1.
David Gilmour (album)
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David Gilmour is the debut solo studio album by Pink Floyd guitarist and co-lead vocalist David Gilmour. The album was released in May and June 1978 in the United Kingdom, the album reached number 17 in the UK and number 29 on the Billboard US album charts, it was certified Gold in the US by the RIAA. The album was produced by Gilmour, and consists mostly of blues, the tracks used for the album were recorded between February and March 1978 with engineer John Etchells at Super Bear Studios in France. They were then mixed at the studio by Nick Griffiths. Session musicians included bass guitarist Rick Wills and drummer Willie Wilson, the album cover used for the first EMI pressings of the album LP was done by Hipgnosis and Gilmour, Gilmour was credited on the cover for contributing Keyboards, Vocals although he played guitar. The CBS/Columbia pressings listed Gilmour as contributing Guitars, Keyboards, Vocals, among those depicted on the sleeve was Gilmours then-wife, Ginger. The albums only single was Theres No Way Out of Here, the single flopped in Europe, but became popular on Album-oriented rock radio stations in the US. The song was recorded by the band Unicorn for their 1976 album Too Many Crooks. It was also recorded later by New Jersey stoner rock band Monster Magnet on their Monolithic Baby, one unused tune he wrote and demoed at the time would evolve, via collaboration with Roger Waters, into Pink Floyds Comfortably Numb from The Wall. However, a song included on album, the piano ballad So Far Away, uses a chorus progression not unlike the chorus to Comfortably Numb. Likewise, the song Short and Sweet can be seen as a precursor to Run Like Hell, with its shifting chords over a D pedal point. Short and Sweet was written in collaboration with Roy Harper, who recorded his own version for his 1980 album The Unknown Soldier. The song Raise My Rent bears a resemblance to What Do You Want From Me. from Pink Floyds The Division Bell. A five song promotional film was made to promote the album, there were two female backing singers on Theres No Way Out of Here and So Far Away. It was recorded live at the The Roxy, London, also, Gilmour promoted the album with his first ever interviews with North American media and FM rock radio stations. The performances of the tracks in the film differed to the album versions. Mihalis had an extended ending guitar solo, so Far Away had an extended ending guitar solo on this performance and ended in a faster tempo than the album version. The middle part of the version, for where the first of two lap steel guitar solos were on the album version, was deleted
2.
David Gilmore
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David Gilmore is an American session jazz guitarist. Gilmore studied at New York University with Joe Lovano and Jim McNeely, in 1987 he began working professionally with the M-Base Collective and Ronald Shannon Jackson. In the 1990s he was a member of a fusion band called Lost Tribe and has also appeared with Meshell NDegeocello, Monday Michiru. In 1995, he became a member of Wayne Shorters band, together with his brother Marque Gilmore, Matt Garrison and Aref Durvesh, he founded Kindred Spirits CD Ritualism in 2001. Together with Christian McBride, Jeff Tain Watts and Ravi Coltrane he recorded Unified Presence, recorded in 2004–2005, the album received critical acclaim upon its release in 2006. Gilmore was the composer on all but one song. He also played guitar on Joss Stones Mind Body & Soul Sessions, Live in New York City
3.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
4.
Cambridge
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Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
5.
Progressive rock
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Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
6.
Psychedelic rock
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Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
7.
Art rock
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Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from teen entertainment to an artistic statement, influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental rock, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz. The genres greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists, art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk in the mid 1970s. After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s, in the rock music of the 1970s, the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant-garde or pretentiously progressive. Art rock is used synonymously with progressive rock. Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music, art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop. Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with complicated and long instrumental sections. Its music was used within the context of concept records. Compared to progressive rock, art rock is more challenging, noisy and unconventional and less classically influenced, art rock can also to refer to either classically driven rock, or a progressive rock-folk fusion. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon, the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the art rock, according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop musics dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, as it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock. According to biographer Richard Williams, created a new concept, the producer as overall director of the creative process, Spector transformed rock music as a performing art to an art which could only exist in the recording studio, which paved the way for art rock. The Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the music producer. Like Spector, Wilson was known as an eremitic studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the accessibility of pop music. According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many musicians from California desired to be acknowledged as artists. They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they wanted to make art
8.
Blues rock
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Blues rock is a fusion genre combining elements of blues and rock. It is mostly an electric ensemble-style music with similar to electric blues. From its beginnings in the early- to mid-1960s, blues rock has gone through several stylistic shifts and along the way inspired hard rock, Southern rock, Blues rock continues to be an influence, with performances and recordings by several popular artists. Blues rock started with rock musicians in the United Kingdom and the United States performing American blues songs. They typically recreated electric Chicago-style blues songs, such as those by Muddy Waters, Jimmy Reed, Howlin Wolf, and Albert King, at faster tempos and with a more aggressive sound common to rock. In the UK, the style was popularized by such as the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, and the Animals. In the US, Lonnie Mack, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, in the US, Johnny Winter, the Allman Brothers Band, and ZZ Top represented a hard rock trend. Although around this time, AllMusic commented, the lines between rock and hard rock were barely visible, there was a return to more blues-influenced styles. Groups, such as the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion and the White Stripes, brought an edgier, more diverse style into the 2000s, Blues rock bands borrow the idea of an instrumental combo and loud amplification from rock & roll. It is also played at a fast tempo, again distinguishing it from the blues. The core blues rock sound is created by the guitar, bass guitar. Often bands also included a harmonica, usually called a harp, the electric guitar is usually amplified through a tube guitar amplifier or using an overdrive effect. While 1950s-era blues bands would still use the upright bass, the blues rock bands of the 1960s used the electric bass. Keyboard instruments, such as the piano and Hammond organ, are occasionally used. As with the guitar, the sound of the Hammond organ is typically amplified with a tube amplifier. Vocals also typically play a key role, although the vocals may be equal in importance or even subordinate to the guitar playing. As well, a number of rock pieces are instrumental-only. Blues-rock pieces often follow typical blues structures, such as blues, sixteen-bar blues
9.
