1.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
2.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Fort Lauderdale /ˌfɔərt ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ is a city in the U. S. state of Florida,28 miles north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average temperature of 75.5 °F and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, the district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012, greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants,63 golf courses,12 shopping malls,16 museums,132 nightclubs,278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts. Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War, the forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale, younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort, however, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the New River Settlement before the 20th century, in the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6,1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children. The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, the fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County, Fort Lauderdales first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob, a group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery
3.
West Orange, New Jersey
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West Orange is a suburban township in central Essex County, New Jersey, United States. West Orange was initially a part of Newark township, and remained so until November 27,1806, on April 13,1807, the first government was elected. On January 31,1860, Orange was incorporated as a town, almost immediately, Orange began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire and street departments. South Orange was organized on April 1,1861, Fairmount on March 11,1862, West Orange was incorporated as a township on April 10,1863, and was reformed as a town on February 28,1900. In 1980, West Orange again became a township to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated a share of government aid to municipalities classified as townships. The township derives its name from the city of Orange, which in turn is derived from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Llewellyn Park, the first planned community in America, is located within West Orange, Llewellyn Park is considered among the best examples of the Romantic Landscape movement of that period. Thomas Edison was one of the many residents, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 12.171 square miles, including 12.046 square miles of land and 0.125 square miles of water. It is located approximately 5 miles west of downtown Newark and 13 miles west of New York City, the West Branch of the Rahway River originates at Crystal Lake and passes through the township in South Mountain Reservation. West Orange borders the Essex County communities of Essex Fells, Livingston, Millburn, Maplewood, Montclair, Orange, Roseland, Verona and South Orange. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Crestmont, Crystal Lake, Llewellyn Park, Pleasantdale, the township is marked by an eclectic mix of neighborhoods and housing types, which roughly correspond to the townships geographic features. Main Street, in section, is home to the Thomas Edison National Historical Park, as well as the municipal building, police headquarters. The West Orange Public Library is located on Mount Pleasant Avenue in this section, downtown West Orange has the most urban character of the townships neighborhoods, while the Valley is home to a growing arts district and a significant African American community. The housing stock in the neighborhoods of Hutton Park and Gregory is a mixture of Victorian, Jazz Age, and Tudor-style houses, large estates, garden apartments, many blocks on the First Mountain have sweeping views of the Newark and New York City skylines. Pleasantdale, a business district in this part of the township, includes a number of restaurants, office buildings. Pleasantdale is also home to a significant Orthodox Jewish community, the Second Mountain Finally, the westernmost section of West Orange lies along the eastern face of the Second Watchung Mountain, and includes large portions of the South Mountain Reservation. The housing stock in this neighborhood resembles that of Pleasantdale, as well as those of the adjacent suburban townships of Millburn, as of the census of 2010, there were 46,207 people,16,790 households, and 11,753 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,836.0 per square mile, there were 17,612 housing units at an average density of 1,462.1 per square mile
4.
Kay Lenz
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Kay Ann Lenz is an American actress. A former child performer, Lenz has worked primarily in television and has won two Emmy Awards, Lenz was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Ted Lenz, a producer/commentator father and Kay Miller Lenz, a model/radio engineer mother. She began working as an actress, appearing in such television shows as The Andy Griffith Show. She made a appearance in a small role in American Graffiti as Jane. She achieved recognition for her performance as the free spirit who captivates William Holden in Breezy. She reprised her role for the sequel, Rich Man, Poor Man Book II, since the 1980s, she has played guest roles in numerous television series. In 1984 she appeared in Rod Stewarts music video for the song Infatuation and she won an Emmy in 1989 for Midnight Caller. Lenz was the first wife of singer-actor David Cassidy and they married on April 3,1977, and divorced on December 28,1983, She has no children. Kay Lenz at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Katie Cassidy
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Katherine Evelyn Anita Katie Cassidy is an American actress. After initially appearing in television roles, she made her film debut in When a Stranger Calls. During the same year, she also had her first starring role as Kelli Presley in Black Christmas, in 2007, Cassidy gained attention for her role as Ruby on the supernatural-horror television series Supernatural, during its third season. She later had a role in Taken. In 2009, Cassidy became a cast member of the series Harpers Island and Melrose Place, during 2010, she had a supporting role in A Nightmare on Elm Street and a recurring role during the fourth season of Gossip Girl. Cassidy reprises her role in The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, following her characters death, Cassidy began playing Black Siren, an antagonistic version of her character from a parallel universe, starting in The Flash and continuing on to Arrow. Cassidy was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of actor and singer David Cassidy. Cassidys paternal grandparents were actors Jack Cassidy and Evelyn Ward, and she is the niece of teen idol and television producer Shaun Cassidy, Cassidy also has two younger cousins who live in Australia named Samantha Cassidy and Jasmine Cassidy. Cassidy has a younger half-brother named Beau, born in 1991, in her youth, Cassidy was on the competitive cheerleader team, the California Flyers. A resident of Bell Canyon, California she attended Calabasas High School, in 2003, Cassidy made her television and acting debut appearing in an episode of the Lifetime drama series The Division. Cassidy has continued to guest appear in shows such as Celebrity Apprentice 4, Listen Up. In 2005, Cassidy appeared in a role on The WBs series 7th Heaven over the course of four episodes. That same year, she appeared on the UPN teen drama series Sex. In 2006, Cassidy made her debut as Tiffany Madison in the horror film When a Stranger Calls. Cassidy has gone on to have supporting roles in films Click, Taken. In February 2006, Cassidy was cast as Kelli Presley in the Dimension Films horror-slasher film Black Christmas, the film centers on an escaped maniac who returns to his childhood home on Christmas Eve, which is now a sorority house, and one by one kills all sorority sisters. The film was released on December 15,2006 to negative reviews from critics, the film was a moderate success making over $50 million worldwide. In 2007, Cassidy appeared on The CWs supernatural drama series Supernatural, Cassidy played the role of Ruby, a demon
6.
