1.
Order of Canada
–
The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
Order of Canada
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Order of Canada
Order of Canada
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Governor General Michaëlle Jean, then Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada, poses with a full group of Order of Canada appointees at the 101st investiture ceremony banquet in the Tent Room of
Rideau Hall, 11 April 2008
Order of Canada
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Ribbon bar
Order of Canada
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Lorne Michaels wearing a Member's lapel pin during a formal event
2.
Order of Ontario
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The Order of Ontario is the most prestigious official honour in the Canadian province of Ontario. Canadian citizenship is not a requirement and elected or appointed members of a body are ineligible as long as they hold office. There are no limits on how many can belong to the order or be invested at one time, upon admission into the Order of Ontario, new Members are presented with the orders insignia. The main badge consists of a medallion in the form of a stylized trillium. The name of the Member is engraved on the reverse, along with the date of his or her investiture, Members also receive two lapel pins that can be worn during less formal occasions, and an official certificate. Canadian order of precedence Symbols of Ontario Order of Ontario webpage
Order of Ontario
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Order of Ontario
3.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
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The primary objective of the RSC is to promote learning and research in the arts, the humanities and the sciences. In the late 1870s, the Governor General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, determined that Canada required a cultural institution to promote scientific research. Since that time, succeeding Governors General have remained involved with the affairs of the Society, in 1882 the Royal Society of Canada was founded with the personal patronage of the Marquis of Lorne. A year later, in 1883, the Society was incorporated by a statute of the Parliament of Canada, like their counterparts, membership to the RSC was limited and by election. Initially, the RSC was divided into four sections, each of 20 Fellows and these sections were, Littérature française, Histoire, Archéologie, English Literature, History, Archaeology, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, and Geological and Biological Sciences. The founding Fellows of the RSC included Sir Sandford Fleming, the originator of the system of Standard Time. The Fellows of the RSC were nominated by a directed by the Principal of McGill University, Sir John William Dawson. These two men served as the first and second Presidents of the Society, as Canadian scholarship and research increased, the RSC also grew. Within three decades the fellowship of the RSC doubled in number, after several phases of restructuring, the RSC evolved its contemporary organization. In 2010, His Excellency the Right Honourable David Lloyd Johnston, presently, the fellowship comprises four categories, Regularly Elected Fellows, Specially Elected Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Honorary Fellows. Each year, approximately 80 people are elected to the fellowship, election to fellowship in the Society is the highest accolade available to scientists, artists and scholars in Canada. Once inducted into the Society, anglophone Fellows may use the post-nominal FRSC, the RSC is composed of three bilingual Academies, including a broad range of scholarly disciplines and artistic fields. Academy I is the Academy of Arts and Humanities, Academy II is the Academy of Social Sciences. There are two divisions of Academy II, an anglophone division – Social Sciences, and a francophone division – Sciences sociales, Academy III is the Academy of Science. There are four divisions of Academy III, - Applied Sciences and Engineering, - Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, - Life Sciences. The Society is dedicated to making its members’ varied knowledge available to the public, the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the RSC was established in 2014 to represent emerging generation of intellectual leaders in Canada. It elects 80-100 members each year, who showed high level of accomplishments at early stage of their careers, at the time of election, members of the College must have received PhD or equivalent degree within past 15 years. Nomination of candidates for the College follows similar procedures as nomination for the Fellows of RSC, the RSC officially began the Institutional Member Programme in 2004
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
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Marquis of Lorne, Governor General of Canada, 1878 to 1883
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
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The Royal Society of Canada
4.
Genie Award
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Genie Awards were given out to recognize the best of Canadian cinema by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. From 1949–1979, the awards were named the Canadian Film Awards, in 1980 they were renamed The Genie Awards. Peer-group juries, assembled from members of the Academy, meet to screen the submissions. Academy members then vote on these nominations, the Genie Awards were originally aired by CBC from 1979 to 2003, before moving to CHUM Limiteds networks. After CTVglobemedia purchased CHUM Limited, the Genie Awards moved to Canwest Globals E, the last two Genie Awards were broadcast by the CBC. The following is a listing of all Genie Awards ceremonies, the Special Achievement Genie is an award given irregularly to an individual or individuals in recognition of lifetime achievement or an important career milestone. Prix Jutra - Canadian French-language counterpart Canadian Screen Awards Official website Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
Genie Award
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Genie Award
5.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
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From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
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Coat of arms
Toronto
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Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
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Yonge Street in 1900
6.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
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Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
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Flag
Ontario
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Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
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The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
7.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
Canadians
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Tommy Douglas
Canadians
Canadians
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Adélard Godbout
Canadians
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Oscar Peterson
8.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
University of Toronto
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A painting by
Sir Edmund Walker depicts
University College as it appeared in 1858.