Columbia Graphophone Company
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The Columbia Graphophone Company was one of the earliest gramophone companies in the United Kingdom. As Columbia Records, it became a label in the 1950s and 1960s. This in turn was absorbed by the Parlophone Records unit of Warner Music Group, in 1922, Columbia Phonograph, as the American Columbia Records was then known, sold its UK subsidiary Columbia Graphophone. However, in 1925 Columbia Graphophone bought its former parent for $2.5 million, in 1926 Odeon Records and Parlophone Records were acquired. On 21 April 1931, the Gramophone Company and the Columbia Graphophone Company merged and formed a new company, Electric, American anti-trust laws forced EMI to sell its American Columbia operations. Under EMI, English Columbias output was mainly licenced recordings from American Columbia until 1951 when American Columbia switched British distribution to Philips Records, led by avuncular A&R man Norrie Paramor, the label was arguably the most successful in Britain in the rock era prior to the beat boom. In the mid 1960s, English Columbia added an audiophile imprint called Studio 2 Stereo, during that time, the Columbia Graphophone Company was absorbed into the Gramophone Company with the label maintaining its identity. EMI has engaged in litigation with CBS regarding the importing of American records bearing the Columbia imprint into areas where EMI owned the Columbia name, EMI decided to reserve the HMV label for classical repertoire and had transferred HMVs remaining pop acts to Columbia and Parlophone by 1967. EMI began to replace the Columbia label with the eponymous EMI Records in January 1973, the last Columbia single was issued in 1989. EMI sold its remaining interest in the Columbia name in 1990 to Sony Music Entertainment, the formal reassignment of British registered trade marks, including the magic notes logo, from EMI took place in 1993. Today, Sony Music prefers using the eye logo for the Columbia Records trade mark in the UK. However, the magic notes logo is used, usually to give a retro feel. The Columbia name was still on some EMI releases between 1973 and 1990, but it had ceased acting as a fully functioning label. In Australia and Germany, EMI continued using the Columbia label throughout the 1970s and to at least 1980, through its ownership of the former Columbia/EMI catalogue, Parlophone Records new owner Warner Music Group assumed Columbias artist roster and catalogue. New reissues bear the Parlophone imprint
10.
Harvest Records
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Harvest Records is a major record label belonging to Capitol Music Group, originally created by EMI, active from 1969 to present. Harvest was distributed in North America by EMIs US arm, Capitol Records and they were the European licensee for the American label Blue Thumb Records from 1969 to 1971. Most acts on the Harvest roster were British, two exceptions were Australian progressive band Spectrum and Spectrums successor Ariel, whose first two LPs also came out on the label. The Danish musician Sebastian had three albums released in Denmark on the Harvest label between 1972 and 1974, the focus of the label changed slightly as the 1970s drew to a close, with the signing of post-punk groups Wire, Australian band the Saints and the Banned. New wave artists Thomas Dolby and Duran Duran released their albums on the label in North America. Iron Maidens first three albums were released in the US by the label. Pink Floyd switched to Columbia Records after the release of The Dark Side of the Moon in 1973, in the United States, Capitol initially treated Harvest as a separate label that they expected big sales from. After only a few issues, they had few sales to show for their effort and consequently issued a few releases. After this initial short-lived series, Capitol passed on most of the UK Harvest artists, in 1975, a reissue sub-label was launched called Harvest Heritage. This new label largely compiled material that had previously released on Harvest from 1969 onward. However, Harvest Heritage also reissued music from late 1960s EMI bands that had never recorded for the label, such as the Gods, Love Sculpture and Tomorrow. Heritage also occasionally released new music, such as Four Rock n Roll Legends, much of Harvests European back catalogue was divested by Universal after its takeover of EMI, as part of the Parlophone Label Group. Warner Music Group would buy the catalogue in February 2013, Capitol Music Group announced its relaunch of the label on 25 February 2013, with former Warner Bros. Records and Dangerbird Records executive Piero Giramonti at the helm. Giramonti is tasked with running the label as an independent label, with the support of Capitol Music Group and Caroline Distribution for distribution, radio promotion and licensing. As of 2013, the Harvest roster consists of TV on the Radio, Arthur Beatrice, Babes, Banks, Death Grips, on January 15,2014 it was announced that Morrissey and Charlotte OC had signed to Harvest Records. Harvest Label 1969 -1980 Harvest Records collectors guide ISBN 978-5-9622-0021-7 HarvestRecords. com Harvest Records Official Website
11.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
12.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
13.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
14.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
15.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
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Syd Barrett
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Roger Keith Syd Barrett was a British musician, composer, singer-songwriter, and painter. Best known as a member of the band Pink Floyd, Barrett was the lead singer, guitarist. Barrett was excluded from Pink Floyd in April 1968 after David Gilmour took over as their new guitarist, Barrett was musically active for less than ten years. With Pink Floyd, he recorded four singles, their debut album, Barrett began his solo career in 1969 with the single Octopus from his first solo album, The Madcap Laughs. The album was recorded over the course of a year with five different producers, nearly two months after Madcap was released, Barrett began working on his second and final album, Barrett, produced by Gilmour and featuring contributions from Richard Wright. Two years later, he left the industry, retired from public life. In 1988, an album of unreleased tracks and outtakes, Opel, was released by EMI with Barretts approval, Barretts innovative guitar work and exploration of experimental techniques such as dissonance, distortion and feedback influenced many musicians. His recordings are noted for their strongly English-accented vocal delivery. After leaving music, Barrett continued with painting and dedicated himself to gardening, Pink Floyd wrote and recorded several tributes to him, most notably the 1975 album Wish You Were Here, which included Shine On You Crazy Diamond, as homage to Barrett. Syd Barrett was born as Roger Keith Barrett in the English city of Cambridge to a family living at 60 Glisson Road. Barrett was the fourth of five children and his father, Arthur Max Barrett, was a prominent pathologist and he was related to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, through Maxs maternal grandmother Ellen Garrett, who was Elizabeths cousin. In 1951 his family moved to 183 Hills Road, Barrett played piano occasionally, but usually preferred writing and drawing. He got a ukulele at 10, a banjo at 11, a year after he got his first acoustic guitar, he bought his first electric guitar and built his own amplifier. He used both names interchangeably for several years and his sister Rosemary stated, He was never Syd at home. He would never have allowed it and he was a Scout with the 7th Cambridge troop and went on to be a patrol leader. At one point at Morley Memorial Junior School he was taught by Roger Waters mother, later, in 1957, he attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. His father died of cancer on 11 December 1961, less than a month before Barretts 16th birthday, also on this day, Barrett had left the entry in his diary for this date blank. By this time, his brothers and sisters had left home, eager to help her son recover from his grief, Barretts mother encouraged the band in which he played, Geoff Mott and The Mottoes, a band which Barrett formed, to perform in their front room
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Kate Bush
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Catherine Kate Bush, CBE is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. She has since released twenty-five UK Top 40 singles, including the top ten hits The Man with the Child in His Eyes, Babooshka, Running Up That Hill, Dont Give Up and King of the Mountain. She has released ten albums, all of which reached the UK Top 10, including the UK number-one albums Never for Ever. She is the first British solo female artist to top the UK album charts, Bush has received widespread critical acclaim for her eclectic and idiosyncratic music as well as her theatrical performances. She has been nominated 13 times for British Phonographic Industry accolades, during the course of her career, she has also been nominated for three Grammy Awards. In 2002, she was recognised with an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music, Bush was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to music. A diverse range of artists have claimed Bush as an influence on their work, Bush was born in Bexleyheath, Kent, to English medical doctor Robert Bush and Hannah Daly. She was raised as a Roman Catholic in their farmhouse in East Wickham, both brothers were involved in the local folk music scene. One of the instructors, Dave Hazard, later noted in his autobiography that her dance moves seemed to owe something to karate and her familys musical influence inspired Bush to teach herself the piano at the age of 11. She also played the organ in a barn behind her parents house and she soon began writing her own tunes and eventually added lyrics to them. Bush attended St Josephs Convent Grammar School, a Catholic girls school, in Woolwich Road, Abbey Wood, south east London, during this time her family produced a demo tape with over 50 of her compositions, which was turned down by record labels. David Gilmour of Pink Floyd received the demo from Ricky Hopper, a friend of Gilmour. Impressed with what he heard, Gilmour helped the sixteen-year-old Bush get a more professional-sounding demo tape recorded that would be more saleable to the record companies, three tracks in total were recorded and paid for by Gilmour. The tape was produced by Gilmours friend Andrew Powell, who would go on to produce Bushs first two albums, and sound engineer Geoff Emerick, the tape was sent to EMI executive Terry Slater. Slater was impressed by the tape and signed her, the British record industry was reaching a point of stagnation. Progressive rock was popular and visually oriented rock performers were growing in popularity. Bush was put on retainer for two years by Bob Mercer, managing director of EMI group-repertoire division. According to Mercer he felt Bushs material was good enough to be released but felt if the album failed it would be demoralising
18.
