1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
4.
Chinatown, Sydney
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Sydneys Chinatown is an urban locality in the southern part of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. It is located in Haymarket, between Central Station and Darling Harbour and it is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney and is Australias largest Chinatown. The current location is the third in Sydney to be known as Chinatown, in the late 19th century, it was located in the Rocks area of Sydney and later moved to the area near Market Street at Darling Harbour. By the 1920s, it began to be established in its current location, Chinatown is centred on Dixon Street, a pedestrian street mall with many Chinese restaurants, and with a Paifang at each end. At the eastern side, running parallel with Dixon Street, are Sussex Street, which has a number of shops, other streets and lanes within Sydneys Chinatown include Factory Street, Goulburn Street, Little Hay Street, Kimber Lane and Thomas Street. At the southern side of Chinatown, next to Hay Street, unlike the Chinatowns in some other countries, Sydneys Chinatown has been relatively free of crime and hygiene issues. By the 1920s, Sydneys Chinatown migrated over to Campbell Street, but Sydneys Chinatown still remains a major focus for the Chinese Australian community. It is one of the few public traditional Chinese gardens outside of China, Chinese Garden of Friendship Shirley Fitzgerald. SYDNEY. com - Chinatown and Haymarket Fitzgerald, Shirley, state Library of New South Wales Press in association with The City of Sydney. Destiny in Sydney, An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia
5.
Cockle Bay (Sydney)
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Cockle Bay is a small bay in inner-city Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the edge of the Sydney central business district. Cockle Bay is one of the bays in Darling Harbour, which opens into the much larger Sydney Harbour, the locality around the bay is also known as Darling Harbour. The bay is known for Cockle Bay Wharf, a waterfront entertainment area designed by Eric Kuhne that includes a wide variety of restaurants, pubs, clubs, cafes. When the First Fleet reached Sydney Cove in January 1788, the convict transport Scarborough also carried 5,000 bricks and 12 wooden moulds for making bricks. This token consignment sufficed for the first settlers to make a start on the colony’s first buildings, brick-making required a plentiful supply of clay and a ready source of fresh water. Approximately a mile from the settlement, at the head of a long cove and this site was later named Cockle Bay, and still later, Darling Harbour. Official Cockle Bay Wharf website Kirsty Harris - University of Melbourne
6.
King Street Wharf
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Darling Harbour ferry wharf is located on the eastern side of Darling Harbour serving the Sydney central business district. It is part of the King Street Wharf complex and is served by Sydney Ferries Parramatta River, the wharf has a single jetty with two faces and is served by First Fleet and RiverCat class ferries. Darling Harbour wharf opened in circa 2000 as part of the King Street Wharf complex, Darling Harbour wharf is scheduled to close when Barangaroo wharf opens
7.
Pyrmont, New South Wales
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It is also part of the Darling Harbour region. As of 2011, it is Australias most densely populated suburb, Pyrmont was once a vital component of Sydneys industrial waterfront, with wharves, shipbuilding yards, factories and woolstores. As industry moved out, the population and the area declined, in recent years it has experienced redevelopment with an influx of residents and office workers. Pyrmont contained a spring of cold water bubbling out of a rock and was thus named for a similar natural spring in Bad Pyrmont, close to Hanover. Thomas Jones was granted 55 acres of land on the peninsula in 1795, land was sold to Obadiah Ikin in 1796 for 10 pounds, which he then sold to Captain John Macarthur in 1799 for a gallon of rum. Pyrmont was the site of quarries from an early stage because of the quality of the sandstone. Charles Saunders, licensee of the Quarrymans Arms hotel, became the biggest quarrymaster, the work was continued by his son and grandson till circa 1931. The quarries were nicknamed Paradise, Purgatory and Hell Hole by the Scottish workers employed by Saunders, steam-powered equipment was used there for the first time in Australia. The sandstone was used in many of the most significant buildings in Sydney, Saunders Street, near the site of the Paradise quarry, was named after Saunders. The area was also the site of the first Presbyterian Church in the colony, built in 1864, the congregation eventually outgrew the premises and had to move to a new church at Quarry Street, Ultimo, in 1883. In the 1870s, a small Methodist chapel was built in Harris Street on land owned by Charles Saunders, in the 1920s, it was converted to the Maybanke Free Kindergarten, named after Maybanke Anderson, a feminist and educationist. It was still used for purpose as of 2013. Pyrmont became a working class industrial and port community, a major sugar refinery was operated by CSR Limited. In 1900 the area had a population of around 30,000, the first Pyrmont Bridge opened in 1858. A larger bridge with a swinging span opened in 1902, but was closed to traffic in the 1980s and it was subsequently turned into a pedestrian precinct. Pyrmont was regarded as an area in the 19th century. It started to decay seriously after World War II, when industries closed down, in 1963 the Ultimo Powerhouse closed down as well. Its population declined to only 1,800 by 1978, by 1990 the population had dropped to around 900
8.
Port Jackson
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Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head. The Cammeragal lived on the side of the harbour. The area along the banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora occupied Port Jackson, south to the Georges River, the first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour, was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 - Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson. His ships log notation states at noon we were. about 2 or 3 miles from the land, eighteen years later, on 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to examine Cooks Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed over night at Camp Cove, then moved down the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove, Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, in 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom nets central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process, a second midget submarine came to grief in Taylors Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago before leaving the harbour, in November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydneys Northern Beaches. The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour. The conning tower of one of the submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island. Fort Denison is a former site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Harbour
9.
Local government in Australia
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Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories, which in turn are beneath the federal tier. Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and two referenda in the 1970s and 1980s to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful, every state government recognises local government in their respective constitutions. Unlike Canada, or the United States there is one level of local government in each state. In August 2016 there were 547 local councils in Australia, despite the single level of local government in Australia, there are a number of extensive areas with relatively low populations which are not a part of any local government area. Despite this, they occupy a role in each state. State-based departments oversee local councils and may intervene in their affairs, the first official local government in Australia was the Perth Town Trust, established in 1838, only three years after British settlement. The Adelaide Corporation followed, created by the province of South Australia in October 1840, the City of Melbourne and the Sydney Corporation followed, both in 1842. Council representatives attended conventions before Federation, however local government was regarded as outside the Constitutional realm. In the 1970s, the Whitlam Government expanded the level of funding to local governments in Australia beyond grants for road construction, general purpose grants become available for the first time. Significant reforms took place in the 1980s and 1990s in which state governments used metrics, each state conducted an inquiry into the benefits of council amalgamations during the 1990s. In the early 1990s, Victoria saw the number of local councils reduced from 210 to 78, South Australia, Tasmania and Queensland saw some reductions in the number of local governments while Western Australia and New South Wales rejected compulsory mergers. New South Wales eventually forced the merging of some councils, the main purpose of amalgamating councils was for greater efficiency and to improve operations, but forced amalgamation of councils is sometimes seen as a dilution of representative democracy. An increase in the range of services offered by councils, the council mergers have resulted in widespread job losses and lingering resentment from some whose roles have experienced a larger workload. The growth of the Regional Organisations of Councils has also been a factor in local government reform in Australia, in 1995, there were 50 such agreements across the country. A2002 study identified 55 ROCs with the largest involving 18 councils, Local governments are subdivisions of the states and the Northern Territory. Although they are all identical in function, Australian local governments have a variety of names. The term local government area is used to refer collectively to all local governments regardless of status, whilst the local governing body itself is generally known as a council. Today, the borough, city, district, municipality, region, shire, town, community government, Aboriginal shire
10.