University of Toronto
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University of Toronto
University of Toronto
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A
Sopwith Camel aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during World War I.
University of Toronto
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Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell
carillon.
9.
Filmmaking
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Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
Filmmaking
–
Steven Spielberg with Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Filmmaking
–
Sound recordist Curtis Choy (left) on location for "Dim Sum: a Little Bit of Heart," an indie film by Wayne Wang on Clement Street, San Francisco, California 1983
10.
Actor
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Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
–
The Hero Initiative
Actor
11.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
Author
–
J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author
Author
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A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the
Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
Author
–
Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.
Author
–
Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to
T.S. Eliot 's "
The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.
12.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
Horror film
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A famous scene from one of the first notable horror films,
Nosferatu (1922)
Horror film
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Lon Chaney, Sr. in
The Phantom of the Opera.
Horror film
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Boris Karloff as Frankenstein's monster in
Bride of Frankenstein (1935).
Horror film
–
Christopher Lee starred in several British horror films of the era, shown here in 1958's
Dracula.
13.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman
Science fiction film
–
1927's
Metropolis by
Fritz Lang was one of the first feature length science fiction films in history. It was produced at
Studio Babelsberg, Germany. (Photo shows the statue of the film figure Maria at Filmpark Babelsberg)
Science fiction film
–
Science fiction films
Science fiction film
–
Peter Sellers as the title character from
Dr. Strangelove
Science fiction film
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Transformers characters at
Universal Studios Hollywood
14.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
15.
Crash (1996 film)
–
Crash is a 1996 British-Canadian psychological thriller film written and directed by David Cronenberg based on J. G. Ballards 1973 novel of the same name. It tells the story of a group of people who take pleasure from car crashes. The film stars James Spader, Deborah Kara Unger, Elias Koteas, Holly Hunter, the film generated considerable controversy upon its release and opened to mixed and highly divergent reactions from critics. While some praised the film for its premise and originality, others criticized its combination of graphic sexuality. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Special Jury Prize, Film producer James Ballard and his wife, Catherine, are in an open marriage. The couple engage in various infidelities but, between them, have unenthusiastic sex and their arousal is heightened by discussing the intimate details of their extramarital sex. While driving home from work one night, Ballards car collides head-on with another. While trapped in the wreckage, the driver, Dr. Helen Remington, wife of the dead passenger. While recovering, Ballard meets Remington again, as well as a man named Vaughan, while leaving the hospital, Remington and Ballard begin an affair, one primarily fueled by their shared experience of the car crash. When Transport Ministry officials break up the event, Ballard flees with Remington, Ballard becomes one of Vaughans followers who fetishize car crashes, obsessively watching car safety test videos and photographing traffic collisions. Ballard drives Vaughans Lincoln convertible around the city while Vaughan picks up and uses street prostitutes and, later, the films sexual couplings in cars are not restricted to heterosexual experiences. While watching videos of car crashes, Remington becomes extremely aroused, later, Vaughan and Ballard eventually turn towards each other and have sex while, also later, Gabrielle and Remington have sex with each other. The films climax begins with Vaughans death and ends with Ballard being involved in another car crash. Their fetish for car crashes has, ironically enough, had a bonding effect on the Ballards marriage. James Spader as James Ballard Deborah Kara Unger as Catherine Ballard Elias Koteas as Vaughan Holly Hunter as Dr, the film was extremely controversial, as was the book, because of its vivid depictions of graphic sexual acts instigated by violence. In the United States, the film was released in both NC-17 and R versions, the ratings controversy has now subsided and the film is readily available on DVD. In Australia, a cut version rated R18+ was given a limited release due to controversy, it was later released uncut on VHS in early 1997. The American NC-17 version was branded with the tagline The most controversial film in years, the movie was denounced by the Municipality of Naples and the environmental association Legambiente, but it was eventually distributed
Crash (1996 film)
–
Original release poster
16.
