1.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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1.
Cities of the Philippines
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Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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2.
Cities of the Philippines
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3.
2.
Ateneo de Davao
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The Ateneo de Davao University is a private teaching, service and research university run by the Society of Jesus in Davao City in the Philippines. It is also known by the acronym AdDU and it was established in 1948, and is the seventh Ateneo opened by the Jesuits in the Philippines. The graduate programs are under these units as well, the College of Law is a separate unit within the university. The university also runs a school and high school. Locally, AdDU emerged as the top school in Davao City according to the published by Davao Eagle Online which was based on the number of PRC board topnotchers in 2013. The founding fathers were led by Fr, theodore E. Daigler S. J. who became the first rector of the school. The other founding Jesuits were Alfredo Paguia S. J, scholastics James Donelan S. J. and Rodolfo Malasmas S. J. On 20 May 1948, Ateneo de Davao was registered with the SEC as a non-stock, non-profit, when the Ateneo de Davao formally opened on 28 June 1948, it offered grades V and VI and 1st to 3rd year high school. There were 71 elementary students and 131 high school students who started in a building on a six-hectare lot in Matina. The Jacinto campus was acquired in 1951 with the support of the Most Rev. Clovis Thibault, the campus provided classrooms for high school students in the daytime and college courses in the evenings. College course offerings then were liberal arts, commerce, education, associate in arts, pre-law, secretarial, there were 130 male college students on the July 1951 start of the College Department, and they were housed in the wooden Bellarmine Hall. In 1953, the Ateneo de Davao College became co-educational, by then, there were nine collegiate course programs offered. The Ateneo de Davao is governed by a board of trustees, the central administration is led by the university president, Fr. Joel Tabora, S. J. who has several committees and councils at hand in helping him in the governance of various concerns. The tertiary level has six units, each headed by a dean, the Junior High School unit is currently headed by Fr. The Grade School unit of the university is headed by its headmaster, the Senior High School unit is headed by Mr. RIcardo P. Enriquez, the first director of SHS. The Ateneo de Davao University operates in two campuses in Davao City, both housing several research and academic units, the 4-hectare Jacinto Campus is a metropolitan campus as it is situated in the central district of the city. The Jacinto Campus was only 3.5 hectares when it was bought in 1951, in 2012, an adjacent lot of 0.5 hectare was added to the original lot
Ateneo de Davao
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Finster Building
Ateneo de Davao
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The Jesuit university in the
Davao Region, Philippines
Ateneo de Davao
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Finster Hall
Ateneo de Davao
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School of Business and Governance
3.
Davao Cathedral
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The Saint Peter Metropolitan Cathedral, also referred to as the San Pedro Cathedral or Davao Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located at Barangay Poblacion District, Davao City, Philippines. The cathedral, dedicated to Saint Peter, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Davao. An earlier church was built in the area of the current cathedral in 1847. Said to have built in Neo-Gothic style, the earlier church was built on the spot. In the 1960s, due to its size, the Diocese of Davao solicited funds to enlarge the church. Architect Manuel Chiew was responsible for the design of the new church, the design of the new church was that of an ark hence the pointed front where the cross stands. A separate Bell tower was also constructed, the cathedral has been a witness to two bombing incidents. The first incident in 1981 which killed 17 people, and in 1993 with 7 deaths, Roman Catholicism in the Philippines Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Davao Media related to Davao City Cathedral at Wikimedia Commons
Davao Cathedral
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Facade of the Saint Peter Cathedral in
Davao City
Davao Cathedral
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Cathedral entrance
Davao Cathedral
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Side chapel and altarpiece.
Davao Cathedral
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San Pedro Cathedral in the evening.
4.
Marco Polo Hotels Group
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Marco Polo Hotels is a hotel management company based in Hong Kong that operates hotels in Hong Kong, China and the Philippines. Its hotels in Hong Kong are all located in Tsim Sha Tsui and it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wharf Limited. The companys chairman is Chairman and Managing Director of Wharf Limited, Wharfs first hotel venture was the Hong Kong Hotel, opened in 1970, which was a joint venture with Hongkong Land, Hui Sai-fun and Chung Ming-fai. The hotel was built on immediately adjacent to Wharfs Kowloon Wharf & Godown Co. Ltd property along the shore of the Tsim Sha Tsui promontory. In 1982, Wharf completed redevelopment of its site as the Harbour City complex and opened its first wholly owned hotel there that year, in 1984, the 393-room Prince Hotel was added in the same complex. In 1989, Wharf bought Omni Hotels in North America, in 1996, Wharf sold Omni Hotels North America and the Hong Kong hotel division was again rebranded, the Marco Polo Hotels Group. Later, the Marco Polo Hotel was renamed the Gateway Hotel, Niccolo by Marco Polo was recently added to the group’s portfolio as the new luxury collection. Its first hotel opened in Chengdu in April 2015 and is located within International Finance Square in the centre of the city, a pipeline of one new Marco Polo hotel and three new Niccolo hotels will bring the total number under the Marco Polo portfolio to 18 by 2018. Marco Polo Changsha will open in 2018 while Niccolo Chongqing will open in 1Q2017, with Niccolo Changsha and Niccolo Suzhou opening in 2018
Marco Polo Hotels Group
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Marco Polo Hotels 馬哥孛羅酒店集團
5.
Davao River
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The Davao River catchment is the third largest river catchment on the Southern Philippines Island of Mindanao. It drains an area of over 1700 km² with a length of 160 km. Most of the area is uplands, Average flows within the river near to the mouth are estimated at 70-80 cubic meters per second. The climate type is relatively uniform throughout the year with evenly distributed rainfall and temperatures, River Length,150 km Maximum Elevation, 1875m Rainfall Average, Mean annual rainfall is 1800mm. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.1 Billion Peso for Region XI Population Below Poverty Line, 45% in rural areas, 27% in urban areas Water Poverty Index parameters, the landform and landcover within the basin is highly diverse. Ranging from lowland urban, agricultural, wetland and mangrove to natural riparian, plantations, upland agriculture, the area is classified by DENR as 77. 5% forestlands and 22. 5% alienable and disposable land. This is not a true land uses classification, detailed land use is not available. However the City Planning Office is collecting and digitizing data for land use maps, River discharge measurements taken from 1984 to 1990 indicated an average river flow of approximately 78 cubic meters per second for the period. The main drinking water sources for Davao City are in the neighboring Talomo watershed and these sources are under pressure and the Davao River Basin is likely to be required for water abstraction in the near future. The Environmental Management Bureau samples 8 sites from the confluence of the Tamugan river downstream to the mouth of the river, from the Tamugan River confluence with the Davao River down stream to DDF Subdivision, Mandug the water is classified as Class A – Public Water Supply Class II. Downstream of this point to the sea is classified as Class B or recreational water class I, analyses for dissolved oxygen over the past 4 years has indicated no significant change in quality. The current monitoring of water quality is insufficient to monitor and evaluate pollution levels, D Hearne, crs, proposal to HELP UNESCO,2004 Basin Properties Pictures Davao Water Partnership
Davao River
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Mouth of the Davao River
Davao River
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Fishing boats on the Davao River
6.