Jack Cassidy
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John Joseph Edward Jack Cassidy was an American actor, singer and director of stage, film, and television. He was born in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York and his father, an engineer at the Long Island Rail Road, was of Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry. Cassidy achieved success as a performer on Broadway. He appeared in Alive and Kicking, Wish You Were Here, Shangri-La, Maggie Flynn, Fade Out – Fade In, Its a Bird. Its a Plane. Its Superman, and She Loves Me, for which he won a Tony Award. He also received Emmy Award nominations for his performances in He & She and The Andersonville Trial. Because that episode was the first of the first season, Cassidy was the first murderer of the series, the other two Columbo episodes are Publish or Perish and Now You See Him. He co-starred with Ronnie Schell in a revival of Hellzapoppin. His frequent professional persona was that of an urbane, super-confident egotist with a dramatic flair, Cassidy perfected this character to such an extent that he was cast as John Barrymore in the feature film W. C. The role of the vain, shallow, buffoon-like newsman Ted Baxter on TVs The Mary Tyler Moore Show was reportedly written with Cassidy in mind. Although Cassidy had played a similar character in the 1967-1968 sitcom He & She, he turned down the role, feeling that it was not right for him. Cassidy later appeared as a guest star in a 1971 episode as Teds highly competitive and equally egotistical brother and his first marriage in 1946 was to actress Evelyn Ward. Together they had a son, David, who became a teen idol. They divorced in 1956 and in the same year Cassidy married singer, Cassidy and Jones had three sons, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Cassidys eldest son David later starred with Jones in the musical sitcom The Partridge Family, Jones and Cassidy divorced in 1974. In his 1994 autobiography, CMon, Get Happy, Cassidys eldest son David wrote that he became concerned about his father in the last years of his life. Cassidy suffered from bipolar disorder and was an alcoholic, who was displaying increasingly erratic behavior, in 1974, his neighbors were shocked to see him watering his front lawn naked in the middle of the afternoon. Cassidys second wife Shirley Jones described an incident when she found him sitting naked in a corner. Jones said to him that they had to get ready to do a show, in December 1974, Cassidy was hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for 48 hours
7.
Shaun Cassidy
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Shaun Paul Cassidy is an American television producer/creator, screenwriter, and former singer-actor. He is the eldest son of singer-actress Shirley Jones and singer-actor Jack Cassidy and his older half-brother is singer-actor David Cassidy. He is known for starring in the television series The Hardy Boys Mysteries and Breaking Away, in the 1980s, he had a three-month stint on the daytime soap General Hospital and acted on Broadway and in the West End of London. Since the mid-1990s, Cassidy has worked exclusively as a writer/producer in television, creating a number of series, including American Gothic, Roar. While still in school, Shaun Cassidy signed a contract with Mike Curbs division of Warner Bros. Records. The multi-platinum album netted him a No.1 U. S. single with Da Doo Ron Ron, the Eric Carmen-penned Thats Rock n Roll was the follow-up single and peaked at No.3. His popularity continued with the concurrent arrival of his series, The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries. Cassidys next album Born Late peaked at No.6 on the US Top 200 Albums chart and netted the hit Hey Deanie, also written by Carmen. His label ran the same formula as before by releasing a remake of a hit as the second single. It would become a hit for Cassidy, peaking at No.31. Cassidy had released two albums, but by the release of his third album, 1978s Under Wraps. The album just managed to crack the US top 40, peaking at No,33, and it produced a minor hit in the song Our Night. Cassidys 1979 album Room Service was also unsuccessful and it failed to appear on the US Top 200 Album chart, Cassidy tried a different musical approach for his next release, 1980s Wasp. The album was more rock/pop-oriented and produced by Todd Rundgren with the group Utopia as the backing band and it featured songs written by Rundgren, and cover versions including David Bowies Rebel, Rebel and The Whos So Sad About Us among others. The album, however, was unsuccessful and became Cassidys second album not to chart on the Billboard Album Chart, Cassidy concentrated on stage acting for most of the 1980s and early 1990s. He appeared on Broadway and West End productions such as Mass Appeal and Bus Stop and it was during this production that Cassidy wrote his first television pilot, American Gothic, opening the door to a long-term contract with Universal Television. From the late 1990s, Cassidy created, wrote, and produced shows for network and cable including American Gothic, Roar, Cover Me, Invasion. Cassidy wrote and executive produced the Amazon Studios television series Hysteria which was released for viewing in August 2014 and he is currently serving as executive producer and writer for Emerald City on NBC
8.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
9.
Bell Records
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This article is about the record label active from the 1950s to the 1970s. For the earlier Bell Records labels, see Bell Records and Bell Records. Bell was also a custom label active in the 1940s for recordings by Benny Bell, a British branch was also active in the 1960s and 1970s. Bell Records was reorganized in November 1974, which was the birth of Arista Records, at its inception in 1952, Bell specialized in budget generic pop music, with the slogan music for the millions. Originally sold on seven-inch 78rpm and 45rpm records for 39 cents, sound-alike cover versions of hit records were also issued on 78rpm as well as 45rpm disks priced at 49 cents. One of these records was by Tom & Jerry who would become known using their real surnames. Most Bell and associated label 45rpm records were similarly injection-molded all the way into the 1970s, in 1960, Amy Records was formed as another subsidiary label, focusing on what became known as northern soul and/or blue-eyed soul acts. The following year, Larry Uttal folded his Madison Records label into Bell after purchasing the label, along with its Amy, in March 1969, Columbia Pictures Industries purchased Bell for $3.5 million, retaining Larry Uttal as label president. Later that year, the Mala, Amy, and Bell labels were merged into a single unit, by mid-1971, the assets of the Columbia Pictures owned, but RCA Records distributed, Colgems Records were integrated into the label. By 1970, the Bell label was successful with pop music singles. After a year of declining revenues, Uttal resigned from Bell at the end May 1974 to begin his own label, Private Stock, financed and distributed by EMI. Uttal was replaced a week later by Clive Davis who was hired as a record and music consultant by Columbia Pictures, daviss real goal was to reorganize and revitalize Columbia Picturess music division. The very last releases utilizing the Bell imprint have the designation Bell Records, Distributed by Arista Records,1776 Broadway, New York, the British branch was established in 1967. Previous British releases of Bell recordings were issued on EMIs Stateside Records, bell/Amy/Malas association with EMI dates back to 1964. Bell Records in London was headed by Dick Leahy and distributed by EMI, artists signed to them included the Bay City Rollers, Gary Glitter, Showaddywaddy, the Glitter Band, and American acts Reparata and the Delrons and the Partridge Family with David Cassidy. Other artists on the label included Barry Blue, Barry Manilow, Terry Jacks, Hello, The Piglets, the Pearls and Harley Quinne, the Drifters and the UK releases of the Box Tops. Showaddywaddy released the last Bell single, Under the Moon of Love, the Bell logo has made occasional appearances on the jackets and labels of Arista UK releases. The former catalog of Bell Records and its related labels is now owned by Sony Music Entertainment, Bell Records had at least five dozen subsidiary labels throughout its existence. Among the most familiar labels are, Other subsidiaries include, Academy, Admiral, AGP, Amos, Aquarian, aurora, Bell Country Series, Big Hill, Brookmont, Canusa, Carnation, Chariot, Creative Funk, Cyclone, D. C. S. A
10.