City of Sydney
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The City of Sydney is the local government area covering the Sydney central business district and surrounding inner city suburbs of the greater metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. On 6 February 2004, the local government area of the City of South Sydney was formally merged into the City of Sydney. The leader of the City of Sydney holds the title of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, the current Lord Mayor is Councillor Clover Moore who has been in office since 27 March 2004. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1. 3% of the population, the median age of people in the City of Sydney was 32 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 7. 1% of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,25. 5% were married and 10. 1% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the City of Sydney between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3. 31%, and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 4. 57%. The median weekly income for residents within the City of Sydney was more than 1.5 times the national average. The proportion of dwellings in the City of Sydney that are apartments or units is 73. 6%, the proportion of residents in the Sydney local government area that claimed Australian ancestry was approximately half the national average. ^a 1996 Census figures refer to the City of Sydney prior to its merger with the City of South Sydney, in 1972 the Council had prepared the City of Sydney Strategic Plan, only the second city to prepare a comprehensive assessment and plan of major issues for the future. With triennial reviews, this development of the City for twenty years. A1987 Liberal re-organisation saw Sydney Council split, with southern suburbs forming a new South Sydney Council and this was thought to advantage the Liberal government of the day, as the southern suburbs had traditionally voted Labor. In 2004, the Labor State Government undid this change, again merging the councils of the City of Sydney, critics claimed that this was performed with the intention of creating a super-council which would be under the control of Labor, which also controlled the State Government. Critics of the claimed that this was a result of a voter backlash against the party for attempting to create the super-council. The daily administration of the City of Sydney is performed by its General Manager, currently Monica Barone, Sydney City Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Lord Mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The Lord Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally. On 26 January 1788, he named it after Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, who was the secretary at the time. The City of Sydney was established on 20 July 1842 by the Corporation Act which encompasses present-day Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Chippendale and Pyrmont, there were six wards established by boundary posts. A boundary post still exists in front of Sydney Square, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have changed fairly regularly since 1900
11.
Ralph Darling
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General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH was Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831. He is popularly described as a tyrant, accused of torturing prisoners and banning theatrical entertainment, local geographical features named after him include the Darling River and Darling Harbour in Sydney. The controversy of his Australian tenure somewhat obscures his remarkable early career, Darling seems to have been unique in the British Army of this period, as he progressed from an enlisted man to become a general officer with a knighthood. Born in Ireland, he was the son of a sergeant in the 45th Regiment of Foot who subsequently gained the unusual reward of promotion to rank as a lieutenant. Ralph Darling enlisted at the age of fourteen as a private in his fathers regiment, eventually, as an act of charity to the family, young Ralph was granted an officers commission as an ensign on 15 May 1793, without having to make the usual payment. By the time he returned to Britain in 1802, still aged only twenty-nine, in this role, Darling was subsequently promoted to brevet-colonel on 25 July 1810, major-general on 4 June 1813, and deputy adjutant general in 1814. On 13 October 1817, the 46-year-old general married the 19-year-old Eliza Dumaresq, a religious young woman whose father had been a colonel in the army. In spite of the difference in age and background, the marriage appears to have been a happy one, producing seven children. Between February 1819 and February 1824, General Darling commanded the British troops on Mauritius, notwithstanding the criticism from some quarters, it was largely on account of his service in Mauritius that Darling was appointed the seventh Governor of New South Wales in 1824. Darling initiated the construction, from 1826, of the convict-built Great North Road, settlers were only permitted to take up land within these counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties. When Darling was commissioned as governor, the Colony’s western boundary – set in 1788 at 135 degrees east longitude – was extended by 6 degrees west to the 129 degrees east longitude and this line of longitude subsequently became the border dividing Western Australia and South Australia. He proclaimed Van Diemens Land as a colony on 3 December in 1825. As a result, he came into conflict with the liberal emancipists who wished to introduce political and social freedom in New South Wales. Their accusations of tyrannical misrule were publicized by newspapers in England. In keeping with official policy and the governors own disciplinarian instincts, as an example to others, the Governor had them placed in irons and assigned to a chain gang, leading to the death of Sudds. This was due to an illness which the governor had not been properly informed about. Governor Darling is also said to have ruthlessly and implacably countered all attempts to establish a theatre in Sydney and he even introduced a law effectively banning the performance of drama
12.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
13.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
14.
The Hungry Mile
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The Hungry Mile is the name harbourside workers gave to the docklands area of Darling Harbour East, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in the Great Depression. Workers would walk from wharf to wharf in search of a job, the system of day labour gave rise to similar conditions on many port areas, such as Melbournes Wailing Wall. This area is being redeveloped into a recreational, business and shopping precinct, the area was officially known as Millers Point and as part of the urban renewal plans, the State Government reviewed the name in 2006. The Maritime Union of Australia campaigned to renew the Hungry Mile name, a public competition was held but the name Barangaroo was selected for the new suburb and officially gazetted in 2007. The name honours Barangaroo, an important indigenous woman from Sydneys early history who was a powerful and colourful figure in the colonisation of Australia. She was also the wife of Bennelong, another important indigenous figure after whom Bennelong Point is named, a section of Barangaroo, Hickson Road between the Munn Street overbridge and the Napoleon Street intersection, was officially designated the Hungry Mile in 2009. In 1930 The Hungry Mile was the title of wharfie poet Ernest Antonys most famous poem, in a collection titled The Hungry Mile. Memories of the Hungry Mile and Antonys poem became the inspiration for the Waterside Workers Federation Film Unit 1950s film of the same name
15.
Laurie Brereton
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He was a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1990 to October 2004, representing the Division of Kingsford Smith, New South Wales. He is credited with building Sydneys controversial monorail, Brereton was born in the Sydney suburb of Kensington, and was educated at De La Salle Catholic College, Coogee, now defunct. He was apprenticed and worked as a tradesman to the Sydney County Council. Brereton served in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as member for Randwick 1970–71 and he was instrumental in allowing the monorail in Sydney to be built, and opposed the development of a light rail project. In March 1996 the ALP government lost office to John Howard, Brereton was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1996–2001 serving as Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. Assisted by his adviser, Dr Philip Dorling, Brereton was instrumental in revising Federal Labor policy to support self-determination, Brereton was a vocal critic of Howard, who supported East Timors continued integration in Indonesia. He was also critical of the performance of past Labor Governments. Brereton was a member of the Australian Parliamentary observer mission that witnessed the conduct of the ballot, however Beazley was reluctant to challenge Breretons handling of the issue and eventually accepted the change in Labor policy. Taking into account his service in the New South Wales Parliament, in June 2004 he announced his retirement from politics at the 2004 federal election. He helped engineer the candidacy of the rock singer Peter Garrett as his successor in the seat and his wife, Justice Tricia Kavanagh, sits on the Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales. Brereton is the brother of Deirdre Grusovin
16.
Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
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The new Centre, renamed as the International Convention Centre Sydney, was built on the footprint of the 1988 Centre and was opened in December 2016. The new venue is part of an AU$3. 4b revitalisation of Darling Harbour by the NSW Government, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was officially opened in 1988, with a new section of the centre added for the 2000 Summer Olympics. During those games, the venue played host to the boxing, fencing, judo, weightlifting, the building was owned by the State Government of New South Wales, with the centre administration and business run by the Accor Hotel Group. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was used as a conference and convention venue and to hold exhibitions, the Exhibition Centre consisted of six halls, used primarily for exhibitions, but also for gala dinners and other large-scale events. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre was used as the biggest venue for the Sydney Olympic Games outside of Sydney Olympic Park, the venue was host to the Business Leaders Summit held in conjunction with APEC Leaders Week. Architects John Andrews and Philip Cox spoke out over the demolition of the convention and exhibition buildings completed in 1988, Andrews was reported in The Sydney Morning Herald on 16 January 2014, stating, The Sydney Monorail and Inner West Light Rail provided public transport to the centre. The monorail opened in 1988 and shut down in 2013, the light rail opened in 1997. The Convention and Exhibition Centre stations are named after the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, architecture of Sydney Media related to Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Wikimedia Commons Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
17.
2000 Summer Olympics
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
18.