The Village Voice
–
The Village Voice is an American news and culture paper, known for being the countrys first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher and Norman Mailer, since its founding, The Village Voice has received three Pulitzer Prizes, the National Press Foundation Award and the George Polk Award. Among news sources, The Village Voice is known for its combination of news reporting and arts & culture coverage. The Village Voice has hosted a variety of writers and artists, including writer Ezra Pound, cartoonist Lynda Barry. In addition to daily coverage through its website and a print edition that circulates in New York City. In the 1960s the offices were located at Sheridan Square, then, from the 70s through 1980, at 11th Street and University Place, in 1991 they moved to Cooper Square in the East Village, and in 2013, to the Financial District. John Wilcock wrote a column every week for the papers first ten years, another regular from that period was the cartoonist Kin Platt, who did weekly theatrical caricatures. Other prominent regulars have included Peter Schjeldahl, Ellen Willis, Tom Carson, Wayne Barrett, the Voice has published investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. Writers for the Voice have received three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1981,1986 and 2000, almost since its inception the paper has recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The papers Pazz & Jop music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, is released annually, in 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year in film. In 2001 the paper sponsored its first music festival, Siren Festival, in 2011, the event moved to the lower tip of Manhattan and re-christened the 4knots Music Festival, a reference to the speed of the East Rivers current. Today, the Voice is known for its support for the civil rights of gays. However, early in its history, the newspaper had a reputation as having an anti-homosexuality slant, while reporting on the Stonewall riots of 1969, the newspaper referred to the riots as The Great Faggot Rebellion. Two reporters, Smith and Truscott, both used the words faggot and dyke in their articles about the riots, the newspaper changed their policy after the GLF petitioned the newspaper to do so. Over time, the Voice has changed its stance, and in 1982, as a testament to the Voices popularity in New York City, the paper is mentioned in the musical Rent during the song La Vie Boheme. The line states To riding your bike midday past the three suits, to fruits, to no absolutes, to Absolut, to choice, to The Village Voice. Seventeen alternative weeklies around the United States are owned by the Voices parent company Village Voice Media, in 2005, the Phoenix alternative weekly chain New Times Media purchased the company and took the Village Voice Media name. After The Village Voice was acquired by New Times Media in 2005, the Voice was then managed by two journalists from Phoenix, Arizona
The Village Voice
–
The Village Voice
The Village Voice
–
The Cooper Square former head office of the paper
The Village Voice
–
Village Voice columnist
Nat Hentoff; photo by Tom Pich
The Village Voice
–
October 1955 cover
17.
Jewish
–
The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
Jewish
–
Baruch Spinoza
Jewish
–
David Ben-Gurion
Jewish
–
George Gershwin
Jewish
–
Map of
Canaan
18.
Harbord Collegiate Institute
–
Harbord Collegiate Institute is a public secondary school located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school is located in the Palmerston-Little Italy/The Annex neighbourhood, situated on the side of Harbord Street. The school has 1000 students enrolled and 50 faculty members, Harbord was opened in 1892 as Harbord Street Collegiate Institute. Harbords first centennial was celebrated in 1992 and included the inauguration of the Harbord museum, there exists a legend of a ghost in Harbord- the myth surrounds the renovations the school has undergone, namely that of a boarded-up hallway. The idea is that someone was bricked up inside the corridor, but then again, who would want to admit to murder. On November 11,2005, a Remembrance Day ceremony took place at Harbord, with the donations from the W. Garfield Weston Foundation and many other corporate sponsors and individuals, the rededication of the 1921 World War I monument back to its original splendor was held. The master of ceremony was Syd Moscoe while addresses were given by President of George Weston Ltd, galen Weston, former Minister of Defence Barney Danson, Canadian Armed Services Chief of Land Staff Lieutenant-General Marc Caron, and Chairperson of the TDSB Sheila Ward. Harbords Jazz Band played a piece written by band teacher Mr. Alberts, the Cantemus Choir also performed and poems written by students Kevin Tung and Michael Lee were read. The ceremony ended with a picture that was taken of the students, teachers, alumni, in May 2007, a second monument created to remember World War II was revealed in another ceremony. In November 2014, three names were added to the First World War memorial, those of Lieut, the names were added after the school had received a notice from The Black Watch saying that they knew of a soldier whose name wasnt on the monument. In the weeks that followed, the other two Lost Soldiers names were brought