Davao Chinatown
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The Davao Chinatown is the Chinatown of the city of Davao and the only one in Mindanao. It is the residential area of the Chinese Philippine community in the city. The area is bordered by Santa Ana Avenue, Monteverde Avenue, Ramón Magsaysay Street and it is the Philippines largest Chinatown by area with a total land area of 44 hectares and is part of four barangays. It is also charged with the management of commerce in the area, P. Laurel Avenues right beside Davao Central High School, The fourth and the last arch is the Arch of Prosperity, located along Santa Ana Avenue and León García Street. The Chinese archways are inspired by a pailou or páifāng, known for its traditional style of Chinese architectural arch in China. Temples are place used for worship in Buddhism and Taoism and these temples are also visited by tourists visiting in the city. Long Hua Buddhist Temple is located on J. P. Cabaguio Avenue in Agdao District and it is 3-4 kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Polian Temple is one of the oldest Buddhist Temples in Davao City, the Polian Temple is located on Quirino Avenue, between Emilio Jacinto Extension and J. P. Laurel Ave. It is surrounded by high walls, santiago Temple is situated on a property near Gaisano Mall of Davao. Built in 1957, It was once visible from J. P. Laurel Avenue, until now it was hidden from direct view that is accessible only by a narrow street alley. The Mindanao Taoist Temple is located between Cabaguio Ave. and Dacudao, Adgao District, Davao Chinese Baptist Church, located at Guzman St, Poblacion District, Davao City The Santa Ana Parish Church is a Catholic church located on Santa Ana Avenue. Large shopping malls, hardware stores, restaurants, retail and wholesale stores exist within the Chinatown and it is the major hub of trade for all Chinese Filipinos in Dávao. Affordable and cheap goods such as fruits, vegetables and dry goods are available in small kiosks, Chinese institutions such as the Davao Central High School, a non-sectarian private Chinese school, offer Chinese language and culture classes to students in the Philippines. Banks are also enclaves along the city and they play an important role in the society areas for those who want to make investments for business and personal reasons. Jeepneys and multicabs are accessible within the city, cabs have a several destinations and are built with GPS or the Global Positioning System
Davao Chinatown
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Arch of Friendship in Uyanguren, Davao City
7.
Japantown
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Japantown is a common name for official Japanese communities in big cities outside Japan. Alternatively, a Japantown may be called J-town, Little Tokyo, or Nihonmachi, historically, Japantowns represented the Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as nikkei, are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the period, however. For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia, sizeable Japanese communities, known as Nihonmachi, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence. The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious, the 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the Sengoku period caused a great people, primarily samurai, commoner merchants. As Toyotomi Hideyoshi and later the Tokugawa shoguns issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country, the features described below are characteristic of many modern Japantowns. Many historical Japantowns will exhibit architectural styles that reflect the Japanese culture, Japanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors were used in place of walls, allowing the configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally, chairs, the earliest Japanese architecture was seen in prehistoric times in simple pit-houses and stores that were adapted to a hunter-gatherer population. Influence from Han Dynasty China via Korea saw the introduction of more complex grain stores, the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world during the Tokugawa shogunate, until the arrival of The Black Ships and the Meiji period. Many Japantowns will exhibit the use of the Japanese language in signage existing on road signs and on buildings as Japanese is the official, Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, the earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD. Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts, hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also common. Japantowns were created because of the immigration of Japanese to America in the Meiji period. At that time, many Japanese were poor and sought opportunities in the United States
Japantown
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Liberdade in
São Paulo,
Brazil, the most populous Japantown in the world
Japantown
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The five-tiered Peace
Pagoda made of concrete.
Japantown
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The Peace Pagoda as seen at night.
Japantown
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Pine Trees,
Hasegawa Tōhaku
8.
Silicon Gulf
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Silicon Gulf is a nickname for Davao City and extends to the Davao Region, at Southern Mindanao, Philippines. The nickname refers to the number of information technology and IT enabled services companies sprouting in the area. The name was adapted from Silicon Valley, referring to the tech cluster in the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. Davao Region is one of the regions of the Philippines, on the portion of Mindanao. Davao Region consists of four provinces — Compostela Valley, Davao, Davao del Sur, the region encloses the Davao Gulf and its regional center is Davao City. Silicon Gulf is part of the Philippine Cyber Corridor, Laurel Avenue which would accommodate two information technology buildings, data building, commercial and a utility building that with an unlimited power supply. The primary stage of development involves the establishment of the ICT building covering some 1,326 square meters of land along J. P. Laurel Avenue, ricardo Floirendo, Damosa Land Inc. is a local counterpart of the Ayalas in Davao. Based on their plans, the IT building would be installed with high-speed fiber-optic telecommunication backbone, landco Corporate Centre is along JP Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City. Among its amenities and facilities is an integrated communication system with structured cabling system for multi-media applications. It installed the first building management system in Mindanao which monitors and controls the elevators, the fuel and water pumps, the building features sophisticated fire safety and security systems, three high-speed elevators, a grand lobby and hallways. Moreover, using a scorecard developed by the Commission on Information and Communications Technology, about 14 colleges and universities in the region were granted the PAASCU, PACUCOA, and AACUP accreditations, assuring that quality graduates are produced each year. Moreover, a total of 15,731 graduates were recorded for the school year 2004-2005 with the top courses, Education, Commerce. In the area of infrastructure, Davao City has available high-speed digital subscribers lines that can support 24x7 operations. In real estate, Davao City has huge open spaces that can be developed into an IT park or building, there are five major hotels and more than 10 business inns. In power infrastructure, Davao City has the most stable power supply and its power utility company, the Davao Light and Power Company has a backup power supply of 44 MW at its Bajada Power Plant. In the last five years, there was no recorded incidence of massive power shortage, Davao City and nearby provinces have more than 2,000 aircon/non-aircon taxi units equipped with 2-way radio system running 24 hours a day. In local incentives, Davao City is the first local government unit in Mindanao to provide incentives to investors in the city, for quality of life, Davao City was adjudged as the most liveable city in the Philippines and included in the Top 20 in Asia. Silicon Gulf has a number of ICT organizations, and they all are under an umbrella organization, ICT Davao Incorporated, also known as ICT Davao and IDI, is the umbrella organization of all information and communication technology groups hosted by Davao City
Silicon Gulf
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Silicon Gulf seal
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
10.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
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King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
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Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
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The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
11.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Regions of the Philippines
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Philippines
12.
