1.
Davenport, Iowa
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Davenport was founded on May 14,1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend, George Davenport, a colonel during the Black Hawk War stationed at nearby Fort Armstrong. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 99,685, located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines, Davenport is on the border of Iowa and Illinois. The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River, there are two main universities, Saint Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic, which is where the first chiropractic adjustment took place. Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport, including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival, The Mississippi Valley Fair, an internationally known 7-mile foot race called the Bix 7 is run during the festival. The city has a Class A minor league team, the Quad Cities River Bandits. Davenport has 50 plus parks and facilities, as well as over 20 miles of paths for biking or walking. Four interstates and two major United States Highways serve the city, Davenport has seen steady population growth since its incorporation, with an exception being the 1980s, when the population decreased due to job loss. The Quad Cities was ranked as the most affordable metropolitan area in 2010 by Forbes, in 2007, Davenport, along with neighboring Rock Island, won the City Livability Award in the small-city category from the U. S. In 2012, Davenport as well as the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area was ranked among the areas in the nation in the growth of high-tech jobs. The current mayor of Davenport is Frank Klipsch, the land was originally owned by the Sauk people, Meskwaki, and Ho-Chunk – indigenous peoples of the Americas. In 1803 France sold it to the United States under the Louisiana Purchase, lieutenant Zebulon Pike was the first United States representative to officially visit the Upper Mississippi River area. On August 27,1805, Pike camped on the present day site of Davenport, in 1832, a group of Sauk, Meskwaki, and Kickapoo people were defeated by the United States in the Black Hawk War. The United States government then concluded the Black Hawk Purchase, sometimes called the Forty-Mile Strip or Scotts Purchase, the purchase was made for $640,000 on September 21,1832 and contained an area of some 6 million acres, at a price equivalent to 11 cents/acre. Although named after the defeated chief Black Hawk, he was being held prisoner at the time, the purchase was therefore agreed to by Sauk chief Keokuk, who had remained neutral in the war. It was made on the site of present-day Davenport, army General Winfield Scott and Governor of Illinois, John Reynolds, acted on behalf of the United States, with the future Davenport founder, half-Native, Antoine Le Claire serving as translator. Chief Keokuk gave a portion of land to Antoine Le Claires wife, Marguerite. Antoine built their home on the spot where the agreement was signed. Antoine did so, finishing the Treaty House in the spring of 1833, Davenport was established on May 14,1836 by Le Claire, and named after his friend Colonel George Davenport, who was stationed at Fort Armstrong during the war
2.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
3.
Scott County, Iowa
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Scott County is a county located in the U. S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 165,224, Scott County is included in the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The first American settlement in the now known as Scott County was Clarks Ferry or Clarks Landing in 1833. Other early towns included Davenport and the town of Rockingham, the area was fully surveyed in 1837, and the county was established by the Wisconsin territorial legislature in that same year. Scott County is named for General Winfield Scott, who was the officer at the signing of the peace treaty ending the Black Hawk War. By 1900 the population of the county was 51,500, Scott County now comprises part of the Quad City region, which includes the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf and Rock Island, Moline and East Moline. The present Scott County Courthouse was completed in 1955 and expanded along with the jail in 2007, the old section of the Scott County Jail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 468 square miles. The 2010 census recorded a population of 165,224 in the county, there were 71,835 housing units, of which 66,765 were occupied. As of the census of 2000, there were 158,668 people,62,334 households, the population density was 346 people per square mile. There were 65,649 housing units at a density of 143 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88. 54% White,6. 11% Black or African American,0. 32% Native American,1. 58% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 64% from other races, and 1. 80% from two or more races. 4. 06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 3.04. Age spread,26. 50% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,29. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 00% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 95.80 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males. The median income for a household in the county was $42,701, males had a median income of $38,985 versus $25,456 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,310, about 7. 70% of families and 10. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 70% of those under age 18 and 5. 80% of those age 65 or over
4.
