1.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
2.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
3.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
4.
Elisabeth Shue
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She has won several acting awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA. She starred as Julie Finlay in the CBS police drama CSI and her mother was a vice president in the private banking division of the Chemical Banking Corporation Shue grew up in South Orange, New Jersey. Her parents divorced when she was nine, shues mother is a descendant of Pilgrim leader William Brewster, while her fathers family emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in the early 19th century. Shue was raised with her three brothers and was close to them. Her younger brother, Andrew, is also an actor, best known for his role as Billy Campbell in the Fox series Melrose Place. Shue graduated from Columbia High School, in Maplewood, New Jersey and she has two half-siblings from her fathers remarriage, Jenna and Harvey Shue. Shue attended Wellesley College and, in her year, was inspired by a friend to work in television commercials as a way to pay for college. She transferred to Harvard University in 1985, from which she withdrew to pursue her career one semester short of earning her degree. The same year she left Harvard,1988, her brother, William. She returned to Harvard in 1997 and completed her BA in political science in 2000, during her studies at Columbia High School and after her parents divorce, Shue acted in television commercials. Shue became a sight in ads for Burger King, DeBeers diamonds. Shue made her film debut in 1984, when she co-starred opposite Ralph Macchio in The Karate Kid as the love interest of Macchios character. Shue had a role as the daughter of a military family in the short-lived series Call to Glory and, in 1986. She continued with Adventures in Babysitting, Cocktail as the love interest of Tom Cruises character, in 1989 she starred as Dr. Cythnia Lair in the 1989 Film Body Wars which was used at Epcot in an ATLAS Simulator attraction in the Wonders Of Life Pavilion until 2007. In May 1990, Shue made her Broadway debut in Some American Abroad at the Lincoln Center, also on Broadway, in 1993, she performed in Tina Howes production of Birth and After Birth. Also in 1993, she played Robert Downey Jr. s girlfriend in the romantic comedy Heart, although often cast as a girl-next-door type, Shue starred as a prostitute in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas with Nicolas Cage. The role earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and her career flourished after her Oscar nomination, landing her diverse roles. She starred in The Trigger Effect in 1996, Woody Allens Deconstructing Harry showcased her comedic abilities amongst heavyweight co-stars Billy Crystal, Demi Moore, Robin Williams and Stanley Tucci
5.
NYPD Blue
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NYPD Blue is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City, exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan. Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast, the series was originally broadcast on the ABC network, debuted on September 21, 1993‚ and aired its final episode on March 1,2005. It was ABCs longest-running primetime one-hour drama series until Greys Anatomy surpassed it in 2016, in 1997, True Confessions, written by Art Monterastelli and directed by Charles Haid, was ranked #36 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. Produced by 20th Century Fox and Steven Bochco Productions, film production took place in the greater Los Angeles area. The show did film in New York but only for shots that used New York landmarks. In the final season the show was filmed only in Los Angeles to save money, exterior shots of the 15th Precinct used the former 9th Precinct building on Fifth Street in New York City, also used for Kojak. Once it was demolished, the façade was recreated on a Los Angeles lot, the show was initially a vehicle for David Caruso. John Kelly was the character, and the first season revolved around him. Promo shots for the show depicted Caruso in the foreground and other first-season characters set off behind him, Season 2 saw the departure of John Kelly, and the show was thereafter built around an ensemble cast. His co-stars included Jimmy Smits as Det, Bobby Simone, Rick Schroder as Det. Danny Sorenson, and Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Det, John Clark, Jr. John Kelly and Andy Sipowicz are detectives in the 15th squad. Sipowicz is the partner but is an alcoholic who drinks on the job as well as off-duty. Kelly has an affection for his partner but becomes increasingly exasperated by Sipowiczs behavior. In addition to his alcoholism, Sipowicz is a negative, misogynist. In the pilot, Sipowicz is shot by a suspect he had attacked and humiliated earlier and this leads to his decision to sober up and save his job. While Sipowicz is recuperating, the lieutenant, Arthur Fancy, teams Kelly with a young cop from Anti-Crime. Kellys personal life is as frenetic as his professional life and he is reluctantly going through a divorce from his wife, Laura, and is embarking on an affair with a uniformed cop, Janice Licalsi. To complicate matters further, Licalsis police officer father is on the payroll of mob boss Angelo Marino, Licalsi, in an attempt to protect her father, has been ordered to do a hit on Kelly
6.
ER (TV series)
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It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. ER follows the life of the emergency room of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. The show became the longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history and it won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations, which makes it the most nominated drama program in history. ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, in 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a resident physician in a busy hospital emergency room. The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton focused on other topics, in 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book. Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film. Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the executive producer. The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles. After Spielberg had joined as a producer, NBC ordered six episodes, ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off, ERs success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E. Kelleys new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series. Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons. He was one of the shows most prolific writers and became a director in later years. Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and she took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing. She left her executive position at the end of the sixth season. Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was important, Wed bend the rules. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead, a 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes
7.
24 (TV series)
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24 is an American crime thriller television series produced for the Fox network, created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran, and starring Kiefer Sutherland as counter terrorist agent Jack Bauer. Each season, comprising 24 episodes, covers 24 hours in Bauers life using the real method of narration. Premiering on November 6,2001, the show spanned 192 episodes over eight seasons, in addition, a television film,24, Redemption, was broadcast between seasons six and seven, on November 23,2008. 24 returned as a 12-episode series titled 24, Live Another Day,24, Legacy, a spin-off series featuring new characters, premiered on February 5,2017, after Super Bowl LI. Throughout the series most of the plot elements unfold like a political thriller. At the conclusion of its season,24 became the longest-running U. S. espionage/counterterrorism-themed television drama ever. 24 is a drama that stars Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer. Each episode typically follows Bauer, officials in the U. S. government, the episodes take place over the course of one hour, depicting events as they happen, in real time. Season 1 begins at midnight on the day of the California presidential primary, Season 2, set 18 months later, begins at 8,00 a. m. Season 3, set three years later, begins at 1,00 p. m, Jack must infiltrate a Mexican drug cartel to seize a deadly virus being marketed underground. President Palmer must deal with potential scandal that could cost him his presidency, Season 4, set 18 months later, begins at 7,00 a. m. Jack must save the lives of his new boss, Secretary of Defense James Heller, Season 5, set 18 months after, begins at 7,00 a. m. Jack is believed to be dead by everyone except a few of his closest friends and he is forced to resurface when some of those friends are murdered and he is framed by terrorists with connections to the American government. The acquisition of nerve gas by the terrorists poses a new threat, Season 6, set 20 months later, begins at 6,00 a. m. Jack is released after being detained in a Chinese prison following the events of Season 5, terrorists who hold a vendetta against Jack plot to set off suitcase nuclear devices in America. Later, Jack is forced to choose between those he loves and national security when the Chinese set their sights on sensitive circuitry that could trigger a war between the U. S. and Russia. Redemption, set years later, begins at 3,00 p. m. Jack finds himself caught up in a coup in the fictional African nation of Sangala
8.
