aged witch attempts to use her magic to kill the girl, but her powers — including those of invisibility, illusion casting, Bannion defeats Markos by stabbing her through the neck. The witchs death causes the foundations of her home and coven to fail, in The Mother of Tears it is revealed that before the events of Suspiria Elisa Mandy, a white witch, sought to challenge Markos evil might
25.
Inferno (1980 film)
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Inferno is a 1980 Italian supernatural horror film, written and directed by Dario Argento. The film stars Irene Miracle, Leigh McCloskey, Eleonora Giorgi, Daria Nicolodi, the cinematography was by Romano Albani and Keith Emerson composed the films musical score. A thematic sequel to Suspiria, the film is the part of Argentos Three Mothers trilogy. The long-delayed concluding entry, The Mother of Tears, was released in 2007, all three films are partially derived from the concept of Our Ladies of Sorrow originally devised by Thomas de Quincey in his book Suspiria de Profundis. Unlike Suspiria, Inferno received a limited theatrical release and the film was unable to match the box office success of its predecessor. While the initial response to the film was mostly negative. Kim Newman has called it perhaps the most underrated horror movie of the 1980s, in 2005, the magazine Total Film named Inferno one of the 50 greatest horror films of all time. Rose Elliot, a living alone in New York City. It tells of three sisters who rule the world with sorrow, tears, and darkness. The book, written by an architect named Varelli, reveals that the three dwell inside separate homes that had built for them by the architect in Rome, Freiburg. Rose suspects that she is living in one of the buildings and writes to her brother Mark in Rome, using clues provided in the book as a guide, Rose searches the cellar of her building and discovers a hole in the floor which leads to a water-filled ballroom. She accidentally drops her keys and enters the water to find them, after she reclaims the keys, a putrid corpse suddenly rises from the depths, frightening her. In Rome, Mark attempts to read Roses letter during class and he is distracted by the intense gaze of a beautiful student, who leaves suddenly, Mark follows, leaving the letter behind. His friend Sara picks up the letter, and later reads it, horrified by the letters contents, she takes a taxi to a library and finds a copy of The Three Mothers. Sara is attacked by a figure who recognizes the book. She throws the book to the ground and escapes and she seeks the company of a neighbor, Carlo and both are stabbed to death by a gloved killer. Mark discovers the bodies and two fragments from Roses letter. After the police arrive, he out of Saras apartment
26.
The Mother of Tears
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The Mother of Tears is a 2007 Italian-American supernatural horror film written and directed by Dario Argento. The film stars Asia Argento, Daria Nicolodi, Moran Atias, Udo Kier, the film has also been billed in English-speaking media as Mater Lachrymarum, The Third Mother, and Mother of Tears, The Third Mother. The film depicts the confrontation with the final Mother witch, known as Mater Lachrymarum, the film begins with members of the Catholic Church digging up the body of a 19th-century church official, whose casket has a box-shaped urn chained to it. Inside the box they discover artifacts belonging to Mater Lachrymarum, the last surviving member of the Three Mothers, in particular, the box contains a magic cloak that, when worn by Mater Lachrymarum, increases her powers significantly. The urn is shipped to the Museum of Ancient Art in Rome where Sarah Mandy, Sarah is dating the curator Michael Pierce, a single father who is away from the museum that night. With help from the assistant curator, Sarah opens the box and finds the cloak, a dagger, sending Sarah to her office to retrieve tools to help her translate the text on the artifacts, the curator is promptly attacked by the demonic agents of Mater Lachrymarum. Sarah arrives too late to save her boss and starts to flee the museum, unfortunately, she is pursued by Mater Lachrymarums familiar and is only able to escape when a disembodied voice magically throws open a series of locked doors keeping her trapped inside the museum. Sarah tells the police what happened as she spends the night with Michael, Michael visits the Cardinal who sent him the urn only to find out that, shortly after mailing the urn to him, he had a severe stroke and is now in a coma. An assistant of the priest gives Michael a piece of paper, on it is scrawled the name Mater Lachrymarum. As he leaves the hospital, a pair of witches observe Michael leaving the building, back in Rome, chaos descends as a wave of mass suicides, murder, and violence engulfs the city. Sarah continues her own only to be summoned by Michael to his apartment. The witches have kidnapped his son and wont return the boy to him unless he stops his investigation. Sarah begs him to call the police but Michael refuses to and this goes badly for Michael, the two witches see him and he is soon captured and murdered, along with his son, whose body is cannibalized by the rapidly expanding coven. However, before he is killed, Michael calls Sarah and begs for her to come, pursued by the witches and the police, the disembodied voice from before instructs Sarah on how to magically make herself invisible. She uses this to avoid the police detective, though she is forced to kill a witch, Katerina, at the priests home, Sarah meets Marta, a fellow white witch and friend of Sarahs deceased mother. Realizing that Sarahs mother is the voice guiding her, Marta reveals details to Sarah about her parents and her mother was a powerful white witch who dared to challenge and severely wound Mater Suspiriorum, the eldest and wisest of the Three Mothers. In response to this, Suspiriorum caused the car crash that killed Sarahs parents. They talk to the priest, only for him to be killed before he can give the two a copy of a book that would explain Mater Lachrymarums backstory to them by a patient of his
27.