APEC Australia 2007
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APEC Australia 2007 was a series of political meetings held around Australia between the 21 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation during 2007. As the role of APEC host economy rotates between member economies, Australia had been the designated host for 2007 for a number of years. In August 2004, the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet established the APEC2007 Taskforce to allocate a host city within Australia, on 9 February 2005, Prime Minister John Howard announced that Sydney, New South Wales would host the ultimate Leaders Week event. It was also announced that various preliminary meetings would be held in all Australian state, the PSCC performed a similar role for the 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne. At state level, the New South Wales Police Force formed an APEC Police Security Command to secure the Leaders Week meetings in Sydney in September, perth, Western Australia was host to a meeting of mining ministers in February. Hobart, Tasmania was host to a small and medium enterprises ministerial meeting in March, the Hunter Valley, New South Wales was host to a Food Safety Cooperation Forum in April. Adelaide, South Australia was host to a senior officials meeting in April, gold Coast, Queensland was host to Fisheries and Marine Resources conservation meetings in April. Brisbane, Queensland was host to the Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group in May, darwin, Northern Territory was host to the Energy Ministers Meeting in May. Sydney, New South Wales was host to the Health Ministers Meeting in June, port Douglas, Queensland was host to the Digital Economy Forum for Women and Women Leaders Network Meeting in June. Cairns, Queensland was host to separate Senior Officials, Trade, coolum, Queensland was host to the Finance Ministers Meeting in July and August. Melbourne, Victoria was host to the Small and Medium Business Enterprise Summit in late August, the venues for Leaders Week meetings included the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour and Government House. Leaders spouses attended an event at Bondi Beach, and animals from Taronga Zoo were transported to Garden Island naval base to form a private zoo, international news media reported on an otherwise routine introduction speech at the APEC Business Summit by US President Bush due to several gaffes. The APEC meeting has been criticised for having severe security arrangements. Police and security forces had also erected a security perimeter around much of inner city Sydney, another point of criticism is the cost of security for the event with official budget figures at A$169 million. There was also criticism of an allegedly heavy-handed response to incidents by the police. In one case, for example, a 52-year-old accountant who crossed a road in front of an official motorcade while on his way to lunch with his son was arrested and detained for 22 hours. The Philippine government has sought a clarification regarding an APEC press release describing the Filipino national costume for men, a year after the APEC meeting, the Sydney Morning Herald gained access through Freedom of Information to the list of people on the excluded persons list. This revealed that 61 people were on the list, more than double the 29 people the police had indicated during APEC, the list included student activists,12 members of Mutiny and 13 Greenpeace activists
19.
Paddy's Markets
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Sydneys Paddys Markets is a commercial enterprise that has two large markets in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydneys Paddys Markets are located in Haymarket and Flemington and specialise in the sale of fruit, vegetables, fish, clothes, the Flemington Paddys Market is the larger site and specialises in fruit and vegetable sales. The market is the delivery service of these products for Sydney. The market has a wholesale sales section that caters to larger business, Sydney Markets is the central marketplace for Sydneys farmers to sell their fresh produce. Sydneys Markets also has Sydney Flower Market, that is the provider of flowers to NSW. On weekends, Sydneys Paddys Markets feature clothes, gifts and souvenirs, there is also Paddys Swap and Sell Market, where vendors set up a sales stand selling a range of secondhand goods. The Haymarket Sydneys Paddys Markets site also sells souvenirs which makes it popular with tourists, in 1834, Governor of New South Wales General Richard Bourke moved the cattle, hay and grain markets to Campbell Street in the area now known as Haymarket. A fringe market had been set up to serve the traders & some moved to the new markets in order to keep the business that they had built up over the years, shortly after, the markets were allowed to stay open until 10, 00pm on a Saturday night. Opposite the markets, a site that was a favourite with circuses resulted in a carnival atmosphere emerging, the origin of the name is unknown, but is believed to have come from Liverpool, England. St Patricks Bizarre in Banastre Street was Liverpools original Paddys Market, in the 1870s, a similar operation had been set up which was known as Sydneys Paddys Markets. A fruit market opened in the early 1890s on the circus site. Stall holders were moved again in 1938 to the No.6 building, in the late 1960s, it was decided to move the markets away from Haymarket to a new site at Flemington, further west. Shortly after, with the construction of the Sydney Entertainment Centre, list of markets in Sydney De Broodfabriek The Peak Apartments - the apartment complex above the markets Website of Sydneys Paddys Markets
20.
Chinese Garden of Friendship
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The Chinese Garden of Friendship is a Chinese garden in Chinatown, Sydney, Australia. Modelled on the private gardens of the Ming Dynasty, the garden offers an insight into Chinese heritage. The Chinese Garden of Friendship was designed by Sydneys Chinese sister city, Chinatown, Sydney complements the areas already rich Chinese heritage and culture. The gardens were opened in 1988 as part of Sydneys bicentennial celebrations. The Chinese Gardens are filled with beautiful bamboo plants and glistening waterfalls, the whole garden cannot be seen from any point within the garden. The garden is also a venue for weddings. The garden was used as a scene for Dulceas compound in 20th Century Foxs 1995 superhero film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, The Movie, many features of the gardens were changed or covered up as the movie was set in Japan. List of Chinese gardens Parks in Sydney Official website Terri McCormack
21.
Australian National Maritime Museum
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The Australian National Maritime Museum is a federally operated maritime museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney. One of six museums operated by the federal government, the ANMM is the only one located outside of the Australian Capital Territory. The last gallery was funded by the United States government, and is the national museum gallery in the world funded by a foreign nation. Four additional gallery spaces are used for temporary exhibits, of the six museums operated directly by the Federal government, the ANMM is the only one located outside the Australian Capital Territory. The museum is administered by the Department of Communications and the Arts on behalf of the Australian Government, in June 1985, the federal government announced the establishment of a national museum focusing on Australias maritime history and the nations ongoing involvement and dependence on the sea. Proposals for the creation of such a museum had been under consideration over the preceding years, after lobbying by New South Wales Premier Neville Wran, the decision was made to situate the new museum at Darling Harbour, and construct it as part of the areas redevelopment. The museum building was designed by Philip Cox, Richardson Taylor & Partners, the roof was shaped to invoke the image of billowing sails, the corrugated metal roof stands over 25 metres tall on the west side, but drops significantly on the east. During development, the museum ran into a series of difficulties, in March 1998, the three top members of the ANMM interim council were sacked by the federal government and replaced. The acceptance of a US$5 million grant for a gallery showing the links between the US and Australia resulted in the displacement of much of the staff and research areas. Most of these were established in the nearby Wharf 7 building. It was resolved that New South Wales was responsible for the funding, and in October 1990. The ANMM was opened on 30 November 1991, the entry fee for the museum itself was dropped in 2004, then was re-added in December 2011. During the museums first ten years of operation,3.3 million visitors attended, in 2010, Londons The Sunday Times listed the ANMM in its Worlds 10 Coolest Museums. At the start of 2014, the ANMM announced that it would build a pavilion to showcase exhibits related to the Royal Australian Navy, the pavilion, which will be located near the museums naval vessels, will be built between July 2014 and September 2015. Eora-First People Australian Aborigines and their relationship with the water, passengers Looks at the journeys made to Australia by various groups, from the original settlers to war brides, refugees, and cruise ship visitors. Watermarks Celebrates Australias love affair with the water in terms of recreation, Navy The role of the Royal Australian Navy in the defence of the nation. Includes the Sydney Series, models and histories of the four Australian warships named after the city of Sydney, australia–US relationship The gallery looks at the links and commonalities between Australia and the US. A US$5 million endowment to the ANMM was the United States gift for Australias bicentenary, the gallery itself was designed by the Burley Katon Halliday firm
22.
Museum ship
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A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the number of museum ships that are still operational. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum, only a few survive, sometimes because of historical significance, but more often due to luck and circumstance. The restoration and maintenance of museum ships presents problems for historians who are asked for advice, for instance, the rigging of sailing ships has almost never survived, and so the rigging plan must be reconstructed from various sources. Studying the ships also allows historians to analyze how life on and operation of the ships took place, numerous scientific papers have been written on ship restoration and maintenance, and international conferences are held discussing the latest developments. Another consideration is the distinction between a museum ship, and a ship replica. As repairs accumulate over time, less and less of the ship is of the materials. Visitors without historical background are often unable to distinguish between a historical museum ship and a ship replica, which may serve solely as a tourist attraction. Typically the visitor enters via gangplank, wanders around on the deck, then goes below, usually using the original stairways, giving a sense of how the crew got around. The interior features restored but inactivated equipment, enhanced with mementos including old photographs, explanatory displays, pages from the logs, menus. Some add recorded sound effects, audio tours or video displays to enhance the experience, in some cases, the ships radio room has been brought back into use, with volunteers operating amateur radio equipment. Often, the callsign assigned is a variation on the identification of the ship. For example, the submarine USS Cobia, which had the call NBQV, is now on the air as NB9QV. The World War II submarine USS Pampanito, berthed at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, had the wartime call NJVT and is now on the air as NJ6VT, in other cases, such as the USS Missouri, a distinctive call is used. This radio work not only helps restore part of the vessel, a number of the larger museum ships have begun to offer hosting for weddings, meetings, other events, and sleepovers, and on a few ships still seaworthy, cruises. In the United States, this includes the USS Constitutions annual turnaround, a place on the deck is by invitation or lottery only, and highly prized. Many consider the appeal of an interesting old vessel on the city waterfront strong enough that any port city should showcase one or more museum ships. This may even include building a ship at great expense
23.