to the attention of the school, and were appropriated added to the new plaque unveiled at the Remembrance Day ceremony. After a ceremony that included members of the newly honored soldiers. The Harbord Club has 2600 members and it was established in 1978 by Elsie Affleck, who brought along other alumni including Ken Prentice, Willie Zimmerman, Johnny Wayne, Max Goldhar and Julius Molinaro. The Harbordite, founded in 1979, is the Harbord Club newsletter that keeps former students of the school in contact with one another, the Harbord Charitable Foundation was also created at this time, supporting both student scholarships and alumni activities. The Directors of the Harbord Club are as follows, Syd Moscoe, Ben Lee, Sid Ingham, Belinda Medeiros-Felix, Vasan Persad, Diana Dasilva, today, the student body largely consists of students of Chinese and Portuguese descent, which is representative of the surrounding neighbourhoods. Many of the clubs at Harbord are reflective of the ethnic groups present, the Harbord language program offers courses in Cantonese, Mandarin, Spanish, Latin, French, Portuguese and German. Harbord has three French programs, Immersion, Extended and Core French and these classes offer students an opportunity to become bilingual in Canadas official languages. There is a French Club within Harbord, Harbord has a full ESL program which helps all students new to Canada to learn English
Harbord Collegiate Institute
–
Virtus et Doctrina
Harbord Collegiate Institute
–
Knox College, Victoria University, Trinity University, Harbord Street Collegiate Institute 1900-1925
Harbord Collegiate Institute
–
Comedy duo Wayne and Shuster both met as high school students at Harbord
Harbord Collegiate Institute
–
HCI before 1932
19.
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
–
North Toronto Collegiate Institute is a non-semestered, public high school institution for over 1,200 students located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The School is operated and governed by the Toronto District School Board, from its founding until 1998, it was overseen by the Toronto Board of Education. The school is located in Midtown, Toronto in the Yonge, the closest TTC subway station is Eglinton station. The motto is Labor Omnia Vincit which means, Work conquers all, North Toronto celebrated its 100th anniversary in May 2012. North Toronto High School was founded in 1910 and was housed in the North Toronto Town Hall. The original two-storey school building had five rooms, and was completed in 1912, later, the school was renovated to include a third storey and became the north side of the old building, once the south section was built. Other additions included the 1956 math wing, swimming pool, cafeteria and auditorium, in 2002, the North Toronto Collegiate Institute was one of the oldest buildings in the TDSB, and was in need of major repair. A planning process was undertaken to build a new school, due to a lack of available capital funding at the school board, a decision was taken in 2003 to seek private investment to augment funding committed by the TDSB. Subsequently, Tridel, a large Canadian condominium development corporation, bought 0.7 acres of land from the TDSB for $23 million, ground breaking occurred November 21,2007, a year after the project had originally been slated for completion. During construction the school remained open to students because the new building was built on the location of the old sports field, the old building was later demolished. Architectural aspects of the old building were preserved in the new buildings courtyard, Tridel built two condominiums,24 and 27 stories high. The new school was opened in September 2010, and the condominiums, the new building, which costs an estimated $52 million, features a roof garden, underground parking lot, and school-wide Wi-Fi. North Torontos Student Government is responsible for Student Advocacy, Semi-Formal Dances, Charity Week, School Assemblies, students run a Charity Week to raise money for a charitable foundation selected annually by all students. Money is raised through student-organized events, the School provides many sport teams. The North Toronto Boys Varsity Hockey team won the TDSSA championship in 2012, the North Toronto Womens Field Hockey team won the TDSSA championship in 2005,2006 &2008. In the 2010/11, the North Toronto Junior Girls Basketball Team won the City of Toronto Championship, the TDSB Tier 2 Senior Boys Rugby league team has won the last two championships after undefeated seasons. In the 2011/12, The North Toronto Junior Girls Swim Team won bronze and silver at OFSAA in the 200m Freestyle Relay, Bridget Wang also won silver for her 50m Butterfly. The girls were commended for their tremendous effort and success even though the school no longer has a home pool, the members of the Junior Girls team that made it to OFSAA was Bridget Wang, Sayako Suzuki, Liana Hadjigeorgiou, Hannah Billinger, Mikki Ayoub
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
–
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
–
Labor Omnia Vincit
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
–
North Toronto Collegiate Institute's old building, the Roehampton Avenue entrance in July 2009.
North Toronto Collegiate Institute
–
North Toronto Varsity Hockey Team, TDSSAA City Champions 2012
20.