Blue Grass, Iowa
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Blue Grass is a city in Muscatine and Scott counties in the US state of Iowa. The population was 1,541 as of 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.89 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,452 people,561 households, the population density was 502.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 597 housing units at a density of 206.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 0% White,1. 2% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 8% of the population. 20. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 24. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 3% were from 25 to 44, 28% were from 45 to 64, and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51. 9% male and 48. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,169 people,443 households, and 348 families residing in the city. The population density was 434.0 people per square mile, there were 459 housing units at an average density of 170.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 43% White,0. 26% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 94% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 80% of the population. 16. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.95. Age spread,25. 1% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,27. 4% from 45 to 64, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $51,923, males had a median income of $37,135 versus $22,350 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,811, about 3. 8% of families and 4. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 4. 3% of those age 65 or over
5.
Buffalo, Iowa
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Buffalo is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,270 at the 2010 census, Buffalo is located on the Mississippi River. The city is a part of the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area, buffalos longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 41.459231, -90.721244. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.49 square miles. Only place where the Mississippi River runs most in the direction of east to west instead of south or southwesterly, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,270 people,499 households, and 336 families residing in the city. The population density was 196.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 527 housing units at an average density of 81.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 2% White,0. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 5% of the population. 26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the city was 37.9 years. 25. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 4% were from 25 to 44,25. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 9% male and 49. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,321 people,489 households, and 356 families residing in the city. The population density was 219.5 people per square mile, there were 516 housing units at an average density of 85.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 91% White,1. 29% African American,0. 53% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 91% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 86% of the population. 23. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16. 27. 3% were under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 103.9 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $44,250, males had a median income of $37,100 versus $21,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,957, about 4. 4% of families and 5. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 8% of those under age 18 and 8. 6% of those age 65 or over
6.
Walcott, Iowa
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Walcott is a city in Muscatine and Scott counties in the U. S. state of Iowa. The population was 1,629 at the 2010 census, walcotts interchange on Interstate 80 is home to an enormous complex of restaurants, motels and truck stops, including the Iowa 80 truck stop which is the worlds largest. Walcott was incorporated on July 10,1894, the City of Walcott was originally platted in 1854. The first passenger train route west of the Mississippi River started in 1855, long before Walcott was even a vision to William Walcott, it was a great expanse of open prairie inhabited by the Kaskaskia Indians. The Kaskaskias were later driven out of the Quad Cities area by the renegade Mesquaki tribe and this tribe, a splinter of the Canadian Iorquois, was Americas largest Indian nation. In 1857, much of the Walcott land was sold for as low as 75 cents an acre, enabling many German, many of the Scotch-Irish worked for the railroad builders and settled on the farmland south and west of the town. While they contributed much to the development of Walcott, around 1871 they began to move farther west. Most of the German settlers were from Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, by 1910, nearly 90 percent of the farmland in Scott County was owned by German immigrants or their descendents. A petition for incorporation was signed and presented to Judge C. M, waterman of the District Court at Davenport on June 5,1894. At that time, the population was 354. The election was held on July 7,1894, and of the 81 votes cast,54 were in favor of the incorporation, the result of the election was approved and filed by the District Court on July 14,1894. Long before most small towns thought of supplying their citizens with water, Walcott had plans for an efficient, Walcott was the first rural Scott County community to build a water system and water tower. The installation was completed in 1897, and provided the citizens of Walcott with inexpensive water service, good drinking water, in 1914, the first sewage disposal system was built. Lagoons for the system were installed in the late 1960s. As early as 1897, the people of Walcott banded together to provide a way of fighting the terror. In those early days, the department consisted of a number of volunteer firemen. In 1931, the built an fire station and city hall. Today, that building houses the Fire Department and City Hall
7.
