1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Soulfly
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Soulfly is a heavy metal band formed in 1997 and based in Phoenix, Arizona. The original lyrical content revolved around spirituality, political and religious themes, with later albums encompassing other themes including war, violence, aggression, slavery, hatred and anger. Soulfly is led by former Sepultura frontman Max Cavalera, who formed the band after he left the Brazilian group in 1996, to date the band has released ten studio albums, one tour EP, twenty-three singles, one video album, and twelve music videos. All of their first six studio albums debuted on the United States Billboard 200, with a position at number 32 for their second album. Soulfly has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, the band has gone through numerous line-up changes, with Cavalera being the only constant member. Cavalera was troubled during the recording of Soulflys first album, and on the website he said that he founded the band with the idea of combined sounds. As well as leaving Sepultura, one of the worlds most renowned thrash/groove metal bands, he had to deal with the death of his stepson, the self-titled debut album was released in April 1998, and reached number 79 on the Billboard 200. In addition to the band, which at the time consisted of Lúcio Maia on guitar, Cello Dias on bass. The album was recorded at Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu, California and was overseen by producer Ross Robinson, in addition to fronting Soulfly, Cavalera also branched out into other areas not usually associated with heavy metal musicians. He became a speaker at conventions, appearing at CMJs New Music Marathon in New York and Hollands Crossing Border Festival. After recording the first album, Jackson Bandeira returned to Brazil with Nação Zumbi and was replaced by Logan Mader of Machine Head for the tour that followed. Soulfly played on the 1998 Ozzfest mainstage alongside Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth, and Tool, after the world tour in support of Soulfly, Logan Mader was replaced by Mikey Doling who had just been displaced by the breakup of Snot. Joe Nunez, from Chicago, replaced Roy Mayorga on drums for Primitive, in addition, artwork was created by longtime Bob Marley artist Neville Garrick. The release of the album was followed by tours with the likes of Pantera, Morbid Angel. In late 2001, Joe Nunez left Soulfly to join Stripping the Pistol, Roy Mayorga departed from his band Medication to rejoin Soulfly for the recording of their third album. 3 was the first Soulfly album which was produced by Max Cavalera, other musicians performing on 3 included Cristian Machado of Ill Niño, and guitarist Wiley Arnet and drummer Greg Hall, and Maxs stepson Richie Cavalera. The album reached number 46 on the Billboard 200 in that year, after the release of 3 on June 25,2002, Soulfly toured throughout Europe and North America with bands such as Slayer, In Flames, God Forbid, and Will Haven. Cavalera recruited a new lineup in October 2003 for the recording of Soulflys Prophecy album, Joe Nunez returned on drums with New Jersey native Marc Rizzo, formerly of Ill Niño, on guitar and Kentucky native Bobby Burns, formerly of Primer 55, on bass
3.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
4.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
5.
Roadrunner Records
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Roadrunner Records is a major record label that concentrates primarily on heavy metal and hard rock bands. It is a division of Warner Music Group and is based in New York City, the label was launched in 1980 in the Netherlands. Roadrunners initial business was importing North American metal-band recordings into Europe, in 1986, Roadrunner opened its US headquarters in New York City and later opened offices in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, Denmark, Russia and the latest in Canada. Early successes included albums from King Diamond and Annihilator, the label also handled early Metallica releases in the Scandinavian region. The end of the 1980s saw the release of two albums that are now considered classics of their genres, Obituarys Slowly We Rot. The 1990s saw the arrival of such as Life of Agony, Machine Head, Suffocation, Type O Negative. As the 1990s wore on, several of Roadrunners bands managed to make an impact on the mainstream, most notably Sepultura, Sepulturas 1993 album, Chaos A. D. became the first Roadrunner band to crack the Top 40 on the Billboard album chart. Type O Negative became the first Roadrunner band to receive a certification from the RIAA, this was a Gold award for the 1993 album Bloody Kisses, the band also became the first Roadrunner band to receive radio play. In 2000, Slipknot became the first Roadrunner band to go Platinum, nickelback were also very successful on the label. Derek Shulman ran the label in the late 90s, beginning in 2001, Roadrunner was distributed by the Universal Music Group through a share of the label owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group. On December 18,2006, Warner Music Group signed an agreement to purchase a majority in shares of Roadrunner Records parent company and this deal became finalized on January 29,2007 after receiving regulatory approval in Germany. On June 11,2008, Roadrunner Records was voted as the Best Metal Label by Metal Hammer at their Golden Gods Awards, the award was accepted by Sharon Den Adel and Ruud Jolie of Within Temptation, one of Roadrunners biggest acts. However, Roadrunner has also accused of being a label only interested in current or trendy alternative music, reflected by their roster of mainly popular. One of the earliest names on the label, King Diamond, left the label due to alleged lack of support for the 1990 King Diamond release. In 2008, punk cabaret chanteuse Amanda Palmer was told by the label that wanted to re-edit her video for Leeds United to make her look slimmer. On April 6,2010, Palmer announced on her Twitter account that Roadrunner had dropped her, the most recent complaints about Roadrunner have come from one of the labels biggest bands Megadeth. Roadrunner Records was significantly affected by Warner Music Groups legal dispute against YouTube, most of the videos on their channel, however, are still viewable. There is even a disclaimer talking about Warners dispute right on the channel, on November 11,2010, Warner Music Group announced they had acquired the remaining of Roadrunners stock
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Max Cavalera
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Massimiliano Antonio Max Cavalera is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter who currently plays in heavy metal bands Soulfly, Cavalera Conspiracy, and Killer Be Killed. In 1984, he co-founded the acclaimed heavy metal band Sepultura with his brother Igor Cavalera and was the lead singer. Cavalera was also involved in a side project called Nailbomb. Max Cavaleras father, Graziano Cavalera, was an employee of the Italian Consulate in Belo Horizonte and he died at 40 years of age, Cavalera was nine when his father died. Cavaleras family was in a state of crisis and family turbulence when he formed Sepultura with his younger brother Igor. In the early 1990s, he relocated to Phoenix, Arizona and he did not begin to make spiritual music until after he quit Sepultura. His earlier lyrics for Soulfly were influenced by religion and spirituality and his later albums, starting with Dark Ages, began to incorporate lyrical themes of violence, warfare, anger and hatred. I mean if you look at Christ, He was hanging around with the lowlifes, prostitutes, when asked in an interview whether he was a Christian and whether Soulfly was a Christian band, he said, No. I mean, if I was a Christian I would wear all these different kinds of omens, because Christian people are so close-minded. A priest would not accept that, so I dont like the concept of Christianity in terms of being so close-minded. It is the same with music, sometimes I compare preachers to close-minded musicians or close-minded listeners, who only like one kind of music. And they dont tolerate Hindus, Buddhists or whatever, so Soulfly is not a Christian band at all. Spiritual has nothing to do with Christianity anyway and it has been here since the beginning of time. In another interview, he was asked about the Varg Vikernes church burnings and he quoted, I support church burnings 100 percent, but why dont we just burn everything. However, he claimed his views changed about the church burnings. He has stated that he believe in God, But it might be different than the God the preacher preaches about. Of enduring influence to his music, is the death of his stepson, Dana Wells. The songs Bleed, First Commandment, Pain, Tree of Pain and Revengeance are tributes to Wells, as well as Deftones song Headup, in which Cavalera featured and co-wrote
8.