Botany
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Botany, also called plant science, plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specialises in this field, the term botany comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη meaning pasture, grass, or fodder, βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν, to feed or to graze. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 410,000 species of plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance and they were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden and these gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, in the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately. Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science, dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botany originated as herbalism, the study and use of plants for their medicinal properties, many records of the Holocene period date early botanical knowledge as far back as 10,000 years ago. This early unrecorded knowledge of plants was discovered in ancient sites of human occupation within Tennessee, the early recorded history of botany includes many ancient writings and plant classifications. Examples of early works have been found in ancient texts from India dating back to before 1100 BC, in archaic Avestan writings. His major works, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, constitute the most important contributions to science until the Middle Ages. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years, important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyyas Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarīs the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassals The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner and these gardens continued the practical value of earlier physic gardens, often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject, lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe, the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621, throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine. German physician Leonhart Fuchs was one of the three German fathers of botany, along with theologian Otto Brunfels and physician Hieronymus Bock, Fuchs and Brunfels broke away from the tradition of copying earlier works to make original observations of their own. Bock created his own system of plant classification, physician Valerius Cordus authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner and herbalist John Gerard published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants, naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants
Botany
–
The fruit of
Myristica fragrans, a species native to
Indonesia, is the source of two valuable spices, the red aril (
mace) enclosing the dark brown
nutmeg.
Botany
–
The
Linnaean Garden of Linnaeus' residence in Uppsala, Sweden, was planted according to his Systema sexuale.
Botany
–
Micropropagation of transgenic plants
Botany
–
Biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher
21.
16 mm film
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16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm outfit consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen, rCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932 and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935. Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923 as a less expensive alternative to 35 mm film. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making movies, people could buy or rent films from the library. Intended for amateur use,16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, Kodak never used nitrate film for the format because of the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952, the silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935. Used extensively in WW2, there was an expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a network of 16 mm professional filmmakers. The advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a format, the 16 mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the less expensive 8 mm film. 16 mm has been used for television production with light cameras in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. Replacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use, nevertheless,16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio for low cost productions
16 mm film
–
16 mm sound movie showing a variable width sound track on single perforation film stock
16 mm film
–
16 mm black and white reversal Silent Home Movie on double perforation film stock
16 mm film
–
A 16 mm spring-wound
Bolex camera.
16 mm film
–
A modern 16 mm
Arri camera.
22.
Ivan Reitman
–
Ivan Reitman, OC is a Slovak-Canadian film producer and director, best known for his comedy work, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the owner of The Montecito Picture Company, founded in 2000, Reitman was born in Komárno, Czechoslovakia, the son of Klara and Ladislav Leslie Reitman. Reitmans parents were Jewish, his mother survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and his family came to Canada as refugees in 1950. Reitman attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto and was a member of the Twintone Four singing group, Reitman attended McMaster University, receiving a Bachelor of Music in 1969. At McMaster he produced and directed short films. Reitmans first producing job was with the then-new station CITY-TV in Toronto, CITY was also the home of the first announcing job of his later friend and collaborator Dan Aykroyd. However, Reitmans tenure at CITY was short and he was fired during his first year by station owner Moses Znaimer, in Toronto, he produced the stage production Spellbound which evolved into Broadway production The Magic Show. Reitmans first commercial film ventures were as producer of two films for director David Cronenberg, Shivers and Rabid and his big break came when he produced National Lampoons Animal House in 1978 and directed Meatballs in 1979. In the early 1990s, Reitman began to direct fewer films, Reitman is a founder of the McMaster Film Board at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. In 2007, Reitman was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame, Reitman founded The Montecito Picture Company, a film production company located just south of Santa Barbara, founded in 2000. He next produced the comedy I Love You, Man, starring Paul Rudd, also in 2009, he produced the Academy Award-nominated film, Up in the Air, directed by his son Jason Reitman. Later, Reitman had planned to direct the erotic thriller Chloe, Chloe has since enjoyed commercial success and became Egoyans biggest moneymaker ever. Reitman co-produced the biographical film Hitchcock, released on November 23,2012, Reitman also directed the 2014 sports drama Draft Day, starring Kevin Costner. In the early 1980s, Tom Mankiewicz wrote a script for a film entitled The Batman and he planned to cast Meatballs star Bill Murray as Batman, David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth, William Holden as Commissioner James Gordon, and singer David Bowie as The Joker. However, due to Holdens and Nivens death and the rewrites of the script, Reitman left the project and Gremlins director Joe Dante entered in the project, in April 1996, it was reported that Reitman was attached to produce, and possibly direct, a Wonder Woman film. However, three years later, he passed the project on to writer Jon Cohen and left for unknown reasons, in March 2012, it was reported that a sequel of Twins, entitled Triplets, was in the works, and that Reitman will co-produce the film. A release date wasnt given since the announcement, in 2013, it was revealed that Reitman had plans to make a sequel to Evolution, but plans for a sequel never materialized. In May 2016, Reitman revealed that he was in talks with Warner Bros. chairman Bob Daly about his involvement in Space Jam 2
Ivan Reitman
–
Reitman at the Avalon Hotel on March 9, 2011 in Beverly Hills, California
23.