George A. Romero
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His other works contributed include The Crazies, Creepshow, Martin, Monkey Shines, and The Dark Half. Romero was born in the New York City borough of The Bronx, to a Cuban-born father and his father has been reported as born in A Coruña, with his family coming from the Galician town of Neda, although Romero once described his father as of Castilian descent. His father worked as a commercial artist, Romero was raised in the Bronx, and would frequently ride the subway into Manhattan to rent film reels to view at his house. Romero attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, after graduating in 1960, he began his career shooting short films and commercials. One of his commercial films was a segment for Mister Rogers Neighborhood in which Rogers underwent a tonsillectomy. With nine friends, Romero formed Image Ten Productions in the late 1960s, directed by Romero and co-written with John A. Russo, the movie became a cult classic and a defining moment for modern horror cinema. Among the inspiration for Romeros filmmaking, as told to Robert K. Elder in an interview for The Film That Changed My Life, was the 1951 British film, The Tales of Hoffmann. It was the filmmaking, the fantasy, the fact that it was a fantasy and it had a few frightening and it was really a movie for me, and it gave me an early appreciation for the power of visual media—the fact that you could experiment with it. He was doing all his tricks in-camera, and they were sort of obvious and that made me feel that, gee, maybe I could figure this medium out. It was transparent, but it worked, three films that followed were less popular, Theres Always Vanilla, Jacks Wife / Season of the Witch and The Crazies were not as well received as Night of the Living Dead or some of his later work. Like many of his films, they were shot in or around Pittsburgh, in 1978, Romero returned to the zombie genre with Dawn of the Dead. Shot on a budget of just $500,000, the film earned over $55 million worldwide and was named one of the top cult films by Entertainment Weekly in 2003, Romero made the third entry in his Dead Series with Day of the Dead. Romero updated his original screenplay and executive produced the remake of Night of the Living Dead directed by Tom Savini for Columbia/TriStar in 1990. Savini is also responsible for the makeup and special effects in many of Romeros films including Dawn of the Dead, Day of the Dead, Creepshow, Romero had a cameo appearance in Jonathan Demmes Academy Award-winning The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 as one of Hannibal Lecters jailers. In 1998, he directed a commercial promoting the videogame Resident Evil 2 in Tokyo. The 30-second advertisement featured the two main characters, Leon S. Kennedy and Claire Redfield, fighting a horde of zombies while in Raccoon Citys police station. The project was obvious territory for Romero, the Resident Evil series has been influenced by the Dead Series. The commercial was rather popular and was shown in the weeks before the actual release
28.
Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)
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Dawn of the Dead is a 1978 American independent zombie horror film directed by George A. Romero. It was written by Romero in collaboration with the Italian filmmaker Dario Argento and it was the second film made in Romeros Living Dead series, but contains no characters or settings from Night of the Living Dead, and shows in a larger scale the apocalyptic effects on society. In the film, a phenomenon of unidentified origin has caused the reanimation of the dead, who prey on human flesh, the cast features David Emge, Ken Foree, Scott Reiniger, and Gaylen Ross as survivors of the outbreak who barricade themselves inside a suburban shopping mall. Dawn of the Dead was filmed over four months, from late 1977 to early 1978, in the Pennsylvania cities of Pittsburgh. Its primary filming location was the Monroeville Mall, the film was made on a budget estimated at $1.5 million and was a significant box office success for its time, grossing approximately $55 million worldwide. Since opening in theaters in 1978, and despite heavy gore content, in addition to four official sequels, the film has spawned numerous parodies and pop culture references. A remake of the premiered in the United States on March 19,2004. It was labeled a re-imagining of the films concept. In 2008, Dawn of the Dead was chosen by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, the United States is devastated by a mysterious phenomenon which reanimates recently deceased human beings as flesh-eating zombies. Despite the best efforts by the U. S. government and local authorities to control the situation, millions of people are killed and reanimate, social order is collapsing. Some rural communities and the military have been effective in fighting the hordes in open country. Meanwhile, police SWAT officer Roger DiMarco and his team raid a housing project where the residents are defying the law of delivering their dead to National Guardsmen. Some residents fight back with handguns and rifles, and are killed by both the overzealous SWAT team and their own reanimated dead, during the raid, Roger meets Peter Washington, part of another SWAT team, and they partner up together. Roger tells Peter that his friend Stephen intends to steal his workplaces helicopter and flee and they are informed of a group of zombies trapped in the basement, which they assist in the grim job of destroying. That night, Roger and Peter rendezvous with Francine and Stephen, following some close calls while stopping for fuel, the group comes across a shopping mall, which they decide to make their sanctuary. Francine reveals that she is pregnant, Peter offers to abort the child, but this is rejected. During the blockade operation, Roger becomes reckless and is bitten by the zombies, after clearing the interior of zombies, the four are able to enjoy a hedonistic lifestyle with all the goods in every store available to them. Roger eventually succumbs to his wounds, soon reanimates and is shot in the head by Peter, after several months, all emergency broadcast transmissions cease, suggesting that the government has collapsed and a large portion of the population has been killed and reanimated
29.
Zombie
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A zombie is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse. Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works, the term comes from Haitian folklore, where a zombie is a dead body reanimated through various methods, most commonly magic. Modern depictions of zombies do not necessarily involve magic but often invoke science fictional methods such as carriers, radiation, mental diseases, vectors, viruses, scientific accidents, etc. The English word zombie is first recorded in 1819, in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, and compares it to the Kongo words nzambi and zumbi. One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the zombie was The Magic Island by W. B. This is the account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti. Time claimed that the book introduced zombi into U. S. speech, Zombies have a complex literary heritage, with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelleys Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead. In 1932, Victor Halperin directed White Zombie, a film starring Bela Lugosi. Here zombies are depicted as mindless, unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician, a new version of the zombie, distinct from that described in Haitian folklore, has also emerged in popular culture during the latter half of the twentieth century. This zombie is taken largely from George A. Romeros seminal film Night of the Living Dead, the word zombie is not used in Night of the Living Dead but was applied later by fans. The zombie apocalypse concept, in which the world is brought low by a global zombie infestation. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, in Haitian folklore, a zombie is an animated corpse raised by magical means, such as witchcraft. The concept has been associated with the religion of voodoo. How the creatures in contemporary zombie films came to be called zombies is not fully clear, the film Night of the Living Dead made no spoken reference to its undead antagonists as zombies, describing them instead as ghouls. Although George Romero used the term ghoul in his original scripts, the word zombie is used exclusively by Romero in his 1978 script for his sequel Dawn of the Dead, including once in dialog. According to George Romero, film critics were influential in associating the term zombie to his creatures and he eventually accepted this linkage even though he remained convinced at the time that zombies corresponded to the undead slaves of Haitian voodoo as depicted in Bela Lugosis White Zombie. Zombies are featured widely in Haitian rural folklore as dead persons physically revived by the act of necromancy of a bokor, the bokor is opposed by the houngan or priest and the mambo or priestess of the formal voodoo religion. A zombie remains under the control of the bokor as a personal slave, the Haitian tradition also includes an incorporeal type of zombie, the zombie astral, which is a part of the human soul
30.