Davao Region
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Davao Region, formerly called Southern Mindanao, is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region XI. It is situated at the portion of Mindanao, comprising five provinces, Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental and Davao Occidental. The region encloses the Davao Gulf, and its center is Davao City. Dávao is the Hispanicized pronunciation of daba-daba, the Bagobo word for fire, many historians believe that the name Davao is the mixture of the three names that three different tribes, the earliest settlers in the region, had for the Davao River. The Manobos, a tribe, referred to the Davao River as Davohoho. Another tribe, the Bagobos, referred to the river as Davohaha, which means fire, while another tribe, the history of the region dates back to the times when various tribes occupied the region. It is believed that the Manobos, Mandayas and the Bagobos occupied the area and these are the same tribes that created the small settlements and communities that eventually became Mindanao. The Davao Gulf area is the first region in the country that is in contact with the Europeans, the Portuguese are the ones who preceded the Spaniards, who are the ones to colonize the region albeit much later, in sighting and visiting the region. In 1512, Francisco Serrano was shipwrecked in the waters and coral reefs of Cape of San Agustín. In 1538, Francisco de Castro, a Portuguese captain, was driven by winds to the southeastern coast of Mindanao. He baptized several chieftains in the area and it is claimed by some that during this expedition he landed on the island of Mindanao, which is confirmed by some writers of the seventeenth century, and in the Bull of canonization issued in 1623. It is also said that he is the one to have preached the Gospel in Mindanao, for centuries the tribes lived in relative peace until the Spanish, under the adventurous Spanish businessman Don Jose Oyanguren, arrived in the region in 1847. At that time, the Moro tribal chieftain Datu Bago was in control of the area in what is now Davao City. Don Oyanguren attempted to conquer the area which Datu Bago had ruled, although he failed at first and this is the time the town of Davao, then called Nueva Vergara by the Spaniards, was established in the year 1848. Don Oyanguren attempted to develop the region, after the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spanish rule in the region ended. Americans then landed in the region and they developed the regions communications. During this period, private farm ownership grew in the region, the Port of Davao was opened on 1900, becoming the first Philippine international port to be established in the south. In 1903 until 1914, the region was one of the districts of the former Moro Province in Mindanao, after 1914, the province was replaced by an American colonial agency called Department of Mindanao and Sulu, which spanned the entire Mindanao island except Lanao
Davao Region
Davao Region
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Location in the Philippines
Davao Region
Davao Region
13.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
Provinces of the Philippines
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Philippines
14.
Davao del Sur
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Davao del Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Digos, the province is bordered by Davao City to the north, Davao Occidental to the south and Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato and Sarangani to the west. To the east lies the Davao Gulf, in 1849, Nueva Guipúzcoa province was founded in the region conquered by Uyanguren in what is now Davao Region, with Davao, then called Nueva Vergara, as the provincial capital. Uyanguren became the governor, but he failed in his efforts to develop Nueva Guipúzcoa. Thirty-six years after the foundation of Davao, the town of Santa Cruz was founded on the 5th day of October,1884 and it is the first town to be founded south of Davao and is now the oldest in the province. In 1898, the Spanish administration in the Philippines ended in 1898 following its defeat during the Spanish–American War, in early 1900s, waves of immigrants from the Visayas, Luzon, and as well as from Japan began to live in the region, centered mainly in Davao. The region began to boom in growth as agricultural business proliferated in the region. Before World War II, an enterprising American by the name of N. E. Crumb leased 10.24 square kilometres and this became the hub of economic activity in the locality during those days. In 1942, during the start of the World War II in the Pacific, in 1945, the liberation of southern Davao by United States and Philippine Commonwealth troops was supported by Davaoeño guerrilla fighters. In 1967, Davao Province was divided into three provinces, one of them being Davao del Sur, the town of Digos was made its capital, in 2015, the National Competitiveness Council, ranked the province as the most competitive province in the country. Davao del Sur covers a area of 2,163.98 square kilometres occupying the southwestern section of the Davao Region in Mindanao. When Davao City is included for geographical purposes, the land area is 4,607.59 square kilometres. Davao del Sur comprises 9 municipalities and 1 component city, all encompassed by a legislative district. Davao City, although part of the province for geographical and statistical purposes, is governed independently from the province, the province enjoys a mild, pleasant climate all year round. Because of its characteristics and geographical location, it is rarely visited by typhoons. There is no pronounced wet or dry season, the coolest months are from November to February with an average temperature of 25 °C. during the peak summer months from March to May, temperatures average 28 °C but may rise as high as 32 °C. The population of Davao del Sur in the 2015 census was 632,588 people, when Davao City is included for geographical purposes, the provinces population is 2,265,579 people, with a density of 492/km2. Davao del Sur is a mix of Mindanaoans, Visayans, Tagalogs, Chinese, Japanese
Davao del Sur
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Flag
Davao del Sur
Davao del Sur
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A
Lumad woman from
Davao. Lumad peoples form the most largest indigenous ethnicity in the province.
15.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
Barangay
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Maybo Barangay Hall in
Boac, Marinduque
Barangay
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Philippines
Barangay
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Sulop Barangay Hall
16.