Alias (TV series)
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Alias is an American action television series created by J. J. Abrams, that was broadcast on ABC for five seasons, from September 30,2001, to May 22,2006. It stars Jennifer Garner as Sydney Bristow, a double-agent for the Central Intelligence Agency posing as an operative for SD-6, a worldwide criminal and espionage organization. The main theme of the series explores Sydneys obligation to conceal her true career from her friends and family and these themes are most prevalent in the first two seasons of the show. A major plotline of the series is the search for and recovery of artifacts created by Milo Rambaldi and this plot and some technologies used in the series place Alias into the genre of science fiction. The series was received among critics and has been included in several best of lists. Alias was in the American Film Institutes top ten list for television programs in 2003, the show also received numerous awards and nominations. Alias featured an ensemble cast portraying the people in Sydneys life. During the course of the series, every main character involved in the world of espionage in some form or another. Sydney Bristow is a student in English in Los Angeles. She moonlights as an operative for SD-6, which she believed was a black ops division of the CIA. Her fiancé was murdered in the episode, and she then learned SD-6 is actually a branch of an international criminal organization known as the Alliance of Twelve. She then becomes an agent for the real CIA. She would later become a member of APO, a division of the CIA. Sydney has 41 confirmed kills through the series, Arvin Sloane was the head of SD-6 and APO, the shows main antagonist. Originally a loyal CIA officer, he is obsessed with the work of a 15th-century prophet – Milo Rambaldi, though sometimes showing a genuine affection to the Bristows, hes always ready to hurt them and even kill them, and vice versa. Michael Vaughn was Sydneys CIA handler and later partner and he and Sydney share a mutual attraction, which eventually leads to a relationship. At the end of Season 4, it is revealed that it was not a coincidence that he met Sydney. Despite departing in season 5 as a regular, Michael Vartans character was still credited as a main cast member in the first episode then special guest star in the latter part of the season
9.
The Shield
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The Shield is an American crime drama television series starring Michael Chiklis that premiered on March 12,2002, on FX in the United States, and concluded on November 25,2008, after seven seasons. The series was created by Shawn Ryan and The Barn Productions for Fox Television Studios, the series has received critical acclaim, as well as several awards and nominations. It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama in 2002, in 2013, TV Guide ranked The Shield #50 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. Chiklis won both the Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Lead Actor in a Drama in 2002, rampart was seriously considered as the series name and was even used in some early promotional ads for the series. The show has an ensemble cast and, as a result, Detective Vic Mackey is the leader of the Strike Team, which also comprises Mackeys close friends Shane Vendrell, Curtis Lemansky, and Ronnie Gardocki. The Strike Team uses a variety of illegal and unethical methods to prosecute criminals and maintain peace on the streets, while making a profit through illegal drug protection schemes and robbery. The Strike Team isnt above planting drugs on, and coercing confessions out of, gang members, attempts to give the team a fifth member have frequently led to near-catastrophe for the group. As the series progresses, the Strike Team members struggle to cover up their crimes in the face of increasing pressure, other prominent figures at the barn include Captain David Aceveda, detectives Holland Dutch Wagenbach, Steve Billings and Claudette Wyms, and uniformed officers Sgt. Danielle Danny Sofer, Julien Lowe, and Tina Hanlon, a predominant theme of The Shield is two wrongs dont make a right. Many episodes and story lines involve cover-ups by characters that lead to an adverse situation. Other common themes include the citizens distrust of police, the impact of drugs and gang warfare. The majority of conversations among characters on the show involve one persons using leverage over another, most characters are portrayed as displaying both vice and virtue. For example, in Season 2, the Strike Team prepares to rob the Armenian Money Train, another example is Mackey letting a serial rapist be mauled by a police dog before calling the dog off. Season 1 consisted of 13 episodes and it premiered on March 12,2002, and concluded on June 4,2002. David Aceveda is assigned as the new Captain of the Barn, one of his top priorities is to get Detective Vic Mackey, leader of the experimental anti-gang unit called the Strike Team, off the streets. Aceveda suspects Mackey is involved in corrupt, illegal activities favoring drug dealer Rondell Robinson, to capture him, Aceveda asks a newly appointed member of the team, Terry Crowley, to gather evidence for Mackeys prosecution. Although reluctant, Crowley agrees, unaware that Mackey already knows about his assignment, acevedas long-term ambition is to become Mayor of Los Angeles. To do this, he must first be elected to the City Council, however, the Latino community is distrustful of law enforcement and would only support a police officer if he had exposed corruption in the police force
10.
Deadwood (TV series)
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The show features a large ensemble cast, and many historical figures appear as characters, such as Seth Bullock, George Crook, Wyatt Earp, E. B. Farnum, George Hearst, Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Jack McCall, Sol Star, Al Swearengen, the plot lines involving these characters include historical truths as well as substantial fictional elements. Milch used actual diaries and newspapers from 1870s Deadwood residents as reference points for characters, events, Some of the characters are fully fictional, although they may have been based on actual persons. Deadwood received wide acclaim, particularly for Milchs writing and Ian McShanes co-lead performance. It also won eight Emmy Awards and one Golden Globe, TV Guide ranked it #8 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon. There were initial plans to conclude the series with two TV films, but those plans never came to fruition, in 2015, talks resumed between HBO and Milch, and in January 2016, HBO green-lit a script to be written. The show was produced by Red Board Productions and Roscoe Productions in association with HBO, Garret Dillahunt portrays Jack McCall during season one and Francis Walcott during season two. Milch has pointed out repeatedly in interviews that the intent of the show was to study the way that comes together from chaos by organizing itself around symbols. Initially, he intended to study this within Roman civilization, but HBOs Rome series was already in production, Milch and his colleagues later bought many of Parkers books and papers as references for Deadwood. The first season takes place six months after the founding of the camp, in 1876, Seth Bullock leaves his job as a marshal in Montana to establish a hardware business in the gold-mining camp of Deadwood, along with his friend and business partner, Sol Star. Wild Bill Hickok, the infamous gunslinger of the west, is on a journey to Deadwood, accompanied by Charlie Utter. Al Swearengen is the owner of The Gem, a local saloon, other notable residents include Dr. Amos Cochran, A. W. Merrick, owner and editor of the local newspaper The Pioneer, and E. B. Farnum, proprietor of The Grand Central Hotel, Brom Garret, a wealthy businessman from New York City, lives at The Grand Central Hotel with his wife, Alma, who nurses a secret laudanum habit. Aware that Garret is interested in prospecting, Swearengen and Farnum deceive him into purchasing a gold claim in a confidence game. Newly arrived Cy Tolliver and his purchase an abandoned hotel across from The Gem and begin renovations, then open the Bella Union Saloon. Brom Garret soon learns that his claim is worthless and demands Swearengen reimburse his money. Swearengen orders Dan Dority to kill Garret and make it look like an accident, Dority throws Garret off a cliff, only to discover that the claim is actually a rich one after all. Newly widowed Alma Garret asks Wild Bill Hickok for guidance regarding the gold claim, Hickok asks Bullock to advise Garret, Bullock agrees
11.