The Orb
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The Orb is an English electronic music group known for being the pioneers of ambient house. Founded in 1988 by Alex Paterson and The KLF member Jimmy Cauty and their early performances were inspired by ambient and electronic artists of the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Brian Eno and Kraftwerk. Because of their sound, the Orb developed a cult following among clubbers coming down from drug-induced highs. Paterson has been the permanent member, continuing to work as the Orb with the Swiss-German producer Thomas Fehlmann and, later, with Martin Youth Glover. Beyond recognition on their albums and concerts, his use of other artists works has led to disputes with musicians. During their live shows of the 1990s, the Orb performed using digital tape machines optimised for live mixing and sampling before switching to laptops. Despite changes in method, the Orb maintained their colourful light shows. These visually intense performances prompted critics to compare the group to Pink Floyd, Alex Paterson began his music career in the early 1980s as a roadie for the post-punk rock band Killing Joke, for whom his childhood friend Martin Youth Glover plays bass. The following year, the Orb released the Kiss EP, a four-track EP based on samples from New York Citys KISS FM and it was released on Paterson and Glovers new record label WAU. Mr. Modo Records, which created out of a desire to maintain financial independence from larger record labels. Paterson and Cauty began DJ-ing in London and landed a deal for the Orb to play the chill out room at London nightclub Heaven, resident DJ Paul Oakenfold brought in the duo as ambient DJs for his The Land of Oz event at Heaven. The Orbs performances became most popular among weary DJs and clubbers seeking solace from the loud, the Orb built up melodies using multitrack recordings linked to multiple record decks and a mixer. The group incorporated many CDs, cassettes, and BBC sound effects into the act, though the group used a variety of samples, they avoided heavy rhythm and drums so that the intended ambient atmosphere was not disrupted. Most often, the group played dub and other chill-out music, throughout 1989 the Orb, along with Martin Glover, developed a music production style that incorporated ambient music with a diverse array of samples and recordings. The British music press later labelled the music ambient house, the culmination of the groups musical work came toward the end of the same year when they recorded a session for John Peel on BBC Radio 1. The track, then known as Loving You, was largely improvisational and featured a wealth of effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds. For its release as a single on the record label Big Life, despite its running time of 22 minutes, the sample-laden single reached #78 on the British singles charts. Soon thereafter, the Orb were commissioned by Dave Stewart to remix his top-20 single Lily Was Here, the group obliged and were soon offered several more remix jobs from artists including Erasure and System 7
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Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
20.
Concept album
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A concept album is an album unified by a larger purpose or meaning to the album collectively than to its tracks individually. This may be achieved through a central narrative or theme. The exact criteria of a concept album varies, with no discernible consensus, in the 1960s, several well-regarded concept albums were released by various rock bands, which eventually led to the invention of progressive rock and the rock opera. Since then, many albums have been released across many different musical genres. Concepts are general ideas, thoughts, or abstract notions, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a concept album. Fiona Sturges of The Independent stated that the album was originally defined as a long-player where the songs were based on one dramatic idea –. A precursor to this type of album can be found in the 19th century song cycle which ran some of the same difficulties in classification. The extremely broad definitions of an album could potentially encompass all soundtracks, compilations, cast recordings, greatest hits albums, tribute albums, Christmas albums. The most common definitions refer to an approach to the rock album format. AllMusic writes, A concept album could be a collection of songs by a songwriter or a particular theme -- these are the concept LPs that reigned in the 50s. The phrase concept album is tied to the late 1960s. Author Jim Cullen describes it, a collection of discrete but thematically unified songs whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts, sometimes assumed to be a product of the rock era. Author Roy Shuker defines concept albums and rock operas as albums that are unified by a theme, in this form, the album changed from a collection of heterogeneous songs into a narrative work with a single theme, in which individual songs segue into one another. Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman considers the first concept album to be Woody Guthries 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads, the Independent regards it as perhaps one of the first concept albums, consisting exclusively of semi-autobiographical songs about the hardships of American migrant labourers during the 1930s. Singer Frank Sinatra recorded several albums prior to the 1960s rock era, including In the Wee Small Hours. Sinatra is sometimes credited as the inventor of the album, beginning with The Voice of Frank Sinatra. According to biographer Will Friedwald, Sinatra sequenced the songs so that the created a flow from track to track, affording an impression of a narrative. First pop singer to bring a consciously artistic attitude to recording, the author Carys Wyn Jones writes that the Beach Boys Pet Sounds, the Beatles Revolver and Sgt
21.