J. A. M. Pelamourgues
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Jean-Antoine-Marie Pelamourgues was a French missionary who was one of the first Roman Catholic priests to serve in the Diocese of Dubuque in the state of Iowa. He served as the first pastor of St. Anthonys Church in Davenport, Pelamourgues was born in the city of Rodez, in the Department of Aveyron, France. He was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Rodez, after Bishop Mathias Loras was consecrated as the first bishop of Dubuque in Mobile, Alabama in 1837 he set sail for Europe to recruit priests for his new diocese. While in France he recruited two priests, Joseph Crétin and Pelamourgues, as well as four seminarians, Augustin Ravoux, Lucien Galtier, James Causse and they made a difficult voyage of 54 days across the Atlantic Ocean in the Autumn of 1838. They attributed their safe passage to the intercession of St. Cessianus, the priests had celebrated Mass at an altar constructed over the relics. The saints relics are now under the altar in St. Raphaels Cathedral in Dubuque. After they landed in New York, Pelamourgues and the seminarians went to St. Marys Seminary at Baltimore to learn English, while Loras and Crétin proceeded to St. Louis to wait out the winter. In the spring the Rev. Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli, OP, the only priest serving the Dubuque Diocese, traveled to St. Louis and escorted Loras and the others to Dubuque. Bishop Loras went to Davenport, Iowa to make a pastoral visit, while he was there the parishioners pleaded with the bishop for a parish priest. In July of the year the bishop made a pastoral visit to the area around Fort Snelling in present-day St. Paul. Father Pelamourgues accompanied him on the journey, on the way back to Dubuque they visited the villages of the Sioux tribes along the way. Pelamourgues stayed in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin for a month befored he was recalled, in September 1839 Father Pelamourgues was assigned the first pastor of St. Anthonys Church in Davenport. Until 1846 he also regularly visited Muscatine, Burlington, Iowa City, Columbus Junction, DeWitt and Lyons and he also took pastoral responsibility for the people in Stephenson, Illinois, which was across the Mississippi River from Davenport. The town is now the city of Rock Island, Bishop Loras desired the conversion of the Native American peoples of his diocese to Christianity. He gave various priests the pastoral responsibility for a particular tribe, Father Pelamourgues was given the care of the Sac and Fox tribes. Father Pelamourgues was not successful in part of his mission. However, there is one story that illustrates that his failure was not from want of trying, when he was visiting Burlington, he was told of a Native American in Agency City. He immediately set out to attend the man but was stopped by a guard who informed him that if he entered the tribes reservation he would be imprisoned
8.
Village of East Davenport
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The Village of East Davenport, also known simply as The Village is located along the Mississippi River on the southeast side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as the Davenport Village and it is roughly defined as the area between the Mississippi River, Spring, Judson, and 13th Streets, Kirkwood Boulevard and Jersey Ridge Road. The historic district was started as an independent community and became a part of the city of Davenport within five years, today it is a shopping and entertainment area. In 1851 William H. Hildreth and Dr. G. W, witherwax laid out a town they called Upper Davenport, which would later be called East Davenport. The area was a ravine along a bend of the Mississippi at the foot of the Rock Island Rapids. The area was known to rivermen as Stubbs Eddy for a hermit who lived in a cave in the area whose name was James R. Stubbs, the small town was ten blocks in size. By 1856 it had incorporated into the city of Davenport. The first industry in the town was a saw mill which was established by Robert Christie in 1851. In the 1860s it became Lindsay & Phelps, in 1854 the Renwick & Sons mill opened. Logs were rafted down the river from the forests in the north and were processed at the mills, in 1856 the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River was built just south of The Village. The railroad was important in moving the lumber from the mills to the frontier out west. In 1874 the Davenport and Northwestern Railroad, which part of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. Davenport became the home to five army camps during the Civil War, camp McClellan, the largest of the camps, was established in 1861. As the war escalated the camp served as a hospital and it was also the location of a prison for 300 members of a Sioux tribe who were involved in raids in Minnesota. They were released when President Abraham Lincoln commuted their sentences and sent them to reservations in the West, on July 24,1901, one of the worst fires in Davenport history occurred in The Village. A shanty town had grown up around the Weyerhaeuser Mill, Lindsay & Phelps Mill, the Roberts wood yard, the area was a square mile of shingles, kindling, sawdust and 60-foot high piles of lumber. The fire began at the Rock Island Fuel Company and spread quickly, the fire was so hot it warped the rails of the railroad bed and buckled the pavement, and the smoke was so thick it made the area as dark as midnight. Flames leapt 300 feet into the air and the heat created an updraft that sucked lumber into it and sent them into the air
9.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
10.