An Inconvenient Truth
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The film grossed $24 million in the U. S. and $26 million in the foreign box office, becoming the tenth highest grossing documentary film to date in the United States. The idea to document his efforts came from producer Laurie David who saw his presentation at a meeting on global warming which coincided with the opening of The Day After Tomorrow. Laurie David was so inspired by Gores slide show that she, with producer Lawrence Bender, since the films release, An Inconvenient Truth has been credited for raising international public awareness of global warming and reenergizing the environmental movement. The documentary has also included in science curricula in schools around the world. An Inconvenient Sequel, Truth to Power will be in theaters July 28,2017 and he began making these presentations in 1989 with flip chart illustrations, the film version uses a Keynote presentation, which Gore refers to as the slide show. The former vice president opens the film by greeting an audience with his line about his campaign in 2000, I am Al Gore. Gore then begins his slide show on Global Warming, a comprehensive presentation replete with detailed graphs, flow charts, Gore shows off several majestic photographs of the Earth taken from multiple space missions, Earthrise and The Blue Marble. Gore notes that these photos dramatically transformed the way we see the Earth, Gore ties this conclusion to the assumption that the Earth is so big, we cant possibly have any lasting, harmful impact on the Earths environment. For comic effect, Gore uses a clip from the Futurama episode Crimes of the Hot to describe the greenhouse effect, Gore also presents Antarctic ice coring data showing CO2 levels higher now than in the past 650,000 years. The film includes segments intended to refute critics who say that global warming is unproven or that warming will be insignificant, melt water from Greenland, because of its lower salinity, could then halt the currents that keep northern Europe warm and quickly trigger dramatic local cooling there. It also contains various short animated projections of what could happen to different animals more vulnerable to global warming, Gore calls upon his viewers to learn how they can help him in these efforts. The solutions are in our hands, we just have to have the determination to make it happen and we have everything that we need to reduce carbon emissions, everything but political will. But in America, the will to act is a renewable resource, Gores book of the same title was published concurrently with the theatrical release of the documentary. The book contains information, scientific analysis, and Gores commentary on the issues presented in the documentary. Gore became interested in global warming when he took a course at Harvard University with Professor Roger Revelle, later, when Gore was in Congress, he initiated the first congressional hearing on the subject in 1981. Gores 1992 book, Earth in the Balance, dealing with a number of environmental topics and he helped broker the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The treaty was not ratified in the United States after a 95 to 0 vote in the Senate, during his 2000 presidential campaign, Gore ran, in part, on a pledge to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. After his defeat in the 2000 presidential election by George W. Bush and he edited and adapted a slide show he had compiled years earlier, and began featuring the slide show in presentations on global warming across the U. S. and around the world
12.
Waiting for "Superman"
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Waiting for Superman is a 2010 documentary film from director Davis Guggenheim and producer Lesley Chilcott. The film criticizes the American public education system by following several students as they strive to be accepted into a charter school, the film received the Audience Award for best documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. The film also received the Best Documentary Feature at the Critics Choice Movie Awards, throughout the documentary, different aspects of the American public education system are examined. Teaching standards are called into question as there is often conflicting bureaucracy between teaching expectations at the school, state, or federal level, the film also examines teachers unions. Statistical comparisons are made between the different types of primary or secondary educational institutions available, state school, private school, there are also comparisons made between schools in affluent neighborhoods versus schools in poorer ones. Since charter schools do not operate with the restrictions as public institutions. Since many charter schools are not large enough to all of their applicants. The film follows several families as they attempt to access to prominent charter schools for their children. During its opening weekend in New York City and Los Angeles, the films title is based on an interview with Geoffrey Canada wherein he recounts being told by his mother that Superman was not real, and how he was saddened because there was nobody to save him. The film has earned praise and negative criticism from commentators, reformers, and educators. As of May 1,2011, the film has an 89% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, roger Ebert gave the movie 3. A good education, therefore, is not ruled out by poverty, uneducated parents or crime –, in fact, those are the very areas where he has success. Scott Bowles of USA Today lauded the film for its focus on the students, its hard to deny the power of Guggenheims lingering shots on these children, lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A−, calling it powerful, passionate, and potentially revolution-inducing. The Hollywood Reporter focused on Geoffrey Canadas performance as both the most inspiring and an entertaining speaker, while also noting it isnt exhaustive in its critique. Geraldo Rivera praised the film for promoting discussion of educational issues, deborah Kenny, CEO and founder of the Harlem Village Academies, made positive reference to the film in a The Wall Street Journal op-ed piece about education reform. The film has garnered praise from a number of conservative critics. Kyle Smith, for the New York Post, gave the movie 4.5 stars, forbes Melik Kaylan similarly liked the film, writing, I urge you all to drop everything and go see the documentary Waiting For Superman at the earliest opportunity. The film also received negative criticism, andrew OHehir of Salon wrote a negative review of the movie, saying that while theres a great deal thats appealing, theres also as much in this movie that is downright baffling
13.
He Named Me Malala
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He Named Me Malala is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim. It was nominated at the 43rd Annie Awards in Best Animated Special Production category, walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald produced the film through Imagination Abu Dhabi FZ along with Participant Media. Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the US rights to the film on March 31,2015, the film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4,2015, and received a theatrical release in the United States on October 2. On June 18,2015, National Geographic announced they had acquired broadcasting rights to the film, in Pakistan, Geo News broadcast the film, which was specially dubbed in Urdu by family of Yousafzai. A free curriculum guide for school classes and a discussion guide for college classes are available in English. The following week the film expanded from 4 to 446 screens, as of October 25,2015, the films domestic total stands at $1,978,146. The film began its international rollout on October 22 in Germany where it grossed $29,880 fin 71 screens for a 25th place spot and it opened Austria a day later, where it debuted with $4,765 from 11 screens. As of October 25,2015, the domestic total stands at $1,978,146. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 71% based on 110 reviews, with an average rating of 6. 6/10. The sites consensus reads, He Named Me Malala spotlights a worthy subject, on Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. The film received two Womens Image Network Awards nominations, including Best Documentary and Best Producer, the official soundtrack to the film was released digitally on September 25,2015 and physically on October 30,2015 by Sony Classical. The movie documents true events leading up to the Talibans attack on Malala for speaking out in support of educating girls in her region of Swat Valley in Pakistan, the movie was nominated at the 69th British Academy Film Awards for Best Documentary. It lost to Amy He Named Me Malala at the Internet Movie Database He Named Me Malala at Box Office Mojo He Named Me Malala at Rotten Tomatoes He Named Me Malala at Metacritic
14.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
15.