Goblin (band)
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Goblin is an Italian progressive rock band known for their soundtrack work. They frequently collaborate with Dario Argento, most notably creating soundtracks for Profondo Rosso in 1975, CD re-releases of their soundtracks have performed well, especially in Germany and Japan. Goblin returned with a series of concerts in Europe in 2009. Initially named Cherry Five, their early work spawned one eponymous progressive rock record, the band changed their name to Goblin, rewriting most of the score, originally written by Giorgio Gaslini including the famous main theme. The 1975 soundtrack album was a huge hit, after a reshuffle in their line-up, and they put out an instrumental progressive rock album Roller, before working with Argento again for 1977s Suspiria. Other film soundtracks and a concept album followed, then the score for the European version of George A. Romeros 1978 Dawn of the Dead, in the films opening title sequence, they are credited as The Goblins with Dario Argento. Tracks 1,2 and 7 from the European version are also in the American version of the album, despite their success, membership continued to be a revolving door, and the band also struggled to maintain their credibility. The remaining members continued to work on soundtracks, and there was a partial reunification of three of the four band-members for Argentos Tenebrae. The last collaboration with the director took place in 2000, with the film Non ho sonno, between 1972 and 1973, Claudio Simonetti and Massimo Morante, aided by Fabio Pignatelli and Walter Martino, recorded some demo tapes using the name Oliver. On a trip to London, while looking for contacts, the band bumped into Eddie Offord, after listening to a demo tape, the tycoon producer expressed interest and asked them to move to England. By then, Fabio Pignatelli had become a member, and the band found a regular drummer, Carlo Bordini. Back home, they signed with Cinevox, and Clive Haynes was replaced by Tony Tartarini who had recorded with LUovo Di Colombo under the name Toni Gionta. The bands name was changed to Cherry Five by the label, whatever debate about the bands name there may have existed, their first LP was titled Cherry Five. Cinevox Records was active mainly in soundtrack publishing, due to the bands peculiar sound, the band was frequently called to perform and arrange famous musicians compositions. This helped them understand the world of soundtracks and the particular techniques required. Their final act as Cherry Five was to new drummer Carlo Bordini. At the beginning of 1975, the band began a cooperation with Giorgio Gaslini on the Profondo rosso film project, the band replaced Martino with Agostino Marangolo during this period. Martino recorded on all but two cuts of Profondo rosso, to distinguish this new release from their first LP which was just about to be marketed, the band changed their name again, this time to Goblin
31.
Tenebrae (film)
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Tenebrae is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento. John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neals agent and assistant, Giuliano Gemma, John Steiner, Veronica Lario and Mirella DAngelo also feature. Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work. The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento, who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae, several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music, a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music. Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy, it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes, however, in the United Kingdom, it was added to the infamous list of video nasties and banned from sale until 1999. The films theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984, the film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was in many respects. The finest film that Argento has ever made, Peter Neal, an American writer of violent horror novels, is in Italy to promote his latest work, Tenebrae. He is accompanied by his agent, Bullmer and his assistant. Neal is unaware that he has also followed to Rome by his embittered ex-wife. Just before Neal arrived in Rome, Elsa, a young female shoplifter, was murdered with a razor by an unseen assailant, the murderer sends Neal a letter informing him that his books have inspired him to go on a killing spree. Neal is soon contacted by the police in the form of Detective Giermani and his female partner, tilde, a beautiful lesbian journalist, is murdered at her home along with her lover Marion. Maria, the daughter of Neals landlord, is later hacked to death with a axe after discovering the killers lair. Neal notices that TV interviewer Christiano Berti has an intense interest in his work. That night, Neal and his Italian assistant Gianni watch Bertis house, Gianni approaches the house alone to get a better view and sees an assailant hack Berti to death with an axe. However, Gianni is unable to see the murderers face and he returns to Neal to find the novelist has been knocked unconscious on the lawn. Giermani discovers that Berti was obsessed with Neals novels, and believes the killings will stop now that Berti is dead, however, Bullmer, who is having an affair with Jane, is stabbed to death while waiting for his lover in a public square. Gianni is haunted by the thought that he missed the importance of something he saw at Bertis house and he returns to the house and suddenly remembers that he had heard Berti confessing to his attacker, I killed them all, I killed them all. Before Gianni can share this detail with anyone, he is strangled to death from the seat of his car
32.
