1.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Johann de Kalb
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Kalb was born in Hüttendorf, a village near Erlangen, Bavaria, the son of Johann Leonhard Kalb and Margarethe Seitz. He learned French, English, and the skills to earn a substantial military commission in the Loewendal German Regiment of the French Army. He served with distinguished honor in the War of the Austrian Succession in Flanders and he won the Order of Military Merit in 1763, and was elevated to the nobility with the title of baron. In 1764, he resigned from the army and married Anna Elizabeth Emilie van Robais, in 1768, he traveled to America on a covert mission for de Choiseul, on behalf of France, to determine the level of discontent among colonists. During the trip, he gained a respect for the colonists, in 1777, he returned again with his protégé, the Marquis de Lafayette, and joined the Continental Army. He was at Valley Forge for most of the 1777–78 winter and he wrote letters of introduction for John Adams to the French court. De Kalb wrote, On the whole, I have annoyances to bear, one of them is the mutual jealousy of almost all the French officers, particularly against those of higher rank than the rest. These people think of nothing but their incessant intrigues and backbitings and they hate each other like the bitterest enemies, and endeavor to injure each other wherever an opportunity offers. I have given up their society, and very seldom see them, la Fayette is the sole exception, I always meet him with the same cordiality and the same pleasure. He is an excellent young man, and we are good friends, la Fayette is much liked, he is on the best of terms with Washington. De Kalb was assigned to command a division of Maryland and Delaware troops, during the British southern campaign, he was disappointed to learn that Horatio Gates had been appointed to command instead of him. Gates led the army to a defeat at Battle of Camden on August 16,1780. De Kalbs horse was shot from under him, causing him to tumble to the ground, before he could get up, he was shot three times and bayonetted repeatedly by British soldiers. His friend and aide, the Chevalier du Buysson, was seriously wounded blocking additional blows with his own body and it is reported that Cornwallis supervised as de Kalbs wounds were dressed by his own surgeons in Camden, South Carolina. He died three days later and was buried in Camden, upon visiting de Kalbs grave several years later, George Washington is reported to have said, So, there lies the brave de Kalb. The generous stranger, who came from a distant land to fight our battles, would to God he had lived to share its fruits. DeKalb was greatly revered by his contemporaries, numerous towns and counties in the U. S. are named DeKalb after him, in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New York, Tennessee and Texas. Streets include the DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn, New York City, Merrick, New York, in Brooklyn, New York, the Knights of Columbus established the Baron DeKalb Council #1073 in 1906 named in his honor
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Sycamore, Illinois
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Sycamore is a city in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. It has a district based and centered on Illinois Route 64. The population was 17,519 at the 2010 census, up from 12,020 in 2000, Sycamore is the county seat of DeKalb County and was named after the sycamore tree. Prior to settlement the county of DeKalb that Sycamore is contained within was populated by the Pottawatomie, the first European settlers to the Sycamore-area arrived in 1835 and concentrated themselves mostly north of the Kishwaukee River and the present site of Sycamore. The original town was platted by a New Yorker named Christian Sharer, a mill was constructed and the Kishwaukee dammed but the town failed. By 1837, after controversy, the location of county seat was settled in favor of Orange, Sycamores original name. The present-day town site was platted by James Waterman and Evans Wharry in 1837, the first settler at the new site was Carlos Lattin, who preceded the town, having arrived in 1835. Lattin staked a claim that included most of the present west side of the city, early in the citys history, it seemed, that Sycamore might not be the location of the DeKalb County Courthouse, other towns were vying for the county seat title. A now defunct town called Brush Point was the choice of a Dr. Henry Madden and Rufus Colton would have preferred Coltonville, where he made his home. The Clerk of the Court and preparer of the writs and process of the court, in his attempt to make Coltonville the county seat, Colton decided to hold a new election for the status in 1837. Colton made sure that Coltonville would win the election by telling only the population of Coltonville about it and his political tactics were eventually cancelled by an act of the Illinois General Assembly, after the DeKalb County court intervened. When court convened the sheriff served a court order declaring a courthouse be built in Sycamore, afterward, Coltonville eventually suffered the same fate as Brush Point and disappeared from the map. These events seemingly settled the issue of where the courthouse and, in turn, in 1903, as the county prepared to construct a new courthouse, the debate over county seat was reignited. This time, it was the city of DeKalb that sought to wrest the title of county seat away from Sycamore. Two of DeKalbs most prominent citizens, Jacob Haish and Isaac L. Ellwood, the city of Sycamore responded, raising funds of their own, and after some back and forth and legal wrangling, the issue was settled in Sycamores favor. Following the end of the county seat controversy, in 1839. A year later the settlement consisted of 12 houses, which increased to 18 by 1844, Sycamore then began an era of steady growth marked by population increases in 1848 to 262,1849 to 320,1850 to 390,1851 to 435. The Sycamore and Cortland Railroad arrived in the late 1850s and a station was erected in Sycamore, Sycamore was home to 41 commercial and industrial business by 1855
6.