Antoine Le Claire
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Antoine Le Claire was a US Army interpreter, landowner in Scott County, Iowa and Rock Island County, Illinois, businessman, philanthropist and principal founder of Davenport, Iowa. Le Claire was born on December 15,1797 in present-day St. Joseph, Michigan and his father, Francois Le Claire, was French Canadian and came to the Americas with Lafayette. His mother was a Native American from the Pottawatomie tribe and his father, Francois, opened a trading post in Milwaukee, Wisconsin where he traded with several Native American tribes. Francois fought on the side of the United States during the War of 1812 and he was captured by the British in Peoria, Illinois and held as a prisoner in Alton, Illinois. Le Claire spoke English, French, Spanish and a dozen Native American dialects and he came to Fort Armstrong in 1818 where he became the interpreter for Col. George Davenport. A short time later he moved to Peoria, where he met and she was born on October 16,1802 in Portage des Sioux, St. Charles County, Missouri. She was the daughter of a French Canadian, Antoine LePage, after Peoria the Le Claires spent a short time in Arkansas where he observed the movements of Native Americans before moving back to Fort Armstrong in 1827. In 1832, at the end of the Black Hawk War, Sac and Mesquakie territories west of the Mississippi River were purchased by the United States government. Because he was respected by the Native Americans, the Le Claires were given three parcels of land, one of the parcels was at the head of the Rock Island Rapids on the west side of the river. The second was given to Marguerite by Keokuk, the Sac chief and it was also located on the west side of the river and had been the location of the Mesquakie village. Keokuk stipulated that Le Claire build a house on the spot where the treaty was signed. After the United States Congress approved the treaty in 1833, Le Claire built a house. The third parcel of land was given by the Potawatomie on the Illinois side of the river where present day Moline, Le Claire was named the postmaster and the justice of the peace in 1833. His jurisdiction included all the lands that had included in the Black Hawk Purchase. He was responsible for resolving disputes between the Native Americans and the white settlers and he generally took a hands-off approach which the independent-minded settlers found appealing. In 1834 he established the areas first ferry service across the river, LeClaire also served as Black Hawks translator when the Sac warrior wrote his memoirs. George Davenport gathered a group of investors at his home on February 23,1836 to create a company in order to develop a new town. It was to be located on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River opposite the town of Stevenson, Illinois, Antoine Le Claire was part of the group
11.
Phebe Sudlow
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Phebe W. Sudlow was a pioneer for women in the education field and was the first female superintendent of a public school in the United States. Sudlow also became the first female professor at the University of Iowa in 1878, phebe W. Sudlow was born on July 11,1831 in Poughkeepsie, New York. When Sudlow was four, she, her parents Richard and Hannah, Sudlow soon began teaching, at the age of fifteen, at the same school where she was taught. After the death of her father in 1855, Sudlow moved to Rockford, Illinois to live with her brother, Sudlow started teaching at a local school, and soon was moved by Superintendent Abram S. Kissell to Davenport sub-district 5 as an assistant of the district. She soon became the assistant principal of two schools in Davenport and a later, in 1860, she was the principal of both schools. Sudlow was paid a wage less than that of male principals and she argued with the school board about the pay disparate, and was soon paid an equal wage. On June 19,1874, Sudlow became the first woman in United States history to be appointed superintendent of schools when she was unanimously chosen by the Davenport school board. Sudlow served as superintendent for four years, among her achievements was the construction of a new high school. In 1876, Sudlow became the first female president of the Iowa State Teachers Association and she obtained another first by becoming the first female professor at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, despite having only an honorary masters degree from Grinnell College. She taught at the university for three years when she resigned due to poor health and she went back to Davenport to become a principal for one year before retiring from education. On June 8,1922, Sudlow died in her home in Davenport and she is buried in Oakdale Cemetery in Davenport. Sudlow was inducted into the Iowa Womens Hall of Fame in 1993
12.
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state, the University of Iowa is organized into eleven colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. The university was the developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree. The Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000, and the university budgeted revenues and expenses of $3.513 billion for 2015, the University of Iowas athletic teams, the Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hawkeyes field 24 varsity teams and have won 27 national championships, the University of Iowa was founded on February 25,1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City without branches at any other place. The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, the first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women, the first president of the university was Amos Dean. The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres of land on which it stood, until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, in 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. The university offered its first doctorate in 1898, the university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of vice president. A shooting took place on campus on November 1,1991, in the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million, later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the worlds third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan, in 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. In July 2016, the university took over the former AIB College of Business in Des Moines, Four bachelors programs are offered in Des Moines, an additional four masters-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the universitys site in the citys Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowas main campus, located in Iowa City, was designed by architect D. Elwood Cook
13.