Prophecy (Soulfly album)
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Prophecy is the fourth studio album by the metal band Soulfly and it was released in 2004. The album has gone on to sell over 275,000 copies, Cavalera recruited a whole new line-up for the Prophecy album. Joe Nunez was back behind the drum kit having worked on the Primitive album with Marc Rizzo formerly of Ill Niño on guitar, there are two bassists playing as members of Soulfly on Prophecy – David Ellefson of Megadeth and Bobby Burns of Primer 55. Cavalera took this decision to have a mixture of old school metal, Max Cavalera explains on Roadrunner Records website that he wants to use different musicians as part of the group for each album. This is an approach that Ive wanted to do for a while, I never wanted Soulfly to be a band like Metallica, with the same four guys. On every Soulfly album, weve changed the line-up and it will continue that way. In order to do that, I had to start from the out and bring in people who caught my attention, that I had never played with before. After the release of album, he would go on to keep these musicians as he felt they worked with him the best. In Sepultura, Cavelera had shown an interest in music as shown on the 1996 Roots album featuring elements of the music of Brazils indigenous peoples. This approach continues on the Prophecy album with Cavalera travelling to Serbia to record with traditional musicians, on the track Moses, an explicit statement of his religious beliefs he works with Serbian band Eyesburn featuring reggae influences. Other tracks on the album feature instruments from the Middle Ages, sheepskin bagpipes, on the bands website, Max Cavelera said that he founded the band with the idea of combined sounds and spiritual beliefs. The Prophecy album contains the clearest statement of his beliefs with I Believe containing a part in the middle where Cavelera expresses his faith. According to CMJ from 3/22/04 pg,18, he tracks on Prophecy have worldly textures and a distinct vibe that furthers Soulflys status as a fluid musical tribe. John Serba of Allmusic praised Cavalera for their most well-done album possibly since his career with Sepultura and he also praised that there are many organic influences, the album was tagged the Bob Marley of metal. Vik Bansal of musicOMH noted that the album serves as testaments to legendary metal bands from the 1980s, according to Cavalera, Prophecy is dedicated “to God, the Most High”, and is littered with religious art and professions of faith. Adrien Begrand of PopMatters says Although a bit inconsistent for about half an hour in the second half. In 2005, Prophecy was ranked number 306 in Rock Hard magazines book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time, All lyrics written by Max Cavalera except where noted, all music composed by Max Cavalera except where noted
9.
Conquer (album)
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Conquer is the sixth studio album by the band Soulfly. It saw official release on July 23,2008, in Australia and it was released on July 29,2008 in Canada and the United States and debuted at #66 on the U. S. Billboard 200 — Soulflys highest Billboard peak since their 2002 release,3. The album was tracked by Tim C, lau in late 2007 at The Porch Recording Studio in Orlando Florida and mixed by Andy Sneap in early 2008. A bonus edition of the album was released containing three tracks and a DVD. The DVD features a live concert from Warsaw, Poland. The album sold over 8,400 copies in the U. S. during the first week of its release, unleash was the albums first single with the accompanying music video directed by Robert Sexton. This song and its video features Dave Peters of Throwdown, the second single released was Blood Fire War Hate, the first track of the album, featuring Morbid Angel vocalist David Vincent. Touching the Void is heavily influenced by Black Sabbath as it contains doom and sludgy riffs, warmageddon explores war and Armageddon, hence its portmanteau. Conquer has thus far garnered positive reviews from most media outlets, chad Bower of About. com calls it outstanding, with great musicianship and songwriting and new styles, sounds and experiments, which also hit the mark. Nikos Patelis of Metal Invader notes the hardcore beatings, extreme thrash speeds and many implements of weird sounds that have nothing to do with metal and deems the album dark as hell. In comparison to Cavalera Conspiracys debut earlier this year, Dominic Hemy of Planet Loud considers Conquer tighter, heavier, more diverse, more original, all lyrics written by Max Cavalera except where stated, all music composed by Max Cavalera except where stated. Live in Warsaw, Poland Prophecy Downstroy Seek n Strike No Hope = No Fear Jumpdafuckup/Bring It Living Sacrifice Mars Brasil No L. O. T. M, porrada Drums Moses Frontlines Back to the Primitive Eye for an Eye Music Video Innerspirit Album
10.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
11.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
12.
Dimebag Darrell
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He was considered to be one of the driving forces behind groove metal. Abbott was shot and killed by a gunman while on stage during a performance with Damageplan on December 8,2004, at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus, Ohio. He ranked No.92 in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists and No.1 in the UK magazine, Abbott was born in Arlington, Texas on August 20,1966, the son to Carolyn and Jerry Abbott, a country musician and producer. Before he wanted a guitar, Abbott asked his parents for a BMX bike and he took up the guitar when he was twelve, with his first being a Hondo-style Les Paul along with a small amplifier. Upon winning a series of local competitions, most notably held at the Agora Ballroom in Dallas, Texas. He then sold this guitar to luthier Buddy Blaze, who installed a Floyd Rose bridge and emblazoned it with Abbotts signature lightning bolt paint job, Blaze returned it some years later. Coincidentally, his father had bought him a Dean ML the morning before the aforementioned competition. Abbott met his long-time girlfriend Rita Haney at an age around the third grade. Abbott formed Pantera in 1981 with his brother Vinnie Paul on drums, originally, he called himself Diamond Darrell Lance. The band was influenced with thrash metal acts such as Slayer, Megadeth, Venom, and Metallica as well as metal bands such as Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Motörhead. Shortly after singer Phil Anselmo joined Pantera, Darrell was invited by Dave Mustaine to join Megadeth, Darrell was willing to join, but on the condition that Mustaine also hire his brother Vinnie on drums. As Mustaine already had a drummer, Nick Menza, Darrell decided to stay with Pantera, Pantera would go on to become a key formulator of the post-thrash subgenre of groove metal. It would not be until nine years after forming that Pantera saw its first piece of commercial success in its 1990 major label debut, Cowboys from Hell. On Panteras 1994 album Far Beyond Driven, Abbott, whod been listed on all prior albums under the moniker Diamond Darrell, was listed as Dimebag Darrell. and Raw. Pantera began to suffer from mounting tensions between members in the mid-1990s, largely due to vocalist Phil Anselmos rampant drug abuse. In 2001, the group went on hiatus, during which time Anselmo worked on projects, such as Superjoint Ritual. This caused more friction within the band, as the Abbott brothers kept waiting for Anselmo to become available to work with them again, the frustration with Anselmo led to their decision to disband Pantera in 2003. After a year, brothers Vinnie and Dimebag formed Damageplan, a metal band which continued the Pantera-style groove metal sound
13.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
14.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
15.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
16.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
17.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
18.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
19.