Arista Records
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/ˈɛ. rɪ. stə/ was a major American record label. It was a wholly owned unit of Sony Music Entertainment and was handled by Bertelsmann Music Group. The company operated under the RCA Music Group until 2011, the label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis, who formerly worked for CBS Records. Until its demise in 2011, it was a distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States. Today, the labels reissues and catalogue releases are handled by RCA Records, after being fired from CBS Records, Clive Davis was hired by Columbia Pictures in June 1974 to be a consultant for the companys record and music operations. The label was named Arista after New York Citys secondary school honor society, in early 1975, most of the artists who had been signed to Bell were let go, except David Cassidy, Tony Orlando and Dawn, and the 5th Dimension. Others, such as Suzi Quatro and Hot Chocolate, were farmed out to the Bell/Arista-distributed label, several Bell acts, such as Barry Manilow, the Bay City Rollers, and Melissa Manchester moved to Arista. The British Bell label kept that name for a couple of years before changing its name to Arista, the label was immortalized in the 1978 Rockpile song They Called It Rock, in the lyric, Arista says they love you/But the kids cant dance to this. In addition to Manilow, the Kinks, and Dionne Warwick, Arista signed Aretha Franklin in 1980, the labels most significant acquisition came in 1983 when Davis signed Warwicks cousin, Whitney Houston. Houston would eventually become Aristas biggest-selling recording artist, with sales of 200 million records worldwide, Arista had an imprint label in the 1970s called Arista Novus, which focused on contemporary jazz artists. A country music division, Career Records, was merged into the Arista Nashville division in 1997, Arista Austin was used in the late 1990s as a country label. Additionally, Arista was the North American distributor of Jive Records from 1981 until 1987, during the 1990s, Arista also distributed Logic, Rowdy and Heavenly Recordings. Looking to stave off bankruptcy, Columbia Pictures sold Arista to German-based Ariola Records in 1979, after Ariola purchased General Electrics RCA Records in 1986, the combined company was renamed Bertelsmann Music Group, though Aristas U. S. releases would not note BMG until 1987. Into the 1980s, Arista continued its success, including major UK act Secret Affair, over the years it acquired Northwestside Records, deConstruction Records, First Avenue Records, and Dedicated Records in the UK. In 1989, Arista entered into a joint venture with Antonio L. A. Reid and Babyface in the creation of LaFace Records record company of TLC, in 1993, Arista also entered into a joint-venture with Sean P. Diddy Combs to form Bad Boy Records. In 1997 Arista acquired Profile Records, the home of Run-D. M. C. in 1989, Arista signed Milli Vanilli, a duo consisting of Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan that was based in Germany. The label released its album, Girl You Know Its True, which was a remixed and re-edited version of All or Nothing. The album was certified platinum in the U. S. and charted five top-ten singles
11.
Enigma Records
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Enigma Records was a popular rock and alternative American record label in the 1980s. Enigma Records launched as a division of Greenworld Distribution, an independent music importer/distributor, four years later, in 1985, Enigma severed ties with its former parent Greenworld and became its own company. Enigma was initially located in Torrance, California, then El Segundo, California and finally Culver City, Enigma was founded and run by brothers William and Wesley Hein. Jim Martone joined the company in 1984, Enigma focused on punk rock, alternative, and heavy metal music though it also released techno, jazz and classical music through subsidiary labels. The labels first release was Motley Crues Too Fast For Love, the album was initially released under the bands own Leathür Records imprint but manufactured, marketed and distributed by what would become the Enigma Records team. After the band moved on to Elektra Records, the Enigma Records name was adopted, Enigmas next major success was with the techo pop band Berlin. Enigma Records was initially distributed through independent record importers/distributors such as JEM Records, in 1984, Enigma entered into a joint venture with EMI America to sign and develop new artists. Among the artists signed under the venture were the Red Hot Chili Peppers, in 1986, Enigma moved its distribution to Capitol/EMI, a major record label, while leaving its Restless Records division with the independent distributors who had previously distributed Enigma. Poison, a rock band, and The Smithereens were two of the first artists released under the joint Enigma / Capitol relationship, both of which had significant success. That same year it launched a video line, which was also distributed by Capitol. One of Enigmas biggest commercial successes was with the Christian rock band Stryper, in addition to the primary Enigma Records label, the company had two smaller subsidiary labels as well as a music publishing company. Enigma Retro focused on re-issues of material licensed from other such as Straight Records, Bizarre Records. The Restless Records division focused on alternative artists not intended for major label distribution, Enigma also released film soundtracks including The Terminator and Rivers Edge. Enigma released an album, Enigma Variations, with various artists. Enigma had a joint venture with Mute Records and released certain Mute titles in the United States, sonic Youths landmark 1988 album Daydream Nation was originally released on Enigma Records, in association with Blast First Records. Enigma was formerly acquired by Capitol/EMI in 1989, some of its catalog and operations were merged into the still independent Restless Records in 1991. Enigmas Canadian division was closed in 1992 and was reorganized into FRE Records before shuttering in 1999, the U-Krew Untouchables The Vandals Vinnie Vincent Invasion Voivod Wall of Voodoo Wednesday Week Wild Dogs Ike Willis Wire XYZ List of record labels
12.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
13.
The Partridge Family
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The Partridge Family is an American musical-sitcom starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy. Jones plays a mother, and Cassidy plays the oldest of her five children who embark on a music career. It ran from September 25,1970, until March 23,1974, on the ABC network as part of a Friday-night lineup, the family was loosely based on the real-life musical family The Cowsills, a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Through the efforts of precocious 10-year-old Danny they find a manager, Reuben Kincaid, after more persuading, Shirley agrees that the family can go on tour. They acquire an old bus, a 1957 Chevrolet Series 6800 Superior, for touring, paint it with Mondrian-inspired patterns. Subsequent episodes usually feature the band performing in various venues or in their garage, the shows often contrast suburban life with the adventures of a show-business family on the road. After the first season, more of the action takes place in their hometown than on tour. Created for television by Bernard Slade, the executive producer was Bob Claver. The show was inspired by and loosely based on The Cowsills, Shirley Jones had already been signed as mother Shirley Partridge and star of the show. The pilot was filmed in December 1969 and this unaired pilot differs from the pilot broadcast in 1970. In the unaired pilot, Shirleys name is Connie and she has a boyfriend played by Jones real-life husband at the time, Jack Cassidy, Laurie mentions her late father once getting drunk at a Christmas party, and the family has a different address and live in Ohio. The unaired pilot is unavailable on home video, the show proved popular, but the fame had its toll on several, if not most, of the starring cast. In the midst of his rise to fame, David Cassidy soon felt stifled by the show, in May 1972, he appeared nude on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in a cropped Annie Leibovitz photo. He used the article to get away from his clean image. Among other things, the article mentions Cassidy was riding around New York in the back of a car stoned, shortly after the series ended, scriptwriter Roberta Tatum launched a lawsuit against Screen Gems concerning the creation of the show. Tatum claimed that she had submitted a similar premise to Screen Gems prior to 1970 called Bakers Half-Dozen, the matter was resolved out of court, with Tatum receiving a reported $150,000 from Screen Gems. Arte Johnson, Harvey Lembeck, Harry Morgan, Slim Pickens, Richard Pryor, Barbara Rhoades, William Schallert, Nita Talbot, Larry Wilcox, Dick Wilson, and William Windom. Others would later become famous in other roles, such as Meredith Baxter, Richard Bull, Bert Convy, Farrah Fawcett, Norman Fell, Anthony Geary, country singer Johnny Cash made a cameo appearance in the pilot episode
14.