Public Works Administration
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Public Works Administration, part of the New Deal of 1933 was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression and it built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to employment, stabilize purchasing power. Most of the came in two waves in 1933-35, and again in 1938. Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935, the PWA spent over $6 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work. It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s, frances Perkins had first suggested a federally financed public works program, and the idea received considerable support from Harold L. Ickes, James Farley, and Henry Wallace. After having scaled back the initial cost of the PWA, Franklin Delano Roosevelt agreed to include the PWA as part of his New Deal proposals in the Hundred Days of spring 1933. The PWA headquarters in Washington planned projects, which were built by construction companies hiring workers on the open market. Unlike the WPA, it did not hire the unemployed directly. More than any other New Deal program, the PWA epitomized the progressive notion of priming the pump to encourage economic recovery. Streets and highways were the most common PWA projects, as 11,428 road projects, or 33% of all PWA projects, school buildings,7,488 in all, came in second at 14% of spending. PWA functioned chiefly by making allotments to the various Federal agencies, making loans and grants to state and other public bodies, for example, it provided funds for the Indian Division of the CCC to build roads, bridges and other public works on and near Indian reservations. The PWA became, with its multiplier-effect and first two-year budget of $3.3 billion, by June 1934, the agency had distributed its entire fund to 13,266 federal projects and 2,407 non-federal projects. For every worker on a PWA project, almost two additional workers were employed indirectly, the PWA also electrified the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, DC. At the local level it built courthouses, schools, hospitals, however it did not create as much affordable housing as supporters would have hoped, building only 29,000 units in 4 1⁄2 years. The PWA spent over $6 billion, but did not succeed in returning the level of activity to pre-depression levels. Though successful in many aspects, it has acknowledged that the PWAs objective of constructing a substantial number of quality. Some have argued that because Roosevelt was opposed to deficit spending, Reeves argues that the competitive theory of administration used by Roosevelt proved to be inefficient and produced delays. The cautious and penurious Ickes won out over the more imaginative Hugh S. Johnson as chief of public works administration, Political competition between rival Democratic state organizations and between Democrats and Progressive Republicans led to delays in implementing PWA efforts on the local level
14.
Lincoln School (Davenport, Iowa)
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Lincoln School is located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2002, the Davenport Board of Education did an evaluation of its elementary school facilities in the 1920s as well as a study of the projected growth of the city and where that growth would take place. The projection was for the number of elementary-aged students to rise by almost three thousand students between 1930 and 1950, but no building plan based on these projections was prepared, the elementary school population, however, already rose to that projection by 1936. The board decided at that time to twelve of its old elementary school buildings. The plan would cost the school district $2.5 million with the government contributing 45% of the costs as part of the Public Works Administration. In addition to Lincoln, the new elementary schools included Monroe, Madison, Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln was the only new facility to be built on the location of one of the older buildings. The floor plans for all six school buildings was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Smith & Childs, local architects were employed to design the stylistic features for each building. Davenport architect Howard S. Muesse was chosen for Lincoln School, the building was constructed by Langlois Construction Co. Ground for the new building was broken in 1939 and classes were begun in 1940, three years later Hoover Elementary School was built further to the east to elevate congestion at both Lincoln and McKinley. Enrollment continued to climb during the 1960s and started to decline in the 1970s, the decline continued into the first decade of the 21st-century. The school became Lincoln Integrated Academy of Arts in 2005, as one of 10 charter schools in the state of Iowa, on April 9,2012 the Davenport Community School District decided to close Lincoln School at the end of the school year. The decision was based on the need to close a budget deficit, the school district plans to continue maintenance on the building and hopes to find a community use for it. Lincoln School is a structure set on a basement composed of steel-reinforced concrete. The exterior is covered in brown brick that is accented with limestone. A flat roof tops the building, the main entrance into the building is flanked by four, two-story columns in the Corinthian order. The entrance itself is a door with a large transom above. Wrought iron balconies project from the story above the entrance. The windows are organized in groups of two, they have stone lintels and they are connected to a stone belt-course
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McKinley Elementary School (Davenport, Iowa)