Phenomena (film)
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Phenomena is a 1985 Italian horror film directed by Dario Argento and starring Jennifer Connelly, Daria Nicolodi, and Donald Pleasence. After its release in Italy, Phenomena was purchased for distribution in the United States by New Line Cinema, the film features a score by regular Argento collaborators Goblin and Simon Boswell, as well as a multitude of heavy metal songs on its soundtrack. The film inspired much of the Japanese horror video game Clock Tower, after missing a bus in the Swiss countryside, a tourist, Vera Brandt, tries looking for help. She comes across a home and, upon entering, she is attacked by an unknown stranger, eight months later, Jennifer Corvino, arrives at the Swiss Richard Wagner Academy for Girls, chaperoned by Frau Brückner, who places her with roommate Sophie. While sleepwalking through the academy and out onto the roof, Jennifer witnesses a student being murdered and she awakens and falls, fleeing and eventually becoming lost in the woods. Forensic entomologist John McGregor s chimpanzee attendant Inga finds her and leads her to him, witnessing her apparent interaction with his insects, McGregor comes to believe she has a special gift for telepathy with them. Inspector Rudolf Geiger is on the case alongside McGregor, back at the academy, the headmistress has Jennifer medically tested via EEG for her sleepwalking. The procedure makes Jennifer uneasy when she gets brief visions of the nights events. The headmistress has Sophie look after Jennifer in case she sleepwalks again, following an illicit tryst the same night, Sophie is murdered. When she goes outside, a firefly leads her to a maggot-infested glove, the next day, she shows this to McGregor, who identifies the maggots as Great Sarcophagus flies, which are drawn to decaying human flesh. This indicates that they are dealing with a psychopath, later at the academy, when the other students taunt Jennifer for her connection to insects, she summons a swarm of flies which covers the entire building, then faints. Convinced that Jennifer is diabolic and possibly responsible for the killings, however, Jennifer flees to McGregors home in time to evade the transfer. McGregor gives Jennifer a glass case with a Great Sarcophagus fly, when the fly leads her to the same house that Vera had found earlier, Jennifer is told to leave when the real estate agent catches her, assuming her to be a thief. Geiger arrives and gets information from the agent before leaving. Later that night, McGregor is murdered in his home after Inga is distracted and locked outside, with nowhere left to go, Jennifer calls her fathers lawyer Morris Shapiro for help. He alerts Brückner, who finds Jennifer and offers to let the girl stay at her house overnight. Once there, Brückner advises Jennifer to take some pills before she goes to bed, after leaving the bathroom, she attempts to call Morris but is knocked unconscious with a piece of wood by Brückner, who incarcerates her in the house. Geiger arrives at the house and is attacked by Brückner, after coming to a brief time later, Jennifer engineers her escape through a large hole in the floor that leads through a tunnel to a dungeon and into a basement
33.
Jennifer Connelly
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Jennifer Lynn Connelly is an American film actress who began her career as a child model. She appeared in magazine, newspaper and television advertising, before she made her debut in the 1984 crime film Once Upon a Time in America. Connelly continued modeling and acting, starring in such as the 1985 horror film Phenomena, the 1986 film Labyrinth. She gained critical acclaim for her work in the 1998 science fiction film Dark City, in 2002, Connelly won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for her supporting role as Alicia Nash in Ron Howards 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind. She re-teamed with her Requiem for a Dream director Darren Aronofsky, Connelly was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education in 2005. She has been the face of Balenciaga fashion advertisements, as well as for Revlon cosmetics, in 2012, she was named the first global face of the Shiseido Company. Magazines including Time, Vanity Fair and Esquire, as well as the Los Angeles Times newspaper have included her on their lists of the worlds most beautiful women, Connelly was born in Cairo, New York, in the Catskill Mountains. She is the daughter of Ilene, a dealer, and Gerard Karl Connelly. Her father was Roman Catholic, and of Irish and Norwegian descent, Connellys mother was Jewish, and was educated at a yeshiva, all of Connellys mothers grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia. Connelly was raised primarily in Brooklyn Heights, near the Brooklyn Bridge, where she attended Saint Anns and her father suffered from asthma, so the family moved to Woodstock, New York, in 1976 to escape the city smog. Four years later, the returned to Brooklyn Heights. When Connelly was 10 years old, an advertising executive friend of her suggested she audition as a model. Her parents sent a picture of her to the Ford Modeling Agency, Connelly began modeling for print advertisements before moving on to television commercials. In an interview with The Guardian, she revealed that, after having done some modeling and she appeared on the cover of several issues of Seventeen in 1986 and 1988. In December 1986, she recorded two pop songs for the Japanese market, Monologue of Love and Message of Love, Connelly sang in phonetic Japanese as she did not speak the language. Her mother started taking her to acting auditions, at once, Connelly was selected for a supporting role as the aspiring dancer and actress Deborah Gelly in Sergio Leones 1984 gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America. The role required performing a ballet routine, during the audition, Connelly, who had no ballet training, tried to imitate a ballerina. Her performance, and the similarity of her nose to Elizabeth McGoverns, Connelly described the movie as an incredibly idyllic introduction to movie-making
34.
Steadicam
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Steadicam is a brand of camera stabilizer mounts for motion picture cameras invented by Garrett Brown and introduced in 1975 by Tiffen. It mechanically isolates the operators movement, allowing for a smooth shot, before the camera stabilizing system, a director had two choices for moving shots, The camera could be mounted on a dolly, a wheeled mount that rolls on tracks or leveled boards. This procedure is time consuming to set up, and it is impractical in many situations, the camera operator could simply hold the camera. This manual grip allows speed and flexibility, but even the most skilled operator cannot entirely prevent shaking, while these cinematic techniques are still common, the Steadicam has added another dimension to motion picture cinematography and videography. A Steadicam essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a tripod mount with the fluid motion of a dolly shot. While smoothly following the broad movements, the Steadicams arm absorbs jerks, bumps. The Steadicam was introduced to the industry in 1975 by inventor and cameraman Garrett Brown, after completing the first working prototype, Brown shot a ten-minute demo reel of the revolutionary moves this new device could produce. This reel was seen by numerous directors, including Stanley Kubrick, the Steadicam was subsequently licensed to and manufactured by Cinema Products Corporation, which later diversified the brand into a consumer line for DV cameras. It was then used in running and chase scenes on the streets of New York City in Marathon Man. Rocky was also released before Bound For Glory, Garrett Brown was the Steadicam operator on all of these. The Shining pushed Browns innovations even further, when director Stanley Kubrick requested that the shoot from barely above the floor. This low-mode concept remains the most important extension to the system since its inception, a Steadicam rig was also employed during the filming of Return of the Jedi, in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film the background plates for the speeder bike chase. Brown, who operated the shot, walked through a redwood forest. The end result, when projected at 24 frames per second, in the Michael Crichton film Runaway, a Steadicam rig was used to simulate the point of view of a futuristic smart bullet in flight while targeting specific individuals by their heat signature. The operator wears a harness—the Steadicam vest—which is attached to an iso-elastic arm and this is connected by a multiaxis and ultra-low friction gimbal to the Steadicam sled which has the camera mounted at one end and counterbalancing weight at the other. The monitor substitutes for the viewfinder, since the range of motion of the camera relative to the operator makes the cameras own viewfinder unusable. In the film industry the armature and weight are traditionally called the sled, the sled includes the top stage where the camera is attached, the post which in most models can be extended, with the monitor and batteries at the bottom to counterbalance the camera weight. This is how the Steadicam stays upright, by making the bottom slightly heavier than the top
35.