Sepultura
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Sepultura is a Brazilian heavy metal band from Belo Horizonte. Sepultura has had changes in its lineup since its formation, with Max and Igor Cavalera departing in 1996 and 2006. Sepulturas current lineup consists of vocalist Derrick Green, guitarist Andreas Kisser, bassist Paulo Jr. since Igor Cavaleras departure in 2006, there have been no original members left in the band. Paulo Jr. who has been a member of Sepultura since 1985, is the member to appear on every release. Kisser, who replaced Jairo Guedz in 1987, has played on all of the studio albums. Sepultura has released fourteen studio albums to date, the latest being Machine Messiah and their most successful records are Arise, Chaos A. D. and Roots. Sepultura was formed in 1984 in Belo Horizonte, the city of Minas Gerais. Gracilianos death deeply affected his sons, inspiring them to form a band after Max heard the album Black Sabbath Vol.4 the very same day. They chose the band name Sepultura, the Portuguese word for grave and they would travel to a record shop in São Paulo that mixed tapes of the latest records by American bands. Their listening habits changed dramatically after being introduced to Venom, as Igor Cavalera put it, The Cavalera brothers started listening to bands such as Hellhammer/Celtic Frost, Kreator, Sodom, Megadeth, Exodus and Exciter. They also had influences on Brazilian metal from bands like Stress, Sagrado Inferno, by 1984, they had dropped out of school. After his departure, Max took over the vocal duties, Jairo Guedes was invited to join the band as lead guitarist. After about a year of performing, Sepultura signed to Cogumelo Records in 1985, later that year, they released Bestial Devastation, a shared EP with fellow Brazilian band Overdose. It was self-produced and recorded in just two days, the band recorded their first full-length album, Morbid Visions, in August 1986. It contained their first hit, Troops of Doom, which gained media attention. The band then decided to relocate to the city of São Paulo. In early 1987, Jairo Guedes quit the band, Guedes was replaced by São Paulo-based guitarist Andreas Kisser, and they released their second studio album, Schizophrenia, in 1987. The album reflected a change towards a more thrash metal-oriented sound
20.
Chuck Schuldiner
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Charles Michael Chuck Schuldiner was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He founded the pioneering band Death in 1983, Schuldiner is often referred to as The Godfather of Death metal, and his obituary in the January 5,2002 issue of UKs Kerrang. Magazine said that Chuck Schuldiner was one of the most significant figures in the history of metal, Schuldiner himself was modest about his part in the history of death metal, noting, I dont think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff. Im just a guy from a band, and I think Death is a metal band, Schuldiner was ranked No.10 in Joel McIvers book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No.20 in March 2004 Guitar Worlds The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists. Schuldiner founded the publishing company Mutilation Music in 1987, affiliated with performance rights organization BMI, Chuck Schuldiner was born on May 13,1967 on Long Island, New York to a Jewish father of Austrian descent and a mother from the American South, a convert to Judaism. Both of his parents were teachers, in 1968, his family moved to Florida. Schuldiner was the youngest of three children, he had a brother named Frank and an older sister named Bethann. He started playing guitar at the age of 9, his 16-year-old brother had died and his parents bought him a guitar, the young Schuldiner immediately took to the instrument. After getting amps, he never stopped playing, writing and teaching himself, Schuldiner was known to spend the weekend in the garage or his room playing his guitar, but was limited to three hours on weekdays when school was in session. Schuldiner first played in public in his early teens, Schuldiner was originally inspired by Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz, among others. He was particularly interested in the movement known as NWOBHM – New Wave of British Heavy Metal –. He frequently cited French band Sortilège as his favorite metal group. Slayer, Celtic Frost, Possessed, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond and Metallica were later influences he would apply more to his own band, later in his career, Schuldiner frequently cited progressive metal bands such as Watchtower, Coroner and Queensrÿche as influences. The official Schuldiner website, Empty Words, quotes Schuldiners mother making the claim that he enjoyed all forms of music except country and he also enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush. Schuldiner performed well in school before becoming bored with education, and he has stated that if he had not become a musician, he would have liked to have become a veterinarian or a cook. Schuldiner formed Death as Mantas in 1983 when he was just 16 years old, original members were Schuldiner, Rick Rozz and Kam Lee. In January 1986, Schuldiner moved to Toronto and temporarily joined the Canadian band Slaughter, however, he quickly returned to continue the formation of Death. With Chris Reifert, Schuldiner eventually released the first Death album, titled Scream Bloody Gore and this earned Schuldiner something of a perfectionist reputation in the metal community
21.