University College, University of Toronto
–
University College is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary, baldwin envisioned that denominational colleges would soon decide to affiliate themselves under the secular University of Toronto with some vague status, perhaps as divinity halls. His hopes were dashed when the Presbyterian Queens College in Kingston opted to stay independent, baldwin resigned as premier in 1851, leaving his successor, Francis Hincks, to find another way to persuade the denominational colleges. Hincks decided that the university should adopt the collegiate university governance model, used for centuries at Oxbridge, on April 22,1853, University College was created as the Provincial College, and it retains that designation in the current University of Toronto Act. It was the first constituent college of the University of Toronto, inheriting the functions and resources of the former Kings College. Frederick William Cumberland was appointed in 1856 as the university architect to design and oversee the construction of the new building. The following year, Knox College and Victoria College also joined the University of Toronto, University College was severely damaged by a fire that gutted the entire eastern wing and the college library on February 14,1890. The fire spread rapidly when servants accidentally dropped two kerosene lamps on a staircase at around 7 p. m. while preparing the illumination for an annual college exhibition. And is now, so far as its material fabric goes, only about 100 books were rescued before the fire consumed more than 33,000 volumes at the college library. Despite the initial fears, University College recovered from the fire with remarkable ease, wycliffe College and Knox College both offered space for classes to accommodate displaced students. The board of trustees commissioned a restoration of the structure with insurance compensations. Within two years, the library was replenished with donations from throughout the British Empire. During the boycott of classes, professor of history George MacKinnon Wrong wrote to Chancellor Blake in England that only one student turned up at one of his lectures. The strike continued until February 20, when students voted to return to classes after the government agreed to call a commission of inquiry, the main building of University College was built between 1856 and 1859, designed by architects Frederick William Cumberland and William George Storm. The design committee would eventually include Norman, Romanesque Revival, and “faint traces of Byzantium, in particular, the Byzantine, Norman and early English styles were deemed “fitting for educational institutions”. Cumberland chose Norman Romanesque as the main influence because he thought it was the most appreciate for the topography in Canada, to achieve a picturesque approach, Cumberland ignored the classical symmetry and deliberately gave an asymmetrical architectural expression. The building was a combination of varied parts incorporating British design for educational structures in England and Ireland
University College, University of Toronto
–
University College, c. 1860
University College, University of Toronto
–
University College, Toronto
University College, University of Toronto
–
The University College fire of 1890, Dominion Illustrated
University College, University of Toronto
–
The main building of University College, a National Historic Site since 1968
24.