Mario Bava
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Mario Bava was an Italian director, screenwriter, special effects artist, and cinematographer from the golden age of Italian horror films. His work kick-started the giallo genre and the modern slasher film. His son Lamberto Bava later went on to become a horror film director in his own right. Mario Bava was born in San Remo, Liguria on 31 July 1914 and he was the son of Eugenio Bava, a sculptor who also worked as a special effects photographer and cameraman in the Italian silent movie industry. Mario Bavas first ambition was to become a painter, unable to turn out paintings at a profitable rate, he went into his fathers business, working as an assistant to other Italian cinematographers like Massimo Terzano. He also helped his father at the effects department at Benito Mussolinis film factory. Bava became a cinematographer in his own right in 1939, shooting two films with Roberto Rossellini. He made his debut in the early 1940s. Bavas camerawork was a factor in developing the screen personas of such stars of the period as Gina Lollobrigida, Steve Reeves. Bava completed filming I vampiri for director Riccardo Freda in 1956, Bava co-directed The Day the Sky Exploded in 1958, the first Italian science fiction film, predating even the sci-fi films of Antonio Margheriti. Because he had no earlier credited experience as a director, the film was credited solely to Paolo Heusch, in 1960, Bava directed the gothic horror classic Black Sunday, his first solo directorial effort, which made a genre star out of Barbara Steele. His use of light and dark in black-and-white films is widely acclaimed along with his use of color in films such as Black Sabbath, Kill. Blood and Black Lace and The Whip and the Body and his work has proved very influential. Bava directed what is now regarded as the earliest of the Italian giallo films, The Girl Who Knew Too Much and Blood and his 1965 sci-fi/ horror film Planet of the Vampires was a thematic precursor to Alien. Although comic books had served as the basis for countless serials and childrens films in Hollywood, Bavas Danger, many elements of his 1966 film Kill, Baby. Regarded by Martin Scorsese as Bavas masterpiece, also appear in the Asian strain of terror film known as J-horror, 1971s A Bay of Blood is considered one of the earliest slasher films, and was explicitly imitated in Friday the 13th Part 2. Mario Bava was very disappointed with the distribution of some of his later films. His Lisa and the Devil was never picked up by a distributor, in 1977, Bava directed his last horror film, Shock, which was co-directed with his son Lamberto Bava who did the work uncredited
36.
Lamberto Bava
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Lamberto Bava is an Italian film director. Born in Rome, Bava began worked as an assistant director on the films of his father Mario Bava, Bava co-directed the television film La Venere dIlle with his father and in 1980 directed his first solo feature film Macabre. Bava continued work in the 1980s and collaborated with Dario Argento on films such as Demons, after 1990, Bavas work was predominantly involved with television, such as the Fantaghirò series. Lamberto Bava was born in Rome, Italy on 3 April 1944, lambertos father Mario Bava was a film director was primarily known as a director of horror films. Lambertos film career working as an assistant director on his fathers film Planet of the Vampires. Lamberto Bava had a credit with his father Mario on the television film La Venere dIlle. Outside the work with his father, Lamberto also contributed to the story for films of Italian director Ruggero Deodato on his films Ultimo mondo cannibale and Cannibal Holocaust. A meeting with director Pupi Avati led to Bava directing his own feature film Macabre in 1980 which was co-written with Pupi, the film stars Bernice Stegers as Jane, a woman who has an affair with a man Stanko Molnar who dies. After his death, Jane keeps his head in her a refrigerator. According to Lamberto Bava, after witnessing Macabre, Mario told him that Now, following the release of Macabre, Lamberto Bava worked in advertising and continued to write stories for potential future film projects. After being approached by director Dario Argento to assist him with his giallo film Tenebre where Bava is credited as an assistant director, in 1983, Lamberto Bava shot and released his second featured film as a director, the giallo film A Blade in the Dark. A Blade in the Dark was originally developed as television film shot in four 25-minute segments on a low budget. The film stars Andrea Occhipinti as the music composer Bruno, a man who involved in a series of murders while staying at his secluded villa. Bavas next two projects were in different genres than his previous giallo and horror film output. Bava was given a script for Blastfighter, an originally written as a remake of the Australian film Mad Max with the intention of giving it to director Lucio Fulci. Blastfighter starred Michael Sopkiw as Tiger, a detective who had released from prison for shooting the man who killed his wife. Tiger moves into the woods with his daughter where he is terrorized by a group of thugs. Lambertos next film, Monster Shark, was a fiction film about a mutated shark that goes on a killing spree with two marine biologists attempting to track down the creature to stop it
37.