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McKinley Elementary School is located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa near the McClellan Heights Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as a part of the Public Schools for Iowa, Growth and Change MPS. The Davenport Board of Education did an evaluation of its school facilities in the 1920s as well as a study of the projected growth of the city. The projection was for the number of elementary-aged students to rise by almost three thousand students between 1930 and 1950, but no building plan based on these projections was prepared, the elementary school population, however, already rose to that projection by 1936. The board decided at that time to twelve of its old elementary school buildings. The plan would cost the school district $2.5 million with the government contributing 45% of the costs as part of the Public Works Administration. In addition to McKinley, the new elementary schools included Monroe, Lincoln, Madison, Washington, the floor plans for all six school buildings was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Smith & Childs, and they are all similar in layout. Local architects were employed to design the stylistic features for each building, the Davenport architectural firm of Kruse & Parrish was chosen for McKinley. The building was constructed by Tunnicliff Construction Co, ground for the new building was broken in 1939 and classes were begun in 1940. Two years later Hoover Elementary School was built to the west to elevate congestion at both McKinley and Lincoln, enrollment continued to climb during the 1960s and started to decline in the 1970s. The decline has continued into the first decade of the 21st-century, McKinley Elementary School is a three-story structure set on a basement composed of steel-reinforced concrete. The exterior is covered in red brick that is accented with limestone. A flat roof tops the building, the class rooms at both ends of the building project slightly from the main facade. There is a bay window on the south side, the main entrance into the building is a tripartite door with a Gothic arch transom above. It is capped with decorative stone work that features a carving of a book. The library windows above the entrance are surrounded by stone. The roof level features crenallated brick with a stone coping, the windows are organized in groups of two, they have decorative stone lintels and they are connected to a stone belt-course. The 1953 addition was built using the brick and stone belt-course as the original building
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Davenport Central High School
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Davenport Central High School is a four-year comprehensive high school located in Davenport, Iowa. The school building opened in 1907 as Davenport High School, and is now one of three high schools part of the Davenport Community School District. The school, whose side is located along U. S. Highway 61, draws students primarily from the southern. The school has an enrollment of approximately 1,600 students in grades 9 through 12, Central also has a variety of extracurricular activities, clubs, and teams. The school also houses the Davenport School Districts high school autism program, the school complex is part of the College Square Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. High schools had operated in buildings and Davenport since 1861, the longest-lived of those sites being in roughly the area where Seventh and Eighth. An early history of Davenport and Scott County stated that the building was opened in 1875, in 1900, a site for a future high school was secured at the old Griswold College property, roughly where 12th and Main streets are today. The school board agreed to purchase the property from the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa for $53,000, the Davenport history described the site as an ideal one for the high school of this city. The ground covers a block in the part of Davenport, it is beautifully situated, centrally located. Water Construction Co. of Danville, Ill. was hired as general contractor, the groundbreaking was described as a great outpouring of the inhabitants of this city, with students and Bishop Morrison of the Diocese of Iowa participating. The buildings facade was made of Marquette rain-drop sandstone and red roof, floors of terrazo mosiac and hardwood maple. Construction of the tall, 202×204-foot building, was completed in January 1907, with a capital cost $347,000. The new building included a gymnasium, a 1, 300-seat auditorium, a training room, science laboratories. The science laboratories were described as being the most abundantly supplied with the most modern apparatus, smart was principal when the new high school opened, George Edward Marshall was named principal in 1907, and served until his death in 1932. The gymnasium, with seating for 4,000 people, is named after Marshall, in 1910, there were seven course of study, each 40 weeks long and sufficient to meet the wants of all students of high school age. Academic disciplines 100 years ago covered Latin, German, science, English, commercial business, manual training, one hundred years later, much different courses of study are in place. Bettendorf did not have its own school until 1951, meaning many Bettendorf students wanting to further their education chose Davenport High. The same was true for many northern Scott County students prior to 1958, as for Davenport, by the late 1950s, the city had grown to more than 80,000 residents, and one high school campus was no longer enough to meet the citys needs
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Davenport North High School