The Dark Side of the Moon
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The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records. It thematically explores conflict, greed, the passage of time, and mental illness, developed during live performances, an early version was premiered several months before recording began, new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road in London. The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time, including multitrack recording, analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks, and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyds road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout. Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctively notable sonic aspects, the album was an immediate commercial and critical success, it topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988. With an estimated 45 million copies sold, it is Pink Floyds most commercially successful album and it has been remastered and re-released twice, and covered in its entirety by several other acts. It produced two singles, Money and Us and Them, and is the bands most popular album among fans and critics, following Meddle in 1971, Pink Floyd assembled for an upcoming tour of Britain, Japan and the United States in December of that year. Rehearsing in Broadhurst Gardens in London, there was the prospect of a new album. In a band meeting at drummer Nick Masons home in Camden, the band had explored a similar idea with 1969s The Man and The Journey. In an interview for Rolling Stone, guitarist David Gilmour said, I think we all thought –, There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific. Generally, all four members agreed that Waters album concept unified by a theme was a good idea. The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones and they also purchased extra equipment, which included new speakers, a PA system, a 28-track mixing desk with four quadraphonic outputs, and a custom-built lighting rig. However, after discovering that that title had already used by another band, Medicine Head. The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton, on 20 January 1972, michael Wale of The Times described the piece as. It was so understanding and musically questioning. Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote The ambition of the Floyds artistic intention is now vast. Melody Maker was, however, less enthusiastic, Musically, there were great ideas. However, the tour was praised by the public. The bands lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make improvements to the scale
22.
Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album)
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Wish You Were Here is the ninth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd. It was released on 12 September 1975 by Harvest Records in the United Kingdom, inspired by material the group composed while performing around Europe, Wish You Were Here was recorded during numerous recording sessions at Abbey Road Studios in London, England. Two of the four songs criticise the music business, another expresses alienation. Barretts mental breakdown had forced him to leave the group seven years earlier after the release of the debut studio album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. It was lead writer Roger Waters idea to split Shine On You Crazy Diamond into two parts that would bookend the album around three new compositions and to introduce a concept linking them all. The band had used a concept for their previous album, The Dark Side of the Moon. As with The Dark Side of the Moon, the band used studio effects and synthesizers and these singers were Roy Harper, who provided the lead vocals on Have a Cigar, and the Blackberries, who added backing vocals to Shine On You Crazy Diamond. Wish You Were Here was an instant commercial success, and although it received mixed reviews. It appears on Rolling Stones lists of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, band members Richard Wright and David Gilmour have cited Wish You Were Here as their favourite Pink Floyd album, and many critics and fans have considered the album to be the bands magnum opus. During 1974, Pink Floyd sketched out three new compositions, Raving and Drooling, You Gotta Be Crazy and Shine On You Crazy Diamond. These songs were performed during a series of concerts in France and England, as Pink Floyd had never employed a publicist and kept themselves distant from the press, their relationship with the media began to sour. Following the publication by NME of a critique of the bands new material, written by Nick Kent and Pete Erskine. Wish You Were Here is the second Pink Floyd album to use a theme written entirely by Roger Waters. It reflects his feeling that the camaraderie that had served the band was, by then, Barrett is fondly recalled with lines such as Remember when you were young, you shone like the sun and You reached for the secret too soon, you cried for the moon. Wish You Were Here is also a critique of the music business, Shine On crosses seamlessly into Welcome to the Machine, a song that begins with an opening door and ends with a party, the latter epitomising the lack of contact and real feelings between people. Asked of the band on at least one occasion, the lyrics of the next song, Wish You Were Here, relate both to Barretts condition, and to the dichotomy of Waters character, with greed and ambition battling with compassion and idealism. The album closes with a reprise of Shine On and further instrumental excursions, alan Parsons, EMI staff engineer for Pink Floyds previous studio album, The Dark Side of the Moon, had declined the bands offer to continue working with them. The group had worked with engineer Brian Humphries on More, recorded at Pye Studios, Humphries was therefore the natural choice to work on the bands new material, although as a stranger to EMIs Abbey Road set-up he encountered some early difficulties
23.
Animals (Pink Floyd album)
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Animals is the tenth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 23 January 1977 by Harvest Records in the United Kingdom and by Columbia Records in the United States. It is a album that provides a scathing critique of the social-political conditions of late-70s Britain. The album was released to positive reviews in the United Kingdom. In 1975, Pink Floyd bought a block of church halls at 35 Britannia Row in Islington. Its construction took up most of 1975, and in April 1976 the band started work on their studio album, Animals. Animals was engineered by a previous Floyd collaborator, Brian Humphries, raving and Drooling and Youve Got to Be Crazy, two songs previously performed live and considered for Wish You Were Here, reappeared as Sheep and Dogs respectively. They were reworked to fit the new concept, and separated by a Waters-penned composition, with the exception of Dogs the albums five tracks were written by Waters. The song contains references to Waters private life, his new romantic interest was Carolyne Anne Christie, Gilmour was distracted by the birth of his first child, and contributed little else towards the songwriting of the album. Similarly, neither Mason nor Wright contributed as much as they had on previous albums, the band had discussed employing another guitarist for future tours, and Snowy White was therefore invited into the studio. When Waters and Mason inadvertently erased one of Gilmours completed guitar solos, although his performance was omitted from the vinyl release, it was included on the eight-track cartridge version. White later performed on the Animals tour, Mason recalled that he enjoyed working on Animals more than he had working on Wish You Were Here. Whereas the novella focuses on Stalinism, the album is a critique of capitalism, drummer Nick Mason later stated that he welcomed the Punk Rock insurrection and viewed it as a welcome return to the underground scene from which Pink Floyd originated. In 1977 he produced The Damneds second album, Music for Pleasure, in his 2008 book Comfortably Numb, author Mark Blake argues that Dogs contains some of David Gilmours finest work, although the guitarist sings only one lead vocal, his performance is explosive. The song also contains contributions from keyboardist Richard Wright, which echo the funereal synthesizer sounds used on the bands previous album. Pigs is audibly similar to Have a Cigar, with guitar fills. Of the songs three pigs, the one directly identified is morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, who amongst other things is described as a house-proud town mouse. Sheep contains a version of Psalm 23, which continues the traditional The Lord is my shepherd with words like he maketh me to hang on hooks in high places. Towards the end of the song, the eponymous sheep rise up and kill the dogs, but later retire back to their homes
24.