Demons (film)
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Demons is a 1985 Italian action-horror film directed by Lamberto Bava and produced by Dario Argento, starring Urbano Barberini and Natasha Hovey. The screenplay was written by Bava, Argento, Franco Ferrini and Dardano Sacchetti, filming took place in Berlin and Rome. The film was followed up by seven sequels, beginning with Demons 2 in 1986, on the Berlin subway, university student Cheryl gets off at her stop in the deserted subway station and is pursued by a mysterious, masked man. Rather than attacking her, the man offers her tickets to a screening at the Metropol. Cheryl talks her friend Kathy into going with her and they skip class to go see the film. At the crowded theater, they meet two preppy college boys, George and Ken, who take a liking to the girls. The four sit together in the theater, one of the prostitutes, Rosemary, scratches her face with a bizarre display mask before they go in to watch the film. When the teenagers dig up Nostradamuss coffin, they find no body and instead an old book and a mask identical to the strange mask in the foyer. When one of the movies characters puts the mask and is scratched by it just like Rosemary was by its doppelganger, he turns evil. Rosemary feels ill and goes to the bathroom, where the scratch on her face bursts open and spews out pus, she transforms into a bloodthirsty. Rosemary attacks her friend, Carmen, who then rips through the screen, the group of uninfected people race to any exit they can find, only to find that they have all been bricked up making escape impossible. Although they attempt to barricade themselves in the balcony, many are attacked and infected by the demons, one of the demons escapes into the city when four punks break into the building through a back entrance, the punks are soon transformed into demons as well. In the cinema, only George and Cheryl remain uninfected, using a display motorcycle and sword props from the foyer, they ride through the auditorium, slicing down many demons. George kills nearly all of them suddenly, a helicopter crashes through the roof. George and Cheryl use a grappling hook and winch to climb to the roof. They are able to him by impaling his head on an exposed bit of rebar. The two climb down to the street and discover that the infection has spread throughout Berlin. They are then chased by a horde of demons before being picked up by a jeep of well-armed survivors and they make their escape
38.
Demons 2
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Demons 2 is a 1986 Italian horror film directed by Lamberto Bava and co-written and produced by Dario Argento. It is a sequel to Bavas 1985 film Demons and stars David Knight, Nancy Brilli, Coralina Cataldi Tassoni as well as Argentos youngest daughter, Asia Argento, the film was also known as Demons 2, The Nightmare Returns. The film opens as if the events of the first film took place in reality, but this is actually a film within a film and its story follows several teens trespass into a city that was deserted as a result of the outbreak. Finding the lifeless corpse of a demon, one of the teens revives it accidentally by dripping blood from a scratch into its mouth, in reality, frustrated party girl Sally Day locks herself in her bedroom when her boyfriend doesnt attend her sixteenth birthday party. As her friends try to persuade her to return to the party, suddenly, the demon notices her, climbs through the television and attacks her. Sally is transformed into a demon, then attacks her friends, turning all, the creatures bile begins to seep through the building, burning through the ceiling and into other apartments and shorting out the electrical system. In one apartment, a dog licks up the bile and transforms into a vicious beast that attacks, a young boy left alone by his parents manages to avoid Sally and her rampaging demon friends, but is ultimately poisoned by the bile and becomes a monster. The demon boy attacks Hannah, a pregnant woman waiting for her husband to come home and she manages to kill the demon boy, but a flying demon bursts out of his body to further terrorize her. Her husband, George, has trapped in the elevator with another woman. They plan to escape through a hatch, but a demon bursts through the elevator door. She in turn attacks George but he is able to kill her before making his way to his, meanwhile, a group of bodybuilders led by gym instructor Hank have barricaded themselves in the underground car park, along with a group of tenants. Unable to break down the doors, they decide to stand their ground and try to defend themselves with makeshift weapons, such as Molotov cocktails. The demons eventually make it down to the garage and force their way in, although they heavily outnumber the demons, the uninfected are relatively easily defeated and are either turned into demons themselves or killed. The infected start making their way back up the building, George causes a leak in the gas pipes and causes an explosion that kills all the infected except Sally. Hannah and George search for a way out and go into Sallys apartment, the group make their way to the roof but are stopped by Sally. She infects the two partygoers but George manages to dispatch them, George and Hannah lower themselves to the roof of an adjacent building, fighting Sally as they go. Inside the neighboring building Hannah gives birth to the couples child, George defeats the resilient Sally in mortal combat, and he and Hannah make their way outside with their newborn child. For the sequel, Boswell chose to use British new wave bands such as The Smiths, The Cult, Dead Can Dance, and it currently has an approval rating of 56% on movie review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews
39.
Opera (film)
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Opera is a 1987 Italian giallo film co-written and directed by Dario Argento, with music composed and performed by Brian Eno, Claudio Simonetti, and Bill Wyman. Starring Cristina Marsillach, Urbano Barberini, and Ian Charleson, the focuses on a young soprano involved in a series of murders being committed inside an opera house by a masked assailant. The film was one of Argentos most commercially successful, seeing 1,363,912 ticket sales in his country of Italy. This is the second Dario Argento horror film to have THX audio certified, in spite of her initial sense of foreboding, Betty is an instant success with her performance. However, an anonymous figure finds his way into the house on the opening night. When a stagehand finds him, the man murders him by impaling him on a coat-hook, while at her boyfriend Stefanos apartment, the unseen assailant breaks in and attacks and overpowers Betty. He gags her with tape, ties her to a pillar and forces her to watch him kill Stefano, afterwards, the hooded, masked killer unties Betty and flees the apartment. Betty arrives at the house for rehearsals, but avoids Santini, hiding in her dressing room, where she calls her agent. Later that day, after her costume is found slashed to ribbons, Betty meets with the wardrobe seamstress, while repairing the dress, Giulia finds a gold bracelet sewn onto it. While Betty and Giulia try to find what the words on the bracelet say. He then attacks Giulia in order to retrieve the bracelet, bleeding to death from stab wounds, Giulia inadvertently swallows the bracelet with her dying breath, forcing the assailant to cut her throat open in order to retrieve it. The assailant unties Betty and flees, when Betty flees to her apartment, she is met in the lobby by Inspector Santini and tells him about the latest murder and that the killer may be after her. Santini promises to send Betty a detective to guard over her. While Betty struggles with her vision after applying eye drops, a man identifying himself as Inspector Soavi arrives to look after her, some time later, Mira arrives and tells Betty that she talked with a man in the lobby claiming to be Inspector Soavi. Unsure of which one is the impostor, Betty and Mira hide while the figure claiming to be Soavi receives a phone call, while Betty tries to call the police, Mira hears a knock on the front door. Mira demands the visitor identify himself, and is not convinced when he shows police ID, as she looks the peep hole, she is shot in the head and killed. Betty is forced to hide as the breaks in. Betty returns to the house and meets with Marco
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Parma