Shirley Jones
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Shirley Mae Jones is an American singer and actress of stage, film and television. In her six decades of business, she has starred as wholesome characters in a number of well-known musical films. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a prostitute in Elmer Gantry. Jones was born on March 31,1934, in Charleroi, Pennsylvania, to Methodist parents Marjorie, a homemaker, Jones paternal grandfather came from Wales. She was named for child star Shirley Temple, the family later moved to the small nearby town of Smithton, Pennsylvania. Jones began singing at the age of six in the Methodist Church choir, upon attending South Huntingdon High School in Ruffs Dale, Pennsylvania, she participated in school plays. Afterwards, she joined her father for a show at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. Jones won the Miss Pittsburgh contest in 1952 and she had only $100 in her pocket. Her first audition was for an open casting call held by John Fearnley, casting director for Rodgers and Hammerstein. At the time, Jones had never heard of Rodgers and Hammerstein, Fearnley was so impressed, he ran across the street to fetch Richard Rodgers, who was rehearsing with an orchestra for an upcoming musical. Rodgers then called Oscar Hammerstein at home, the two saw great potential in Jones. She became the first and only singer to be put under contract with the songwriters. They first cast her in a role in South Pacific. For her second Broadway show, Me and Juliet, she started as a chorus girl, Jones impressed Rodgers and Hammerstein with her musically trained voice, and she was cast as the female lead in the film adaptation of their hit musical Oklahoma. Other film musicals quickly followed, including Carousel, April Love, however, she won a 1960 Academy Award for her performance in Elmer Gantry portraying a woman corrupted by the title character played by Burt Lancaster. Her character becomes a prostitute who encounters her seducer years later, the director, Richard Brooks, had originally fought against her being in the movie, but after seeing her first scene, told her she would win an Oscar for her performance. She was reunited with Ron Howard in The Courtship of Eddies Father, Jones landed the role of a lady who fell in love with the professor in Fluffy. She also has an impressive stage résumé, including playing the character in the Broadway musical Maggie Flynn in 1968
15.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
16.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
17.
Teen idol
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A teen idol is a celebrity with a large teenage fan-base. Teen idols are generally young but not necessarily teenaged, often teen idols are actors or singers, but some sports figures and even political figures also have an appeal to teenagers. Some teen idols began their careers as actors, like Leif Garrett, Lindsay Lohan, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Raven-Symoné, Kenan Thompson, Kel Mitchell, Hilary Duff. The idols popularity may be limited to teens, or may extend to all age groups, many teen idols are targeted for adults for nostalgia purposes. With the advent of television, teen idols were also promoted through programs such as American Bandstand, The Ed Sullivan Show, todays teen idols have spawned an entire industry of gossip magazines, television shows, YouTube, and whole television channels such as E. Many American teen idols achieve cross-over success internationally, however, this list is not limited to American artists alone with some such as Japanese popstar Kusumi Koharu. Ha^Ash and RBD in the 2000s and 2010s, in Spain, La Oreja de Van Gogh, Miguel Bose, Mecano and Hombres G all enjoyed teen-idol status. Even in the music field, a British-Chinese violinist Vanessa-Mae became the first teen idol in that category. The kind of idolizing following Liszt drew in Europe would not be followed for several decades, geraldine Farrar, American opera singer, had a large following of young women nicknamed Gerry-flappers in the early 20th century. However, he claims that many males were also at his sold-out concerts. He was also possibly the first popular singer to have a vehicle created for him. Frank Sinatra, whose career is often linked to his appeal to bobby soxers, is also regarded as having been amongst the first teen idols. Even crooners like Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra were still considered idols, actors Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue and other artists deliberately cultivated a idol image, like Paul Anka. Anka initially modelled himself on a generic type, the teen idol carried on the process. Of changing the image of male youth, from wild to mild, by providing a cleaner, more wholesome image of masculinity than that of the previous eras rebellious rockabilly heroes. Post-war teens were able to buy relatively inexpensive phonographs — including portable models that could be carried to friends houses —, rock music played on 45s became the soundtrack to the 1960s as people bought what they heard on the radio. Their parents worried about their attraction to artists who were edgy, faces on magazines fed fans, fans buy records, see films, watch TV and buy fashions. Marketing of the teen idol generally focuses on the image, the teen idol is structured to appeal to the pre-teen and young teen female pop audience member and children in general
18.
Acting
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Acting involves a broad range of skills, including a well-developed imagination, emotional facility, physical expressivity, vocal projection, clarity of speech, and the ability to interpret drama. Acting also demands an ability to employ dialects, accents, improvisation, observation and emulation, mime, many actors train at length in specialist programmes or colleges to develop these skills. The vast majority of actors have undergone extensive training. Actors and actresses will often have many instructors and teachers for a range of training involving singing, scene-work, audition techniques. Most early sources in the West that examine the art of acting discuss it as part of rhetoric, one of the first actors is believed to have been an ancient Greek called Thespis of Icaria. Writing two centuries after the event, Aristotle in his Poetics suggests that Thespis stepped out of the dithyrambic chorus, when Thespis stepped out from the chorus, he spoke as if he was the character. To distinguish between different modes of storytelling—enactment and narration—Aristotle uses the terms mimesis and diegesis. From Thespis name derives the word thespian, a professional actor is someone who is paid to act. Professional actors sometimes undertake unpaid work for a variety of reasons, amateur actors are those who do not receive payment for performances. Not all people working as actors in film, television, or theatre are professionally trained, bob Hoskins, for example, had no formal training before becoming an actor. Conservatories and drama schools typically offer two- to four-year training on all aspects of acting, universities mostly offer three- to four-year programs, in which a student is often able to choose to focus on acting, whilst continuing to learn about other aspects of theatre. Other approaches may include a more physically based orientation, such as that promoted by practitioners as diverse as Anne Bogart, Jacques Lecoq, Jerzy Grotowski. Classes may also include psychotechnique, mask work, physical theatre, improvisation, regardless of a schools approach, students should expect intensive training in textual interpretation, voice, and movement. Applications to drama programmes and conservatories usually involve extensive auditions, anybody over the age of 18 can usually apply. Training may also start at a young age. Acting classes and professional schools targeted at under-18s are widespread and these classes introduce young actors to different aspects of acting and theatre, including scene study. Increased training and exposure to public speaking allows humans to maintain calmer, by measuring a public speaker’s heart rate maybe one of the easiest ways to judge shifts in stress as the heart rate increases with anxiety. As actors increase performances, heart rate and other evidence of stress can decrease and this is very important in training for actors, as adaptive strategies gained from increased exposure to public speaking can regulate implicit and explicit anxiety
19.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
20.