The Wall
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In 1982, the album was adapted into a feature film, Pink Floyd – The Wall. Bass guitarist and lyricist Roger Waters conceived The Wall as an opera during Pink Floyds 1977 In the Flesh Tour. The story, which explores themes of abandonment and personal isolation, follows Pink, a character whom Waters modeled after himself, the band, who were then struggling with various personal and financial difficulties, supported the idea. Recording lasted from December 1978 to November 1979, keyboardist Richard Wright was unceremoniously fired from the band by Waters during its production but remained as a salaried musician, performing with Pink Floyd during the subsequent tour. The performances, which were released as a live album. Some of the themes would be continued in the bands next album, The Final Cut. The album was one of the best selling of 1980 and by 1999 it had sold over 23 million RIAA-certified units making it the third-highest certified album in the United States, rolling Stone placed The Wall at number 87 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It is the last studio album released with the 11-year-spanning line-up of Waters, Wright, guitarist David Gilmour and he articulated his desire to isolate himself by constructing a wall across the stage between the performers and the audience. He later said, I loathed playing in stadiums, I kept saying to people on that tour, Im not really enjoying this. There is something wrong with this. While Gilmour and Wright were in France recording solo albums, and Nick Mason was busy producing Steve Hillages Green, to execute The Wall concept was to attempt to analyse the performers psychological separation from the audience, using a physical structure as a metaphorical and theatrical device. In July 1978 the band reconvened at Britannia Row Studios, where Waters presented two new ideas for concept albums, the first was a 90-minute demo with the working title Bricks in the Wall. The second, a project about a mans dreams across one night that dealt with marriage, sex, and the pros and cons of monogamy and family life versus promiscuity. The first option was chosen by the group for the new Pink Floyd project and the idea eventually became Waterss first solo effort. By September, the band was experiencing financial difficulties, financial planners Norton Warburg Group had invested £1. 3–3.3 million of the groups money in high-risk venture capital to reduce their tax liabilities. The strategy failed as many of the businesses NWG invested in lost money and we made Dark Side and it looked as if wed cracked it, recalled Waters. Then suddenly these bastards had stolen it all and it looked as if we might be faced with huge tax bills for the money that had been lost. Eighty-three per cent was a lot of money in those days, Pink Floyd terminated their relationship with NWG, demanding the return of uninvested funds
25.
Roger Waters
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George Roger Waters is an English singer, songwriter, bassist, and composer. In 1965, he co-founded the progressive rock band Pink Floyd with drummer Nick Mason, keyboardist Rick Wright and guitarist, singer, and songwriter Syd Barrett. Waters initially served as the groups bassist, but following the departure of Barrett in 1968, he became their lyricist, conceptual leader. Pink Floyd subsequently achieved success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals. By the early 1980s, they had one of the most critically acclaimed and best-selling acts in the history of popular music, as of 2013. Amid creative differences within the group, Waters left in 1985 and began a dispute with the remaining members over their intended use of the bands name. They settled out of court in 1987, and nearly eighteen years passed before he performed them again. Waters solo career has included three albums, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, Radio K. A. O. S. In 1990, he staged one of the largest and most extravagant rock concerts in history, The Wall – Live in Berlin, with an official attendance of 200,000. As a member of Pink Floyd, he was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and that same year he released Ça Ira, an opera in three acts translated from Étienne and Nadine Roda-Gils libretto about the French Revolution. Later that year, he reunited with Pink Floyd bandmates Mason, Wright and David Gilmour for the Live 8 global awareness event and he has toured extensively as a solo act since 1999 and played The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety for his world tour of 2006–2008. In 2010, he began The Wall Live and in 2011 Gilmour, as of 2013, the tour is the highest-grossing of all time by a solo artist. George Roger Waters was born on 6 September 1943, the younger of two boys, to Mary and Eric Fletcher Waters, in Great Bookham, Surrey. His father, the son of a miner and Labour Party activist, was a schoolteacher, a devout Christian. In the early years of the Second World War, his father was a conscientious objector who drove an ambulance during the Blitz. He later changed his stance on pacifism, joined the Territorial Army and was commissioned into the 8th Battalion and he was killed five months later on 18 February 1944 at Aprilia, during the Battle of Anzio, when Roger was five months old. He is commemorated at the Cassino War Cemetery, on 18 February 2014, Waters unveiled a monument to his father and other war casualties in Aprilia, and was made an honorary citizen of Anzio. Following her husbands death, Mary Waters, also a teacher, Roger Waters earliest memory is of the V-J Day celebrations
26.
The Dream Academy
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The Dream Academy were an English band consisting of singer/guitarist Nick Laird-Clowes, multi-instrumentalist Kate St John, and keyboardist Gilbert Gabriel. The band is most noted for their 1985 hit single Life in a Northern Town, Laird-Clowes and Gabriel met each other in the late 1970s whilst the former was in a band called The Act. At first, Laird-Clowes and Gabriel called themselves the Politics of Paradise, Laird-Clowes met Kate St John at a party, and asked her to join. The trio settled on the name The Dream Academy and shopped their demos for nearly two years and their work was rejected by every record label before finally landing a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records in 1985. Along the way, they made some connections with Adam Peters and Pink Floyds David Gilmour. Gilmour would go on to produce and/or play on two of their albums and co-write one Dream Academy song, Twelve-Eight Angel. Their first single, Life in a Northern Town was a success and sizeable hit in the U. S. charting at No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song also made number 15 in the UK Singles Chart, the single was dedicated to the English singer-songwriter Nick Drake. It was their only chart success. Reportedly, their record label initially did not want to release this single and they thought it needed more drums but Laird-Clowes and Gabriel were staunch in their opinion that it was perfect. They commented on its sound, and feeling of a winter snowstorm created almost unintentionally by the amount of overdubbing onto the original recording. The song also was initially called Morning Lasted All Day but was changed when Paul Simon commented to Laird-Clowes that it was not a good title, the Dream Academys eponymous debut album also reached a wide audience in the U. S. Their two subsequent albums did not match the initial success, during the same year, Gabriel and St John decided to leave the group to pursue solo musical interests and projects. Laird-Clowes ultimately decided that he would not go further under the Dream Academy name, shortly thereafter, he began to work with David Gilmour on lyrics for Pink Floyds The Division Bell, before recording his solo album under the name Trashmonk. Lately, he has composed the music for and consulted on numerous film soundtracks, All three members of the band remain active recording musicians, each with his or her own career. Kate St John performed with Van Morrison for many years and more recently has been director for Marianne Faithfull. Gabriel has also had numerous projects since, such as, The Believers, The Excellent Staircase, Melt21, and The Daze. Also, a sample of Life In A Northern Town was the basis of Jakarandas Never Let You Go, released in 1998 as part of the soundtrack for Disneys The Parent Trap
27.