Sara Duterte
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Sara Duterte-Carpio is a Filipina lawyer, politician and the incumbent Mayor of Davao City. She also served as the city mayor from June 30,2010 until June 30,2013, prior to her mayoral term, she has also served as vice mayor of Davao City from June 30,2007 to June 30,2010. She is also the daughter of Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte, vowing to be “useful and to serve the country at all times, ” Duterte, the vice-mayor in the last three years prior, assumed the post that her father Rodrigo held for over 20 years. Sara won over House Speaker Prospero Nograles, her father’s longtime political rival, Nograles earlier filed a protest at the Commission on Elections in Manila questioning the results, alleging a “conspiracy” of local poll officials with Duterte. In her inaugural speech, Duterte-Carpio admitted wanting to be a pediatrician instead of a politician, “I never wanted to be a politician, but today I speak before you as city mayor, ” she said. For over an hour, the front steps of City Hall was filled up with people wanting to have their pictures taken with Sara Duterte after she was sworn into office. In 2011, Duterte became controversial after she punched a court sheriff for insisting on demolishing houses inside a contested property in Barangay Soliman in Davao City. In 2014, Inday Sara Duterte was caught by traffic enforcers over-speeding along Quimpo Boulevard, the mandatory speed limit along Quimpo Boulevard is 40 kilometer per hour but her car was caught speeding at 57 ㎞/h. Duterte was also one of the nine elected governors of the Philippine Red Cross in 2014 and she ran again for the mayoralty post for Davao City in the 2016 elections and won the position succeeding her father, now the current president, for the second time. Duterte has been married since 2007 to her fellow lawyer Manases Mans R. Carpio, Manases is the nephew of Ombudsman Conchita Carpio-Morales. However, Rodrigo Duterte dismissed his daughters admission and referred to her as a drama queen, on 19 August 2016, Duterte announced amidst the Kadayawan Festival celebration in Davao City that she was on her seventh week of her pregnancy, carrying triplets. On 2 September, she suffered a miscarriage, which caused the death of two of her triplets, on 2 March 2017, Duterte gave birth to her third child, a boy whom she named Marko Digong D. Carpio, nicknamed Stonefish
Sara Duterte
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Inday Sara
17.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
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Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
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Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
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Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
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Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
18.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
19.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
Philippine Standard Time
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World time conversion based on Philippine Standard Time (click to enlarge).
20.
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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In the Philippines, the Philippine ZIP code is used by the Philippine Postal Corporation to simplify the distribution of mail. While in function it is similar to the ZIP code used in the United States, its form, the use of ZIP codes in the Philippines is not mandatory, however it is highly recommended by Philpost that they be used. This article provides a list of Philippine ZIP codes, cities that have become independent of the province are listed under the province they used to be part of
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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ZIP codes per provinces according to the first two numbers.
21.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Fixed line area codes
22.
Cebuano language
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It is the most widely spoken of the languages within the so-named Visayan language family and is closely related to other Filipino languages. It has the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught formally in schools and it is the lingua franca of the Central Visayas, eastern Negros Island Region, western parts of Eastern Visayas and most parts of Mindanao. The name Cebuano is derived from the island of Cebu, which is the urheimat or origin of the language, Cebuano is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code ceb, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Furthermore, a portion of the urban population of Zamboanga, Davao. Some dialects of Cebuano have different names for the language, ethnic groups of Cebuano speakers from Cebu are mainly called Cebuano, Cebuano speakers from Bohol are Boholano/Bol-anon, while Cebuano speakers in Leyte identify their dialect as Kana. Speakers in Mindanao and Luzon refer to the language simply as Binisaya or Bisaya, in common/everyday parlance, Bisaya is the laymans term used to refer to Cebuano. Bisaya, therefore, is a generic word, similarly, not all Bisaya are Cebuano, not all Bisaya are Ilonggo, not all Bisaya are Waray, but all the Cebuanos, Ilonggos and Warays are Bisaya. Cebuano applies to all speakers of mutually intelligible with the vernaculars of Cebu, regardless of origin or location. For example, generations of Cebuano speakers in northern Mindanao say that their ancestry back to Cebuano speakers native to their place. Furthermore, they refer to themselves as Bisaya and not Cebuano. Many are surprised to learn that the term of what they are speaking is really Cebuano. Cebuano, or its ancestor language, has spoken since the Proto-Austronesian era in the Sugbu heartland. Cebuano was first documented by Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian explorer who was part of Ferdinand Magellans 1521 expedition, Spanish missionaries started to write in the language during the early 18th century, and as a result, Cebuano contains many words of Spanish origin. While there is evidence of a writing system for the language. Spaniards recorded the Visayan script which was called Kudlit-kabadlit by the natives, the colonists erroneously called the ancient Filipino script Tagalog letters, regardless of the language for which it was used. This script died out by the 17th century as it was replaced by the Latin alphabet, the language was heavily influenced by the Spanish language during the period of colonialism from 1521 to 1898. With the arrival of Spanish colonials, for example, a Latin-based writing system was introduced alongside a number of Spanish loanwords, the Spaniards also increased the amount of vowels from three to five. During the precolonial and Spanish period, Cebuano had only three phonemes, /a/, /i/ and /u/
Cebuano language
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Cebuano-speaking area in the Philippines
23.
Tagalog language
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Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants
Tagalog language
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The Tagalog
Baybayin script.
Tagalog language
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Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and
Marinduque The majority of residents in
Camarines Norte and
Camarines Sur speak
Bikol as their first language but these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a
second language across the country.
Tagalog language
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Tagalog
24.
English language
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English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
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The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
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Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
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Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
25.
Manobo languages
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The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. All go by the name Manobo or Banobo and their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao and Caraga regions where they are natively spoken. The Kagayanen speakers are the most extremely remote and can be found in portions of Palawan. The Proto-Manobo phonemes are, Consonants Vowels Lumad people Elkins, Richard E.1974
Manobo languages
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Geographic extent of Manobo languages based on Ethnologue maps
26.
Chavacano
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Chavacano or Chabacano is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, meaning poor taste, vulgar, for the Chavacano language, developed in Cavite City, Ternate, Zamboanga, Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia. It has survived for more than 400 years, making it one of the oldest creole languages in the world, among Philippine languages, it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication. Their classification is based on their languages and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known dialects of Chavacano with Tagalog as their language are the Luzon-based creoles of which are Caviteño. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano was infused with Ilonggo words as the migrant community was assimilated. Most of what appears to be Cebuano words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Ilonggo, both Cotabateño and Davaoeño evolved from Zamboangueño. The Chavacano languages in the Philippines are creoles based on Mexican Spanish, although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other Philippine languages, primarily Ilonggo, Tagalog and Cebuano. Its vocabulary also has influences from Italian, Portuguese and the Native American languages Nahuatl, Taino, Quechua, etc. as can be evidenced by the words chongo, tiange and this can be seen in the use of the word na instead of the Spanish en. As Zamboangueño dialect is spoken by Muslims, the dialect has some Arabic loanwords. Nevertheless, it is difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in the population or in Spanish itself. Chavacano also contains loanwords of Persian origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic, the highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in Zamboanga City and in the island province of Basilan. A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City, there are also speakers in some areas in the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year, the exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure does not include Chavacano speakers of the Filipino diaspora, a small number of Zamboangas indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as the Tausugs, the Samals, and the Yakans, majority of those people are Sunni Muslims, also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi areas, there are Muslim speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga, speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga, both Christians and Muslims, also live in Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur. Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language, in the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in work in comparison to the use of Spanish in the Philippines which was more successful as a written language than a spoken language
Chavacano
–
Area where Chavacano is spoken
27.