New York Medical College
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It is the only biomedical health sciences and research university between New York City and the state capital of Albany, New York. NYMC offers advanced degrees through its three schools, the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Basic Medical Sciences and the School of Health Sciences, total enrollment is 1,660 students in addition to 800 residents and clinical fellows. NYMC employs 1,350 full-time faculty members and 1,450 part-time, the university has more than 12,000 alumni active in medical practice, healthcare administration, public health, teaching and research. Many of NYMC’s faculty provide patient care, teach, and conduct research at WMC, Metropolitan is part of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the largest municipal hospital and healthcare system in the country. New York Medical College owes its founding in 1860 to a group of leaders who believed that medical studies should be practiced with a better understanding of what the patient needs. This group of leaders was led by the noted poet William Cullen Bryant who was an editor of the New York Evening Post. Bryant was concerned about the condition of hospitals and medical education in New York City and his main concern was with some of the medical practices being used to treat disease, which at the time included bleedings, purges, and the administration of strong drugs in too large doses. Interest in the field rapidly grew over the next few years due to the United States Civil War. As a result, the college was founded and opened as the Homeopathic Medical College of the State of New York on the corner of 20th Street and Third Avenue, in the first semester there were 59 students and 8 professors. The college adopted the name New York Homeopathic Medical College in 1869 and, in 1887, New York Homeopathic Medical College, the sister institution known as the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women was founded a few years later in 1863 by Clemence Lozier. In 1867, it graduated Emily Stowe, the first female physician to practice in Canada, three years later in 1870, Susan McKinney Steward graduated as the first African-American female physician in New York State. When the Womens College closed in 1918, its students transferred to New York Medical College, in 1875, Metropolitan Hospital Center opened as a municipal facility on Ward’s Island, staffed largely by the faculty of New York Medical College. As a university hospital of New York Medical College, this relationship is among the nation’s oldest continuing affiliations between a private school and a public hospital. Built by New York Medical College in 1889, the Flower Free Surgical Hospital, was the first teaching hospital in the United States to be owned by a medical college. It was constructed at York Avenue and 63rd Street with funds given largely by Congressman Roswell P. Flower, later governor of New York, in 1908 the College changed its name to New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital. In 1928 the College was the first medical school in the nation to establish a minority scholarship program, by 1935, the College had transferred its outpatient activities to the Fifth Avenue Hospital at Fifth Avenue and 106th Street. The College and Fifth Avenue Hospital merged in 1938 and became New York Medical College, Flower, in 1972, New York Medical College moved to Valhalla, at the invitation of the Westchester County government, which desired to build an academic medical center. Completed in 1977, Westchester Medical Center is currently the main medical center of the College
21.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
22.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
23.
British America
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English America, and later British America, were the English, and later British, territories in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana from 1607 to 1783. After that, British North America was used to describe the remainder of Britains continental North American possessions, the term British North America was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America, called the Durham Report. British America gained large amounts of new territory following the Treaty of Paris which ended Britains involvement in the Seven Years War, at the start of the American War of Independence in 1775, the British Empire included 20 colonies north and east of New Spain. East and West Florida were ceded to Spain in the Treaty of Paris which ended the American Revolution, all but one of the remaining colonies of British North America apart from the British West Indies united together from 1867 to 1873 forming the Dominion of Canada. The first such permanent settlement was founded at Jamestown by the Virginia Company whose investors expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments, Virginia Native Americans had established settlements long before the English settlers arrived, and there were an estimated 14,000 natives in the region. Native American political leadership sought to resettle the English colonizers from Jamestown to another location, other colonizers, both English and German, did join the Powhatans. The first colonizers were welcomed by the Indians with dancing, feasting, there were twenty British colonies in North America in 1775
24.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
25.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
26.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
27.
Ruth Aarons
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Ruth Hughes Aarons was a US table tennis player, vaudeville entertainer, and talent manager. Ruth Aarons was born in Stamford, Connecticut to Leila, a singer, and Alfred E. Aarons. She came from a wealthy Jewish family, and lived in New York City, originally a tennis player, Aarons was reportedly introduced to table tennis by mere chance, in the summer of 1933. During a rainstorm, which ended a tennis match early, she discovered, over time, Aarons developed and mastered her own defensive technique centered on the shakehand grip, for which she became notable. Her main achievements were winning two medals in the singles competition at the World Table Tennis Championships in 1936 and 1937. She also won doubles and team medals for the United States in the World Table Tennis Championships, upon winning the gold medal in Prague in 1936, Aarons refused to shake the hand of Astrid Krebsbach, her opponent from Nazi Germany, proclaiming, I am Jewish. The champion of Womans Singles in 1937 was declared vacant due to time limit rule in force at the time, in 2001, it was decided to declare the two players Co-Champions. These performances enjoyed much success in the United States, as the United States Table Tennis Association had granted her permission as an active member, officials claimed that Aarons violated the newly enacted policy prohibiting active members from accepting compensation for public table tennis playing. Aarons would later come back for the 1937 Womens World Singles Championships, in 1966, Aarons was inducted in the USATT Hall of Fame for her contributions to and success in the sport of table tennis. Later in life, Aarons developed an addiction to prescription medication, according to close friend David Cassidy, he would discover thousands of pills in her home while visiting. The medication eventually took its toll physically and psychologically, exacerbated greatly by the death of longtime friend. By 1979, all her clients had lost faith in her capability as a manager, on June 6,1980, just five days before her 62nd birthday, Aarons was found dead in the shower of her Beverly Hills home, presumably from falling and hitting her head. According to Cassidy, her drug use was so profound that her muscles often atrophied, List of table tennis players List of select Jewish table tennis players Aarons Family papers, circa 1870-1979 Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library
28.