HMAS Vampire (D11)
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HMAS Vampire was the third of three Australian-built Daring class destroyers serving in the Royal Australian Navy. One of the first all-welded ships built in Australia, she was constructed at Cockatoo Island Dockyard between 1952 and 1959, and was commissioned into the RAN a day after completion. In 1977, the destroyer was assigned to escort the Royal Yacht Britannia during Queen Elizabeth II, in 1980, Vampire was reclassified as a training ship. The Royal Australian Navy initially ordered four Daring class destroyers, which were to be named after the ships of the Scrap Iron Flotilla of World War II, the ships were modified during construction, most changes were made to improve habitability, including the installation of air-conditioning. Vampire and her ships were the first all-welded ships to be constructed in Australia. The Darings had a displacement of 2,800 tons. Vendetta and her sisters were 390 feet long, with a beam of 43 feet, and a draught of 12 feet 9 inches at mean, and 14 feet 6 inches at full or deep load. Her propulsion system consisted of two Foster Wheeler boilers, feeding two English Electric geared turbines, which provided 54,000 horsepower to two propeller shafts, Vampire could sail at over 30 knots, and had a range of 3,700 nautical miles at 20 knots. Her standard ships company consisted of 20 officers and 300 sailors, vampires main armament consisted of six 4. 5-inch Mark V guns mounted in three Mark 6 twin turrets, two forward and one aft. Her anti-aircraft outfit consisted of six 40 mm Bofors, two single mountings on the superstructure, and two twin mountings on the aft superstructure. Four 0. 5-inch Browning machine guns were carried for point defence, five 21-inch torpedo tubes were fitted to a single Mark IV pentad mount on the deck between the forward and aft superstructures. For anti-submarine warfare, a Limbo anti-submarine mortar was carried on the aft deck, the twin Bofors, torpedo launcher, and Limbo mortar were all removed during various refits. A Sea Cat missile system was installed at some point during her career, Vampire was fitted with a Type 170 attack sonar, a Type 174 search sonar, and a Type 185 submarine detection sonar. The original fire control directors were a Flyplane 3 and an MRS8 and these were replaced during the 1970–71 refit with two M22 units. The air warning radar was replaced with an LW-02 air search radar during the refit. Vampire was laid down at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney, New South Wales on 1 July 1952, the destroyer was launched on 27 October 1956 by the wife of the Governor-General, Sir William Slim. She was completed on 22 June 1959, and commissioned into the RAN in Sydney a day later, between laying down and completion, the ships cost increased from A£2.6 million to A£7 million. After competing work-up trials and entering service, Vampire underwent training exercises with ships of the RAN
24.
The Star, Sydney
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The Star Sydney in Pyrmont, Sydney, is the second largest casino in Australia after Melbournes Crown Casino. Overlooking Darling Harbour, The Star features two gaming floors, eight bars, seven restaurants,351 hotel rooms and 130 serviced and it also includes the 2,000 seat Sydney Lyric theatre and Event Centre. In December 1994, a consortium of Leighton Properties and Showboat was announced by the NSW Casino Control Authority as the applicant for New South Wales’ first casino licence. A temporary casino was opened by Acting Prime Minister Kim Beazley on 13 September 1995 on the site of former wharves 12/13. The permanent casino, designed by Sydney architect, Philip Cox, work began in late 2009 and was completed late 2012. Despite initial cost estimates, according to Echo Entertainment Group CEO, on 16 September 2011, the casino reopened under the name The Star. In June 2011, Tabcorp split into two divisions, Tabcorp and Echo Entertainment. Echo Entertainment is in charge of Tabcorps casino and hotel division to allow for infrastructure for both companies to flourish. In 2015, Echo Entertainment Group was renamed to The Star Entertainment Group, the casino features two gaming floors — the main gaming floor on level one for general entry and the Sovereign Room on level three. The Sovereign Room table bet ranges from $25 to $75,000 and also contains the Inner Sanctum, the two areas are only available to high rollers and international guests following an application for membership and review by The Stars management. The Inner Sanctum pits are used for junket players. Star City returned to play in 2005 after taking a number of large losses in 2002. The main gaming floor is divided into three major parts — Table Games, Electronic Gaming, and Poker, the amount of poker tables has been steadily increased and now stands at 30 tables. The Sovereign Room has been upgraded and now includes four additional private gaming rooms and extra dining and these extensions have an estimated cost of $7,000,000. Another recent upgrade is the addition of a new ultra exclusive area directly above the Sovereign Room called the Vermilion Room and this is accessed by invitation only, and there are currently fewer than 100 Vermilion Card Members that are entitled to use the Vermilion Room. Star City has recently opened the bar as well. In December 2005, a new game Double-Chance was trialed but was discontinued soon after, Players, referring to the high house advantage. This game was removed from the floor shortly after due to lack of interest from players
25.
Powerhouse Museum
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The Powerhouse Museum is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences in Sydney, the other being the historic Sydney Observatory. It is well known, and a popular Sydney tourist destination, in 2016, a proposal to move the Powerhouse Museum from inner Sydney Ultimo to the western Sydney district of Parramatta has proved controversial. Some exhibits from these events were kept to constitute the collection of the new Technological, Industrial. The museum was intended to be housed in the buildings known as the Garden Palace. A temporary home at the Agricultural Hall in the Domain served until relocated to new and it incorporated the Sydney Observatory in 1982. The museum moved to its present location in March 1988, in February 2015, the State Government controversially announced that the museum will be relocated to Parramatta. The Powerhouse Museum houses a number of exhibits including the oldest operational rotative steam engine in the world. Dating from 1785, it is one of only a handful remaining that was built by Boulton and this engine was named a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1986. Another important exhibit is Locomotive No,1, the first steam locomotive to haul a passenger train in New South Wales, built by Robert Stephenson in 1854. The most popular exhibit is arguably The Strasburg Clock Model, built in 1887 by a 25-year-old Sydney watchmaker named Richard Smith and it is a working model of the famous Strasbourg astronomical clock in Strasbourg Cathedral. Smith had never seen the original when he built it but worked from a pamphlet which described its timekeeping. The museum hosts a number of permanent exhibitions, including many concerning different modes of transport, the transport exhibition looks at transport through the ages, from horse-drawn carts through steam engines, cars and planes to the latest hybrid technology. On display is Steam Locomotive No,1243, which served for 87 years, oldest contractor built locomotive in Australia. It stands beside a mock-up of a platform, on the other side of which is the Governor of New South Waless railway carriage. Also in this exhibition is the original Central Railway Station destination board, Powerhouse Museum restored the locomotives 3830, restored to operational order in 1997 and 3265, restored in 2009 after 40 years off the rails. Sydneys last Hansom Cab was donated to the Museum by its driver, there is also a horse-drawn bus and collection of motorbikes. There is also a Queenair Scout, the first Flying Doctor Service plane, among the cars is a 1913 Sheffield Simplex, one of only 8 in the world. A four-minute film shows old footage of public transport, the Powerhouse Museum also has Sydney trams C11, O805, R1738, steam tram motor 28A, hearse car 27s and Manly horse car 292
26.