DeKalb, Illinois
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DeKalb /dᵻˈkælb/ is a city in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 43,862 according to the 2010 census, the city is named after decorated German war hero Johann de Kalb, who died during the American Revolutionary War. DeKalb was originally called DeKalb Centre, and under the name was platted in 1853. The name is for Baron Johann de Kalb, a general in the American Revolutionary War. A post office has been in operation at DeKalb since 1849, DeKalb is located at 41°55′53″N 88°45′1″W. According to the 2010 census, DeKalb has an area of 14.812 square miles. The Kishwaukee River flows northward through the city of DeKalb, on August 24,2007, the Kishwaukee River at DeKalb crested at 15.27 feet causing major flooding. This was only the time the river has risen above 15 feet since the level of the river has been recorded. DeKalb has a continental climate typical of northern Illinois, with four distinct seasons. Summers can be hot, while winters are cold and snowy, precipitation is somewhat uniform year-round, although it can be heavier in the spring and summer when the area is prone to strong thunderstorms. DeKalb is governed by a Council-Manager government, policy is developed by an elected City Council then implemented by an appointed professional City Manager. DeKalbs City Council is made up of a Mayor, elected at-large, each serves a four-year term, with half the council being elected every two years. A City Clerk is also elected every four years who serves as the record keeper of the city. The Clerk is also the primary Freedom of Information Act officer for the city, City council meetings are held the second and fourth Mondays of every month. DeKalb is home to Northern Illinois University, the citys largest employer, DeKalb is also home to warehouses for several major companies, including Target, 3M, Nestlé, and Panduit, in part due to Dekalbs proximity to major highways such as I-88 and I-39. 3Ms complex serves as the hub for five of 3M’s six business units and export operations to North America, Europe, Africa. In 1984, the intersection of two streets in a popular NIU housing district in Dekalb begot the name of a consulting firm called Greenbrier & Russel. In 2011, DeKalb was the broadcast base of Up and In, The Baseball Prospectus Podcast with Kevin Goldstein, the DeKalb Park District is responsible for the 44 parks and recreation facilities in DeKalb
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Illinois's 14th congressional district
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The 14th congressional district of Illinois is represented by Republican Randy Hultgren. The congressional district covers parts of DeKalb, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry and Will counties, the representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, and the boundaries became effective on January 5,2013. A map of the redistricting can be here, Illinois redistricting Google Map. The 14th district was represented by Republican Dennis Hastert, who was the longest serving Republican Speaker of the House in U. S. history, the previous holder of this GOP record, Joseph Gurney Cannon represented the district in his early career from 1873-1883. A special election was held on March 8,2008, democrat Bill Foster defeated Republican Jim Oberweis by 52. 5% to 47. 5%. However, Foster failed to win re-election in 2010, Republican Randy Hultgren won back the seat for the GOP and was sworn in when the 112th Congress convened. As of May 2015, two members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 14th congressional district are alive. Illinoiss 14th congressional district special election,2008 Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Washington Post page on the 14th District of Illinois U. S. Census Bureau - 14th District Fact Sheet
9.