It Might Get Loud
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It Might Get Loud is a 2008 American documentary film by filmmaker Davis Guggenheim. It explores the careers and styles of prominent rock musicians Jimmy Page, The Edge, the film received a wide release on August 14,2009 in the U. S. by Sony Pictures Classics. The film documents the varied playing and recording styles of guitarists Jimmy Page, The Edge, pages history with guitar traces back to his childhood when he played in a skiffle band. After desiring to do more than pop music, Page retires from guitar playing to attend art school. He later revives his career as a session guitarist, only to be discouraged by the realization that he is playing others music. At that point, Page begins to write and perform in the bands The Yardbirds, Page discusses the skiffle and blues music that influenced him at the time. The Edges history with guitar traces back to building a guitar with his brother Dik, in the film, he visits Mount Temple Comprehensive School and recalls forming U2 in his childhood. He also demonstrates his playing technique, in how he eliminates certain strings from chords, as well as his use of echo and he also discusses his purchase of his signature guitar, the Gibson Explorer, in New York City and the punk music that influenced him. Jack White traces his musical background to his childhood in a neighborhood of Detroit. His strong interest in blues and roots music opposed the hip hop, White eventually finds a niche in a garage rock band called The Upholsterers while working as an upholsterer, which paves the way for his future bands The White Stripes and The Raconteurs. Whites philosophy is to limit and challenge himself in ways to force creative approaches to recording and playing. The touchstone of the film is a meeting of the three guitarists dubbed The Summit, the film concludes with the men playing an impromptu cover version of The Bands The Weight on acoustic guitars. The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, barney Hoskyns of Uncut called it an absorbing film. Paul Elliott of Classic Rock describes the movie as a bold, unique, all highly mouth-watering stuff he concludes. It Might Get Loud opened at #37 and took in an income of $92,679 in the opening weekend. The final domestic gross income was $1,610,163 while the gross income was far lower at $197,343 for a worldwide gross income of $1,807,506. Official website It Might Get Loud at the Internet Movie Database It Might Get Loud at AllMovie Documentary review
16.
Sidwell Friends School
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Sidwell Friends School is a highly selective Quaker school located in Bethesda, Maryland and Washington, D. C. offering pre-kindergarten through secondary school classes. Founded in 1883 by Thomas Sidwell, its motto is Eluceat omnibus lux, all Sidwell Friends students attend Quaker meeting for worship weekly, and middle school students begin every day with five minutes of silence. The schools admissions process is merit-based, as documented on the schools website, it gives preference in admissions decisions to members of the Religious Society of Friends, but otherwise does not discriminate on the basis of religion. The school accepts vouchers under the D. C, described as the Harvard of Washingtons private schools, the school has educated children of notable politicians, including those of several presidents. Both of former United States President Barack Obamas daughters, Sasha and Malia, President Theodore Roosevelts son Archibald, Richard Nixons daughter Tricia, Bill Clintons daughter Chelsea Clinton, and Vice President Al Gores son, Albert Gore III, graduated from Sidwell Friends. Thomas Sidwell started a Friends Select School in 1883 on I Street in downtown Washington and it opened with eleven students, Beginning in 1911 Sidwell began buying property between Wisconsin Avenue and 37th St. At first the new property was used for athletic fields while the campus was still downtown, however, in 1923 Sidwell built a building for school dances and other social gatherings on what came to be known as the Wisconsin Avenue campus. In 1925 the school added a kindergarten, which made it the first K–12 school in Washington, in 1934 the name of the school was changed to Sidwell Friends School. The school moved out to the Wisconsin Avenue campus with the first five grades taught there by 1933, but by 1938 everything had been moved. At the urging of the students the school adopted its dress code in 1955, again at the urging of the students, it dropped this dress code in the 1970s. Sidwell became racially integrated in 1956, before 1956 it was a white-only school. A new Quaker Meeting House facility is located in the newly renovated Arts Center, farquhar left his position as the Head of School after the 2013-2014 school year. He became the Head of School after the retirement of former Head of School Bruce Stewart at the end of the 2008–2009 school year, bryan K. Garman, the current Head of School, took office beginning with the 2014-2015 school year. The Sidwell Friends Upper School has an English Department, in 2005, Sidwells AP English Exam scores were the highest in the nation for all medium-sized schools offering the AP English exam. Sidwell does not offer an AP English course, all students must acquire at least 20 credits before graduating. Students are required to take four years of English, three years of mathematics, three years of history, two years of one language, two years of science, and two years of art. In addition to this, all freshmen must take a full year Freshman Studies course, Sidwell is a member school of School Year Abroad. Sidwells sports teams are known as the Quakers, their colors are maroon, the Quakers compete in the Mid-Atlantic Athletic Conference for boys sports and the Independent School League for girls sports
17.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
18.
American frontier
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture
19.