Death (metal band)
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Death was an American death metal band from Orlando, Florida, founded in 1983 by guitarist and vocalist Chuck Schuldiner. Death is considered to be one of the most influential bands in heavy metal and its debut album, Scream Bloody Gore, has been widely regarded as the first death metal record, while the bands driving force, Chuck Schuldiner, is acknowledged as the originator of extreme metal. Death had a lineup, with Schuldiner being the sole consistent member. The groups style also progressed, from the raw sound on its early albums to a more sophisticated one in its later stage, the band ceased to exist after Schuldiner died of brain cancer in December 2001, but remains an enduring metal brand. Founded in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner under the name of Mantas in Orlando. Death was among the widely known, early pioneers of the death metal sound along with Californias Possessed. In the late 80s, the band was both a part of and integral in defining the death scene which gained international recognition with the release of albums by a number of area acts. Together with Kam Lee, and Rick Rozz, Schuldiner started to compose songs that were released on several rehearsal tapes in 1984 and these tapes, along with the Death by Metal demo, circulated through the tape-trader world, quickly establishing the bands name. In 1984, Schuldiner dissolved Mantas and quickly started a new band under the name Death and its members included the same Rick Rozz and Kam Lee. Another demo was released, called Reign of Terror, in 1985, the Infernal Death tape was recorded and released. Rick Rozz was out of the band by early 1985, Kam Lee played with Scott Carlson and Matt Olivo, bassist and guitarist respectively, of the band Repulsion for a short time. However, Kam had some problems that caused him to be ejected from the band. Olivo and Carlson left soon afterward, Schuldiner moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and recruited DRI drummer Eric Brecht, then recorded the Back from the Dead demo. However, Chuck was not happy with this incarnation of Death, in 1986, Schuldiner got an invitation from early Canadian thrash band Slaughter to play on their album, which he accepted, moving to Canada. However, this only lasted two weeks, and he returned to the States and he returned to Florida, then moved back to the San Francisco Bay Area again, where he joined with 17-year-old drummer Chris Reifert. They recorded the Mutilation demo, which led to a deal with Combat Records, owned by Important Distribution, Scream Bloody Gore was released in 1987, widely considered a genre template for death metal. Schuldiner briefly had a guitar player, John Hand. By this time Schuldiner had moved back to Florida, splitting with Reifert who had elected to remain in California, there, Schuldiner teamed up with former bandmate Rick Rozz and two members of Rozzs band Massacre, Terry Butler and Bill Andrews
22.
Trinity (nuclear test)
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Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5,29 am on July 16,1945, the test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range. The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, a base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test. The code name Trinity was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the test was of an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed The Gadget, of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9,1945. The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, the test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge. Fears of a fizzle led to the construction of a containment vessel called Jumbo that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered. A rehearsal was held on May 7,1945, in which 108 short tons of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes were detonated, the Gadgets detonation released the explosive energy of about 22 kilotons of TNT. Observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Leslie Groves, Robert Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, and Richard Tolman. The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965, the creation of nuclear weapons arose from scientific and political developments of the 1930s. The decade saw many new discoveries about the nature of atoms, the concurrent rise of fascist governments in Europe led to a fear of a German nuclear weapon project, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries. When their calculations showed that nuclear weapons were theoretically feasible, the British and these efforts were transferred to the authority of the U. S. Army in June 1942, and became the Manhattan Project. Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. was appointed its director in September 1942, the weapons development portion of this project was located at the Los Alamos Laboratory in northern New Mexico, under the directorship of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The University of Chicago, Columbia University and the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, production of the fissile isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239 were enormous undertakings given the technology of the 1940s, and accounted for 80% of the total costs of the project. Uranium enrichment was carried out at the Clinton Engineer Works near Oak Ridge, theoretically, enriching uranium was feasible through pre-existing techniques, but it proved difficult to scale to industrial levels and was extremely costly. Only 0.71 percent of natural uranium was uranium-235, and it was estimated that it would take 27,000 years to produce a gram of uranium with mass spectrometers, plutonium is a synthetic element with complicated physical, chemical and metallurgical properties. It is not found in nature in appreciable quantities, until mid-1944, the only plutonium that had been isolated had been produced in cyclotrons in microgram amounts, whereas weapons required kilograms. In April 1944, physicist Emilio Segrè, the head of the Los Alamos Laboratorys P-5 Group and he discovered that, in addition to the plutonium-239 isotope, it also contained significant amounts of plutonium-240. The Manhattan Project produced plutonium in nuclear reactors at the Hanford Engineer Works near Hanford and this meant that the Thin Man bomb design that the laboratory had developed would not work properly
23.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
24.
Hornsman Coyote
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Nemanja Kojić, better known by his stage name Hornsman Coyote, is a Serbian Reggae/Dub musician. He is the son of Borivoje Kojić, a famous Serbian artist and he has been on the local scene for about 17 years, playing with reggae, hip hop and hardcore bands like Del Arno Band, Sunshine, Dead Ideas, Shappa, etc. In 1994 he formed his own band, Eyesburn, Eyesburn have a lot of good work planned for the future. One of the yet to come is a super reggae jazz instrumental project named Burnin Soundz gathered by the Eyesburn crew. Coyote himself worked outside Serbia on Dark Ages, another Soulfly record, at the same time he worked with top Serbian hip hop producer Wikluh Sky and French MC King Kyll, making one album under the name Shappa. In Serbia, as an act, he and his bandmates shared stages with artists like Burning Spear, Dub Syndicate, Lee Scratch Perry, Asian Dub Foundation. Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša, Darkwood Dub, Block Out, E-Play, Raspect and he recorded fifteen songs, which he performed on Exit Festival and many other festivals and solo concerts. In 2010, he released his solo album, entitled Self Defend You. Official MySpace page Hornsman Coyote interview at Houseofreggae. de Current label page http, //www. karrot. pl/ang/hornsmancoyote
25.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
26.
Blabbermouth.net
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Blabbermouth. net is a website dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews. Blabbermouth. net was founded and is run by Borivoj Krgin, the first version of the website was launched in March 2001, in October 2001, the record label Roadrunner Records began hosting it. Users can post comments to selected articles and album reviews. Founder Borivoj Krgin came up with the concept of Blabbermouth in January 2000, robert Kampf, a friend of Krgin who runs Century Media Records, was staying with Krgin in New York and set up a meeting with Gunter Ford of World Management. During the meeting, Ford suggested an idea for a heavy metal portal, a site which would offer news, merchandise, Ford wanted Kampf to be involved. Krgin disliked the idea and wished for a site that offered around-the-clock news, Krgin began researching how to develop and host his own website two months after the meeting. After a year Krgin felt comfortable going live, the initial primitive version of the site was launched on March 3,2001. In October of the same year Monte Conner, a friend of Krgin, and this way, Krgin could focus on Blabbermouth. nets content rather than the technical aspects involved in running a site. Blabbermouth. net is described by the London Free Press as a reliable industry, according to his own words, Krgin spends most of his time operating the site. When finding information relating to bands Krgin claims to search bands official websites, which are reported on immediately. Krgin supposedly sends e-mails and makes telephone calls daily to obtain new information, Blabbermouth. net has a submit news feature which has proved to be helpful to Krgin. When receiving a rumor he deems worthy of posting, Krgin will first research and contact people related to the band and its claimed that 90% of the information posted is either found online or is submitted directly to the website by bands, managers, labels or associated persons. Blabbermouth. net has been criticized by musicians and music industry persons for internet trolls, Krgin said he posts these articles to attract humorous comments from users, and as relief from the constant monotony of album news. Blabbermouth. net was visited by more than 1.2 million unique users each month, the busiest day so far was 298,000 unique visitors in a single 24-hour period over May 16,2010, due to the death of Ronnie James Dio. The second-busiest day was more than 200,000 unique visitors in a single 24-hour period, Blabbermouth. net is ranked as the 29,897 most trafficked Web sites according to Alexa. Prior to its recent change requiring users to log in with a Facebook account in order to post comments, Blabbermouth. net had more 101,000 registered users as of August 2011
27.