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Parma listen is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto, cheese, architecture, music and surrounding countryside. It is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world, Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente, Parmas Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma. The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci wrote, As a capital city it had to have a river, as a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry. Parma was already an area in the Bronze Age. In the current position of the city rose a terramare, the terramare were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form, constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age the first necropolis were constructed, diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, the Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina,2,000 families were settled. Parma had an importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square, in 44 BC, the city was destroyed, and Augustus rebuilt it. During the Roman Empire, it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house, the city was subsequently sacked by Attila, and later given by the Germanic king Odoacer to his followers. During the Gothic War, however, Totila destroyed it and it was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. Under Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county, like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne, but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party, two of its bishops became antipopes, Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II, and Guibert, as Clement III. An almost independent commune was created around 1140, a treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls, the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli, then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II, who was crushed in the battle that ensued. Parma fell under the control of Milan in 1341, after a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family, the Sforza imposed their rule through their associated families of Pallavicino, Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio
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Giuseppe Verdi
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Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian opera composer. Verdi was born near Busseto to a family of moderate means. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini, whose works influenced him. In his early operas Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy and he also participated briefly as an elected politician. He surprised the world by returning, after his success with the opera Aida. The baptismal register, prepared on 11 October 1813, lists his parents Carlo, additionally, it lists Verdi as being born yesterday, but since days were often considered to begin at sunset, this could have meant either 9 or 10 October. Verdi himself, following his mother, always celebrated his birthday on 9 October, Verdi had a younger sister, Giuseppa, who died aged 17 in 1833. From the age of four, Verdi was given lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi. After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents provided him with a spinet. Verdis gift for music was apparent by 1820–21 when he began his association with the local church, serving in the choir, acting as an altar boy for a while. After Baistrocchis death, Verdi, at the age of eight, Carlo Verdi was energetic in furthering his sons education. something which Verdi tended to hide in later life. He picture emerges of youthful precocity eagerly nurtured by a father and of a sustained, sophisticated. Verdi returned to Busseto regularly to play the organ on Sundays, at age 11, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric. By the time he was 12, he began lessons with Ferdinando Provesi, maestro di cappella at San Bartolomeo, director of the music school. This information comes from the Autobiographical Sketch which Verdi dictated to the publisher Giulio Ricordi late in life, in 1879, written, understandably, with the benefit of hindsight, it is not always reliable when dealing with issues more contentious than those of his childhood. The other director of the Philharmonic Society was Antonio Barezzi, a grocer and distiller. The young Verdi did not immediately become involved with the Philharmonic, by June 1827, he had graduated with honours from the Ginnasio and was able to focus solely on music under Provesi. By 1829–30, Verdi had established himself as a leader of the Philharmonic, none of us could rival him reported the secretary of the organisation, Giuseppe Demaldè
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Macbeth (opera)
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Macbeth is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave and additions by Andrea Maffei, based on William Shakespeares play of the same name. Written for the Teatro della Pergola in Florence, it was Verdis tenth opera, Macbeth was the first Shakespeare play that Verdi adapted for the operatic stage. Almost twenty years later, Macbeth was revised and expanded in a French version, after the success of Attila in 1846, by which time the composer had become well established, Macbeth came before the great successes of 1850 to 1853 which propelled him into universal fame. The first version of Macbeth was completed during the time which Verdi described as his years, which ranged over a period of 16 years. By the standards of the matter of almost all Italian operas during the first fifty years of the 19th century. The 1847 version was successful and it was presented widely. It was less successful, and the opera largely faded from view until the mid-20th century revivals. He only started working on Macbeth in September 1846, the reason for that choice being the availability of a particular singer. With Varesi under contract, Verdi could focus on the music for Macbeth, (Maffei was already writing a libretto for I masnadieri, which was based on the suggested Schiller play, but it could have been substituted for Macbeth had the baritone not been available. As a result of complications, including Verdis illness, that work was not to receive its premiere until July 1847. Piaves text was based on a translation by Carlo Rusconi that had been published in Turin in 1838. I have had him in my hands from my earliest youth, writing to Piave, Verdi made it clear how important this subject was to him. This tragedy is one of the greatest creations of man. If we cant make something out of it let us at least try to do something out of the ordinary. In spite of disagreements and Verdis need to constantly bully Piave into correcting his drafts, their version follows Shakespeares play quite closely, instead of using three witches as in the play, there is a large female chorus of witches, singing in three part harmony. The last act begins with an assembly of refugees on the English border, as early as 1852 Verdi was asked by Paris to revise his existing Macbeth in that city. However, nothing transpired but, again in 1864, Verdi was asked to provide additional music - a ballet, so began a revision of the original version of 1847 over the winter of 1864/65. Was a typical reaction to a first draft—in this case it was of Lady Macbeths new act 2 aria La luce langue, the result of which was from Verdis insistence came Lady Macbeths gripping scene. If all these specific demands which were placed on Piave were not enough, some relate to crucial elements in the drama, especially how Banquos appearances as a ghost should be presented
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Vanessa Redgrave