About Face (album)
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About Face is the second solo studio album by the English singer-songwriter David Gilmour. It was originally released in March 1984, on the label Harvest in the UK, co-produced by Bob Ezrin and Gilmour, the album was recorded in 1983, in sessions that took place at Pathé Marconi Studio, in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Two tracks, All Lovers Are Deranged and the more radio-friendly Love on the Air, were co-written by Gilmour and his long-time friend Pete Townshend, the remainder of the tracks are credited solely to Gilmour. In May of the year, fellow Pink Floyd member Roger Waters released his first official solo album The Pros. On release, the album was received favourably by the majority of critics and went on to peak at #21 on UK Albums Chart. Two singles were issued from About Face, Blue Light, the albums first and leading single, Blue Light peaked at #62 in the US, while its second single Love on the Air failed to chart. The album was certified gold by the RIAA, the album was re-released on 14 August 2006 on EMI in Europe as a digitally remastered CD. Legacy Recordings, and Columbia Records released the remastered CD in the US, the album was recorded with engineer Andy Jackson at a time when Pink Floyds future was uncertain. It was mixed by James Guthrie at Mayfair Studios in London, doing this album I wanted to make a really good record. Steve Winwood was top of my keyboard playing list but he couldnt do most of the album and he played Hammond organ on Blue Light. I had a bit more time and was feeling a bit freer about things on this album, just more accidents tend to occur. I know hes felt uncomfortable about certain things he could express in solo stuff. For me, the restriction was the scale of what Pink Floyd had become more than anything. Its nice to get out and do something on a different scale, go out and do theatres. Waters, seeing Gilmour and Masons lack of interest in the concept, offered to make The Final Cut as a solo album, hey know songs dont grow on trees, Waters told David Fricke of Rolling Stone magazine. They wanted it to be a Floyd record, Gilmour was later interviewed by Texas-based DJ Redbeard, on the radio programme, In the Studio during which the focus was his 2006 third album On an Island. He commented on About Face saying that, looking back on it, it has great moments on there. Murder, was an outcry by Gilmour about the killing of John Lennon
28.
On an Island
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On an Island is the third solo album by Pink Floyd member David Gilmour. It was released in the UK on 6 March 2006, Gilmours 60th birthday and it was his first solo album in twenty two years since 1984s About Face and twelve years since 1994s Pink Floyd album The Division Bell. Chris Thomas and Roxy Musics Phil Manzanera assisted with production, the lyrics were principally written by Gilmours wife, Polly Samson. Much of the album was recorded in Gilmours private studio aboard his houseboat Astoria, the track Smile was heard briefly in an unmastered form on the BBC2 show Three Men in a Boat which retraced a trip on the River Thames that passed the houseboat. The orchestra was recorded at Abbey Road Studios by Simon Rhodes, the album also produced two singles, the title track On an Island and Smile, the latter peaking at #72 on the UK Singles Chart. On an Island also peaked at #27 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, promo Single edits of Take a Breath and This Heaven were issued to coincide with the US leg of the tour, while Smile was the second single in the UK. The album was re-released in November 2006 with a bonus DVD of live tracks, on an Island entered the UK charts at #1, giving Gilmour his first ever chart-topping album outside of Pink Floyd. It reached #1 on the European Chart, and #2 in Canada, Portugal and it has also provided Gilmour with his first US Top 10 album, reaching #6. The album has achieved status in Canada and has sold over 1,000,000 copies worldwide. All music written by David Gilmour, Island Jam Island Jam was recorded as the b-side to the Smile single. The track was produced by Gilmour, Gilmour toured the album with Richard Wright, Phil Manzanera and long-time members of the live Pink Floyd band, Guy Pratt and Jon Carin. Steve DiStanislao was brought in as drummer, the shows included the entire On an Island album plus Pink Floyd songs such as Shine On You Crazy Diamond, Echoes, Arnold Layne, High Hopes, Wish You Were Here and Comfortably Numb among others. No songs from Gilmours two previous albums were played. The tour is documented on the DVD/Blu-ray Remember That Night and the live album & DVD Live in Gdansk, the song Castellorizon received a Grammy Award nomination for best rock instrumental. The album has achieved status in Canada for shipping 100,000 units
29.
Rattle That Lock
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Rattle That Lock is the fourth solo studio album by the English singer and musician David Gilmour. It was originally released in September 2015, on the label Columbia, the artwork for the album was created by Dave Stansbie from The Creative Corporation under the direction of Aubrey Powell, who has worked with David Gilmour and Pink Floyd since the late 1960s. The album was recorded at Gilmours recording studios, most of the album was recorded at Medina Studio, in Hove – the additional recording was at the Astoria houseboat studio. The final Pink Floyd album, The Endless River, was recorded and produced using a combination of the two studios. Orchestra parts were recorded at AIR Studios in London and the Liberty Choir were recorded in a South London church, the album was mixed at Astoria and mastering for all formats was performed by James Guthrie and Joel Plante at das boot recording in Lake Tahoe, California. The title track Rattle That Lock was inspired by and makes use of the SNCF jingle, Gilmour heard and recorded the jingle on his iPhone at Aix-en-Provence station while travelling to visit friends. When Boumendil first got a message from Gilmour, he thought it might be a prank. The lyrics for the track were written by Gilmours wife and long time collaborator, the musicians Mica Paris and Louise Marshall, together with the Liberty Choir perform on the track. Davids son Gabriel performs piano on the song In Any Tongue, Rattle That Lock was the first single released from the album, it had its first radio airplay on BBC Radio 2s The Chris Evans Breakfast Show during the morning of 17 July 2015. The single was available for digital download immediately afterwards. Also, David granted US rock radio legend Redbeard an interview, for the week beginning on 3 August 2015, BBC Radio 2 made Rattle That Lock their Record of the Week, guaranteeing the song at least one play per day. On 31 July 2015, a video for Rattle That Lock was released on Gilmours website. The video was created by Trunk Animation under direction from Alasdair Brotherston and Jock Mooney, produced by Richard Barnett and involved 12 animators, artists, Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis served as Creative Director for the video. The albums cover features a photograph by Rupert Truman of StormStudios with painted corvidaes escaping a locked cage. The album books photographs were taken by Kevin Westenberg with Polly Samson contributing recording session photographs, Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis is credited as creative director. The Rattle That Lock tour was scheduled to begin on 12 September 2015 in Pula, Croatia with an album preview show on 5 September 2015 in Brighton. It ended on 12 April 2016 in New York City, U. S. with a break between the South American and American legs. Gilmour also performed a charity show at Wrocław, Poland on 25 June 2016
30.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
31.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
32.
Planet Rock (radio station)
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Planet Rock is a radio station in the United Kingdom owned by Bauer Radio. The station broadcasts rock music. It is available nationally on Sky, Virgin Media, Freesat and Online, Planet Rock forms part of Bauer Radios portfolio of radio brands. It has won a Sony Award five times, Planet Rock was founded in 1999 as the only classic rock radio station in the UK at that time. On 11 February 2008, the previous owner GCap Media, announced that the station would close by 31 March 2008, along with sister station theJazz, unless a buyer was found. According to a statement by former presenter Fish, this was not due to the profitability of Planet Rock itself, which had reported to be good. The stations relative popularity on digital radio brought controversy to the closure threat, on 4 June 2008, was sold to a consortium led by Malcolm Bluemel and supported by Tony Iommi, Ian Anderson, Gary Moore, and Fish. There was no break in transmission and the programming remained unchanged, on 25 September 2012, it was reported that Malcolm Bluemel was looking for a buyer for the station. On 6 February 2013, the station was sold to Bauer Media for a deal worth between £1 million and £2 million. On 23 May 2013, Bauer Media announced that the output of Planet Rock would become available on FM in the West Midlands on the used by Kerrang. Radio in Birmingham from 14 June 2013, all programming will come from London with the Birmingham studios closing and Kerrang. Continuing in a different form on digital platforms, from 8am on 7 September 2015, the 105.2 FM frequency was taken over by Absolute Radio. From 1 March 2016, Planet Rock was no longer a national DAB station, devon, Cornwall, parts of Scotland, Wales and East Anglia can not receive Planet Rock on the new multiplex. Since 2006 Planet Rock has featured a number of rock star presenters, the Hairy Bikers joined the station in 2015 to present The Hairy Rock Show on Sundays at 10am, replacing Al Murray. Bauer Radio Kerrang Radio Official website
33.