Illinois's 16th congressional district
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The 16th Congressional District of Illinois is represented by Republican Adam Kinzinger. All or parts of Belvidere, Channahon, DeKalb, Dixon, Loves Park, Machesney Park, Ottawa, Morris, Pontiac, Rockford, the representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, and the boundaries became effective on January 5,2013. Prominent past representatives from the 16th district have included Everett Dirksen, for decades, the 16th district was the most geographically stable district in Illinois. For more than six decades, in comparison to the districts in the state. While its shape fluctuated slightly after each census, in general it included the northwest corner of the state, extending just far enough to the east to include its largest city, Rockford. By the 1990s, it extended eastward to include part of McHenry County and this geographic stability also contributed to electoral stability. It first became a Rockford-based district for the 1948 election, and from then until 2010 it was represented by just five people, all, however, with the new map drawn for 2012, the familiar shape of the 16th was rendered unrecognizable. It was pushed well to the east to take in the extreme exurban region of the Chicago metropolitan area, while it still included most of Rockfords suburbs, half of Rockford itself—essentially the more Democratic portion of the city—was shifted to the 17th district. As of May 2015, four members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 16th congressional district are alive. Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Washington Post page on the 16th District of Illinois U. S. Census Bureau - 16th District Fact Sheet
10.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
11.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
12.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
13.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
14.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
15.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
16.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
17.
Naperville, Illinois
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Naperville is a city in DuPage and Will counties in the U. S. state of Illinois, and a suburb of Chicago. Naperville was voted the second-best place to live in the United States by Money magazine in 2006 and it was rated 1st on the list of best cities for early retirement in 2013 by Kiplinger. In a 2010 study, Naperville was named the wealthiest city in the Midwest and it was ranked among the nations safest cities by USAToday and Business Insider. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 141,853 and it is the fifth-largest city in Illinois. In July 1831, Joseph Naper arrived at the west bank of the DuPage River with his family, among those original settlers were Napers wife Almeda Landon, his brother John with wife Betsy Goff, his sister Amy with husband John Murray, and his mother Sarah. Their arrival followed a nearly two-month voyage across three Great Lakes in the Naper brothers schooner, the Telegraph, by 1832, over one hundred settlers had arrived at Napers Settlement. Following the news of the Indian Creek massacre during the Black Hawk War, Fort Payne was built at Napers Settlement, the settlers returned and the attack never materialized. The Pre-Emption House was constructed in 1834, as the Settlement became a stop on the road from Chicago to Galena. In 1855 Sybil Dunbar came to Naperville as its first recorded black female resident, a commemorative marker honoring her was placed in the cemetery in 2015. After DuPage County was split from Cook County in 1839, Napers Settlement became the DuPage county seat, Napers Settlement was incorporated as the Village of Naperville in 1857, at which time it had a population of 2,000. Reincorporation as a city occurred in 1890, on April 26,1946, Naperville was the site of one of the worst train disasters in Chicago history. Two Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad trains, the Advance Flyer, the accident killed 45 and injured approximately 127 passengers and/or crew members. This event is commemorated in a metal inlay map of Naperville on the southeast corner of the Nichols Librarys sidewalk area, in 2012, author Chuck Spinner published The Tragedy at the Loomis Street Crossing which details the tragedy and gives the stories of the 45 persons who perished. On April 26,2014, a memorial entitled Tragedy to Triumph was dedicated at the train station, the sculpture by Paul Kuhn is dedicated not only to the crash victims but also to the rescuers at the site. It has nearly quadrupled in size as the Chicago metropolitan areas urban sprawl brought corporations, jobs, parking meters were taken down, parking in garages built in the 1980s and 1990s is free, and parking is still available on major thoroughfares during non-peak hours. Naperville marked the 175th anniversary of its 1831 founding in 2006, the anniversary events included celebrations, concerts and a balloon parade. According to the 2010 census, Naperville has an area of 39.323 square miles, portions of the city of Naperville drain to the West Branch of the DuPage River within DuPage County. Specifically, in the flood of 1996, downtown businesses in the City of Naperville incurred significant damage, Naperville borders the communities of Warrenville, Wheaton, Lisle, Woodridge, Bolingbrook, Plainfield, and Aurora
18.