The Fig Leaves Are Falling
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The Fig Leaves Are Falling is a musical with a book and lyrics by Allan Sherman and music by Albert Hague. It was inspired by Shermans 1966 divorce following 21 years of marriage, directed by George Abbott and choreographed by Eddie Gasper, the Broadway production opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on January 2,1969 after 17 previews. It closed on January 6 after only four performances, the scenic design was by William and Jean Eckart, costume design was by Robert Mackintosh, and lighting design was by Tharon Musser. The cast included Dorothy Loudon, Barry Nelson, Kenneth Kimmins, Jenny OHara, Helon Blount, Loudon won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical
29.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
30.
Ironside (1967 TV series)
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Ironside is an American television crime drama that aired on NBC over 8 seasons from 1967 to 1975. The show starred Raymond Burr as Robert T Ironside, a consultant for the San Francisco police, the character debuted on March 28,1967, in a TV movie entitled Ironside. When the series was broadcast in the United Kingdom, in the 1970s, the show earned Burr six Emmy and two Golden Globe nominations. Ironside was a production of Burrs Harbour Productions Unlimited in association with Universal Television, the show revolved around former San Francisco Police Department Chief of Detectives Robert T. In the pilot episode, a TV movie, Ironside shows his strength of character and gets himself appointed a special department consultant by his good friend and he does this by calling a press conference and then tricking Commissioner Randall into meeting his terms. In the pilot, Ironside eventually solves the mystery of the ambush and he requests Ed Brown and Eve Whitfield be assigned to him. Ironside uses a room in the Old San Francisco Hall Of Justice building. He uses a specially equipped, former fleet-modified 1940 1½ ton Ford police paddy wagon van and this is replaced in the episode entitled Pooles Paradise after the van is destroyed by Sergeant Brown as part of a way to trick a corrupt sheriff. At the end of the episode the paddy wagon is replaced by a fully custom modified 19691 ton Ford Econoline Window Van. He later recruits the angst-filled black ex-con Mark Sanger to be his assistant after Sanger is brought in as a suspect who wanted to kill Ironside. The show became a success as Ironside depended on brains and initiative in handling cases, although Ironside was good-hearted and honest, he maintained a gruff persona. Supporting characters on Ironside included Det, edward Ed Brown and a young socialite-turned-plainclothes officer, Eve Whitfield. Commissioner Randall was played by Gene Lyons, the series enjoyed a seven and a half-season run on NBC, drawing respectable, if not always high, ratings. After NBCs mid-season cancellation, however, the syndicated episodes reverted to the Ironside title, Raymond Burr as Chief Robert T. The shows contained stock footage of San Francisco, with pan shots of Coit Tower or clips of traffic scenes. Ironside and his team used a large open space on the fourth floor of the Old Hall of Justice in San Francisco at 750 Kearny Street between Washington and Merchant Streets. The Old Hall had already been demolished while Ironside was still in production and it had been abandoned in 1961 and demolished in late 1967. The SFPD had begun using their new home by January 1962, in December 1967 demolition finally began
31.
Marcus Welby, M.D.
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Marcus Welby, M. D. was an American medical drama television program that aired Tuesdays at 10, 00–11,00 p. m. on ABC from September 23,1969 to July 29,1976. Marcus Welby, M. D. was produced by David Victor, the pilot, A Matter of Humanities, had aired as an ABC Movie of the Week on March 26,1969. As with most medical dramas of the day, the plots often concerned a conflict between well-meaning physicians. Here, Dr. Welbys unorthodox way of treating patients was pitted against the more strait-laced methods of Dr. Steven Kiley, the catch with this particular program was that the roles were reversed in that Dr. Kiley was much younger than Dr. Welby. The opening credits of episode reminded viewers of the generation gap between the two doctors, Welby driving his sedan and Kiley riding a motorcycle. Welby had served in the US Navy as a doctor during the war and he owned a sail boat and enjoyed the ocean. The doctors worked alongside each other in their practice in Santa Monica, California. At the office, their loyal secretary-nurse and friend was Consuelo Lopez, Dr. Kiley met and married public relations director Janet Blake, in 1975, at the beginning of the shows last season on the air. Its handling of many varied medical cases – some common, some uncommon – made it an instant hit for ABC, at its second season, it ranked #1 in the Nielsen ratings, becoming the first ABC show to top the list. The same year, both Young and Brolin won Emmy Awards for their work, as did the show for Outstanding Dramatic Series, Young won a Golden Globe in 1972 for his performance. Members of the American Academy of Family Physicians served as advisers for the series. The show twice found itself at the center of controversy and protests by gay activists, the next year, The Outrage sparked nationwide demonstrations because its story of a teenage student being sexually assaulted by his male teacher conflated homosexuality with pedophilia. Seven sponsors refused to buy advertising time, and 17 television network affiliates refused to air the episode. This was the first known instance of network affiliates refusing a network episode in response to protests, during its run, Marcus Welby, M. D. had two crossover stories with Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law. In Men Who Care, Marshall defends the father of Welbys patient when the man is accused of murdering his daughters boyfriend, in Ive Promised You a Father, Marshall defends Kiley in a paternity suit filed by a nurse claiming that Kiley is the father of her child. It was the first show in ABCs history to become the #1 show on television, by the mid-1970s, the popularity of medical dramas began to wane. Ratings for both Marcus Welby, M. D. and CBS Medical Center began to drop, as did the ratings for daytime dramas General Hospital, previous episodes initially went into syndication in the fall of 1975 as Robert Young, Family Doctor. The show ended its run in 1976 after a total of 169 episodes were made, in 1984, the reunion movie The Return of Marcus Welby, M. D. aired, with Young and Verdugo reprising their roles
32.