Blogcritics
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Blogcritics is a blog network and online magazine of news and opinion. The site was founded in 2002 by Eric Olsen and Phillip Winn, Blogcritics features more than 100 original articles every week, and maintains an archive of all its published content. The site was founded in 2002 with 50 members and has increased that number by allowing anyone to contribute. A team of editors reviews every article prior to publication on the site, in August 2008, the blog search engine, Technorati, acquired Blogcritics for an undisclosed amount of money. As a result, publisher Olsen and technical director Winn became full-time Technorati employees, one of the first collaborative ventures of the two entities was for Blogcritics writers to begin writing descriptions of Technorati tags. In April 2009, Blogcritics underwent a complete redesign and switched content management systems. In March 2014, Blogcritics was acquired by executive editors Barbara Barnett and Jon Sobel under their new company Critical Lens Media, Blogcritics has won several blog awards, including a Bloggie and recognition as a Forbes. com Best Media Blog. In addition, the site is a news source for both Google News and Yahoo
28.
Kerry King
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Kerry Ray King is an American musician, best known as a guitarist for the American thrash metal band Slayer. He co-founded the band with Jeff Hanneman in 1981 and has been a member ever since and he became lead songwriter for the band after Hannemans death. King also played as lead guitarist with Dave Mustaine in 1984 with his band Megadeth, Kerry Ray King was born in Los Angeles, California. His father was an aircraft inspector, and his mother was an employee of a telephone company. King attended Warren High School in Downey, CA and started learning guitar at Calvanos Music in South Gate, in school, King was a good student who excelled in math. However, his grades slowly declined after he discovered girls and he said it worked out in the end because he did not plan to go to college. King confesses that he is a drinker but he has never done drugs in his entire life. In 1981, King was at a session trying out for the position of guitarist in a band, after the session was over Jeff Hanneman approached him and the two began playing Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs with the sessions drummer. King and Hanneman subsequently decided to start their own band, Kings trademark personal appearance and extensive tattoos were praised to such a degree by Blender Magazine that they once produced a tour of his body ink. Kings abbreviation, KFK, was revealed to mean Kerry Fuckin King in the January 2007 Issue of Guitar World, King currently resides in Corona, California. In addition to appearing on Slayers albums, he has made several guest appearances for other artists. King has since commented that his playing ability certainly wasnt that of a virtuoso, King replied, If theres gonna be anyone knocking anyone offstage, itll be me knocking the gorilla, which was what subsequently happened. King has reminisced that he thought the Beastie Boys were cool, on Licensed to Ill, King also played the guitar solo on the song Fight For Your Right. King contributed a guitar outro part to Panteras song Goddamn Electric. Kings rig was set up in Panteras bathroom backstage just after Ozzfest in Dallas, as the group still did not have their own dressing room, after King had finished the first take, Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell ran in and yelled, Dont let him do it again. King tried again in the hope he would perform a superior rendition, King has also made several guest appearances in Marilyn Mansons Rape of the World tour, joining the band to play tracks such as Little Horn,1996 and Irresponsible Hate Anthem. Many fans noticed elements of Kings own style used on these occasions and he made a movie appearance in the 2009 movie Brooklyns Finest as a member of SWAT team led by Ethan Hawkes character. Kings first experience with a guitar was when he was a child, steve Huey of AllMusic has commented in his review for Reign In Blood that Kerry King and Jeff Hannemans demented soloing often mimics the screams of the songs victims
29.
David Ellefson
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David Warren Ellefson is an American bassist and 2nd longest serving member of the American thrash metal band Megadeth from 1983 to 2002 and again from 2010. He has also referred to as Junior to differentiate him from his bandmate Dave Mustaine. Ellefson currently resides in Scottsdale, Arizona, in addition to playing bass guitar in Megadeth, Ellefson also has various side projects which include Temple of Brutality, F5, and Killing Machine. Ellefson was born November 12,1964 in Jackson, Minnesota and he is of Norwegian, German and English descent. He became an accomplished bassist and honed his skills while leading several of his own bands through the club scene of North Americas Midwest region before relocating to Los Angeles. Other than guitarist, vocalist, and primary lyricist Dave Mustaine, to differentiate between the two Daves, Mustaine referred to Ellefson as Dave Junior, which was often shortened to Junior. He appeared on album and tour from 1985s record Killing Is My Business. Ellefsons original playing style involved using his fingers, however, as Megadeth progressed, Ellefson was credited with some Megadeth songs, including Family Tree from 1994s Youthanasia. Subsequently, Ellefson and Mustaine had a legal disagreement over royalties and rights to Megadeths name. In a mid-2005 podcast, Ellefson did not mention his past with Megadeth at all, Mustaine felt Ellefson was unfairly using the Megadeth name when advertising an amplifier for Peavey. In 2010 Mustaine and Ellefson agreed to any unresolved issues in the past and were working on building and maintaining their friendship again. Ellefson formed F5 following Megadeths 2002 disbandment, the band featured Ellefson on bass, Dale Steele on vocals, Steve Conley on lead guitar, John Davis on rhythm guitar and former Megadeth bandmate Jimmy DeGrasso on drums. Their first album, A Drug for all Seasons, was released in 2005, F5 appeared in support for Disturbed in February 2006 and toured the American Mid-West in the summer of 2006. Ellefson also appeared on the new Killing Machine record Metalmorphosis in 2006 alongside DeGrasso, Ellefson is currently a member of the melodic power metal band Avian which features singer Lance King. He commented in an interview with Alternative-Zine. com that Megadeth was really just a point for me. Ellefson played five tracks for the Soulfly album Prophecy and also played on one track on Dark Ages and he also worked with underground emcee/Record producer Necro for his album entitled Death Rap. Ellefson is also a member of a band called Hail. Ellefson, DeGrasso, Tim Ripper Owens and Andreas Kisser formed the band in late 2008, the band was, as of April 2009, touring Europe
30.