Elgin, Illinois
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Elgin is a city in Cook and Kane counties in the northern part of the U. S. state of Illinois. Located roughly 35 mi northwest of Chicago, it lies along the Fox River, as of 2013, the city had a total population of 110,145, making it the eighth-largest city in Illinois. Thousands of militiamen and soldiers of Gen. Winfield Scotts army marched through the Fox River valley during the war, in New York, James T. Gifford and his brother Hezekiah Gifford heard tales of this area ripe for settlement, and travelled west. Looking for a site on the route from Chicago to Galena, Illinois. In April 1835, they established the city, naming it after the Scottish tune Elgin, early Elgin achieved fame for the butter and dairy goods it sold to the city of Chicago. Gail Borden established a milk factory here in 1866. The dairy industry became important with the arrival of the Elgin Watch Company. Today, the clocks at Chicagos Union Station still bear the Elgin name, Elgin has a long tradition of education and invention. Elgin is home to the Elgin Academy, the oldest coeducational, Elgin resident John Murphy invented the motorized streetsweeper in 1914 and later formed the Elgin Sweeper Corporation. Alft has written books and an ongoing newspaper column about Elgins history. Elgin is located at 42°2′18″N 88°19′22″W, according to the 2010 census, Elgin has a total area of 37.704 square miles, of which 37.16 square miles is land and 0.544 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 108,188 people, the population density was 2,911.2 people per square mile. There were 37,848 housing units at a density of 1,306.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 9% White,7. 4% African American,1. 40% Native American,5. 4% Asian,16. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 43. 6% of the population. A significant portion of Elgins Asian population is of Laotian origin,19. 4% of all households were made up of individuals 65 years and older, and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the family size was 3.56. In the city, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,10. 7% from 18 to 24,33. 6% from 25 to 44,18. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32.5 years,50. 2% of the population was female
19.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
20.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
21.
Chicago metropolitan area
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The Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland, is the metropolitan area associated with the city of Chicago, Illinois, and its suburbs. With an estimated population of 9.4 million people, it is the third largest metropolitan area in the United States, Chicagoland is the area that is closely linked to the city through geographic, social, economic, and cultural ties. The Chicago metropolitan area is one of the world’s largest and most diversified economies, with more than four million employees, the region is home to more than 400 major corporate headquarters, including 31 in the Fortune 500. The Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area was originally designated by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 and it comprised the Illinois counties of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake and Will, along with Lake County in Indiana. As surrounding counties saw an increase in their population densities and the number of their residents employed within Cook County, the Chicago MSA, now defined as the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, is the third largest MSA by population in the United States. The 2015 census estimate for the MSA was 9,427,676 and this loss of population has been attributed to taxes, political issues, and other factors. A breakdown of the 2009 estimated populations of the three Metropolitan Divisions of the MSA are as follows, The OMB also defines a larger region as a Combined Statistical Area. The Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Combined Statistical Area combines the areas of Chicago, Michigan City. This area represents the extent of the market pool for the entire region. The CSA has a population of 9,928,312, the Chicago urban agglomeration, according to the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects report, lists a population of 9,545,000. The term “urban agglomeration” refers to the contained within the contours of a contiguous territory inhabited at urban density levels. It usually incorporates the population in a city plus that in the surrounding area, Chicagoland is an informal name for the Chicago metropolitan area. The term Chicagoland has no definition, and the region is often considered to include areas beyond the corresponding MSA. Colonel Robert R. McCormick, editor and publisher of the Chicago Tribune, mcCormicks conception of Chicagoland stretched all the way to nearby parts of four states. The first usage was in the Tribunes July 27,1926 front page headline, Chicagolands Shrines, A Tour of Discoveries and he stated that Chicagoland comprised everything in a 200-mile radius in every direction and reported on many different places in the area. The Tribune was the dominant newspaper in a vast area stretching to the west of the city, today, the Chicago Tribunes usage includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties, and the two Indiana counties of Lake and Porter. Illinois Department of Tourism literature uses Chicagoland for suburbs in Cook, Lake, DuPage, Kane, the Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will counties. For example, many residents who live in some of the more distant satellite counties nonetheless refer to themselves as being from Chicago or Chicagoans
22.