Adam-12
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The show originally ran from September 21,1968, through May 20,1975, and helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States. Adam-12 featured the year-old LAPD Rampart Division station at 2710 West Temple Street as the setting for the series, however, according to the radio call sign of the unit 1-Adam-12, the patrol area was within the Central Division, which serves Downtown Los Angeles, rather than Rampart. The designation 1-Adam-12 is a combination of three elements, the first element indicates the units LAPD division. The second element indicates the type of unit, the third element identifies the patrol cars number. The one in 1-Adam-12 means the car operates in Division 1. LAPD assigns two-person units the letter A, in the LAPD phonetic alphabet, the letter A is spoken as Adam. The third element is the last two numbers of the cars full unit number. In the program, 1-Adam-12 typically operated in the Rampart Division, Division 2, not the Central Division, Division 1, there was never an actual patrol car with the call sign of 1-Adam-12. In the series first episode, Reed is less than a week out of the prestigious Los Angeles Police Academy, and is eager to begin his career. Three weeks before, Malloys patrol partner had been killed in an attempt to apprehend an armed suspect, Malloy is deeply saddened. On what is to be Malloys last shift, the watch commander Lieutenant Moore assigns Malloy to take the young, raw, Moore was Malloys first training officer seven years earlier. His comment to Reed at the end of their first watch together was, I couldnt turn you loose on the citizens of Los Angeles, reeds probationary period is played out during the first and second seasons, after which he is promoted to a full officer. Reed and Malloy remain beat partners, Malloy displays a Distinguished Expert shooting medal, Reed displays a Sharpshooter medal. Malloy and Reed reported to Shift Supervisor William Mac MacDonald, who took a black-and-white command cruiser with the call sign 1-L-20 into the field. Reed once questioned why Malloy had not taken the sergeants exam, Malloy related he preferred working patrol on the street to supervision. Malloy later showed he could supervise when Mac was ill, several of their fellow officers were recurring characters, the most frequent were Jerry Woods, Ed Wells, Detective Sgt Jerry Miller, and Officer Brinkman. Shaaron Claridge, a real-life LAPD dispatcher, was the dispatcher, over the course of the series, Sergeant Mac MacDonald was promoted to Sergeant 2. Lt Moore was promoted to Captain, and served as the officer of the division
33.
Bonanza
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Bonanza is an NBC television western series that ran from 1959 to 1973. The show continues to air in syndication, the show is set around the 1860s and it centers on the wealthy Cartwright family, who live in the area of Virginia City, Nevada, bordering Lake Tahoe. The series stars Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Michael Landon, Pernell Roberts, the show is known for presenting moral dilemmas. The shows theme song itself, called Bonanza, became a hit song in its own right, only instrumental renditions, absent Ray Evans words, were ever used during the series long run. In 2002, Bonanza was ranked No.43 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the time period for the television series is roughly between 1861 to 1867 during and shortly after the American Civil War. During the summer of 1972, NBC aired reruns of episodes from the 1967–1970 period in time on Tuesday evening under the title Ponderosa. The show chronicles the adventures of the Cartwright family, headed by the thrice-widowed patriarch Ben Cartwright. Via exposition and flashback episodes, each wife was accorded a different ancestry, English, Swedish, the familys cook was the Chinese immigrant Hop Sing. Greene, Roberts, Blocker, and Landon were billed equally, the opening credits would alternate the order among the four stars. The family lived on a 600, 000+ acre ranch called the Ponderosa on the shore of Lake Tahoe in Nevada. The vast size of the Cartwrights land was quietly revised to half a million acres on Lorne Greenes 1964 song, the ranch name refers to the Ponderosa Pine, common in the West. The nearest town to the Ponderosa was Virginia City, where the Cartwrights would go to converse with Sheriff Roy Coffee, or his deputy Clem Foster. You always saw stories about family on comedies or on an anthology, but Bonanza was the first series that was week-to-week about a family, Bonanza was a period drama that attempted to confront contemporary social issues. That was very difficult to do on television, most shows that tried to do it failed because the sponsors didnt like it, and the networks were nervous about getting letters, explains Stephen Battaglio, a senior editor for TV Guide magazine. Episodes ranged from high drama, to comedy, and addressed issues such as the environment, substance abuse, domestic violence, anti-war sentiment. The series sought to illustrate the cruelty of bigotry against, Asians, African-Americans, Native Americans, Jews, Mormons, originally, the Cartwrights tended to be depicted as put-off by outsiders. Lorne Greene objected to this, pointing out that as the areas largest timber and livestock producer, the producers agreed with this observation and changed the Cartwrights to be more amiable. Though not familiar stars in 1959, the cast quickly became favorites of the first television generation, the order of billing at the beginning of the broadcast appeared to be shuffled randomly each week, with no relation whatsoever to the current episode featured that week
34.
I Think I Love You
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I Think I Love You is a song composed by songwriter Tony Romeo in 1970. It was released as the single by The Partridge Family pop group, featuring David Cassidy on lead vocals. The Partridge Family version was a hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1970. The alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive scored a hit version of their own in 1991. The single was produced by Wes Farrell and issued on Bell Records a month before the debut of the television musical sitcom The Partridge Family. During the shows first season the song was featured on the twice as it was climbing the actual Billboard charts. The single hit number one on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and in Canada on the RPM100 national Top Singles chart in November of that year and number 1 in Australia in 1971. The only cast members of the show to actually sing on the recording of the song were David Cassidy. The music on the song was played by studio musicians such as Hal Blaine, Larry Knechtel, Joe Osborne, Louie Shelton, Tommy Tedesco. Background vocals on this, and all other Partridge Family recordings, were provided by session singers, Ron Hicklin, John Bahler, Tom Bahler. The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the single of the year in 1970 for their hit I Think I Love You. On November 25,1970, I Think I Love You was recorded by Perry Como, with Nick Peritos orchestra, at the International Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. The song was released by RCA Victor Records on an album, Its Impossible, in December 1970, RCA also released the recording on an EP in Mexico in 1971. In 1991, the rock band Voice of the Beehive recorded a cover version of I Think I Love You for the groups second studio album Honey Lingers. It was released as the single from their album on London Records and was produced by Don Was. Their version of the hit number 25 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1991. The single also hit number 12 on the Australian singles chart in March 1992, Andy Williams released his version on 1971s Love Story. It was also released on the import The Very Best of Andy Williams in 2009, in 1971, a French-language cover by Georges Guétary was released, entitled Papa Je Taime, unlike the original version, this version is a salute to a childs father
35.