Animal rights
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They maintain that animals should no longer be viewed as property or used as food, clothing, research subjects, entertainment, or beasts of burden. Advocates approach the issue from a variety of perspectives, the abolitionist view is that animals have moral rights, which the pursuit of incremental reform may undermine by encouraging human beings to feel comfortable with using them. Gary Franciones abolitionist position promotes ethical veganism and he argues that animal rights groups that pursue welfare concerns, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, risk making the public feel comfortable about its use of animals. He calls such groups the new welfarists, PETA argues that Franciones criticism does little to help alleviate the suffering of individual animals and also trivializes the efforts of workers in the field who handle cruelty cases. It also creates divisiveness within the animal liberation movement instead of focusing on shared goals, sentiocentrism is the theory that sentient individuals are the subject of moral concern and therefore are deserving of rights. Protectionists seek incremental reform in how animals are treated, with a view to ending animal use entirely and this position is represented by the philosopher Peter Singer. Multiple cultural traditions around the world—such as Animism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, the animals most often considered in arguments for personhood are bonobos and chimpanzees. S. Congress with the enactment of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act, Aristotle argued that animals lacked reason, and placed humans at the top of the natural world, yet the respect for animals in ancient Greece was very high. Some animals were considered divine e. g. dolphins, the 21st-century debates about animals can be traced back to the ancient world, and the idea of a divine hierarchy. Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, contemporary philosopher Bernard Rollin writes that dominion does not entail or allow abuse any more than does dominion a parent enjoys over a child. Rollin further states that the Biblical Sabbath requirement promulgated in the Ten Commandments required that animals be granted a day of rest along with humans, correlatively, the Bible forbids plowing with an ox and an ass together. According to the tradition, this prohibition stems from the hardship that an ass would suffer by being compelled to keep up with an ox. Similarly, one finds the prohibition against muzzling an ox when it treads out the grain and these ancient regulations, virtually forgotten, bespeak of an eloquent awareness of the status of animals as ends in themselves, a point also corroborated by Norm Phelps. The philosopher and mathematician, Pythagoras, urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were reincarnated from human to animal, and vice versa. Against this, Aristotle, student to the philosopher Plato, argued that animals had no interests of their own. Theophrastus, one of Aristotles pupils, argued that also had reasoning. Plutarch in his Life of Cato the Elder comments that while law and justice are strictly to men only, beneficence. This is intended as a correction and advance over the merely utilitarian treatment of animals, according to Richard D. Ryder, the first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in 1635
34.
Zoology
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The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, i. e. animal and λόγος, logos, i. e. knowledge, study. The history of zoology traces the study of the kingdom from ancient to modern times. This ancient work was developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians. During the Renaissance and early period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism. Microscopy revealed the unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction, cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1859, Darwin placed the theory of evolution on a new footing, by his discovery of a process by which organic evolution can occur. Darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a biological theory. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation, cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behavior, interactions, and environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the cells in multicellular organisms such as humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences, the similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology. Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems and it focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are related, and can be categorized under structural studies. Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the function as a whole. The theme of structure to function is central to biology, for example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of physiology to non-human species
35.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
36.
Trumpington
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Trumpington is a village on the outskirts of Cambridge, England. It is located on the southwest side of the city and borders Cherry Hinton to the east, Grantchester to the west and Great Shelford, the village was a separate parish from Anglo-Saxon times until the twentieth century. In 1912 all of the north of Long Road was transferred to Cambridge. Only 382 acres, almost uninhabited, were transferred to Haslingfield parish, the present Trumpington ward of Cambridge City Council also incorporates the Newtown area of the city, north of the historic parish boundary. There is evidence of Iron Age and Roman settlements in Trumpington, near the River Cam ford by the road to Grantchester, an Anglo-Saxon cemetery has also been found nearby at Dam Hill. By 1086 there was a community of 33 peasants at the time of the Domesday Book. The village remained sizeable throughout the Middle Ages and by 1801 there were 494 residents, by the time the parish was dissolved there were around 1200 inhabitants. Until the 20th century Trumpington was a village with cattle. Here the PBI developed new plants, notably potatoes called Maris Piper and Maris Peer, a barley called Maris Otter, and these are now in use worldwide. In 1990 the PBI relocated to Colney, near Norwich, Anstey Hall is a former country house built c.1700 within its own parkland. Once owned by writer and poet Christopher Anstey and later by the polymath Robert Leslie Ellis and it is now used for weddings, parties, corporate events and meetings. The Trumpington War Memorial was designed and carved by Eric Gill, the memorial was dedicated on Sunday 11 December 1921 to commemorate 36 Trumpington men who died in the First World War. The Second World War claimed eight more men, their names were added by David Kindersley. In 1314, the lord of the manor, Giles of Trumpington, was permission to hold a three-day fair on the feast of St Peters Chains. The feast was held in the 19th century though was transferred to June 28–30. It was reduced to one day in 1882 and was still held in the 1930s. There was a church in the village by the start of the 13th century, parts of the present church, dedicated to St Mary and St Michael, date from the mid-13th century and the nave was rebuilt in the 14th century. The parish church is the place of Henry Fawcett, the blind academic and politician who, as Postmaster General, introduced parcel post, postal orders
37.
Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, most items were found in Isleham. Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grantbridgeshire, covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1965, these two counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon, the resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire. Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been a separately administered area and it is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy, and joint functions such as policing and the fire service. In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshires county flower as the Pasqueflower, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War of South Africa, the First World War and Second World War. Due to the flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley and it is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event. Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire, the traditional nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are Cambridgeshire Camel or Cambridgeshire Crane, referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the fens. The term Fenners was often applied to those who come from the country to the north of Cambridge. Since the late 20th century, this term is considered to be derogatory and has been discouraged in use, original historical documents relating to Cambridgeshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies. See also Geology of Cambridgeshire Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying, the highest point is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m above sea level. Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Downs, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowleys Hill, AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area, RAF Waterbeach,6 miles north of Cambridge, is a former RAF airfield, now used as an army barracks
38.