The Unit
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The Unit is an American action-drama television series that focuses on a top-secret military unit modeled after the real-life U. S. Army special operations unit commonly known as Delta Force. The series originally aired on CBS from March 7,2006, to May 10,2009, the show is produced by The Barn Productions Inc. David Mamet Entertainment, and Fire Ants Films in association with 20th Century Fox Television, the show purports to describe the daily lives of Delta Force operators during training and operational missions, as well as their families back home. 1, on September 23 in Bulgaria on bTV, on March 9,2008, in Russia on DTV, and on June 13,2009, in Vietnam on VTC7-Today TV, in Turkey by TNT, and in Indonesia on Global TV. The theme music for the first and second seasons was Fired Up by Robert Duncan, Although the show focuses on an Army special ops unit, Fired Up is an adaptation of a Marine Corps running cadence called Fired Up, Feels Good. Duncan also created Walk the Fire, a 22-second segment used as a theme since season three, the Unit is the U. S. Army colloquial term for Delta Force. Its recruits are selected from the Army, the few who pass selection then undergo several more years of sophisticated and rigorous training for counter-terrorism, reconnaissance, and direct-action missions. In a television interview, series creator Eric Haney—who is a former Delta Force operator—stated that the term Delta Force is never used in the spec ops community and they are only referred to as The Unit and their DOD designation is Combat Applications Group. The official cover name of the Unit in the show is the 303rd Logistical Studies Group, in the third seasons premiere, an onscreen read-out identifies the Unit as 1st Special Actions Group. The Unit is based at an army post, Fort Griffith. Greenwood, Missouri, is a town located southeast of Kansas City. However, the red, white, and blue license plate is from the state of Idaho and this license plate can be seen in almost all the episodes. In later episodes, Unit members are shown as wearing the United States Special Operations Command patch on their class A uniforms, the Units immediate chain of command goes to the commanding officer, Colonel Tom Ryan—and, presumably, straight to the President of the United States. It is unknown if this bypasses the Command hierarchy, though, in the season 4 episode, The Spear of Destiny, a side character receives confidential mission information and when questioned on who sent her, replies, The Secretary of Defense. However, in the episode, The Broom Cupboard, the President gives orders directly to Jonas for a Unit mission, the wives of the Units Alpha Team personnel are given minimal mission or operational information. They are responsible for maintaining the 303rd Logistical Studies Group cover in all interactions with anyone who is not a Unit family member, if a member of the Unit is killed in action, the actual mode of death is not told to the families. A cover story concurrent with a member of the 303 Logistical Studies Unit is created, the wives themselves are encouraged to form a close, cohesive military family based on the common knowledge and strife to which this inevitably leads. The Unit has an unconventional structure, with the size of a company—about 130 operators—it is commanded by a colonel
20.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
21.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
22.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
23.
Democratic National Convention
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president
24.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
25.
Melrose Place (2009 TV series)
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Melrose Place is an American television drama series broadcast on The CW from September 8,2009 to April 13,2010. The series is a sequel/continuation of the 1992 Fox series of the name and is the fifth series in the Beverly Hills,90210 franchise. The series was met with mixed reviews critics and, due to low ratings, was cancelled after one season. After successfully relaunching the franchise with 90210 in 2008, there was speculation as to whether The CW planned to create a new version of Melrose Place in a similar vein. An article in E. Online reported the possibility of a new version of Melrose in September 2008, original series creator Darren Star also confirmed that discussions had taken place, but nothing was official. On October 31,2008, Entertainment Weekly writer Michael Ausiello reported that One Tree Hill creator Mark Schwahn had been approached about running what was being called Melrose Place 2.0. The Hollywood Reporter confirmed on December 14,2008 that Schwahn was in negotiations to write the script for the potential series. She noted that the original Melrose Place series which began in 1992 started at a time not unlike what were going through now and they talked about the building being foreclosed on, people not having jobs. It took place in a similar time, a time when the economy was in a downturn. Ostroff also told reporters that unlike the series, the new version would try to capture life in the Los Angeles Melrose neighborhood. Our fans really love that heightened drama as you can see when you watch One Tree Hill, so the job is to get them emotionally invested in the people and then do storytelling and have twists and turns and surprises you wouldnt have expected. On January 19,2009, with Mark Schwahn now officially off the project, Ausiello reported that The CW were talking with Darren Swimmer and Todd Slavkin about helming the new Melrose Place. On February 6,2009 Ausiello confirmed that Swimmer and Slavkin were officially hired as the runners of the spin-off. Academy Award-winner Davis Guggenheim was announced as the director and executive producer of the pilot, the new series, ultimately just titled Melrose Place like its 1990s predecessor, premiered on The CW on September 8,2009. Variety announced on February 27,2009 that Katie Cassidy had landed the role of Ella, the Hollywood Reporter announced on March 17,2009 that Jessica Lucas had won the role of Riley. On March 24,2009, Colin Egglesfield was cast as Auggie, on April 5,2009 The Hollywood Reporter broke the story that Laura Leighton would be joining the series as her original Melrose Place character Sydney Andrews. Though Sydney had seemingly been killed off in 1997 at the end of the shows fifth season. TV Guide noted that Leighton would also continue in a recurring capacity should the updated Melrose Place be picked up, ashlee Simpson-Wentzs portrayal of the scheming Violet Foster was criticized by both critics and fans who found her very loathsome, and she was reportedly disliked by fellow cast members
26.
Andrew Shue
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Andrew Eppley Shue is an American actor, known for his role as Billy Campbell on the television series Melrose Place. He is on the Board of Directors for Do Something and is the co-founder of the social networking website CafeMom, Shue was born in Wilmington, Delaware. His mother, Anne Brewster, is an executive who was the vice president of the private division of the Chemical Bank Corporation. His mother was a descendant of Pilgrim leader William Brewster and his father was of German ancestry and his sister, Elisabeth, is also an actor. Shue attended Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey, along with his sister, Elisabeth Shue, he was inducted into the CHS Hall of fame in 1994. At Dartmouth College, as he was in school, Shue was a Regional All America soccer player and spent a winter studying and playing soccer in Glasgow. Shue received his B. A. in history from Dartmouth in 1989, after graduating, he visited Zimbabwe, where he simultaneously played soccer and taught high school math. Shue was married to floral designer Jennifer Hageney from 1994-2008 and they had three sons, Nate, Aidan, and Wyatt. In 2010 Shue married former The Today Show co-anchor and ABC News correspondent Amy Robach and she had two daughters from a previous marriage. In May 1992, Shue was cast to play the role of Billy Campbell on the Aaron Spelling soap opera Melrose Place and he starred opposite Courtney Thorne-Smith, whom he later dated. Shue stayed on the show for six years, during this time he appeared as a wife beater in the Francis Ford Coppola film The Rainmaker, starring Matt Damon and Claire Danes. A1996 commercial for SportsCenter on ESPN has Shue being traded for former Sports Center anchor Charley Steiner, where Steiner takes his position on Melrose Place and Shue takes his on SportsCenter. He worked on the 2007 feature film, Gracie, with his sister Elisabeth, his brother John, and his brother-in-law, Davis Guggenheim, Shue co-produced the film and also appeared in a minor role. It pays tribute to the Shue siblings elder brother Will, who died in an accident in 1988, the story is loosely based on Elisabeths childhood, when she was the only girl playing on an all-boys soccer team. During his time in Zimbabwe, Shue played for the Bulawayo Highlanders and that season, the Highlanders won the double, which is both Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League and CBZ Cup titles. At the time, Shue was the white player in the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League. In September 1993, he played one game with Los Angeles United of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, in July 1994, he played two games for the Anaheim Splash. In 1996, while still on Melrose Place, Shue played for the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer and he spent the entire 1997 season on injured reserve
27.