The Association
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The Association is an American sunshine pop band from California. During the 1960s, they had numerous hits at or near the top of the Billboard charts and were the band at 1967s Monterey Pop Festival. Jules Alexander was in Hawaii in 1962 serving a stint in the Navy when he met Terry Kirkman, the two young musicians jammed together and promised to get together once Alexander was discharged. At the same time, Kirkman played in groups with Frank Zappa for a period before Zappa went on to form The Mothers of Invention. This led in February 1965 to the forming of The Men and this group had a brief spell as the house band at The Troubadour. After a short time, however, The Men disbanded, with six of the members electing to go out on their own, at the suggestion of Kirkmans then-fiancée, Judy, they took the name The Association. On drums, guitar, bass and vocals, and Bob Page on guitar, banjo, however, Page was replaced by Jim Yester on vocals, guitar and keyboards before any of the groups public performances. The new band spent about five months rehearsing before they began performing around the Los Angeles area, most notably a regular stint at The Ice House in Pasadena and they also auditioned for record labels but faced resistance due to their unique sound. Eventually, the small Jubilee label issued a single of Babe Im Gonna Leave You, in 1966 Fredericks turned the reins over to Pat Colecchio, who managed the group for the next eight years. Their national break would come with the song Along Comes Mary, Alexander first heard the song when he was hired to play on a demo version and persuaded Almer to give the Association first dibs on it. The song proved controversial thanks to the fact that Mary was street slang for marijuana, went to No.7 on the Billboard charts and led to the groups first album, And Then. Along Comes the Association, produced by Curt Boettcher and begun in Gary S. Paxtons garage, with vocals done separately at Columbia. Another song from the album, Cherish, written by Kirkman, would become the Associations first No.1 hit in September 1966, the group followed with their second album, Renaissance, released in late 1966. The band changed producers, dropping Boettcher in favor of Jerry Yester, the album did not spawn any major hits, and the album only reached No. 34, compared with the No.5 showing for And Then, Records, which had been distributing Valiant, bought the smaller label, and with it, the Associations contract. In May 1967, Alexander left the band to study meditation in India and was replaced by Larry Ramos on vocals and guitar. Ramos joined the band while Alexander was still performing with them after bassist Coles hand was injured by a firecracker, Alexander subbed on bass while Ramos played lead guitar, Ramos had previously performed with The New Christy Minstrels and had even recorded solo singles for Columbia Records. He went on to sing co-lead on two of the Associations biggest hit singles, Windy and Never My Love, with the lineup settled, the group returned to the studio, this time with Bones Howe in the producers chair
36.
Cherish (David Cassidy album)
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Cherish is the debut solo album by American singer David Cassidy, produced by Wes Farrell and released by Bell Records in early 1972. Cassidy had come to prominence via the TV series The Partridge Family and had sung lead on several hit singles, Cherish was designed as a project by Partridge Family musical producer Wes Farrell to break Cassidy out as a solo star via material not directly connected to the TV series. The album also includes the Cassidy-penned track Rickys Tune, reportedly a homage to a deceased pet dog. The single peaked at #9 in December 1971, and was followed by the U. S. release of the album in early February 1972, the single stalled at #37, but the album was generally favorably received and sold well, reaching #15 on the Billboard 200. In the United Kingdom, where the Partridge Family were just beginning to catch on and it was decided to release Could It Be Forever and Cherish as a Double A-side, which quickly rose to #2 with Could It Be Forever receiving the majority of airplay on radio stations. It climbed to #2 and remained in the Top 40 for 43 weeks, in March 1973 the UK fan-favorite I Am a Clown with its memorable spoken introduction was belatedly issued as a single, and reached #3. Cherish was deleted from catalogs in the late 1970s, and for years remained available only via second-hand markets. The album was remastered and issued on CD through Arista in 2000
37.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
38.
The Young Rascals
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The Rascals were an American rock band, formed in Garfield, New Jersey in 1965. and A Beautiful Morning, plus another critical favorite A Girl Like You. The band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, the Rascals were inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2010 and also reunited in 2012 for a series of shows in New York and New Jersey. The reunion continued on in 2013 with shows on Broadway, Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli started the band in Brigati and Danellis hometown of Garfield, New Jersey. Brigati, Cavaliere, and Cornish had previously been members of Joey Dee, Eddies brother, David Brigati, an original Starliter, helped arrange the vocal harmonies and sang backgrounds on many of the groups recordings. When Atlantic Records signed them, they discovered another group, Borrah Minnevitchs and Johnny Puleos Harmonica Rascals. To avoid conflict, manager Sid Bernstein decided to rename the group The Young Rascals, the Young Rascals first television performance was on the program Hullabaloo on 27 February 1965 where they performed their debut single I Aint Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore. The track reached #23 in Canada and touched the lower reaches of the US charts and this modest success was followed by the US/Canada #1 single Good Lovin. The bands songwriting team of Eddie Brigati and Cavaliere then began providing most of their songs, and their immediate follow-ups to Good Lovin, including You Better Run and Come On Up were only modest hits. Lonely Too Long did better, and Groovin returned them to the top of the charts and they reeled off a succession of top 20 US hits, including A Girl Like You, How Can I Be Sure, Its Wonderful, and A Beautiful Morning. The band were popular in Canada where A Girl Like You. But they struggled in the UK, where they twice reached the top 75, with Groovin. The band would bill themselves as the Young Rascals for the last time with the release of Its Wonderful. Bruce Eder, writing for AllMusic, rates the bands 1967 album Groovin as their best, noting the records soulful core and innovative use of jazz and Latin instrumental arrangements. 1968s Once Upon A Dream was the first Rascals album designed from conception as an album, rather than as a vehicle to package their singles. Once Upon a Dream, which peaked at #9 on the charts, contained the single Its Wonderful plus many other strong songs, including Easy Rollin, Rainy Day, My World. Perhaps understandably, the albums song My Hawaii became a top of the hit in Hawaii. Time Peace, The Rascals Greatest Hits, released in mid-1968, topped the U. S. album chart and it was also their final U. S. Top Ten hit, although remained a Canadian top 10 act for the next few years
39.
How Can I Be Sure
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How Can I Be Sure is a popular song written by Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati, and originally recorded by The Young Rascals on their 1967 album Groovin. It became their fourth Top 10 hit in the United States and this was the groups highest charted record with Eddie Brigati singing lead vocals. The song featured the sounds of a trumpet, bass, piano, drums, the songs musical styles include blue-eyed soul and pop. The lyrics of the go, How can I be sure. In a world thats constantly changing, How can I be sure, the song came out of the experience with transcendental meditation that the Rascals were involved in. That same year, French singer Nicoletta sold two million copies of the song, as Je ne pense que taimer, the version which subsequently inspired Dusty Springfields version and that same year Quebec singer Michel Pagliaro released a cover of this song in French. The Rascals singles B-side, Im So Happy Now, was written, featuring a unique guitar phase-out ending, it was the first Cornish-penned song to appear on a Rascals single. How Can I Be Sure was covered by British singer Dusty Springfield and it was rumoured that this recording and single release may have been prompted by her well received performance of the song on the Des OConnor Show in May 1970. Dusty was hopeful that this single would fare better than her then-recent American recordings which were met with indifference in the UK. Despite several promotional television and radio appearances and glowing reviews from the press, the song was issued specifically for the British market and would not be issued in America until the release of The Dusty Springfield Anthology in 1997. In the UK, How Can I Be Sure spent two weeks at No.1 on the UK Singles Chart in September and October 1972. Track listing Side A, How Can I Be Sure Side B, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