Maranao language
–
Maranao is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines, and in Sabah, Malaysia. Iranun was once considered a dialect, unique among other Danao languages, Maranaoan is spoken with a distinct downstep accent, as opposed to stress accent. Maranao is spoken in the following areas and it is now written with Latin letters. A, B, D, AE/Ë, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y AE, for example, kapaar is pronounced as /kapaʔaɾ/. However, in some orthographies, q is used for the glottal stop regardless of position, H is only used for Malay loanwords. Below is the system of Mëranaw including underlying phonetic features. According to Lobel, only occurs in a number of Malay loanwords. However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Mëranaw is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano, some of these are, tëpad get off a vehicle tëkaw startled, surprised Mëranaw is spoken by the Maranao tribe. Languages of the Philippines Bansa. org, Maranao Dictionary The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with Kaipuleohone
Maranao language
–
Area where Maranao is spoken
28.
Chinese language
–
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
Chinese language
–
The
Tripitaka Koreana, a Korean collection of the
Chinese Buddhist canon
Chinese language
–
Hànyǔ (Chinese) written in
traditional (left) and
simplified (right) characters
Chinese language
–
"
Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion " by
Wang Xizhi, written in
semi-cursive style
29.
Korean language
–
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
Korean language
–
Two names for Korean, Hangugeo and Chosŏnmal,
written vertically in
Hangul
Korean language
–
Street signs in Korean; Daegu, Korea.
Korean language
–
Korean writing systems
30.
Japanese language
–
Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
Japanese language
–
A page from
Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan), the second oldest book of classical
Japanese history.
Japanese language
–
Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages
Japanese language
–
Two pages from a 12th-century
emaki scroll of
The Tale of Genji from the 11th century.
Japanese language
–
Calligraphy
31.
Filipino language
–
Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
Filipino language
–
Filipino languages spoken around the country. This only includes languages that have at least 1 million speakers. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most number of speakers denotes a minority of the population.
32.
Mindanao
–
Mindanao is the second largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three groups in the country, consisting of the island of Mindanao and smaller outlying islands. As of the 2010 census, the population itself is 20,281,545 people, while the Mindanao island group has 21,968,174 inhabitants. Davao City is the most populous city in Mindanao hosting 1,632,991 people, followed by Zamboanga City, Cagayan de Oro City, the island has seen a communist insurgency as well as armed Moro separatist movements. Mindanao is considered the food basket of the Philippines, eight of the top 10 agri-commodities exported from the Philippines come from here. Mindanao is also dubbed with the monikers The Philippines Land of Promise, although many attempts made, it was never occupied by Spain for their 333 years of stay in Luzon and Visayas. Yet during Spains defeat and Treaty of Paris in 1898, they illegally included by coordinates Mindanao, evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived, sometime around 1500 BC, Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond. Native people of the Maluku Islands refer the island as Maluku Besar, the evidence of old stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte may indicate a late Neolithic presence. Ceramic burial jars, both unglazed and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads. Many of the objects are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long before the latter’s contact with Islam. In the Classic epoch of Philippine history, the people of Mindanao were heavily exposed to Hindu and Buddhist influence and beliefs from Indonesia, artifacts found from this era include the Golden kinnara, Golden Tara, and the Ganesh pendant. These cultural traits passed through Mindanao into the Visayas and Luzon, in coastal areas, the Hindu-Buddhist cultural revolution was strongest, whereas in interior parts, influences were indigenized into local animist beliefs and customs and appeared more subtly. The Darangen epic of the Maranao people harkens back to this era as the most compete local version of the Ramayana. The Maguindanao at this also had strong Hindu beliefs, evidenced by the Ladya Lawana epic saga that survives to the modern day. The Rajahnate of Butuan, a kingdom mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state in the 10th century AD, was concentrated along the northeastern coast of the island around Butuan. The coming of Islam happened in the 14th century, the first mosque in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul
Mindanao
–
An old Spanish map of Mindanao island.
Mindanao
–
Mindanao
mainland in red; its associated islands in maroon
Mindanao
–
Mt. Apo, the highest peak in the
Philippines
Mindanao
–
Mindanao coast
33.
Metro Manila
–
These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
34.
Philippine Statistics Authority
–
The Philippine Statistics Authority was created on September 12,2013 when the Philippine Statistical Act of 2013 was signed by President Benigno S. Aquino III. It collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs. Likewise, it enforces the civil functions in the Philippines. The organization assumed its responsibilities when Commonwealth Act No.591 was approved on August 19,1940 and it was then known as the Bureau of the Census and Statistics. It became the National Census and Statistics Office in 1974 until was renamed to be the National Statistics Office, the emergence of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics was spurred by government efforts to improve the agricultural data base in the country. In the past, the data system suffered from significant gaps, some duplications. The BAS has assumed most of the functions of its predecessor and this law designates BAS as the central information source and server of the National Information Network of the Department of Agriculture. Census in the Philippines Demographics of the Philippines Official website, old URL Philippine Statistics Act of 2013 Implementing rules and regulations of the Philippine Statistics Act of 2013
Philippine Statistics Authority
–
A 2007 Census notice posted on the gate of a residence.
Philippine Statistics Authority
–
The NSO logo
35.
Metro Davao
–
Metro Davao, officially called Metropolitan Davao, is a metropolitan area in the Mindanao island group, Philippines. It includes the cities of Davao City, Digos in Davao del Sur province, Tagum, Panabo, the metropolitan area also encompasses the two municipalities of Carmen in Davao del Norte and Santa Cruz in Davao del Sur. Metro Davao is one of three areas in the Philippines. From then on, Greater Manila, as it was known earlier, to formalize its juridical identity, Congress passed into law Republic Act No. 7924, instituting the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, under the current law, the head of the agency shall be appointed by the President and should not be on a concurrent elected position as mayor. Metro Cebu is a concept created in the 70s and formally adopted by the Regional Development Council of Central Visayas as a platform for integrating parallel development in the metropolitan area. Although Metro Davao was formed in 1995 by mayor Rodrigo Duterte, the metropolitan concept of Metro Davao is being spearheaded by the mayor but no formal agreement or an act of congress have been executed to formalize its legal and juridical identity. Because of this, the region, having no legal framework, exists not as a juridical identity. However, the council have formally adopted the concept in 1996 for the development of the area. Metro Davao is not a political unit but an agglomeration of independent local government units. It already has its three own development and governance councils, namely, Davao Integrated Development Program Board, Metropolitan Davao Committee, as years passed on, the definitions of Metro Davao had changed in recent years. The metropolitan area encompasses Davao City and its cities and towns of Tagum, Panabo, Digos, and Samal, Carmen. Thus, the area centered around Davao City is considered as urban. The economy of Metro Davao is one of the largest in the country and the most economically active in Mindanao. Davao City, from which the area is centered, is known as the Crown Jewel of Mindanao due to its status as the premier city, the financial and trade center. There are several industrial and business establishments within the area as well. Industrial plants in Davao City, Santa Cruz and Digos generate income for their respective LGUs as well as for the living there. Banana plantations in the part of the metropolitan area also contribute to the metropolitan, as well as the national
Metro Davao
–
The
International Seaport of Davao, the busiest port in
Mindanao.