Kane County, Illinois
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Kane County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 515,269 and its county seat is Geneva, and its largest city is Aurora. Kane County is one of the counties of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin. Kane County was formed out of LaSalle County in 1836, the county was named in honor of Elias Kane, United States Senator from Illinois, and the first Secretary of State of Illinois. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the area was 524 square miles. Its largest cities are along the Fox River, the average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.52 inches in February to 4.39 inches in July. McHenry County Cook County DuPage County Will County Kendall County DeKalb County Kane County has an extensive forest preserve program, with numerous nature preserves, historic sites, and trails. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 515,269 people,170,479 households, the population density was 990.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 182,047 housing units at a density of 350.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 74. 6% white,5. 7% black or African American,3. 5% Asian,0. 6% American Indian,13. 0% from other races, and 2. 6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 30. 7% of the population. In terms of ancestry,24. 3% were German,13. 0% were Irish,7. 9% were Polish,7. 4% were Italian,7. 1% were English, and 2. 4% were American. The average household size was 2.98 and the family size was 3.45. The median age was 34.5 years, the median income for a household in the county was $67,767 and the median income for a family was $77,998. Males had an income of $53,833 versus $39,206 for females. The per capita income for the county was $29,480. About 7. 0% of families and 9. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, Highway 20 U. S. Highway 30 U. S. Population of states and counties of the United States,1790 to 1990, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Population Division
23.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
24.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
25.
Northern Illinois University
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Northern Illinois University is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon. It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22,1895, douglas Baker was named the universitys twelfth president in May 2013. The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 225,000 alumni. NIU is one of two public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports. The Universitys athletic teams are known as the NIU Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference, Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal, Illinois. In 1895, the legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School. In July 1917, the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools into one state Normal School Board, over the next fifty-eight years, the school and the governing board changed their names several times. In 1921, the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College, in 1941, the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board. In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education, the Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science. On July 1,1957, the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its status as a liberal arts university. In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University, Illinois State University, the Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995. On January 1,1996, authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees, each concerned solely with one university,12 presidents have served at the university. New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY2012, in the most recent 2014 edition, NIU was ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities. Washington Monthly ranks NIU as the 135th National University in the United States, NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. Carnegie categorizes Northern as, RU/H, Research Universities, the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science. NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships since 1974, NIU is the next major research university outside of Chicagoland. The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School, Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow, while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program. The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide, in the 2010-2011 academic year, the program graduated seven students, whose average GPA was 3.90
26.