Melrose Place
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Melrose Place is an American primetime soap opera that aired on Fox from July 8,1992 to May 24,1999, for seven seasons. The show follows the lives of a group of adults living in an apartment complex called Melrose Place, in West Hollywood. The show was created by Darren Star for Fox and executive produced by Aaron Spelling for his company and it is the second series in the Beverly Hills,90210 franchise. Season one and season two were broadcast on Wednesday at 9pm, after Beverly Hills,90210, in 1994, for its third season premiere, the show moved to Monday at 8pm. The show had many cast changes during the run, Thomas Calabro was the only original cast member to remain on the series throughout its entire run. The show earned several Golden Globe nominations and placed #51 on Entertainment Weeklys New TV Classics list, filming for the series took place at a studio in Santa Clarita, California. The show is set in a small apartment courtyard complex located at 4616 Melrose Place in the city of West Hollywood, several young individuals reside in the apartments, each with their own dreams and drives. By the second season, the show had adopted a full-on soap opera format, williams was not brought back for the second season, her character having become engaged to a wealthy restaurant entrepreneur. The actor Johnny Drama Chase was also part of the show, a quote from the la times at the time stated, if you think the show lacks talent and entertainment, wait until you see Johnny Drama appear. That will indeed confirm that rather than watching this garbage you should have watched paint dry instead, although she was always billed as a special guest star, Locklear remained with the show for the rest of its run. Guest Laura Leighton, recurring as Janes trouble-making younger sister Sydney Andrews in the first two seasons, was upgraded to regular for season three. Marcia Cross, recurring as Dr. Kimberly Shaw in season 1, janet Carroll appeared in several episodes as Marion Shaw, Kimberlys domineering mother. Daviss character was killed off in the middle of the fourth season. Patrick Muldoon also arrived in the season as the villainous Richard Hart. Although Muldoon was not billed with the main cast, he appeared in most of the seasons episodes and is also Melrose Places longest recurring character in terms of number of episodes. The season finale featured the exits of series regulars Thorne-Smith, Show, charvet was written out in the middle of season 6, and the beginning of season seven saw the departure of Shue, Rinna, Langton, Milano, and Ashby. The shows seventh season introduced John Haymes Newton as Ryan McBride, Kyles younger brother, and Rena Sofer as Eve Cleary, Sofer was not billed with the main cast. Bissett reprised her role as Jane for the seventh season, category, List of Melrose Place charactersThis table includes only main cast characters, those who are listed in the intro title sequence
28.
Jimmy Page
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James Patrick Jimmy Page, OBE is an English musician, songwriter, and record producer who achieved international success as the guitarist and founder of the rock band Led Zeppelin. Page began his career as a session musician in London and, by the mid-1960s. He was a member of the Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968, in late 1968, he founded Led Zeppelin. Page is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of all time, Rolling Stone magazine has described Page as the pontiff of power riffing and ranked him number 3 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2010, he was ranked number two in Gibsons list of Top 50 Guitarists of All Time and, in 2007, number four on Classic Rocks 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, once as a member of the Yardbirds, Page has been described by Uncut as rocks greatest and most mysterious guitar hero. Los Angeles Times magazine voted Jimmy Page the 2nd greatest guitarist of all time, Page was born to James Patrick Page and Patricia Elizabeth Gaffikin in the west London suburb of Heston on 9 January 1944. His father was a personnel manager and his mother, who was of Irish descent, was a doctors secretary. In 1952, they moved to Feltham and then to Miles Road, Epsom in Surrey, I dont know whether was left behind by the people before, or whether it was a friend of the familys—nobody seemed to know why it was there. First playing the instrument at age 12, he took a few lessons in nearby Kingston, there was one other guitarist in my school who actually showed me the first chords that I learned and I went on from there. I was bored so I taught myself the guitar from listening to records, so obviously it was a very personal thing. Among Pages early influences were rockabilly guitarists Scotty Moore and James Burton, presleys song Baby Lets Play House is cited by Page as being his inspiration to take up the guitar. Although he appeared on BBC1 in 1957 with a Höfner President, Page states that his first guitar was a second-hand 1959 Futurama Grazioso, later replaced by a Fender Telecaster. Pages musical tastes included skiffle and acoustic folk playing, and the sounds of Elmore James, B. B. King, Otis Rush, Buddy Guy, Freddie King. Basically, that was the start, a mixture between rock and blues, at 13, Page appeared on Huw Wheldons All Your Own talent quest programme in a skiffle quartet, one performance of which aired on BBC1 in 1957. The group played Mama Dont Want to Skiffle Anymore and another American-flavoured song, when asked by Wheldon what he wanted to do after schooling, Page said, I want to do biological research to find a cure for cancer, if it isnt discovered by then. In an interview with Guitar Player magazine, Page stated that there was a lot of busking in the early days, Page took a guitar to school each day only to have it confiscated and returned to him after class. Although interviewed for a job as an assistant, he ultimately chose to leave Danetree Secondary School, West Ewell
29.
The Edge
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David Howell Evans, better known by his stage name The Edge, is an Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with the band as well as one solo record, as a guitarist, the Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a delay effect yields a distinctive ambient. The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, and was raised in Ireland after the Evans family moved there, in 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School he formed a band with his fellow students and elder brother Dik that would evolve into U2. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements and they eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular music, with albums such as 1987s The Joshua Tree and 1991s Achtung Baby. With U2, the Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, the Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band. As a member of U2 and as an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and he co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. Several music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest guitarists of all time, david Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in the County of Essex in England, on 8 August 1961. He is the child of Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans, who originated in Llanelli. Garvin was an engineer who worked for the electricity board. The Edge has an elder brother Richard and a sister called Gillian. He received his formal education at St Andrews National School, Malahide. As a child he received piano and guitar lessons. Among the several other pupils who also responded to the note were Bono and this band went through a number of versions before becoming known as U2 in March 1978. U2 began its public life in small venues in Dublin in 1977. In December 1979 they performed their first concerts outside Ireland, in London and their debut album Boy was released in 1980. In 1981, leading up to the October Tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, during this period he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved. Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music later became Sunday Bloody Sunday
30.