Sea Life Sydney Aquarium
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Additionally, the aquarium features 14 themed zones including Jurassic Seas, Discovery Rockpool, Shark Walk, and the world’s largest Great Barrier Reef display. Along the way, visitors encounter animals unique to each habitat, including two of only five dugongs on display in the world, sharks, stingrays, penguins and tropical fish and it is a public aquarium located in the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the side of Darling Harbour to the north of the Pyrmont Bridge. It is a institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association. The Great Barrier Reef complex which opened in October 1998 continues this same theme, the Sydney Aquarium was opened in 1988, during Australias bicentenary celebrations, and is one of the largest aquariums in the world. It is regarded as one of Sydneys premier tourist attractions with over 55% of its visitors each year coming from overseas, a crocodile exhibit was added in 2008. In December 1991, the first Seal Sanctuary was opened, since then, Sydney Aquarium has upgraded the facilities and a new oceanarium to house seals opened in September 2003. The Seal Sanctuary features Australian sea lions, Australian fur seals, subantarctic fur seals, in this floating oceanarium, the seals can be seen below the waters surface from underwater viewing tunnels, and from above on an open-air deck. The Seal Sanctuary is incorporated into the Southern Oceans exhibit, which also features little penguins, the Open Ocean Oceanarium, and Sydney Harbour displays. In October 1998, the Great Barrier Reef complex opened comprising a tropical touch pool, the water is kept at a constant temperature of 25 °C. The Oceanarium is 33 metres long and 13 metres wide, with an area of about 370 square metres. The final exhibit is a theatre where activity in a coral canyon can be observed through a window 7 by 4 metres and 26 centimetres in thickness. In 2006, Wild Life Sydney opened next to Sydney Aquarium, on 20 December 2007, the glass-bottomed boat, or Shark Explorer, began operating, giving guests a tour of the Great Barrier Reef tank. In 2008 the seal sanctuary was closed and the seals were sent to Sea World, Gold Coast, the seal sanctuary was then renovated and reopened as Dugong Island in December 2008. Dugong Island is the new permanent home of Pig and Wuru, Dugong Island has above-water viewing areas as well as underwater viewing tunnels. Other animals kept in the include a shark ray, shovelnose rays, zebra sharks, eagle rays. In March 2012, SEA LIFE Sydney Aquariums owners, Merlin Entertainments, as part of the process, the aquarium was rebranded as a Sea Life Centre and was relaunched on 24 September 2012. Exhibits cover the rivers of Australia, exploring the Southern and Northern River habitats, as well as the oceans of Australia, the complex and fragile nature of Australias very different and unique aquatic environments is emphasised
27.
Wild Life Sydney
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Wild Life Sydney Zoo is a wildlife park in the heart of the city of Sydney, Australia. Officially opened in September 2006, it is located on the city side of the Darling Harbour leisure and retail precinct, next to Sydney Aquarium, in May 2006, Sydney Aquarium Pty Ltd announced plans to expand the existing aquarium site, in order to incorporate a wildlife park. Following this announcement, and after the acquisition of the tourist attractions at Sydney Tower and of Manly Oceanarium, Village Roadshow Limited purchased Sydney Attractions Group in late 2007. UK attractions group Merlin Entertainments bought Sydney Wildlife World as part of its acquisition of Village Roadshow assets in March 2011, the park changed its name to Wild Life Sydney Zoo and re-opened on 13 September 2011. The attraction won the Award for the best family-focused tourism at The Australians 2007 Travel, construction began in November 2004 on the site, and was completed in August 2006. Wild Life Sydney is unusual for a zoo or wildlife park in that the areas are almost entirely enclosed and air-conditioned. The A$52 million development features a 1 kilometre walkway which snakes through 7,000 square metres of enclosures and this open-air feature has enabled the exhibits to be landscaped naturally with live plants, including full-sized trees. The largest exhibit is the 800-square-metre semi-arid habitat, featuring 250 tonnes of red sand trucked in from central Australia and this habitat houses a mob of adult red kangaroos. The enclosure is bordered by viewing galleries both above and below the waterline, several species of fishes and bird are also kept in the enclosure. As of February 2016, WILD LIFE Sydney Zoo have acquired a new Platypus Display, Merlin Entertainments Sydney Aquarium Taronga Zoo Sydney Tower Manly Sea Life Media related to Sydney Wildlife World at Wikimedia Commons Official website
28.
Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
29.
Sega World Sydney
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Sega World Sydney was an indoor high-tech amusement park that operated for almost four years, in Sydney, Australia. The theme park was built as the tenant of the Darling Walk complex in Darling Harbour. Land for the park was acquired by Jacfun Pty Ltd in 1994, the remainder of the complex was sublet to a mix of retail and entertainment tenants. By 2000, Sega had pulled out from the partnership operating Sega World, there were hopes that tourists visiting Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics would help meet the visitor breakeven point, but this did not occur, and Sega World closed in November 2000. The rides were auctioned off in 2001, Jacfun attempted to find a new tenant to replace Sega World, but the restrictive zoning meant that more profitable revenue streams were unusable. In 2003, Jacfun sold its lease of the Darling Walk site back to the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, the site was leased to Lend Lease in 2008, with the Darling Walk building demolished and replaced with the new Commonwealth Bank of Australia global headquarters. In 1994, Jacfun Pty Ltd acquired a 90-year lease for land in the Darling Harbour precinct from the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, the location, which became the Darling Walk, was zoned for entertainment use. Jacfun, in collaboration with Sega and the Darling Harbour Authority, invested A$80 million to build Sega World Sydney, Sega World Sydney utilised the latest in multimedia, entertainment and destination attraction events. It was described as Australias Interactive Disneyland by the media, many of the themes were based on various Sega franchises, primarily Sonic the Hedgehog. The park was also host to underage dance parties called Crush, the remainder of the complex was sublet to a mix of retail and entertainment tenants. Due to an attendance and constant financial losses, the park was closed in November 2000. Hopes that the influx of tourists travelling to Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics would help the park meet its 800, Sega had sold its stake in the park to Jacfun in 1999, for A$36 million. In March 2001, the contents of the park were auctioned off, only 300 people attended the auction, with most of the rides sold off for minimal prices. The two major rides of the park, Rail Chase and Ghost Hunters, were sold to foreign buyers, some of the amusement parks interior fixtures were still in place as of 2008, covered by backdrops and boarding. Rail Chase - An indoor mine train roller coaster built by Masago Industrial with elaborate scenery, after the closure of Segaworld, the ride was sold to Haailand where it remains in operation. Mad Bazooka - A tank simulator built by R & T Fabrications, balls were collected from the floor of the arena by running over them, and then could be fired at targets mounted to the roofs of other cars. The ride was removed in 1999 to make way for an ice rink, Ghost Hunters - An interactive ghost train, with riders provided with laser cannons to shoot targets. Magic Motion 4D - A 4-D cinema, aqua Nova - A 3-D motion simulator themed around a submarine on an underwater mission
30.
International Convention Centre Sydney
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International Convention Centre Sydney is an exhibition and convention centre which opened in December 2016, in Sydney, Australia. ICC Sydney is Australias first and largest fully integrated convention, exhibition, created as a multipurpose event space, ICC Sydney has over 70 meeting rooms, three theatres and two formal ballrooms. It is capable of holding three entirely separate, self-sufficient, concurrent events, ICC Sydney includes convention spaces for 2,500,1,000 and 750 people. It also includes a space of 2,500 square metres. The ICC Exhibition Centre and Entertainment Centre includes 33,000 square metres of exhibition space, the first major event held at the newly developed centre was RTX Sydney hosted by Rooster Teeth Productions on 4 -5 February 2017. The ICC Sydney, part of Darling Harbour Live, is being developed by a consortium comprising AEG Ogden, Lend Lease, Capella Capital and Spotless, ICC Sydney is located in the Darling Harbour, skirting the centre of the Sydney central business district. ICC Sydney is positioned on the waterfront, near Cockle Bay, ICC Sydney will open adjacent to a new global financial services hub Barangaroo, as well as media, technology and knowledge centres. It features multiple public access points, with the option of visiting the precinct via a choice of walking or transport options including, road, light rail, train, ICC Sydney was designed by two architectural firms, Hassell and Populous, in a contemporary modern style. It replaces the former Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre that was demolished in December 2013, construction began in early 2014, an estimated 32,000 cubic metres of concrete will be used to construct the building. ICC Sydney is an A$1.5 billion development being delivered through a Public Private Partnership with the New South Wales Government, the development of ICC Sydney is part of a broader A$3.4 billion revitalisation of Darling Harbour. The development will include a reconfiguration of Tumbalong Park, providing an additional 3. July 2015, ICC Sydney Hotel construction commenced, the building will consist of 35 storeys and approximately 600 rooms. Upon completion, the hotel will be managed by AccorHotels under its Sofitel brand, september 2015, Topping Out Ceremony for the ICC Sydney Theatre. The ceremony that marked the completion of the concrete pour for the top floor of the ICC Sydney Theatre was attended by NSW Premier Mike Baird, ICC Sydney consists of three conjoined key structures, ICC Sydney Theatre, ICC Sydney Exhibition Centre and ICC Sydney Convention Centre. The buildings contain a number of event spaces such as, The Gallery, The Grand Ballroom
31.