Prophecy (Soulfly song)
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Prophecy is a song recorded by Soulfly in 2003 and released on February 14,2004. The song is found on the fourth album Prophecy as the first. It is the single released from the album. Prophecy has a simple makeup with half-tribal rhythm and tuned down guitars overlaid with roaring vocals from Max Cavalera and this song opens with up and down riffs with lines of catchy vocals typical of Soulfly songs. Megadeth bassist David Ellefson plays the bass throughout the song and this song ends with fast, thrashy riff with Cavalera chanting New millennium tribal War four times. According to the lyrics, this deals with prophecies surrounding tribes devastating cities in the desert next to the Red Sea. While marching the way, he sees a sheep, crown of thorns. After reaching the destination, prophecy continues with tribal war in the new millennium, the music video was filmed and takes place in Navajo Indian Reservation in Monument Valley, Utah, meaning that Soulfly members perform in the desert on top of the pillar rock formation. Regular members Max Cavalera - vocals, rhythm guitar, writer, producer Marc Rizzo - lead guitar Joe Nuñez - drums Guest David Ellefson - bass Other staff Terry Date - mixing
31.
3 (Soulfly album)
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3 is the third studio album by the metal band Soulfly released in 2002 through Roadrunner Records. 3 has sold 195,000 copies as of March 11,2008, the album artwork features an Om, a spiritual icon in Indian religions. Both of the first two tracks were the singles released from the album, Downstroy and Seek n Strike. One fuses growling vocals from Max Cavalera with gripping vocals from Ill Nino’s Christian Machado. The song uses this title as first word of the two word clauses per line, One soul / One heart / One man / One truth / One tribe / One life / One God. L. O. T. M is a Native American-themed metal song named after the 1826 novel of the same name, brasil is a Brazilian metal song, especially featuring berimbau, as well as several percussions performed by Cavalera. Brasil is about overcoming the poor government of Rio de Janeiro by praying the past, One Nation plays a recorded pledge of allegiance to begin and end the song, since One Nation appears in pledge of allegiance. One Nation was originally recorded by Sacred Reich, 09-11-01 is a one-minute silence used for listeners to tribute to the victims of the September 11th,2001 terrorism acts on the World Trade Center. Call to Arms is about addressing the terrorists in a usual way, tree of Pain is noted for its ballad lasting 2.3 minutes on both ends with typical metal riff with Cavaleras growls in the middle. This song tributes to Cavalera’s stepson Dana, who was killed, zumbi and Soulfly III are world music songs. the band remains a hard-charging, tribal-drumming monster fierce enough to kick the bulldozers out of the rainforest.3 could be the charm for Soulfly. Alternative Press rated the album a 7 out of 10 stating that Streamlined, CMJ stated that This one is a winner, dont miss out. All tracks written by Max Cavalera unless stated, album – Billboard 3 at MusicBrainz
32.
Death growl
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A death growl is a vocal style usually employed by singers from death metal music genres, but also used in a variety of other heavy metal styles, such as metalcore. Death growls are sometimes criticized for their ugliness, however, the harshness of death growls is in keeping with death metals abrasive music style and often dark and obscene subject matter. The progressively more forceful enunciation of metal vocals has been noted from heavy metal to metal to death metal. Death metal, in particular, is associated with growled vocals, sociologist Deena Weinstein has noted of death metal, Vocalists in this style have a distinctive sound, growling and snarling rather than singing the words. Making ample use of the voice distortion box, Death growls are also known as death metal vocals, guttural vocals, death grunts, growled vocals, unclean vocals, harsh vocals, and also jocularly as Cookie Monster vocals. Growls can be obtained with various effects, but the effects are usually used to enhance rather than create. Voice teachers teach different techniques, but long-term use will take its toll if done incorrectly – these techniques are designed to reduce rather than eliminate harm. However it has shown by many vocalists that long-term use of these techniques can occur without causing harm to the voice. The techniques usually involve using the diaphragm and air pressure on the throat to form the sound, as a person tries to squeeze their throat, the sound gets less intense. Some vocalists tend to use too much pressure on their throats, growled vocals may have been a part of Viking music. In the 10th century, Arab merchant Abraham ben Jacob visited Denmark and commented on the music as follows. The growling sound coming from their throats reminds me of dogs howling, in 1966, The Who released the song Boris the Spider, which featured death growls sung in basso profondo by bass player John Entwistle. This can be considered one of the first uses of death growl in popular music, the use of growling, monstrous vocals for ominous effect in rock music can be traced at least as far back as I Put a Spell on You by Screamin Jay Hawkins in 1956. Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells, Part Two, from 1973, contains a section from 11,55 to 16,30 featuring extensive use of guttural vocals which are close in style to the modern death growl. In 1969 and the early 1970s, the song 21st Century Schizoid Man by King Crimson is notable for its heavily distorted vocals sung by Greg Lake. The songs Iron Man by Black Sabbath and One of These Days by Pink Floyd both contain brief passages of ominously growled, low-pitched vocals against a background of rock riffs. Other examples are Roger Waters screams in some Pink Floyd songs, such as Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk, Careful with That Axe, Eugene. Punk rock bands like The Clash and the Stiff Little Fingers also regularly employed gruff sounding vocals, on the other hand, the low, raspy, aggressive pitch of Lemmy from Motörhead is not unlike the growl and can be thought to presage the current style
33.
Rhythm guitar
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Therefore, the basic technique of rhythm guitar is to hold down a series of chords with the fretting hand while strumming rhythmically with the other hand. More developed rhythm techniques include arpeggios, damping, riffs, chord solos, in big band music, the guitarist is considered part of the rhythm section, alongside bass and drums. In some musical situations, such as a solo singer-guitarist, the guitar accompaniment provides all the rhythmic drive, in the most commercially available and consumed genres, electric guitars tend to dominate their acoustic cousins in both the recording studio and the live venue. However the acoustic guitar remains a popular choice in country, western and especially bluegrass music, most rhythms in rock and blues are based on 4/4 time with a backbeat, however, many variations are possible. A backbeat is a syncopated accentuation on the off beat, in a simple 4/4 rhythm these are beats 2 and 4. This requires rhythm guitarists to have a knowledge of how to use chord voicings, riffs. Three-chord progressions are common in pop and rock, using various combinations of the I, IV and V chords. Minor and modal chord progressions feature in popular music. One departure from the basic strummed chord technique is to play arpeggios, if this is done rapidly enough, listeners will still hear the sequence as harmony rather than melody. Arpeggiation is often used in folk, country, and heavy metal and it is also prominent in 1960s pop, such as The Animals House of the Rising Sun, and jangle pop from the 1980s onwards. Rhythm guitarists who use arpeggio often favor semi-acoustic guitars and twelve string guitars to get bright, the Soukous band TPOK Jazz additionally featured the unique role of mi-solo, guitarist, playing arpeggio patterns and filling a role between the lead and rhythm guitars. In some cases, the progression is implied with a simplified sequence of two or three notes, sometimes called a riff, that is repeated throughout the composition. In heavy metal music, this is expanded to more complex sequences comprising a combination of chords, single notes. The rhythm guitar part in compositions performed by more technically oriented bands often include riffs employing complex lead guitar techniques, in bands with two or more guitarists, the guitarists may exchange or even duplicate roles for different songs or different sections within a song. In those with a single guitarist, the guitarist may play lead and rhythm at different times or simultaneously, some rhythm techniques cross over into lead guitar playing. In guitar-bass-and-drums power trios guitarists must double up between rhythm and lead, for instance Jimi Hendrix combined full chords with solo licks, double stops and arpeggios. A recent innovation is the use of a pedal to record a chord sequence or riff over which the lead line can then be played. As a result, rhythm and lead players may use different guitars and amplifiers, Rhythm guitarists may employ an electric acoustic guitar or a humbucker-equipped electric guitar for a richer and fatter output
34.