Jack White
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Jack White is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is known as the singer and guitarist of duo The White Stripes. On April 24,2012, White released his solo album. His second studio album, Lazaretto, was released on June 10,2014, both received wide commercial and critical acclaim. After moonlighting in several underground Detroit bands as a drummer, White founded The White Stripes with fellow Detroit native Meg White in 1997. Their 2001 breakthrough album, White Blood Cells, brought international fame with the hit single and accompanying music video. This recognition provided White opportunities to collaborate with artists, including Loretta Lynn. In 2006, White founded The Raconteurs with Brendan Benson, White has enjoyed consistent critical and popular success, and is widely credited as one of the key artists in the garage rock revival of the 2000s. He has won twelve Grammy Awards, and both of his albums have reached number one on the Billboard charts. Rolling Stone ranked him number 70 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, david Frickes 2011 list ranked him at number 17. White has a collection of guitars and other instruments, and has a preference for vintage items that often have connections to famous blues artists. He is an advocate for analog technology and recording techniques. His record label and studio Third Man Records releases vinyl recordings of his own work, as well as that of other artists and his latest album holds the record for most first-week vinyl sales since 1991. White values his privacy and has known to create misdirection about his personal life. He and Meg divorced in 2000 and he was married to model and singer Karen Elson from 2005 to 2013, together, they have a son and daughter. He currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee and he recently bought a house in Kalamazoo, Michigan. John Anthony Gillis was born in Detroit, Michigan, the youngest of ten children—and the seventh son—of Teresa and his mothers family was Polish, while his father was of Scottish-Canadian descent. He was raised a Catholic, and his father and mother worked for the Archdiocese of Detroit
31.
Education in the United States
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Education in the United States is provided by public, private, and home schools. Funding comes from the state, local, and federal government, private schools are generally free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities. About 87% of school-age children attend schools, about 10% attend private schools. Education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and eighteen, depending on the state and this requirement can be satisfied in public schools, state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program. In most schools, education is divided into three levels, elementary school, middle or junior school, and high school. Children are usually divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten and first grade for the youngest children, there are also a large number and wide variety of publicly and privately administered institutions of higher education throughout the country. Post-secondary education, divided into college, as the first tertiary degree, the United States spends more per student on education than any other country. In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated US education as 14th best in the world, just behind Russia. In 2015 the Programme for International Student Assessment rated U. S. high school students #40 globally in Math and #24 in Science and Reading. ”King, Jr. acknowledged the results in conceding U. S. students were well behind their peers. According to a report published by the U. S. News & World Report, of the top ten colleges and universities in the world, government-supported and free public schools for all began to be established after the American Revolution. Between 1750 and 1870 parochial schools appeared as ad hoc efforts by parishes, historically, many parochial elementary schools were developed which were open to all children in the parish, mainly Catholics, but also Lutherans, Calvinists and Orthodox Jews. Nonsectarian Common schools designed by Horace Mann were opened, which taught the three Rs and also history and geography, States passed laws to make schooling compulsory between 1852 and 1917. They also used federal funding designated by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up land grant colleges specializing in agriculture, by 1870, every state had free elementary schools, albeit only in urban centers. His movement spread to many other Southern states to small colleges for Colored or Negro students entitled A. & M. or A. & T. some of which later developed into state universities. By 1910,72 percent of children attended school, private schools spread during this time, as well as colleges and — in the rural centers — land grant colleges also. Between 1910 and 1940 the high school movement resulted in increasing public high school enrollment. By 1930,100 percent of children attended school, during World War II, enrollment in high schools and colleges plunged as many high school and college students dropped out to take war jobs. The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v, in 1965, the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act, passed as a part of President Lyndon B
32.
Sundance Film Festival
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The Sundance Film Festival, a program of the Sundance Institute, is an American film festival that takes place annually in Park City, Utah. With 46,660 attendees in 2016, it is the largest independent film festival in the United States. Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the 2017 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 19 to January 29,2017. Sundance began in Salt Lake City in August 1978, as the Utah/US Film Festival in an effort to more filmmakers to Utah. It was founded by Sterling Van Wagenen, John Earle, the 1978 festival featured films such as Deliverance, A Streetcar Named Desire, Midnight Cowboy, Mean Streets, and The Sweet Smell of Success. The festival also highlighted the work of filmmakers who worked outside the Hollywood system. The jury of the 1978 festival was headed by Gary Allison, and included Verna Fields, Linwood G. Dunn, Katharine Ross, Charles E. Sellier Jr. Mark Rydell, and Anthea Sylbert. More than 60 films were screened at the festival that year, also that year, the first Frank Capra Award went to Jimmy Stewart. The festival also made a profit for the first time, in 1980, Catania left the festival to pursue a production career in Hollywood. Several factors helped propel the growth of Utah/US Film Festival, first was the involvement of actor and Utah resident Robert Redford, who became the festivals inaugural chairman. By having Redfords name associated with the festival, it received great attention, secondly, the country was hungry for more venues that would celebrate American-made films as the only other festival doing so at the time was the USA Film Festival in Dallas. Response in Hollywood was unprecedented as major studios did all they could to contribute their resources, in 1981, the festival moved to Park City, Utah, and changed the dates from September to January. It was called the US Film and Video Festival, in 1984, the now well-established Sundance Institute, headed by Sterling Van Wagenen, took over management of the US Film Festival. The branding and marketing transition from the US Film Festival to the Sundance Film Festival was managed under the direction of Colleen Allen, Allen Advertising Inc. by appointment of Robert Redford. In 1991 the festival was renamed the Sundance Film Festival, after Redfords character The Sundance Kid from the film Butch Cassidy. The majority of the screenings, including the festivals premieres. The 2013 Sundance London Festival was held April 25–28,2013, Sundance London 2014 took place on April 25–27,2014 at the O2 arena. The Sundance London 2015 Festival was cancelled in an announcement on January 16,2015, Sundance London will return to London in 2016 from June 10–12 at Picturehouse Cinema in Londons West End
33.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
34.
From the Sky Down
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From the Sky Down is a 2011 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about rock band U2 and the production of their 1991 album Achtung Baby. The film documents the difficult recording period, the band members relationships. Guggenheim, who was commissioned by U2 to create the film to commemorate the records 20th anniversary, the band were filmed during a return visit to Hansa Studios in Berlin where parts of the album were recorded, and during rehearsals in Winnipeg for the Glastonbury Festival 2011. The film contains unreleased scenes from the groups 1988 motion picture Rattle and Hum, along with archival footage, development of the albums emblematic song One is recounted through the replaying of old recording tapes. The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8,2011, beginning in October, a series of television broadcasts commenced, including showings on BBC Television, Showtime, and Super Channel. The film was bundled with the editions of Achtung Babys 20th anniversary reissue and was later released as standalone copies on Blu-ray. Reviews from critics were mixed, many found the insight into the creative process informative. From the Sky Down was nominated for the 2013 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video, after the commercial and critical success of their 1987 album The Joshua Tree, U2 produced a motion picture and companion album titled Rattle and Hum that was subject to a critical backlash. The bands exploration of American music for the project was labelled as pretentious and misguided. The groups high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity, towards the end of the Lovetown Tour in 1989, Bono announced onstage that it was the end of something for U2, and that we have to go away and. The sessions were fraught with conflict, as the band argued over their musical direction, weeks of tension and slow progress nearly took their toll, the group considered breaking up, but they made a breakthrough with the improvised writing of the song One. With improved morale, the completed the album in Dublin in 1991. In November, Achtung Baby was released to critical acclaim, musically, it incorporated influences from the alternative rock, electronic dance music, and industrial music of the time. Thematically, it was an introspective and personal record, it was darker. Achtung Baby has been one of the groups most commercially successful records, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Achtung Babys original release, U2 reissued the record in several formats in October 2011. Leading up to the anniversary, the band was unsure how much attention to pay to a past album while still writing and recording new material. Guitarist The Edge said, How big a deal do we make of an anniversary when were in the middle of what were doing now and we had a hard time figuring that out. But this record was so pivotal that we felt it was OK to revisit it, director Davis Guggenheim was subsequently commissioned by the band to make a film about Achtung Baby in six months
35.