Dulwich Hill Line
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The Dulwich Hill Line, is a light rail line in Sydney, New South Wales Australia running from Central railway station through the Inner West to Dulwich Hill. The 23-stop,12. 8-kilometre route is the only light rail line in Sydney. Most of the line is built on the path of the former Metropolitan Goods railway line, operation and maintenance of the line is contracted to the ALTRAC Light Rail consortium by Transport for New South Wales, a statutory authority of the New South Wales Government. Services on the line are operated by Transdev Sydney as a member of ALTRAC Light Rail, most of the alignment of the Dulwich Hill Line had its origins as the Metropolitan Goods railway line. From the time when the Sydney Railway Company was formed in 1848, to this end, a railway line was constructed between the Sydney Railway Station and Darling Harbour, which opened on 26 September 1855. This line was extended to Dulwich Hill via Lilyfield in 1922, a short branch from Lilyfield to Rozelle served another freight terminal. The port closed and the area was redeveloped in the 1980s, construction and conversion of the first section of line from Central station to Wentworth Park started on 25 January 1996 and took 16 months to complete. The original route opened for operation with a limited 09,00 to 17,00 service on 11 August 1997 with three weeks of testing. The official public opening was conducted by State Premier Bob Carr on 31 August 1997, buoyed by the success of the original line, a 3. 6-kilometre, four stop extension of the route opened on 13 August 2000. This saw the light rail reach Lilyfield, which was then the limit of the section of the goods line. Work to upgrade the track and remove the overhead wiring began in August 2010, the project received planning approval in February 2011. The Greenway walking and cycling path which was to run much of the route was deferred. The new government blamed hasty planning by their predecessor for the delay and cost overruns, the extension opened on 27 March 2014. A further closure will be required to install a junction between the two lines, the connection will be used by trams of the CBD and South East line to access a maintenance facility at Lilyfield. In March 1994 the Sydney Light Rail Company was formed, the service was originally operated by TNT Transit Systems. In August 1998 Sydney Light Rails investors formed a joint venture named CGEA Transport Sydney to purchase TNT Transit Systems, the shareholders in CGEA Transport Sydney were CGEA Transport, Australian Infrastructure Fund, Utility Trust of Australia and Legal & General. Following this purchase, operations of both the rail and the monorail became subsidiaries of Metro Transport Sydney, which then contracted out the day-to-day operations to Transdev. In March 2012, Metro Transport Sydney was purchased by the Government of New South Wales, the line operated without serious incident until 7 October 2013, when two trams derailed within the space of 20 minutes
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Light rail in Sydney
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The Sydney light rail network is a tram or light rail system serving the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales. The network presently consists of a single 12. 8-kilometre line of 23 stations, a second line is under construction and two further lines serving Western Sydney have been announced. The network is controlled by the New South Wales Governments transport authority, Transport for NSW, in 2015-16,9.7 million passenger journeys were made on the network. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Sydney developed a tram network. In the 1980s and 1990s, the city areas of Darling Harbour. In 1988 the Sydney Monorail opened, connecting Darling Harbour to the Central Business District, a section of track between Pyrmont and Haymarket was upgraded and a new on-street section constructed to link the line to Central railway station. The line was set up as a partnership and opened in August 1997 as the Sydney Light Rail. The lines owner soon made proposals for an extension along the disused section of the goods line. The western extension opened in 2000, but the company was unsuccessful in its attempts to develop a CBD line, the extensions announced during the decade total almost 40-kilometres. If all projects are completed, the network would expand in size from 7. 2-kilometres at the start of the decade to approximately 50-kilometres, the contract gave the company significant control over the commercial arrangements relating to future extensions or interconnecting lines. SLRC contracted operation of the line to TNT, who owned the monorail. A major change occurred in August 1998 when the rail and monorail effectively merged. TNT sold the monorail to CGEA Transport and the companies owning SLRC, CGEA Transport and its successors have operated the inner city light rail network ever since. The company controlling the light rail and monorail became known as Metro Transport Sydney, the Government of New South Wales purchased Metro Transport Sydney on 23 March 2012 for $19.8 million, and the company was placed under the control of Transport for NSW. The monorail closed on 30 June 2013, from 1 July, the Metro Light Rail brand was phased out as part of a broader rebranding and reorganisation of public transport services in New South Wales. The process of shutting down Metro Transport Sydney and transferring assets to Transport for NSW was completed in September 2014, in December 2014, Transport for NSW awarded the contract to the ALTRAC Light Rail consortium, consisting of Alstom, Transdev, Acciona Infrastructure & Capella Capital. The operating contract commenced on 1 July 2015 and runs until 2034, Transdev Sydney operate and maintain the network as part of the consortium. The following table lists patronage figures for the network during the financial year
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Barangaroo ferry wharf
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The new terminal will consist of two wharves, with provision for a third wharf in the future. The terminal will be served by Sydney Ferries F3 Paramatta River, ferry services to the Darling Harbour precinct were originally serviced by the Darling Harbour Aquarium wharf. This was the wharf to service Darling Harbour until Pyrmont Bay was opened in the early 2000s. In 2007, the Walker Report recommended a new terminal at Darling Harbour be built to ease congestion on the network. The wharf was to be situated at the Darling Harbour wharf, thus Darling Harbour wharf, which was a stop on the Parramatta River service, was chosen as a site for a new terminal. The Barangaroo area, which had been a port for years, had been a long-proposed site for urban renewal. Following proposals put forward by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority and reviews by the New South Wales Government, major construction, in May 2013, the State Government outlined plans to build a new terminal at Barangaroo to replace Darling Harbour. As well as allowing for services on the F3 Paramatta River route. It is proposed that all Sydney Ferries services will use the new Barangaroo in lieu of Darling Harbour, the design of the wharf will be similar to other wharves redeveloped during the 2010s, each wharf will be covered with a silver dome-like shelter. Access to the wharf directly from the city will be accommodated by the Wynyard Walk and this walk will connect to the Barangaroo wharf, linking the ferries to the Sydney Trains system as a transport interchange. Construction was scheduled to commence in 2015, with the wharves to open in 2016, in April 2015, Transport for NSW issued Invitations to Tender to three companies to build the wharves. A contract was awarded to McConnell Dowell in September, the wharves are now expected to open in 2017. Barangaroo Wharf will consist of four platforms on two wharves, one wharf will berth ferries travelling on the F3 Paramatta River service, while another will berth ferries travelling on the F4 Darling Harbour service. Provision will be made for a third wharf, initially, the wharves are expected to be used by up to 11 vessels per hour during weekday peak periods and 14 vessels per hour all day on weekends
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Pyrmont Bay ferry wharf
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Pyrmont Bay ferry wharf is located on the western side of Darling Harbour serving the inner-city Sydney suburb of Pyrmont. It is located adjacent to the Australian National Maritime Museum and close to The Star Casino, the wharf closed on 22 April 2015 for a four-month rebuild. During this time, both Sydney Ferries and Sydney Harbour Eco Hopper ferries called at Casino wharf instead, Pyrmont Bay wharf is served by Sydney Ferries Darling Harbour services operating between Darling Harbour and Circular Quay. Services are operated by First Fleet class ferries
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Inner Harbour ferry services
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Inner Harbour ferry services connect suburbs on the foreshore of the inner Sydney Harbour with Circular Quay by commuter ferry. The services are provided by Sydney Ferries, an agency of the Government of New South Wales and these routes are coloured various shades of green on the current Sydney Ferries network map. Vessels in the First Fleet and Lady class generally service these routes, the current Sydney Ferries timetable divides Inner harbour ferry services into three sections, each operating independently. The Cahill Expressway is a prominent feature of the quay, running from the east, Sydney Cove was the site of the initial landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson. Circular Quay was originally used for shipping and slowly developed into a transport, leisure. Sydney Ferries services use wharves 2,3,4 and 5 at Circular Quay, each wharf has ticket vending machines and ticket barriers, and is wheelchair-accessible. Balmain East- This wharf also serves the suburb of Balmain East and is located on Darling Street, Cremorne Point- This wharf serves the suburb of Cremorne Point and is located on Milsons Road. There is a cafe on the wharf that serves food. Darling Harbour- This wharf serves Darling Harbour, kirribilli- This wharf serves the suburb of Kirribilli and is located on Holbrook Street. Kirribilli wharf is also home to a small gourmet eatery, the Kirribilli Wharf Café, the café is a popular destination for both members of the local community and international tourists alike. Kurraba Point- This wharf serves the suburb of Kurraba Point and is located on Kurraba Road, McMahons Point- This wharf serves the suburb of McMahons Point and is located on Henry Lawson Avenue. The wharf is located near the controversial Blues Point Tower, Milsons Point- This wharf serves the suburb of Milsons Point and is located on Alfred Street South. The wharf is located beside the Luna Park amusement park and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, during mid-late 2010, this wharf was closed for refurbishment. All services used Jeffreys Street Wharf instead, North Sydney- This wharf serves the suburb of North Sydney and is located on High Street. Neutral Bay- This wharf serves the suburb of Neutral Bay and is located on Hay Street, Mosman Bay- This wharf serves the suburb of Mosman and is located on Avenue Street. Old Cremorne- This wharf serves the suburb of Cremorne Point and is located on Green Street, Pyrmont Bay- This wharf serves the suburb of Pyrmont and is near the Australian Maritime Museum and the The Star casino. South Mosman- This wharf serves the suburb of Mosman and is located on Musgrave Street