Metro Davao
–
Map of
Davao del Norte and
Davao del Sur showing the location of Metro Davao
36.
List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
–
The Philippines has three metropolitan areas as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority. Metro Manila is the largest conurbation or urban agglomeration in the country, and its metropolitan area is composed of the city of Manila plus 15 neighboring cities. Metro Cebu, located in the Visayas, is the Philippines second largest urban area, while Metro Davao, the official definition of each area does not necessarily follow the actual extent of continuous urbanization. For example, the area of Metro Manila has long spilled out of its officially defined borders into the adjacent provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna. The number of areas in the Philippines was reduced from 12 in 2007 to the current three based from the 2017-2022 Philippine Development Plan by NEDA. The other nine metropolitan areas were Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio, Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Dagupan, Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, Metro Naga, and Metro Olongapo. List of cities in the Philippines List of metropolitan areas by population List of agglomerations by population List of urban areas by population
List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
–
Metro Manila
List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
–
Metro Cebu
List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
–
Metro Davao
List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
–
Metro Cagayan de Oro
37.
Metro Cebu
–
Metropolitan Cebu, or simply Metro Cebu, is the main urban center of the province of Cebu in the Philippines. Metro Cebu is located along the eastern portion of the island including the nearby island of Mactan. It accounts for 20 percent of the area and 61.5 percent of the population of the entire island of Cebu. Metro Cebu is an area that consists of Cebu City along with twelve surrounding cities and municipalities. The Metropolitan Cebu Development Council is a body mandated to formulate development plans for the Metro Cebu area, unlike the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, the MCDC does not have legal and institutional powers. Metro Cebu is almost twice the size of Metro Manila and it comprises seven cities and six municipalities. The international airport and the processing zone are located in Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. Danao is primarily a city while Talisay is a residential city with its income generated by small-. Cebu City was a village and farming settlement governed by Visayan native kings who traded with the neighboring islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. Cebu was the location of the Rajahnate of Cebu, an Indianized kingdom founded by the half Indian and half Malay, Sri Lumay, on 7 April 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Cebu. Magellan failed to claim the Philippines for the crown of Spain as he was killed on Mactan island on 27 April 1521, by its leader. On 27 April 1565, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Cebu from Mexico, the Spaniards renamed the city on 1 January 1571, from San Miguel to Villa del Santissimo Nombre de Jesús. The island were a capital city of the Spanish East Indies before the capital city was moved to Manila in 1571. Mandaue then was known as Mandani ruled by their lord Aponoan and it was formally constituted into a pueblo between 1580 and 1700 and was officially known as the Población de Mandaue in 1899. It emerged into the city of Mandaue. Mandaue became a city on 21 June 1969 through Republic Act 5519. It was considered a highly urbanized city in the year 1991, Talisay was a former Augustinian order hacienda in 1648 and became a municipality in 1849. On 30 December 2000, Talisay became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8979, Lapu-Lapu city was originally referred to as Mactan
Metro Cebu
–
Aerial view of Metro Cebu
Metro Cebu
–
Panoramic view of Metro Cebu
Metro Cebu
–
Skyline of Cebu City
Metro Cebu
–
Cebu Doctors' University
38.
Mount Apo
–
Mount Apo is a large solfataric, potentially active stratovolcano in the island of Mindanao, Philippines. The peak overlooks Davao City 45 kilometres to the northeast, Digos City 25 kilometres to the southeast, the first two attempts to reach Mt. Apo’s summit ended in failure, that of Jose Oyanguren and Señor Real. The first recorded expedition was led by Don Joaquin Rajal in October 10,1880. Prior to the climb, Rajal had to secure the permission of the Bagobo chieftain and it is said that the Datu demanded that human sacrifice be made to please the god Mandarangan. Fortunately, the agreed to waive this demand, and the climb commenced on October 6,1880. These and more are described in colorful narrations by Fr, on May 9,1936, Mount Apo was declared a national park by President Manuel L. Quezon. Mt. Apo is said to be named after a nobleman named Apong, another proposed origin of the name is from the word Apo itself, which in Filipino tongues means “master” or “grandchild”. Tourism in the region was threatened due to a massive haze engulfing the slopes of the mountain, although a declared a Natural Park, the current climbing trails are littered with rubbish by irresponsible climbers, opening paths for soil erosion across the already denuded mountain sides. Some mountain and social climbing groups conduct climbs after the Holy Week/Easter, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources submitted Mount Apo on December 12,2009 for inclusion in the UNESCO world heritage list. The mountain is considered by DENR as the center of endemism in Mindanao and it has one of the highest land-based biological diversity in terms of flora and fauna per unit area. It has three distinct forest formations, from tropical rainforest, to mid-mountain forests, and finally to high mountain forests. A portion of the slopes are also within the scope of the UNESCO Hydrology Environment Life. The Davao HELP Network is focused on building collaboration among watershed stakeholders, in March 2015, it was taken out from the UNESCO List of Tentative Sites due to the dramatic changes it experienced which does not constitute the UNESCO documents that describes the park. Better conservation and a change in the content of documents was recommended by UNESCO, Mt. Apo generally enjoys tropical rainy climate. It falls under the Type IV climate under the modified coronas classification wherein rainfall is distributed throughout the year. Mean monthly temperature ranges from a low 26.4 °C during January to 27.9 °C during April, monthly relative humidity ranges from 78% during March and April and 82% during June and July. The mountain is home to over 272 bird species,111 of which are endemic to the area and it is also home to one of the worlds largest eagles, the critically endangered Philippine eagle, which is the country’s national bird. Lakes - There are four lakes in Mt. Apo
Mount Apo
–
Mount Apo, 2015
Mount Apo
–
Forest clearing in Mount Apo's old-growth rainforest
Mount Apo
–
Nepenthes copelandii lower pitcher on Mount Apo
Mount Apo
–
Hikers at the peak
39.