Undocumented students in the United States
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Undocumented students are illegal alien school-aged immigrants who entered the United States without inspection or overstayed their visas illegally. They face unique legal uncertainties and limitations within the United States educational system and these students are often called the 1.5 generation, as they have illegally spent a majority of their lives in the United States. Although some 1.5 generation students find their way to legal status, illegal alien students may not know how to navigate the higher education system in their state and often leads to students not attending college. They assume that it is out of their financial means or not available to them due to their residency status and this leaves illegal students in a vulnerable place because they are not gaining the educational experience and are not eligible for legal work. Illegal aliens, particularly students, are a subgroup of the population to research. It is difficult to determine statistics for the demographic makeup of undocumented students. However, we can infer that statistics for undocumented students would be closely related to those for the unauthorized immigrant population as a whole. Since 2014, approximately 11.1 million undocumented immigrants live in the United States, which has seen only a small increase since 2007. Approximately 17%, roughly two million, of undocumented immigrants are under the age of 18, about 65 thousand graduate from school each year. While the undocumented student population comes from all over the world, the second-largest sending region is Asia. In 2012, the Philippine undocumented population in the U. S. consisted of approximately 310,000 people and 260,000 undocumented immigrants from India, although often left out of the conversation, Asian and Pacific Islanders are a significant population in the undocumented community. The cultural expectations of undocumented immigrants in these communities often influence a more silenced, there tends to be a heavier stigma against those who are undocumented, even within the culture. In the United States, children are given the right to an elementary and secondary education regardless of their immigration status, prior to 1975, all students in Texas were able to attend public elementary and secondary school. The state government provided funding to schools based on the number of students enrolled, in May 1975, the state legislature amended the Texas Education Code to provide that only U. S. citizens or lawfully admitted noncitizens would be counted for financial aid purposes. Schools were given the option to allow or reject undocumented students, school officials in Tyler, Texas, under the direction of Superintendent James Plyler, began charging $1,000 annual tuition to all undocumented students—about 60 from a student body of 1,600. In September 1977, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed an action on behalf of sixteen Mexican undocumented students of the Tyler district. Plyler does not extend to postsecondary education, but at least guarantees undocumented students the opportunity to receive a school degree. This order provides temporary relief from immigration enforcement and deportation proceedings, in Janet Napolitano’s memorandum to the U. S. Customs and Border Patrol, U. S
36.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
37.
Malala Yousafzai
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Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her advocacy has since grown into an international movement, Yousafzai was born in Swat District, Pakistan. Her family came to run a chain of schools in the region, in early 2009, when she was 11–12, she wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, journalist Adam B, ellick made a New York Times documentary about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region. She rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, on the afternoon of 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was injured after a Taliban gunman attempted to murder her. The murder attempt sparked a national and international outpouring of support for Yousafzai, deutsche Welle wrote in January 2013 that she may have become the most famous teenager in the world. Weeks after her attempt, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her. Since recovering, Yousafzai became a prominent education activist, based out of Birmingham, she founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit and in 2013 co-authored a I am Malala, an international bestseller. In 2015, Yousafzai was a subject of the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala, the 2013,2014 and 2015 issues of Time magazine featured her as one of the most Influential people globally. In 2012, she was the recipient of Pakistans first National Youth Peace Prize, aged 17 at the time, she became the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Since March 2013, she has been a pupil at the all-girls Edgbaston High School in Birmingham, Yousafzai was born on 12 July,1997 in the Swat District of Pakistans northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Her family is a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity and she was given her first name Malala after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistans Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Tor Pekai. She once stated to an interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed. Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, how dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education. Yousafzai asked her audience in a covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region. In late 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan of the BBC Urdu website and they decided to ask a schoolgirl to blog anonymously about her life there
38.
Taliban
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Until his death in 2013, Mullah Mohammed Omar was the supreme commander and spiritual leader of the Taliban. Mullah Akhtar Mansour was elected as his replacement in 2015, and following Mansours killing in a May 2016 U. S. drone strike, Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada became the groups leader. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords, whose corruption and despotism Afghans had tired of. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar and it held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American-led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal recognition of the Talibans government was acknowledged by only three nations, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as a movement to fight the American-backed Karzai administration. The Taliban have been condemned internationally for the enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic Sharia law. In its post-9/11 insurgency, the group has accused of using terrorism as a specific tactic to further their ideological and political goals. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and their allies were responsible for 76% of Afghan civilian casualties in 2010, 80% in 2011, Pakistan states that it dropped all support for the group after the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda also supported the Taliban with fighters from Arab countries and Central Asia, hundreds of thousands of people were forced to flee to United Front-controlled territory, Pakistan, and Iran. The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning students and this is a loanword from Arabic طالب ṭālib, using the Persian plural ending -ān ان. In Arabic طالبان ṭālibān means not students but two students, as it is a form, the Arabic plural being طلاب ṭullāb—occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers. Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as an American Taliban, in the English language newspapers of Pakistan, the word Talibans is often used when referring to more than one Taliban. The spelling Taliban has come to be predominant over Taleban in English, in the meantime, the United States and Saudi Arabia joined the struggle against the Soviet Union by providing all the funds. Zia-ul-Haq aligned himself with Pakistans Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and later picked General Akhtar Abdur Rahman to lead the insurgency against the Soviet Union inside Afghanistan, about 90,000 Afghans, including Mohammed Omar, were trained by Pakistans ISI during the 1980s. After the fall of the Soviet-backed regime of Mohammad Najibullah in 1992, several Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the accord created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government for a transitional period. With the exception of Gulbuddin Hekmatyars Hezb-e Islami, all of the parties, were ostensibly unified under this government in April 1992
39.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