DeKalb County, Georgia
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DeKalb County is a county in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 691,893, DeKalb County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It contains roughly 10% of the city of Atlanta and it is Georgias most diverse county. In recent years, some communities in North DeKalb have incorporated, dunwoody and Brookhaven are now the largest cities entirely within the county. The oldest existing house in the county is the 1831 Goodwin House along Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, in 1853, Fulton County formed from the western half of DeKalb, divided along a perfectly straight and due north/south line down the middle. Until this time, the city of Atlanta had been inside DeKalb. North and southwest Fulton came from two counties, Milton and southeast Campbell, respectively. DeKalb once extended further north to the Chattahoochee River, but this strip was later given to Milton. During the Civil War, much of the Battle of Atlanta took place in DeKalb, until the 1960s, DeKalb was a mainly agricultural county, but as the sprawl of the metropolitan Atlanta region expanded, DeKalb became increasingly urbanized. Only Interstate 20 and Interstate 85 were successfully built through the county, DeKalb also became one of only two counties to approve MARTA rapid transit in the 1970s, the county now contains the east and northeast heavy rail lines. The current Chief Executive Officer of DeKalb County is Michael Thurmond and he took office on January 1,2017. Fire services are provided throughout the county by DeKalb County Fire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based in the Druid Hills CDP in an unincorporated area in the county. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Atlanta Field Office is located in Chamblee, the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice has its headquarters in Avondale Estates, near Decatur. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation has its headquarters near Decatur, in an unincorporated area, the Metro State Prison of the Georgia Department of Corrections was formerly located in an unincorporated area in DeKalb County. Female death row inmates resided in the Metro State Prison, the prison was closed in 2011. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 271 square miles. The county is crossed by the South River and numerous creeks, including Nancy Creek, Snapfinger Creek, Peachtree Creek and Nancy Creek drain into the Chattahoochee River and eventually to the Gulf of Mexico. South River drains into the Ocmulgee River and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean, Stone Mountain lies near the eastern border of the county
27.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
28.
Boone County, Illinois
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Boone County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 54,165, Boone County is included in the Rockford, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the Chicago metropolitan area. Boone County was formed in 1837 out of Winnebago County and it was named for Kentucky frontiersman Daniel Boone. The first non-Native American settlers arrived in what is now Boone County in 1835 and they arrived as a result of the end of the Black Hawk War as well as the completion of the Erie Canal. They consisted entirely of settlers from New England and these were Yankee settlers, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the colonial era. When the New England settlers arrived in what is now Boone County there was nothing but a virgin forest. In the late 1870s immigrants began arriving from Germany and Ireland, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 282 square miles, of which 281 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles is water. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.29 inches in February to 4.56 inches in June, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 54,165 people,18,505 households, and 14,273 families residing in the county. The population density was 193.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 19,970 housing units at an average density of 71.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 84. 4% white,2. 0% black or African American,1. 3% Asian,0. 4% American Indian,9. 3% from other races, and 2. 6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 20. 2% of the population. In terms of ancestry,25. 6% were German,13. 7% were Irish,9. 2% were English,8. 6% were American,7. 7% were Italian,7. 1% were Swedish, and 5. 0% were Polish. The average household size was 2.91 and the family size was 3.32. The median age was 36.8 years, the median income for a household in the county was $61,210 and the median income for a family was $69,380. Males had an income of $53,581 versus $34,651 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,105, about 7. 9% of families and 10. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 3% of those under age 18 and 5. 0% of those age 65 or over. Salem, MA, Higginson Book Co.1998, the Past and Present of Boone County, Illinois, Containing a History of the County — Its Cities, Towns, Etc. Etc. Chicago, H. F. Kett and Co.1877. United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names United States National Atlas
29.