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Circular Quay
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Circular Quay is a harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the northern edge of the Sydney central business district on Sydney Cove, between Bennelong Point and The Rocks. It is part of the government area of the City of Sydney. The Circular Quay area is a neighbourhood for tourism and consists of walkways, pedestrian malls, parks. It hosts a number of ferry quays, bus stops, despite its name, the waterfront at the quay is roughly square in shape. Sydney Cove, on which Circular Quay is located, was the site of the landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. The governors temporary canvas house was erected on the east side of the cove and it was the focal point from which the city of Sydney grew. The first wharf on the shore of Sydney Cove probably dated from around 1792, in 1802 it was replaced with a timber framed wharf called Hospital Wharf, the first public wharf of the colony. Late 18th century Scottish constitutional reformer Thomas Muir was sentenced to transportation to Sydney for sedition, Thomas Muir escaped from the colony in 1796 aboard an American brig, the Otter. In the early 19th century, the eastern shore of Circular Quay was part of the Governors Domain. The western shore, being adjacent to the settlement now known as the Rocks, was busier. The Commissariat Stores and Australias first naval dock were also located on the western shore, the naval dockyard was expanded in 1818-1822 under Governor Macquarie, with four repairing docks. Circular Quay was constructed in 1837-1844 by reconstructing the southern section of Sydney Cove with an artificial shoreline, the mouth of the Tank Stream, which flowed into Sydney Cove at the western end of Circular Quay, was in-filled. The harbour was known as Semi-Circular Quay, this being the actual shape of the quay. The name was shortened for convenience, wharves were built on the southern shore. Reflecting Circular Quays status as the harbour for Sydney, the Customs House was built on the southern shore in 1844-5. During the construction of Circular Quay the eastern side of the cove was used as a quarry, after the governors residence was moved up the hill to the present Government House, in the 1840s and 1850s Macquarie Street was extended north through the Governors Domain to Fort Macquarie. This led to the development of the area between the street and the shore into a working wharf dominated by the wool trade. This part of Macquarie Street became known as the wool store end, wool and bond stores and warehouses appeared on the site
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Railway Square, Sydney
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Railway Square is a plaza at the southern end of the Sydney central business district, Australia, formed by the confluence of Broadway, Lee Street, Pitt Street and George Street. The square itself is a busy intersection and is the site of a large bus terminus. The University of Technology, Central railway station and the now-closed Kent Brewery are adjacent to Railway Square, Railway Square was originally known as Central Square. The Marcus Clark department stores were located in a number of buildings at Central Square, the Parcel Post Office in Lee Street was built in 1913, having been designed by George McRae, the government architect. It was later restored and converted to the Medina Hotel, the area was previously a busy nexus for the electric tramways of Sydney until the systems closure in the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, Railway Square had a bus terminal in its centre. The platforms were connected to one another, as well as the sides of Lee Street and Broadway. The tunnel was accessible by escalator, the site was redeveloped in 1999 to incorporate two platforms, lifts, a cafe and access to the University of Technology. The site was fitted with public artwork created by Merilyn Fairskye, including murals, illuminated wall panels and four towers with coloured steel ribbons inside, Railway Square is dominated by the rising glass bus terminal structure, and by four sculpture light towers. The area is now an interchange for State Transit Authority bus routes, Railway Square is not only traversed underneath by the extension of the Devonshire Street pedestrian tunnel, but also by a railway tunnel that runs underneath at the southern end of the square. The tunnel was part of the Metropolitan Goods line linking the lines south from Central with Darling Harbour. This tunnel is the oldest railway tunnel in New South Wales and is now disused, the section of the rail line between the tunnel and the Powerhouse Museum is now a park and pedestrian pathway called The Goods Line. The section beyond the Powerhouse Museum has been converted to light rail, Broadway, Sydney Parramatta Road Great Western Highway
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Central railway station, Sydney
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The Central railway station is a railway station located at the southern end of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Often abbreviated as Central or Central station, the station is the largest and busiest railway station in New South Wales and it services almost all of the lines on the Sydney Trains network, and is the major terminus for NSW TrainLink services. Actual patronage was 11.35 million passenger movements in 2013, there have been three terminal stations in Sydney. The original Sydney station was opened on 26 September 1855 in a known as Cleveland Fields. This station, called Redfern, had Devonshire Street as its northern boundary, when this station became inadequate for the traffic it carried, a new station was built in 1874 on the same site and also called Redfern. This was a building with two platforms. It grew to 14 platforms before it was replaced by the station to the north of Devonshire Street. The new station was built on a site occupied by the Devonshire Street Cemetery, a convent, a female refuge, a police barracks, a parsonage. The remains exhumed from the cemetery were re-interred at several other Sydney cemeteries including Rookwood, bodies were moved to Botany by steam tram motors and flat cars. The present station was opened on 4 August 1906 and opening for passengers on 5 August 1906. The new station included the previous Mortuary railway station used to transport funeral parties to Rookwood Cemetery, the last train departed platform 5 of the 1874 station at midnight. During the remainder of that night, the concourse was demolished. The Western Mail arrived at 05,50 on 5 August 1906 at the new station, Devonshire Street, which separated the two stations, became a pedestrian underpass to allow people to cross the railway line and is now known by many as the Devonshire Street Tunnel. An 85. 6-metre-tall clock tower in the Free Classical style was added at the corner of the station. The clock was designed by Richard Lamb and Alfred Fairfax, the co-founders of Fairfax & Roberts, Central station was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon. It is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register and the now defunct Register of the National Estate, a riot, dubbed the Battle of Central Station, took place in 1916. Soldiers rebelling against camp conditions had raided hotels in Liverpool and travelled to the city by commandeered trains, upon arrival at Central station, the rioters set about destroying the station facilities, and fire was exchanged between rampaging rioters and military police. One rioter was shot dead and several were injured, the only remaining evidence of the gun battle is a small bullet-hole in the marble by the entrance to platform 1
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Town Hall railway station
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Town Hall railway station serves the Sydney central business district. It opened on 28 February 1932, the station is built on the site of Sydneys earliest colonial cemetery, the Old Sydney Burial Ground. In 2008, part of cemetery was being excavated from under the Town Hall. The station opened on 28 February 1932 and it was built with six platforms, which were split over two levels with three platforms on each level. When the station opened, only four of the platforms were in use, platforms 1,2 and 3 on the level and platform 6, served by escalators. The other two platforms were built in preparation for a western suburbs line from the city to Gladesville. This line was never built, and the platforms remained disused until incorporated into the Eastern Suburbs line when it opened in June 1979, the station concourse had a major restructure in 2005 when the shops inside were closed to make way for the increasing crowds. During a refurbishment of the station in 2014, a sign pointing to a shelter was uncovered on a staircase leading to Platforms 1 and 2. It has been encased in a persplex casing, Town Hall has two levels, each with three platforms - physically two island platforms, but set up so that one faces two tracks and the other faces the other track. The station has lifts connecting the concourse with the platforms, providing Easy Access for wheelchairs and these facilities were constructed during 2003-2004. The station is linked to shopping centres including the Queen Victoria Building, The Galeries, Town Hall Square, Pavilion Plaza and. The new Sydney Metro line will include another station located at Pitt Street and is due to open in 2024, Town Hall station is served by bus routes operated by Forest Coach Lines, Hillsbus, Sydney Buses and Transdev NSW
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Urban renewal