Grantchester
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Grantchester is a village on the River Cam or Granta in South Cambridgeshire, England. The village of Grantchester is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as Grantesete and it is also mentioned briefly in book IV, chapter 19 of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. John de Grauntsete, a lawyer who had a career as a judge in Ireland, was born in Grantchester. The present name derives from the common Old English suffix -ceaster, the confusion arises from the lower stretches of the Granta having been renamed the Cam after the city. Grantchester is said to have the worlds highest concentration of Nobel Prize winners, students and tourists often travel from Cambridge by punt to picnic in the meadows or take tea at The Orchard. In 1897, a group of Cambridge students persuaded the owner of Orchard House to serve tea in its apple orchard. Lodgers at Orchard House included the Edwardian poet Rupert Brooke, who moved next door to the Old Vicarage. In 1912, while in Berlin, he wrote a poem of homesickness entitled The Old Vicarage, the house is currently the home of the Cambridge scientist Mary Archer and her husband, Jeffrey Archer. Grantchester has been the home since 1969 of the sculptor Helaine Blumenfeld OBE, the footpath to Cambridge that runs beside Grantchester Meadows is nicknamed the Grantchester Grind. Grantchester Grind is the title of a 1995 comic novel written by Tom Sharpe, further upstream is Byrons Pool, named after Lord Byron, who is said to have swum there. The pool is now below a modern weir where the Bourn Brook flows into the River Cam, Byrons Pool is a Local Nature Reserve. The Church of St Mary and St Andrew is a Grade II* listed building, Grantchester is the subject of Grantchester Meadows a song by Pink Floyd, with the village being home to band member David Gilmour. A few years later, David Gilmour also wrote a song about Grantchester Meadows, every year on Boxing Day, Grantchester holds an inter-village barrel race which is around 40 minutes long and ends with a hog roast at the Rupert Brooke pub. This tradition dates back to the 1960s, an underground passage is said to run from the Old Manor house to Kings College Chapel two miles away. This story is told of many supposed tunnels, on a 17th-century map of Grantchester, one of the fields is called Fiddlers Close
39.
Bill Haley
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William John Clifton Bill Haley was an American rock and roll musician. He has sold over 25 million records worldwide, Bill Haley was born July 6,1925 in Highland Park, Michigan, as William John Clifton Haley. In 1929, the four-year-old Haley underwent an inner-ear mastoid operation which accidentally severed an optic nerve, leaving him blind in his left eye for the rest of his life. As a result of the effects of the Great Depression on the Detroit area, his father moved the family to Boothwyn, near Chester, Pennsylvania, Haley told the story that when he made a simulated guitar out of cardboard, his parents bought him a real one. Very soon after this he formed a group of enthusiastic youngsters. The sleeve notes continue, When Bill Haley was fifteen he left home with his guitar and very little else and set out on the road to fame. The next few years, continuing this story in a manner, were hard and poverty-stricken. Eventually he got a job with a group known as the Down Homers while they were in Hartford. Soon after this he decided, as all people must decide at some time or another, to be his own boss again –. These notes fail to account for his band, known as the Four Aces of Western Swing. During the 1940s Haley was considered one of the top cowboy yodelers in America as Silver Yodeling Bill Haley. The sleeve notes conclude, For six years Bill Haley was a director of Radio Station WPWA in Chester, Pennsylvania. It was then known as Bill Haleys Saddlemen, indicating their definite leaning toward the tough Western style and they continued playing in clubs as well as over the radio around Philadelphia, and in 1951 made their first recordings on Ed Wilsons Keystone Records in Philadelphia. On June 14,1951 the Saddlemen recorded a cover of Rocket 88.15 on Billboard, soon after, the bands name was revised to Bill Haley & His Comets. In 1953, a song called Rock Around the Clock was recorded by Haley, initially, it was relatively successful, peaking at no.23 on the Billboard pop singles chart and staying on the charts for a few weeks. A month later it re-entered at number 1 and he retained elements of the original, but sped it up with some country music aspects into the song and changed up the lyrics. Haley and his band were important in launching the music known as Rock, when Rock Around the Clock appeared as the theme song of the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle starring Glenn Ford, it soared to the top of the American Billboard chart for eight weeks. The single is used as a convenient line of demarcation between the rock era and the music industry that preceded it
40.
Rock Around the Clock
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Rock Around the Clock is a rock and roll song in the 12-bar blues format written by Max C. Freedman and James E. Myers in 1952. The best-known and most successful rendition was recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1954 for American Decca and it was a number one single on both the US and UK charts and also re-entered the UK Singles Chart in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not the first rock and roll record, nor was it the first successful record of the genre, the song is ranked No.158 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Although first recorded by Italian-American band Sonny Dae and His Knights on March 20,1954, the famous version by Bill Haley & His Comets is not, strictly speaking. Myers claimed the song had been written specifically for Haley but, for various reasons, the original full title of the song was Were Gonna Rock Around the Clock Tonight. There are sources that indicate that Rock Around the Clock was written in 1953, the original arrangement of the song bore little resemblance to the version recorded by Haley, and was in fact closer to a popular instrumental of the day called The Syncopated Clock. The song was credited to Myers and Max C, Freedman, although its exact authorship is disputed, with many speculating that Freedman wrote the song on his own. There were several songs of the title Rock Around the Clock. In addition, it is erroneously stated that Rock Around the Clock is copied from a late-1940s Big Joe Turner recording. Aside from title similarity, however, the two songs bear little resemblance, there are many blues songs with the theme of partying or making love round the clock, with various actions specified at various hours. However, the melody of Rock Around the Clock does bear a very close similarity to that of Hank Williams first hit, Move It On Over. Williams song was similar to Charley Pattons Going to Move to Alabama. The song also uses phrases from Count Basies Red Wagon, first recorded in 1939. S, library of Congress on March 31. Haley and his Comets began performing the song on stage, but Dave Miller, his producer, Haley himself claimed to have taken the sheet music into the recording studio at least twice, with Miller ripping up the music each time. Myers next offered the song to Sonny Dae & His Knights, the groups subsequent recording, on the Arcade Records label, was a regional success, although it sounded very different from what Haley would later record. The recording session almost failed to place because the band was traveling on a ferry that got stuck on a sandbar en route to New York from Philadelphia. Once at the studio, producer Milt Gabler, insisted the band work on a song entitled Thirteen Women, near the end of the session, the band finally recorded a take of Rock Around the Clock, but Haleys vocals were drowned out by the band. A second take was made with minimal accompaniment while Sammy Davis
41.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
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Media related to David Gilmour at Wikimedia Commons
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