Berimbau
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The berimbau is a single-string percussion instrument, a musical bow, from Brazil. The instrument is known for being the matter of a popular song by Brazilian guitarist Baden Powell. The instrument is also a part of Candomblé-de-caboclo tradition, the berimbaus origins have not been fully researched, though it is most likely an adaptation of African gourde musical bows, as no Indigenous Brazilian or European people use musical bows. One belief, popularized by Ana Palmer, states that the berimbau may have started as a weapon disguised as an instrument. The way the berimbau and the mbulumbumba of southwest Angola are made and played are very similar, as well as the tuning and basic patterns performed on these instruments. The assimilation of this African instrument into the Brazilian capoeira is evident also in other Bantu terms used for bows in Brazilian, including urucungo. By the twentieth century, the instrument was with the jogo de capoeira, which had come to be known as the berimbau, the Portuguese used this word for their musical instrument the guimbarde, also known as a Jews harp. The smaller type of the African bow was called the berimbau de boca whereas the type became the berimbau de barriga. The berimbau slowly came to replace the drum as the instrument for the jogo de capoeira. The berimbau consists of a bow, about 4 to 5 feet long, with a steel string tightly strung. A gourd, dried, opened and hollowed-out, attached to the portion of the Verga by a loop of tough string. To play the berimbau, one holds it in one hand, wrapping the two middle fingers around the verga, and placing the little finger under the cabaças string loop, and balancing the weight there. A small stone or coin is held between the index and thumb of the hand that holds the berimbau. The cabaça is rested against the abdomen, in the other hand, one holds a stick and a shaker. One strikes the arame with the vaqueta to produce the sound, the dobrão is moved back and forth from the arame to change the pitch produced by the berimbau. The sound can also be altered by moving the back and forth from the abdomen. The berimbaus quality does not depend on the length of the verga or the size of the gourd, rather on the diameter and hardness of the vergas wood and the quality of the gourd. The berimbau, as played for capoeira, basically has three sounds, the string sound, the high sound, and the buzz sound
35.
Sitar
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The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument used mainly in Hindustani music and Indian classical music. The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and arrived at its present form in 18th century India and it derives its distinctive timbre and resonance from sympathetic strings, bridge design, a long hollow neck and a gourd-shaped resonance chamber. In appearance, the sitar is similar to the tanpura, except that it has frets, used widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, the sitar became popularly known in the wider world through the works of Ravi Shankar, beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The word sitar originally derived from Sanskrit words saptatantri veena, which later was called as saat taar which eventually became sitar, another source might be from Persian seh + tar, literally meaning three strings. The instrument is thought to have been a version of the Veena, another prominent instrument in Carnatic and Hindustani music, altered in order to conform with Mughal tastes. The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and arrived at its present form in 18th century India, in his Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya, Lalmani Misra traces the instruments development from the Tritantri veena through the nibaddh and anibaddh Tamburas also called tanbur and later the jantra. Construction of the similar tanpura was described by Tansen, a sitar can have 18,19,20, or 21 strings. The frets are movable, allowing fine tuning, the Gandhaar-pancham sitar has six playable strings, whereas the Kharaj-pancham sitar, used in the Maihar gharana, to which Ravi Shankar belonged, and other gharanas such as Bishnupur, has seven. Three of these, called the chikaari, simply provide a drone, the instrument has two bridges, the large bridge for the playing and drone strings and the small bridge for the sympathetic strings. Its timbre results from the way the strings interact with the wide, as a string reverberates its length changes slightly as its edge touches the bridge, promoting the creation of overtones and giving the sound its distinctive tone. The maintenance of this specific tone by shaping the bridge is called jawari, many musicians rely on instrument makers to adjust this. The bridges are fixed to the resonating chamber, or kaddu. Some sitars have a resonator, the tumbaa, near the top of the hollow neck. Materials used in construction include teak wood or tun wood, which is a variation of mahogany, for the neck and faceplate, the instruments bridges are made of deer horn, ebony, or very occasionally from camel bone. Synthetic material is now common as well, there are three popular modern styles of sitar offered in a variety of sub-styles and decorative patterns. The two popular styles are the gayaki style sitars and the full decorated instrumental style sitars, the gayaki style sitar is mostly of seasoned toon wood, with very few or no carved decorations. It often has a dark polish, the inlay decorations are mostly of mother of pearl. The number of strings is often limited to eleven but may extend to thirteen
36.
Marc Rizzo
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Marc Rizzo is the lead guitarist of American metal band Soulfly and formerly of Ill Niño. He has featured on seven Soulfly albums to date, Prophecy, Dark Ages, Conquer, Omen, Enslaved, Savages and he has also released three solo instrumental albums, Colossal Myopia, The Ultimate Devotion, and Legionnaire. Marc is also a member of Cavalera Conspiracy, a project with the co-founders of Sepultura, Max. The band released their debut album Inflikted in 2008, Blunt Force Trauma in 2011, in March 2015 it was announced that Marc is playing guitar for Misfits. His only show with the band so far took place at Dutch Comic Con, in June 2016 he joined Dead by Wednesday as second guitar player. While primarily regarded as a metal guitarist, Rizzos solo work demonstrates an interest in a range of styles, combining elements of hard rock, metal, jazz, classical. 2007 saw him headline his first US tour to sell out venues across the country, in 2008 Rizzos two solo records were released under Shrapnel Records and are available on iTunes. Marc Rizzo was endorsed by Peavey and Yamaha, and traveled the world undertaking clinics for Peavey when his schedule allowed. Rizzo, as of 2009, is endorsed by B. C, a signature 7 string Stealth model has been built for him and made available for to the public as an import model in 2010. He has recently been using PRS SE Custom 24 7-string guitars, in 2004 Marc created the indie Phlamencore Records with younger brother Luke. Since has released two sampler CDs and 3 full lengths, Rizzo grew up in Carlstadt, New Jersey, where he attended Henry P. Becton Regional High School. 2016 – Dead by Wednesday – The Darkest of Angels 2016 – Pulse8 – Follow Me to Hell http, //www. marcrizzo. net/ Marc Rizzos Myspace Page
37.