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Vanessa Redgrave, CBE is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and she also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. On screen, she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee and her other nominations were for Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, Isadora, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Bostonians and Howards End. Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons, Blowup, Camelot, The Devils, Murder on the Orient Express, Prick Up Your Ears, Mission, Impossible, Atonement, Coriolanus and The Butler. Redgrave was born in Greenwich, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave, laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes had a daughter. She was educated at the Alice Ottley School, Worcester, and Queens Gate School, London and her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors. Vanessa Redgrave entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and she first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1960, Redgrave had her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger, in 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskills production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, Redgrave created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and she won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. In 2003 she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey Into Night. In January 2006, Redgrave was presented the Ibsen Centennial Award for her work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsens works over the last decades. Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson, for this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews and she also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a benefit at New Yorks Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on 26 October 2009. The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of Redgraves daughter Natasha, the proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. Both charities work to help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the role opposite James Earl Jones
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Luigi Cozzi
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Luigi Cozzi is an Italian movie director and screenwriter who directed mainly science fiction and horror films in the mid-1970s and throughout the 1980s. He was born in 1947 in Busto Arsizio, Italy and he sometimes lists himself in film credits by his Anglicized name Lewis Coates. Cozzi also worked as an assistant director and co-screenwriter on a number of Dario Argentos most famous movies, Cozzi has been interested in film making since his teen years, producing a low budget science fiction film at age 21 called The Tunnel Under the World. Tunnel brought him to the attention of renowned Italian producer Dario Argento, Cozzi wrote a script he called De Profundis, which was intended to be the unauthorized finale to Dario Argentos then-unfinished Three Mothers trilogy. The film received limited distribution, and does not appear to have ever received a VHS release. It is uncertain if any of the parties involved were aware that Fulci had previously directed a film called The Black Cat, in 1981. Cozzi also worked on the effects for Dario Argentos Phenomena. When Mario Caiano quit the picture unexpectedly, Kinski attempted to finish directing it himself, the film did very poorly, mainly because Kinski refused to wear the Nosferatu make-up he had worn in the previous film. Cozzi also co-wrote the screenplay for Lamberto Bavas Monster Shark, some of his work was done under his Americanized stage name, Lewis Coates. In 1987-88, Cozzi directed 9 episodes of Dario Argentos Italian television series, Turno Di Notte, some of which starred Argentos daughter, Asia, and Argentos then-wife, Daria Nicolodi. Cozzis final horror film, Paganini Horror, was a disappointment to him. Daria Nicolodi co-wrote the script with Cozzi and also starred in it, Cozzi later made two documentaries on the films of Dario Argento, and for years managed Argentos retail movie memorabilia store in Italy, Profondo Rosso. The Tunnel Under the World Four Flies on Grey Velvet Cozzi just worked on the screenplay for this Dario Argento film, il Ragno / The Spider, a. k. a. Dedicated to a Star Starcrash a. k. a, starring Caroline Munro, David Hasselhoff and Joe Spinnell Contamination a. k. a. Vampire in Venice, starring Klaus Kinski Sinbad of the Seven Seas starring Lou Ferrigno De Profundis/ From The Deep a. k. a. k. a, the World of Dario Argento 3 Blood on Méliès Moon Luigi Cozzi at the Internet Movie Database
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Lucio Fulci
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Lucio Fulci was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for his films, including Zombi 2 and The Beyond, although he made films in genres as diverse as giallo, western. Fulci is known as the Godfather of Gore, a title given to Herschell Gordon Lewis. Fulci was born in Rome, Italy, on 17 June 1927, in the early 1960s, Fulci wrote or directed around 18 Italian comedies, many of them starring the famous Italian comedian team of Franco Franchi and Ciccio Ingrassia. Most of these films did not enjoy wider distribution in English-speaking countries. Fulcis first film distributed theatrically in the USA was Oh and those Most Secret Agents. in 1965. Only three of his other 1960s films were released in the U. S, massacre Time, Una sullaltra and Beatrice Cenci. His first film to gain significant notoriety in his country, Dont Torture a Duckling. Fulci had a Catholic upbringing and referred to himself as a Catholic, despite this, some of his movies have been viewed as having anti-Catholic sentiment. In one of his films, a priest is depicted as a child killer, while in another film. In 1979, he achieved his breakthrough with Zombi 2. He followed it up several other tales of horror films, also featuring zombies. His features released from 1979 through 1983 were described by critics as being among the most violent. Others were released Unrated in order to avoid an X-rating which would have restricted the films target audiences to adults, the unrated films often played worldwide in drive-ins and grindhouses where they developed a cult following. Many of Fulcis horror films tend to contain injury to the eye sequences, in which a characters eyeball is either pierced or pulled out of its socket, usually in lingering, several of Fulcis movies were prohibited in Europe or were released in heavily cut versions. Of the original 72 films on the video nasty list in the United Kingdom. After collaborating with screenwriter Sacchetti for six years, Fulci went off on his own in 1983 to direct the movie Conquest in Mexico, failing to involve Sacchetti in the deal. The film did poorly upon its release, and afterwards, Fulci had trouble jump-starting his working relationship with Sacchetti, who by that time had gone his own way
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The Wax Mask
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The Wax Mask is a 1997 horror film. The film is set in Rome where a Wax Museum has opened up, shortly after its opening, people began to vanish as new figures appear in the museum. After witnessing the poor state of Lucio Fulcis health in 1994, the two eventually agreed upon a remake of House of Wax. Pre-production lasted longer than expected as Argento had been working on his own film The Stendhal Syndrome, Fulci died in 1997, which led to Argento having special effects artist Sergio Stivaletti enter to direct the film. Stivaletti changed the script to focus more on special effects. Paris,1900, a couple are horribly murdered by a man with a metal claw who rips their hearts out. The sole survivor and witness to the massacre is a young girl, twelve years later in Rome a new wax museum is opened, whose main attractions are lifelike recreations of gruesome murder scenes. A young man bets that he spend the night in the museum but is found dead the morning after. Soon, people start disappearing from the streets of Rome and the wax museum halls begin filling with new figures, Argento was informed that Fulci was about to have a serious hospital operation. Argento felt that working would help Fulci recover, and decided to back him in a project of his choosing, initial plans for a project involved doing a modern adaptation of The Mummy with Dardano Sacchetti working on a screenplay. The project later became a remake of Andre de Toths House of Wax, Argento liked this idea, and screened copies of de Toths film as well as Mystery of the Wax Museum. According to Alan Jones, Fulci and Argento argued about the direction of the film, pre-production lasted longer than expected as Argento was working on post-production and promotion for his own film The Stendhal Syndrome. Fulci died on March 13,1997 leading to Argento to turn to special effects artist Sergio Stivaletti, Stivaletti made changes to Fulcis script, tailoring it to his interest in special effects. Variety stated the budget for the film was under $1.25 million, the Wax Mask was released in 1997. List of Italian films of 1997 The Wax Mask at the Internet Movie Database