Durian
–
The durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. The name durian is derived from the Malay-Indonesian languages word for duri or spike, there are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit, and over 300 named varieties in Thailand. Durio zibethinus is the species available in the international market. There are hundreds of cultivars, many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars. Regarded by many people in southeast Asia as the king of fruits, the durian is distinctive for its size, strong odour. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimetres long and 15 centimetres in diameter and its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a sweet fragrance. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, the persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruits banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia. The durian, native to Southeast Asia, has known to the Western world for about 600 years. The nineteenth-century British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described its flesh as a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds, the flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked, Durio sensu lato has 30 recognised species. Durio sensu stricto comprises 24 of these species, the 6 species included in Durio s. l. are now considered by some to comprise their own genus, Boschia. Durio s. s. and Boschia have indistinguishable vegetative characteristics, the crucial difference between the two is that anther locules open by apical pores in Boschia and by longitudinal slits in Durio s. s. These two genera form a clade that is sister to another genus in the tribe Durioneae, Cullenia and these three genera together form a clade that is characterized by highly modified anthers. Durio is often included in Bombacaceae because of the presence of monothecate anthers, however, the first studies to examine mallow phylogeny using molecular data found that the tribe Durioneae should actually be placed in the subfamily Helicteroideae of an expanded Malvaceae. The authors of these studies hypothesize that monothecate anthers have most likely evolved convergently in Durioneae, Durian trees are large, growing to 25–50 metres in height depending on the species. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to oblong and 10–18 centimetres long, the flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk with each flower having a calyx and five petals. Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing depending on the species, cultivars
Durian
–
Durian
Durian
Durian
–
Durian flowers are usually closed during the daytime.
Durian
–
Juvenile durian tree in
Malaysia. Mature species can grow up to 50 metres (164 ft)
40.
Bagobo
–
The Lumad are a group of non-Muslim indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning native or indigenous and it is the self-ascription and collective identity of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao. The name Lumad grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the martial law regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, no other Lumad organization had had the express goal in the past. Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name, the choice of a Cebuano word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other common language except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a name for themselves, distinct from that of the Moros and different from the migrant majority. According to the Lumad Development Center Inc. there are about 18 Lumad groups in 19 provinces across the country, considered as vulnerable groups, they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas. There are about 20 general hilltribes of Mindanao, all of which are Austronesian, the term lumad excludes the Butuanons and Surigaonons, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their Visayan ethnicity and lack of affinity with the Lumad. This can be confusing, since the word literally means native in the Visayan languages. The Blaan is an group that is concentrated in Davao del Sur. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos, the Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the Bukidnon plateau of Mindanao. Bukidnon means that of the mountains, despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands, the name Bukidnon is itself used to describe the entire province in a different context. The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya, though there are several minor gods, religious rites are presided by a baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from both sexes. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in Malaybalay citys Kaamulan Festival, Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in Mindanao. Their traditional territories is in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means living in mountain. The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the shores of the gulf of Davao. The Manobo are an Austronesian, indigenous agriculturalist population who neighbor the Mamanwa group in Surigao del Norte and they live in barangays like the Mamanwa, however, population size is dramatically larger in the Manobo settlements in comparison to those of the Mamanwa. The two groups interact frequently although the amount of interaction varies between settlements and intermarriage is common between them, Manobo is the hispanicized spelling of Manuvu
Bagobo
–
A woman in traditional Manobo dress
Bagobo
–
A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the
Matigsalug people from
Davao
Bagobo
–
Manobo children
Bagobo
–
Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.
41.
Lumad peoples
–
The Lumad are a group of non-Muslim indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning native or indigenous and it is the self-ascription and collective identity of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao. The name Lumad grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the martial law regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, no other Lumad organization had had the express goal in the past. Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name, the choice of a Cebuano word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other common language except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a name for themselves, distinct from that of the Moros and different from the migrant majority. According to the Lumad Development Center Inc. there are about 18 Lumad groups in 19 provinces across the country, considered as vulnerable groups, they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas. There are about 20 general hilltribes of Mindanao, all of which are Austronesian, the term lumad excludes the Butuanons and Surigaonons, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their Visayan ethnicity and lack of affinity with the Lumad. This can be confusing, since the word literally means native in the Visayan languages. The Blaan is an group that is concentrated in Davao del Sur. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos, the Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the Bukidnon plateau of Mindanao. Bukidnon means that of the mountains, despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands, the name Bukidnon is itself used to describe the entire province in a different context. The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya, though there are several minor gods, religious rites are presided by a baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from both sexes. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in Malaybalay citys Kaamulan Festival, Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in Mindanao. Their traditional territories is in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means living in mountain. The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the shores of the gulf of Davao. The Manobo are an Austronesian, indigenous agriculturalist population who neighbor the Mamanwa group in Surigao del Norte and they live in barangays like the Mamanwa, however, population size is dramatically larger in the Manobo settlements in comparison to those of the Mamanwa. The two groups interact frequently although the amount of interaction varies between settlements and intermarriage is common between them, Manobo is the hispanicized spelling of Manuvu
Lumad peoples
–
A woman in traditional Manobo dress
Lumad peoples
–
A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the
Matigsalug people from
Davao
Lumad peoples
–
Manobo children
Lumad peoples
–
Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.
42.
Davao Gulf
–
Davao Gulf is a gulf situated in the southeastern portion of Mindanao in the Philippines. It has an area of 308,000 hectares, Davao Gulf cuts into the island of Mindanao from Philippine Sea. It is surrounded by all five provinces in the Davao Region, the largest island in the gulf is Samal Island. Davao City, on the gulfs west coast, is the largest and busiest port on the gulf, the Bagobo, a tribe known in Davao, are living in the Davao Gulf. With the thrust of Davao City towards Information Technology and IT-Enabled Services, Davao City and the Davao Gulf area have also earned the moniker Silicon Gulf. The gulf water is regarded as one of the most diverse habitats in the nation, being home for at least 10 species of toothed whales and dolphins such as Sperm Whales. Also Whale Sharks are seen frequently
Davao Gulf
–
Map of Davao Gul
Davao Gulf
–
Davao Gulf near Talikud Island, south of Davao City
43.