Flamenco guitar
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A flamenco guitar is a guitar similar to a classical guitar but with thinner tops and less internal bracing. It is used in toque, the part of the art of flamenco. The cheapest guitars were often simple, basic instruments made from the less expensive woods such as cypress, antonio de Torres, one of the most renowned luthiers, did not differentiate between flamenco and classical guitars. Only after Andrés Segovia and others popularized classical guitar music, did this distinction emerge, the traditional flamenco guitar is made of Spanish cypress, sycamore, or rosewood for the back and sides, and spruce for the top. This accounts for its body color. Flamenco guitars are built lighter with thinner tops than classical guitars, builders also use less internal bracing to keep the top more percussively resonant. The top is made of either spruce or cedar, though other tone woods are used today. Volume has traditionally been important for flamenco guitarists, as they must be heard over the sound of the dancers’ nailed shoes. To increase volume, harder woods, such as rosewood, can be used for the back and sides, the harder materials increase volume and tonal range. A typical cypress flamenco guitar produces more treble and louder percussion than the more sonorous negra and these guitars strive to capture some of the sustain achieved by concert caliber classical guitars while retaining the volume and attack associated with flamenco. Classical guitars are made with spruce or cedar tops and rosewood or mahogany backs. Flamenco guitars are made with spruce tops and cypress or sycamore for the backs and sides to enhance volume. Nevertheless, other types of wood may be used for the back and sides, like rosewood, maple, koa, satinwood, a well-made flamenco guitar responds quickly, and typically has less sustain than a classical. This is desirable, since the flurry of notes that a good player can produce might sound muddy on a guitar with a big, lush. The flamenco guitar’s sound is described as percussive, it tends to be brighter, drier. Flamenco is played differently from classical guitar. Players use different posture, strumming patterns, and techniques, Flamenco guitarists are known as tocaores and flamenco guitar technique is known as toque. Flamenco players tend to play the guitar between the hole and the bridge, but as closely as possible to the bridge, to produce a harsher
38.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
39.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
40.
Percussion instrument
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A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
41.
Mandolin
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A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or pick. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison, although five, the courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a bottom, constructed of strips of wood. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a shallower, arched back. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music, carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature a fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course. There has also been a type and an instrument with sixteen-strings. Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard, pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, the modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections, there is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f. A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the 19th century. Dating to around c.13,000 BC, a painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed, since each string played a note, adding strings added new notes, creating bow harps, harps. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords, another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute
42.
Acoustic guitar
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An acoustic guitar is a guitar that produces sound acoustically—by transmitting the vibration of the strings to the air—as opposed to relying on electronic amplification. The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitars body and this typically involves the use of a sound board and a sound box to strengthen the vibrations of the strings. The main source of sound in a guitar is the string. The string vibrates at a frequency and also creates many harmonics at various different frequencies. The frequencies produced can depend on string length, mass, gitterns, a small plucked guitar were the first small guitar-like instruments created during the Middle Ages with a round back like that of a lute. Modern guitar shaped instruments were not seen until the Renaissance era where the body, the earliest string instruments that related to the guitar and its structure where broadly known as the vihuelas within Spanish musical culture. Vihuelas where string instruments that were seen in the 16th century during the Renaissance. Later, Spanish writers distinguished these instruments into 2 categories of vihuelas, the vihuela de arco was an instrument that mimicked the violin, and the vihuela de penola was played with a plectrum or by hand. When it was played by hand it was known as the vihuela de mano, vihuela de mano shared extreme similarities with the Renaissance guitar as it used hand movement at the sound hole or sound chamber of the instrument to create music. The real production of guitars kicked off in France where the popularity, the production became so large that early famous creators such as Gaspard Duyffooprucgars instruments were being sold as copies by other guitar makers in Lyon. Benoist Lejeune, a maker, offered and sold guitar copies of Duyffoprucgars instruments and was later imprisoned for using his mark and work. During this time, the production was increasing tremendously but it was not until Robert and Claude Denis appeared overproducing the early Renaissance guitar in Paris, as father and son, Robert and Claude produced hundreds of guitars that increased the popularity of the instrument greatly. Because of them and the great many guitar inventors of this time, by 1790 only six-course vihuela guitars were being created and had become the main type and model of guitar used in Spain. Most of the older 5-course guitars where still in use but were also being modified to a six-coursed acoustical guitar, by the 19th century, coursed strings where evolved into 6 single-stringed instruments much like that of the guitar today. It had evolved into the modern look except for size, retaining a smaller frame, the acoustic guitars soundboard, or top, also has a strong effect on the loudness of the guitar. No amplification actually occurs in this process, because no energy is added to increase the loudness of the sound. All the energy is provided by the plucking of the string, but without a soundboard, the string would just cut through the air without actually moving it much. The soundboard increases the surface of the area in a process called mechanical impedance matching
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Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
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Bayan (accordion)
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The bayan is a type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th century and named after the 11th-century bard Boyan. The bayan differs from western chromatic button accordions in some details of construction, Reeds are broader, Reeds are often attached in large groups to a common plate, the plates are screwed to the reed block. The melody-side keyboard is attached near the middle of the body, Reeds are generally not tuned with tremolo. Register switches may be operated with the chin on some larger models, the diminished chord row is shifted, so that the diminished G chord is where one would expect the diminished C chord in the Stradella bass system. Converter switches that go from standard preset chords to free bass are common on the larger instruments, newer instruments may feature a register where every tone played actually produces a perfect fifth. The differences in internal construction give the bayan a different tone color from Western instruments, because of their range and purity of tone, bayans are often the instrument of choice for accordion virtuosi who perform classical and contemporary classical music. Two Soviet composers of note who wrote compositions for bayan are Vladislav Zolotaryov, Russian Bayan virtuoso Stas Venglevski has premiered contemporary works by Yehuda Yannay, Anthony Galla-Rini and William Susman. In his work Drang, John Palmer has pushed the possibilities of the bayan to the limits of virtuosity. Ukrainian folk music Russian folk music Cherkasky, L. Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty
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