Art-house
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An art film is typically a serious, independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as a film genre, art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres and film festivals. The term art film is more widely used in the United States, the UK and Australia than in Europe. A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to understand or appreciate such films. One mid-1990s art film was called largely a cerebral experience that one enjoys because of what you know about film and this contrasts sharply with mainstream blockbuster films, which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable. An art film may also be called an art movie, specialty film, art-house film, or, in the collective sense, there is overlap between the categories of art film, independent film and experimental film. The antecedents of art films included D. W. Griffiths Intolerance, the critics of the outside world praised these films. Art films were influenced by films by Spanish avant-garde creators, such as Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí. Cinéma Pur, a 1920s and 1930s French avant-garde film movement also influenced the development of the idea of art film, the cinema pur film movement included Dada artists, such as Man Ray, René Clair, and Marcel Duchamp. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative conventions, bourgeois traditions, pure Cinema was influenced by such German absolute filmmakers as Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann, and Viking Eggeling. Richter claimed that his 1921 film, Rhythmus 21, was the first abstract film ever created, nevertheless, Richters film Rhythmus 21 is considered an important early abstract film. William Siska argues that Italian neorealist films from the mid- to late-1940s, such as Open City, Paisa, Films shown in these art cinemas included. British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries, Films such as Rossellinis Open City and Mackendricks Tight Little Island, Bicycle Thieves and The Red Shoes were shown to substantial U. S. audiences. In the late 1950s, French filmmakers began to produce films that were influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film. The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s, during the 1960s, the term art film began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U. S. the term is defined very broadly, to include foreign-language auteur films, independent films, experimental films, documentaries. In the 1960s art film became a euphemism in the U. S. for racy Italian, by the 1970s, the term was used to describe sexually explicit European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film I Am Curious
Art-house
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Carl Theodor Dreyer, pictured here in 1965, directed the 1928 film
The Passion of Joan of Arc, which is widely regarded as a landmark of cinema.
Art-house
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A poster for Eisenstein's film The Battleship Potemkin
Art-house
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U.S. photographer and filmmaker
Man Ray (pictured here in 1934) was part of the
Dadaist "Cinéma Pur" film movement, which influenced the development of art film.
Art-house
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Screen shot of Apu and his mother in
Satyajit Ray 's
Indian film,
Apu Trilogy, 1955-59
25.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
Black and white
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A black-and-white photo of a
breadfruit, c. 1870
Black and white
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Black-and-white photography of Frankfurt central station
Black and white
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Contemporary photo of a
Galápagos tortoise (
Chelonoidis nigra) on
Santa Cruz Island.
26.
Stereo (1969 film)
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Stereo is a 1969 Canadian film directed, written, produced, shot, and edited by David Cronenberg in his feature film debut. It stars Ronald Mlodzik, who appears in Cronenbergs Crimes of the Future, Shivers. It was Cronenbergs first feature-length effort, following his two films, Transfer and From the Drain. It is a feature film, with a running time of a little over one hour. This film is set in 1969, the film has a 60% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film purports to be part of a mosaic of educational resources by the Canadian Academy of Erotic Enquiry and it documents an experiment by the unseen Dr. Luther Stringfellow. It is hoped that telepathic groups, bonded in polymorphous sexual relationships, one girl develops a secondary personality in order to cope with her new state of consciousness, which gradually ousts her original personality. As the volunteers abilities develop, the experimenters find themselves unable to control the progress of the experiment. They decide to separate the telepaths, which results in two suicides, the final sequence shows the young woman who developed an extra personality wearing the black cloak. The film was shot in black and white, and silent because the camera Cronenberg was using too much noise. A commentary, purportedly by various followers of Stringfellows theories, and parodying scientific, the film was shot at Scarborough College. The film embodies several themes now common within Cronenbergs body of work, the exploration of new states of consciousness via sexual experimentation is a major theme in Shivers, Videodrome, Dead Ringers, Naked Lunch, M. Butterfly and Crash. Stereo at the Internet Movie Database Stereo at AllMovie
Stereo (1969 film)
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DVD Cover for Stereo and
Crimes of the Future
27.
Crimes of the Future
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Crimes of the Future is a 1970 Canadian science fiction film written, shot, edited, and directed by David Cronenberg. Like Cronenbergs previous feature, Stereo, Crimes was shot silent with a commentary added afterwards, the commentary is spoken by the character Adrian Tripod. Crimes of the Future details the wanderings of Tripod, sometime director of a clinic called the House of Skin, who is searching for his mentor. Rouge has disappeared following a catastrophic plague resulting from cosmetic products, one man parodies childbirth by continually growing new organs which are removed from his body. Eventually Tripod comes upon a group of paedophiles that is holding a 5-year-old girl and he senses the presence of Antoine Rouge. The film has a score of 60% from five reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, Crimes of the Future was released as a disc feature of The Criterion Collections DVD and Blu-ray release of The Brood. Crimes of the Future at the Internet Movie Database Crimes of the Future at AllMovie
Crimes of the Future
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DVD Cover for
Stereo and Crimes of the Future
28.