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Urban renewal, which is generally called urban regeneration, revitalization in the United States, is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures and its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a impact on many urban landscapes. This process is carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal. In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl and less congestion when areas of cities receive freeways and expressways, Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance existing communities, and in some cases result in the demolition of neighborhoods, many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. The agenda that emerged was a doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the Devils Acre near Westminster and this new movement was largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster. Slum clearance began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkins Rent and they are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877, angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street. In 1869 the Peabody Trust built one of its first housing estates at Brewers Green, between Victoria Street and St. Jamess Park. What remained of the Devils Acre on the side of Victoria Street was cleared. In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of Old Pye Street, like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard, creating a space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards, the blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as lettering, glazing, fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, the design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the Public Health Act of 1875 through Parliament, the Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new construction to include running water and an internal drainage system
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Wall Street
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Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
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Barangaroo, New South Wales
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Barangaroo is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the edge of the Sydney central business district. It is part of the government area of the City of Sydney, and was part of the territory of the Cadigal people. The area was used for fishing and hunting by Indigenous Australians prior to colonial settlement, in 2003, the Government of New South Wales determined that the precinct would be redeveloped from shipping and stevedoring facilities to provide more commercial office space and recreational areas. This redevelopment has moved from design contest to concept plan from 2005 to 2012, in the interim, stevedoring facilities have been relocated, some of the site remediated, and temporary alternate uses such as major events implemented, pending major development. The site is managed by an agency of the Government, called the Barangaroo Delivery Authority, redevelopment commenced in 2012 and is expected to be entirely completed by 2023. The redevelopment involves parkland with several new apartment buildings, as well as a hotel, cultural space and this area was of importance to Aboriginal Cadigal people as a hunting and fishing region. It is not clear what mobility indigenous people had during seasons and she did not, however agree with Bennelong working with the colonial government. When she found persuasion vain, she had recourse to tears, scolding, and threats, stamping the ground, but Baneelon continuing determined, she snatched up in her rage one of his fish-gigs, and dashed it with such fury on the rocks, that it broke. To quiet her apprehensions on the score of her husbands safety, Mr. Johnson, attended by Abaroo, the suburb now known as Barangaroo was for 200 years the community of Millers Point and known by that name as Millers Point. Briefly the point at its end was named Barangaroo Point until this was determined to be inaccurate by the Geographical Names Board. It appears Millers Point may have be known in the local Aboriginal language as Ilkan maladul, there is one record that this phrase was recorded by a linguist marine Lieutenant William Dawes on a sketch map inside the front cover of his first language notebook, dated to 1790. At the time of non-indigenous and indigenous contact, Governor Phillip estimated that there were about 1500 Aboriginal people inhabiting the area of Botany Bay, Port Jackson. The population reduced dramatically with the introduction of smallpox into Sydneys Aboriginal community in the first years of European settlement, more than half of Sydneys Indigenous population is believed to have died in the smallpox epidemic of 1789. Recently this theory of contagious illness has been questioned due to the ability for illness to be carried for the duration of the sea voyage from the northern hemisphere. Originally known as Cockle Bay Point during the years of the Sydney colony. Then in the 1820s windmills were built out on what was to become known as Millers Point and European settlers started constructing houses, in the 1830s the first wharf was constructed in the area immediately bringing more people to the nascent villages around two public houses. In 1843 the Australian Gas Light Company finished building and began operating a gas works in East Darling Harbour and this was the beginning of major residential and dockland development in the area as employees needed to be housed near the works
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Sydney Entertainment Centre
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Sydney Entertainment Centre was a multi-purpose arena located in Haymarket, Sydney, Australia. It opened in May 1983, to replace Sydney Stadium, which had been demolished in 1970 to make way for the Eastern Suburbs railway line, the centre was owned by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, which administered the neighbouring Darling Harbour area, and managed under a lease. It was one of Sydneys larger concert venues, licensed to accommodate over 13,000 people as a theatre or 8,000 as a theatre-in-the-round. It was the largest permanent concert venue in Sydney until 1999, the venue averaged attendances of 1 million people each year and hosted concerts, family shows, sporting events and corporate events. In December 1983, Cold Chisel played its final Last Stand concert, Elton John has played numerous concerts there over the years, including eight dates in 1986 with an orchestra at Haymarket Arena. The latter shows were the last he performed prior to throat surgery and he has played 46 shows at the venue and was final artist to perform at the venue before its demolition in December 2015. John Farnham finished his run of a record 76 concerts at the venue over three decades with a farewell gig December 16,2015 and he joked he got to take home the 6-foot entrance sign to the green room, dubbed The Farnham Room. In 1986, Dire Straits finished its 1985–86 world tour by playing 21 consecutive shows at the venue, also in 1986, Elton John performed the last leg of his Tour De Force with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra at the venue, playing 12 shows. Part of the last show, was to be made into his next album, genesis played nine dates at the 1986 leg of the Invisible Touch Tour. Some of the songs were performed with an Australian string section, archives 2 – disc 2 holds a version of Your Own Special Way recorded at SEC. Billy Idol performed here in September 1987 as part of The Whiplash Smile Australasian Tour, david Bowie recorded his performances on 7 and 9 November 1987 from his worldwide Glass Spider Tour for release on video and CD at the Entertainment Centre. On 16 and 17 November 1990 Eric Clapton two sold-out concerts in front of 26,500 people during his Journeyman World Tour. On 12 March 1994 Depeche Mode performed their last show from the Australian Exotic Tour/Summer Tour 94, as of 2015, it has been their last concert in the country. American rock band Pearl Jam played two nights in 1995 during the Vitalogy Tour, three nights during the Yield Tour and another three nights at the venue during the Riot Act Tour. Two of The Beatles have performed at the venue, Paul McCartney for three shows in March 1993, and George Harrison made a surprise appearance at a Deep Purple concert in 1984. Gloria Estefan performed on 10,12 and 13 April 1997 for her Evolution World Tour. Mariah Carey performed on 2 and 6 February 1998, for her Butterfly World Tour, a one off concert in January 2013, cher performed three shows during her Living Proof, The Farewell Tour on 3,4 and 7 March 2005. Kylie Minogue has played 25 concerts there, she finished her On A Night Like This Tour, after playing 11 nights there and kicked off her Showgirl, on 20 March 2015, Minogue performed as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour
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Pacific Dawn (ship)
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Pacific Dawn is a cruise ship owned and operated by P&O Cruises Australia. She was built in 1991 by the Fincantieri shipyard in Monfalcone, the ship was ordered by Sitmar Cruises, but delivered to Princess Cruises, and later sold to the fleet of P&O Cruises Australia. After her multimillion-dollar refurbishment in Singapore from Regal Princess to Pacific Dawn and her renaming coincided with P&Os 75th anniversary in Australia. Sitmar Cruises had started a new building programme for the North American cruise market in 1985. Following an abortive attempt to order ships from the Italy-based Fincantieri, Sitmar were planning to order additional vessels however, and the Italian government—owners of Fincantieri—were eager to have these ships built by an Italian shipyard. Following negotiations between Sitmar and Fincantieri, the placed a order for two 70,000 GT cruise ships with the latter, to be delivered in 1990 and 1991. Although the ships maintained the basic layout of Sitmar Fairmajesty. The second of the ships under construction at Fincantieri was launched from drydock on 29 March 1990, following successful sea trials on 5 June 1991 Regal Princess was delivered on 20 July 1991 to Astamar, a subsidiary of P&O Group. Following delivery, Regal Princess sailed to New York City where she was named by the former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 8 August 1991. In 1992 the ownership of the vessel was transferred from Astamar to Princess Cruises, during June 1998 during a series of cruises to Alaska, a large number of passengers on Regal Princess were affected by a viral infection, some seriously. Following failed attempts to control the infections while retaining the ship in service, in 2000 Regal Princess received a major refurbishment. While on a cruise from Sydney to destinations in Asia on 15 March 2001, Regal Princess experienced difficulties when entering the port of Cairns, due to high winds. While she made it safely to the harbour, it was decided to postpone her departure by eight hours, allowing the winds to subdue and use more favourable tidal conditions. Despite these precautions Regal Princess was grounded while outbound from Cairns, the ship then returned to Cairns for preliminary inspections. Due to sea conditions the hull of the ship could not be inspected by divers in Cairns, in Darwin minor damage to the ships bulbous bow was discovered, but this did not threaten her safety and Regal Princess was cleared to continue her cruise. A subsequent study to the causes of the accident concluded Regal Princess was too large to traverse the narrow channel leading into Cairns. May have influenced the process to exceed the limits of a reasonable safety envelope. For the 2003 northern hemisphere season, Regal Princess was repositioned for cruises on the Mediterranean Sea