Indigenous peoples
–
Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share such characteristics, Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world. Estimates put the population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million. The adjective indigenous is derived from the Latin word indigena, which is based on the root gen- to be born with a form of the prefix in in. Any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their tribal land claim. Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are aboriginal, native, original, james Anaya, former Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, has defined indigenous peoples as living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire, throughout history, different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international or national legislation by different terms. Their ability to influence and participate in the policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands. The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the society is regulated largely by its own tradition. They may be imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction. They may have an effect, even where countered by other external influences. This definition has some limitations, because the definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, the primary impetus in considering indigenous identity comes from the post-colonial movements and considering the historical impacts on populations by the European imperialism. Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the existence of indigenous people. These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors, the disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures, greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had an impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians, the United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide
Indigenous peoples
–
Indigenous Australian boys and men in front of a bush shelter,
Groote Eylandt, circa 1933
Indigenous peoples
–
A
Navajo man on horseback in
Monument valley,
Arizona
Indigenous peoples
–
B
Inuit people on a traditional qamutik (dog sled),
Cape Dorset,
Nunavut,
Canada
Indigenous peoples
–
Ainu man of
Hokkaidō, Japan in traditional dress
44.
Bergara
–
Bergara is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain. An Enlightened center of education operated by the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País, during the Carlist Wars, it operated as the capital and royal court of the Carlists. It was there where the agreement symbolized in the Vergara Embrace between Rafael Maroto and Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara ended one of the period wars, official Website Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia
Bergara
–
Bergara main square
Bergara
–
View of historic quarter of Bergara
45.
Christianity
–
Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
Christianity
–
An
Eastern Christian icon depicting
Emperor Constantine and the Fathers of the
First Council of Nicaea (325) as holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
Christianity
–
Various
depictions of Jesus
Christianity
–
Crucifixion, representing the death of
Jesus on the
Cross, painting by
Diego Velázquez, 17th century
46.
Governor
–
A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
Governor
–
Flag of the Governor of
Hong Kong, 1959–1997
47.
Moro people
–
There are around 13 indigenous communities, of which the majority have converted to the religion of Islam and are now Muslims or Moros, most are the followers of Islam of the Shafii madhhab. The term Moro came into use during the Spanish colonial period by the Spaniards and it was originally used to refer to the Berber/Arab Muslims who ruled Muslim Spain, but for a time it came to be used informally by the Spaniards to refer to all Muslims. The term is also self-prescribed by the communities themselves, on both declarations, the signatories used the word, Moro Nation which translates as Bangsa Moro. In modern history, influential groups such as the Moro National Liberation Front espoused the Moro identity to unify all Muslim groups in the Philippines and this is different from the Filipino identity as it was more seen as an epithet to Catholic converted ethnic groups. The Moro people mostly live in Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, many Moros also have emigrated to Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei in the last half of the 20th century due to the conflict in the Southern Philippines. Newer communities can be today in Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Semporna in neighbouring Sabah, Malaysia, North Kalimantan in Indonesia. The recently coined term Bangsamoro, derived from the old Malay word bangsa, the term Bangsamoro carries the aspiration of the Filipino Muslims to have an Islamic country or state. The term was used again by the Spanish when they arriving in the Philippine archipelago. Marvic Leonen, who was the Chief Peace Negotiator for Philippine government with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, has said, There is Bangsamoro, the place, there is Bangsamoro, the identity. The established historical, social and political factors of the Moro communities made them a separate country unethically annexed to the emerging Philippine Republic. It was later adopted as a name for separatist organisations such as the Moro National Liberation Front, the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro recognises Bangsamoro as an identity and calls for the creation of a new autonomous political entity called Bangsamoro. The native Moro Communities of Mindanao and Sulu are termed considered as Filipino Muslim by the Philippine government and it includes the cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Iligan, Marawi. Conflict immediately broke out on the following the decision, with nearly half a million people displaced. This definition of the people by the bangsamoro is purely owned by the bangsamoro. Moro by definition still means Muslim who are still the minority population of Mindanao, the Bangsamoro share similarities with the Malay people of Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore and southern Thailand, while being distinct from them. Islam is the most dominant influence on the Moro cultures since the era of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, large and small mosques can be found all over the region. In accordance with Islamic Law, alcohol and fornication are prohibited, pork and pork byproducts are not permissible. Another practice is fasting during Ramadan and providing charity for the poor, the Hajj is also a major requirement as it is one of the five pillars of Islam
Moro people
–
Rajah Sulayman III
Moro people
–
Territory of the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Historical extent of Moro populations and governance.
Moro people
–
Salipada Pendatun
Moro people
–
Dimasangcay Pundato
48.
Luzon
–
Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
Luzon
–
Luzon
Luzon
–
Luzon
mainland in red; its associated islands in maroon
Luzon
–
U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering
Lingayen Gulf, January 1945
Luzon
–
The
Sierra Madre mountains as viewed from
Cabagan
49.
Visayas
–
The Visayas /vᵻˈsaɪəz/ və-SY-əz or the Visayan Islands, is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. It consists of islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea. Its inhabitants are predominantly the Visayan people, the major islands of the Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Samar. There are four regions in the Visayas, Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, Central Visayas. The term Visayas was derived from the name of the 7th-century thalassocratic Srivijaya Empire in Sumatra, in Sanskrit, sri means fortunate, prosperous, or happy and vijaya means victorious or excellence. Sulu Archipelago and the Visayas Islands were once Buddhist and Hindu and were subject states or tributaries of the empire. The early people in the Visayas region were the Austronesians and Negritos who migrated to the islands about 6,000 to 30,000 years ago and these early settlers were animist tribal groups. In the 12th century, settlers from the collapsing Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya Empire led by Datu Putih and his retinue, settled in the island of Panay and it was also during the 12th century that Visayans are said to have made a series of raids along the coast of China. They were said to have a reputation, and the mention of their name would cause many to flee in terror. By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers, venturing into Maritime Southeast Asia and these tribes practiced a mixture of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Animism beliefs. There is evidence of trade among other Asian people, the Visayas is subsequently home to several Prehispanic kingdoms like the Rajahnate of Cebu, the Kedatuan of Bohol and the Kedatuan of Madja-as. Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the found in pre-Hispanic tombs from many parts of the island. There are also recent discoveries of artifacts of eight-foot inhabitants of Isla de Gigantes, including extra-large Lungon. After the Magellan expedition, King Philip II of Spain sent Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565, the Visayas region and many tribes began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups soon turned sour, various personalities who fought against Spanish Colonial Government arose from the islands. Negros briefly had a state in the Visayas in the form of the Cantonal Republic of Negros before it was dissolved because of the American invasion of the Philippines, in 2005, Palawan Island was transferred to Region VI by Executive Order 429. However this planned reorganization was held in abeyance, hence, Palawan currently remains part of Region IV-B. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors of the Visayan people, the documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines
Visayas
–
Western Visayas
Visayas
–
Location of the islands within the Philippines
.svg)
Davao City
.JPG)