Shivers (film)
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Shivers is a 1975 Canadian science fiction body horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg. The original shooting title was Orgy of the Blood Parasites, dr. Emil Hobbes is conducting unorthodox experiments with parasites for use in transplants. Once implanted, it causes uncontrollable sexual desire in the host, Hobbes implants the parasites in his teen-aged mistress, who promiscuously spreads them throughout the ultra-modern apartment building outside Montreal where they live. Hobbes, unable to undo the damage he caused, kills his mistress, the police are called and the crime looks to be open and shut. As the story develops, one of Hobbes sexual partners begins to feel ill, here we see the parasite emerge from its host and escape into the building where it emerges and attacks a number of people. The pace of the story quickens when the resident physician, Roger St. Luc. St. Luc encounters an elderly resident who has attacked and burned by the parasite. St. Luc, along with his assistant and girlfriend, Nurse Forsythe and they attempt to stop the parasite infestation before it overwhelms the citys population. Instructing the elderly couple to wait and lock themselves in, St. Luc continues to the basement where the residents told him they had disposed of the parasite, St. Luc is attacked by a caretaker but manages to defeat him by bashing in his skull. Forsythe leaves the safety of the residents room and continues after St. Luc, where she is attacked. Meanwhile, upstairs it is clear that the parasite has spread the infection as more and more of the start to act out. The scene closes with the couples apartment broken into by the infected. Downstairs the security guard is infected and the showing the apartment is slowly entrapping other unsuspecting guests. St. Luc escapes to the garage where Forsythe is attacked by an infected resident. St. Luc rescues her and takes her to his car, however, as they attempt to crash through the gate to the parking garage another car rams them. St. Luc helps Forsythe free and they escape to an area in the building. At this stage Forsythe starts to act out, showing that she too has become infected, St. Luc is forced to leave her and forge on to escape but at every turn he is trapped. Eventually he finds himself trapped in the pool and he is attacked
Shivers (film)
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Theatrical release poster that features an alternate title
29.
Fast Company (1979 film)
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Fast Company is a 1979 Canadian action film directed by David Cronenberg and starring William Smith, John Saxon, Claudia Jennings and Nicholas Campbell. It was written by Phil Savath, Courtney Smith, Alan Treen and it was primarily filmed at Edmonton International Speedway, in addition to other locations in Edmonton, Alberta, and western Canada. At a racetrack, aging drag racing star Lonnie Lucky Man Johnson makes engine refinements to his car, on its first test run it blows up, but Lonnie escapes unhurt. Fast Co. team boss Phil Adamson is not impressed, telling the head mechanic, Elder, the real business is that the car remains competitive and helps sell Fast Company oil products. In the Funny Car class, Lonnies protégé Billy The Kid Brooker gives top dog Gary The Blacksmith Black a close run, on the road to Big Sky, Montana, Lonnie phones his girlfriend Sammy, who is living in Seattle, saying he misses her. When the Fast Co. rig blows a tire, Black, jealous of Fiascos money and Lonnies popularity, Adamson flies in his private plane with Candy Ellison the pretty new Fast Co. ad girl. At the Big Sky meet, Adamson takes a backhander from the organizer and he says that the fans come to see Lonnie, so while the dragster is being repaired he will replace Billy in the Funny Car. Billy likes it less, blaming Lonnies ego, Lonnies first ever Funny Car run is against Black, who is angry at the driver switch, especially when he loses the race. Billy finds some compensation in the presence of Candy. En route to a race in Spokane, Lonnie calls the dragster mechanic with a few ideas. At the meet, Lonnie is less than complimentary on his Fast Co, Adamson is incensed and calls the company to say hes bringing in Gary Black. Candy overhears the phone call, and when she refuses to have sex with the TV interviewer as damage control and he offers Black the Fast Co ride. At the same time, Candy and Billy go and get it on inside Lonnies trailer, Sammy shows up and interrupts them. She furiously assumes that its Lonnie in the bed, until he appears in the doorway, reunited, Lonnie and Sammy kick out Billy and Candy, and they resume making love and he talks about quitting racing. Adamson walks in without knocking, causing Lonnie to punch him to the floor and he says theyre finished, but Lonnie assures him the car will race. Outside the trailer, Adamson gives Black and the mechanic, named Meatball. While on another test run, the Funny Cars engine blows, Billy angrily accuses Black of sabotage, but Lonnie intervenes on Blacks behalf. In the pit, Adamson announces that Black is the new Fast Co driver, Lonnie goes for him but is slugged with a tire iron by Meatball
Fast Company (1979 film)
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Theatrical Poster