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Davenport North High School is a high school built in the northern area of Davenport, Iowa. North High School was established in 1985 in the building that was formerly Wood Junior High, in the fall of 1994, ninth graders were added to the school as part of a district-wide reconfiguration of elementary, intermediate and high schools. In January 1997, a new gymnasium was completed along with a Classroom of the Future, in 2001, a new cafeteria and auditorium were completed. A new locker and weight room were added in 2008 to accommodate visiting sports teams, Davenport North participates in the Mississippi Athletic Conference, and athletic teams are known as the Wildcats. School colors are blue and gold, the school fields athletic teams in 18 sports, including, Summer, Baseball Softball Fall, Football, Girls volleyball, girls swimming, boys cross country, girls cross country and boys golf. Winter, Boys basketball, girls basketball, wrestling, boys swimming and boys, spring, Boys track and field, girls track and field, boys soccer, girls soccer, girls golf, boys tennis and girls tennis. The school is a member of the 10-team Mississippi Athletic Conference, which schools from the Iowa Quad Cities along with Burlington, Clinton. Dana Davis, actress, roles in TV shows Heroes and The Nine,10 Things I Hate About You, and the films Raise Your Voice, Coach Carter, ricky Davis, professional basketball player and member of the NBAs Los Angeles Clippers
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Davenport West High School
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West High School is a public four year high school located in Davenport, Iowa. Their athletic mascot is the Falcon, the school has almost 200 classes, and over 2,000 students. The school, along with Davenport Central and Davenport North, make up the three high schools of the Davenport Community School District. West was built in the 1960s and the current principal is Mike Lawler, the school has been undergoing renovations as a part of continued district-wide remodeling after approval of a 1% Local Option Sales Tax, as well as continuing a Physical Plant and Equipment Levy. Science classrooms are set to be remodeled this summer, a YMCA partnered with the school district was built in 2003 attached to the high school. The facility is open to the public as well as providing facilities to P. E. classes, the YMCA took over management and maintenance of the schools swimming pool when it opened. The swimming pool was existing and taken over by the Y when it was built in 2003, the schools gymnasium has two full basketball courts as well as a weight training room. The gymnasium floor was recently resurfaced as a part of ongoing renovations, the school has a practice football field and track on campus along with a separate field used by the band. The school shares district-owned Brady Street Stadium with Davenport Central and North for football and track, Soccer games are held at city-owned Davenport Soccer Complex. Golf meets are held at nearby city-owned Emeis Municipal Golf Course, Baseball and Softball games are held at the district-owned West High Sports Complex, an off campus baseball park that was built as a part of the ongoing renovations district-wide. The Falcons Perch features a variety of choices, a variety of café style beverages, round tables. The library was moved from the upstairs of the building to the level into a newly renovated media center in 2001. The new library has four computer labs as well, the building offices were remodeled in 2001 as well as the main entrance. The school offers a number of College Board certified Advanced Placement courses, including AP English, AP Calculus AB, AP Chemistry, the school has an average of 20.3 on the ACT exams, below the district average of 21.0. The school was placed on the Schools in Need of Assistance watch list under the No Child Left Behind Act in 2005, however, scores have risen from 52.6 percent proficiency that year to 67.8 percent proficiency in 2006. Scores are still being analyzed for the 2006-07 school year, however, the school participates in the Mississippi Athletic Conference, and athletic teams are known as the Falcons. School colors are red and white, the school fields athletic teams in 21 sports, including, Summer, Baseball, softball. Fall, Football, volleyball, girls swimming, boys cross country, girls cross country, winter, Boys basketball, girls basketball, wrestling, boys swimming and boys and girls bowling
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Davenport Mid City High School
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Davenport Mid City High School is an alternative high school located in north central Davenport, Iowa. Mid City High School was established in 2014 in the building that was formerly a medical facility and it replaced the previous alternative school in the district, which was called the Kimberly Center. The purpose of the high school is to decrease the school districts dropout rate. Many of the students enrolled here had problems in their previous schools, classroom configurations include both traditional settings and collaborative learning settings that are more appropriate for team and project-based learning. The schools mascot, Mavericks, was chosen to reflect a student body that is unorthodox, independent-minded and individualist, nonconformist, free speech, the school is housed in a building that originally housed a medical-office complex at the former Davenport Osteopathic Hospital
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National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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