McHenry County, Illinois
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McHenry County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 308,760, McHenry County is one of the five collar counties of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Long known as a center of agriculture and recreation, it has recently experienced rapid rates of suburbanization and urbanization. McHenry County was formed in 1836 out of Cook and LaSalle counties, the county was named for Major William McHenry, an Indian fighter who died in Vandalia in 1835. McHenry County originally stretched all the way east to Lake Michigan, with the county seat centrally in McHenry, but in 1839, the Counts House,3803 Waukegan Rd, McHenry Charles H. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 611 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.29 inches in February to 4.56 inches in June, McHenry County is like much of the Upper Midwest, as it usually sees hot, humid summers, and cold, snowy winters. The county is notably susceptible to high wind events, blizzards, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, McHenry County government is based primarily out of Woodstock, the county seat. The McHenry County Government Center, located on the end of Woodstock along Illinois Route 47. The current Sheriff of McHenry County, Illinois is Bill Prim, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 308,760 people,109,199 households, and 82,288 families residing in the county. The population density was 511.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 116,040 housing units at an average density of 192.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 1% white,2. 5% Asian,1. 1% black or African American,0. 3% American Indian,4. 3% from other races, and 1. 7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11. 4% of the population. In terms of ancestry,34. 4% were German,18. 7% were Irish,14. 2% were Polish,10. 8% were Italian,7. 8% were English, and 3. 7% were American. The average household size was 2.81 and the family size was 3.25. The median age was 38.0 years, the median income for a household in the county was $76,482 and the median income for a family was $86,698. Males had an income of $61,971 versus $42,125 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,838, about 4. 9% of families and 6. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 3% of those under age 18 and 4. 6% of those age 65 or over
30.
Kendall County, Illinois
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Kendall County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois, within the Chicago metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 114,736 and its county seat is Yorkville, and its most populous municipality is Oswego. Kendall County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area and it was the fastest-growing county in the United States between the years 2000 and 2010. Kendall County was formed in 1841 out of LaSalle and Kane counties, the county is named after Amos Kendall. Kendall was the editor of the Frankfort, Kentucky newspaper, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 322 square miles, of which 320 square miles is land and 2.0 square miles is water. Kendall County is a small but rapidly growing county that has the majority of its population in the northeast, many new subdivisions have been constructed in this county, which has produced considerable population growth. Southern Kendall still remains largely agricultural, Kendall County has two primary ranges of low-lying hills formed by what is known as an end moraine. Ransom, the predominant of the two moraines, runs through the west and north-central part of the county. This moraine has created elevations of over 800 feet, in contrast to elevations in southern Kendall County that drop to the lower 500 feet range, minooka, the other major end moraine ridge in Kendall County, runs along its entire eastern border with Will County. The two moraines intersect at almost a right angle in the township of Oswego, the countys only designated state park is Silver Springs State Fish and Wildlife Area. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.52 inches in February to 4.39 inches in July, interstate 80 U. S. Highway 30 U. S. Highway 34 U. S. All other officers run county-wide, County Board Members, John P. Purcell, Judy Gilmour, Matthew G. Prochaska, davidson, Audra Hendrix, Elizabeth Flowers, Lynn Cullick, Scott R. Gryder, Matt Kellogg, Tony Giles Scott R. The population density was 358.2 inhabitants per square mile, there were 40,321 housing units at an average density of 125.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 83. 6% white,5. 7% black or African American,3. 0% Asian,0. 3% American Indian,5. 0% from other races, and 2. 3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 15. 6% of the population. In terms of ancestry,28. 0% were German,16. 0% were Irish,9. 5% were Polish,9. 4% were Italian,7. 5% were English, and 3. 2% were American. The average household size was 3.01 and the family size was 3.41. The median age was 32.9 years, the median income for a household in the county was $79,897 and the median income for a family was $87,309
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LaSalle County, Illinois
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LaSalle County is located in the North Central region of the U. S. state of Illinois, it has an estimated population of 111,241 as of 2014 and its county seat and largest city is Ottawa. LaSalle County is part of the Ottawa-Peru, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, LaSalle County borders Woodford, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Livingston, Lee, DeKalb, Kendall, and Grundy counties. Though LaSalle County is in the Chicago media market, it retains a unique identity with a mix of pleasant river towns, and vast expanses of farmland. The county is part of the far reaches of the Chicago metropolitan area, and it is also part of the Fox Valley subregion. LaSalle County was formed on January 15,1831 out of Tazewell and it is named for the early French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. La Salle was the first European recorded as entering the area and he traveled the Mississippi River upriver from the Gulf of Mexico, claimed the land for France, or rather as a possession of King Louis XIV of France and named it Louisiana. In 1680, he and two other French traders built Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River in present-day Tazewell County, and in 1662, by 1857, the county was served by the daily arrivals of two trains of the Illinois Central Railroad. As William D. Boyce reportedly founded the Boy Scouts of America in Ottawa and he and two other founders established the BSA, but Boyce is given the sole credit since his faction of the BSA adopted the other two competing factions elements within the organization. LaSalle County is within what is called the Lowaneu Region of the W. D. Boyce Council, the Tri-County Area of DeKalb, LaSalle, and Kendall Counties have been influential in terms of their political, sports, multimedia, industry, and technology. DeKalb County was the birthplace of plant hybridization, the hand dryer. DeKalb, LaSalle, and Kendall Counties have all featured in major films, either having been written by residents or former residents, having been filmed in the communities. La Salle County was founded largely by immigrants from New England and these were old stock Yankee immigrants, who were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. The completion of the Erie Canal caused a surge in New England immigration to what was then the Northwest Territory, some of these later settlers were from upstate New York and had parents who had moved to that region from New England shortly after the Revolutionary War. New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York were the vast majority of La Salle Countys inhabitants during the first several decades of its history. The Congregational Church has subsequently gone through many divisions, and some factions, including those in La Salle County, are now known as the Church of Christ and the United Church of Christ. When the New Englanders arrived in what is now La Salle County, there was nothing but dense virgin forest and they laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. In 1834, Norwegian immigrants settled in the northwest corner of the county, Ottawa was the first site of the famous Lincoln–Douglas debates on August 21,1858. The community has an association with the 16th President
32.
Lee County, Illinois
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Lee County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 36,031, the Dixon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Lee County. Lee County was formed in 1839 out of Ogle County, the County is named in honor of Lighthorse Harry Lee, officer in the Revolutionary War, or Richard Henry Lee, member of the Continental Congress. The Declaration of Independence was adopted pursuant to the Lee Resolution, president Ronald Reagan lived in Dixon as a boy and attended Dixon High School. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 729 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.43 inches in February to 4.88 inches in June. Green River Ordinance Plant Mendota Hills Wind Farm As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 36,031 people,13,758 households, the population density was 49.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 15,049 housing units at a density of 20.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 9% white,4. 8% black or African American,0. 7% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,1. 9% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5. 0% of the population, in terms of ancestry,38. 0% were German,18. 8% were Irish,8. 4% were English, and 8. 2% were American. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.94. The median age was 42.0 years, the median income for a household in the county was $48,502 and the median income for a family was $60,759. Males had an income of $42,114 versus $30,920 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,440, about 7. 6% of families and 9. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 8% of those under age 18 and 6. 5% of those age 65 or over
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Ogle County, Illinois
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Ogle County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 53,497 and its county seat is Oregon, and its largest city is Rochelle. Ogle County comprises Rochelle, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Rockford-Freeport-Rochelle. Ogle County was formed in 1836 out of Jo Daviess and LaSalle counties, and named in honor of Captain Joseph Ogle, Ogle did not have an organized government until 1837, so for a year it remained attached to Jo Daviess County. The county was divided three years later in 1839, when Lee County was formed, Ogle County was a New England settlement. The original founders of Oregon and Rochelle consisted entirely of settlers from New England and these people were Yankees, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s, most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education and they were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Culturally Ogle County, like much of northern Illinois would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture, for most of its history. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 763 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.43 inches in February to 4.88 inches in June, the population density was 70.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 22,561 housing units at a density of 29.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 2% white,0. 9% black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,3. 8% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 8. 9% of the population. In terms of ancestry,38. 0% were German,15. 3% were Irish,10. 2% were English,6. 4% were American,5. 3% were Swedish, and 5. 3% were Norwegian. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.01. The median age was 40.7 years, the median income for a household in the county was $55,733 and the median income for a family was $64,927. Males had an income of $49,996 versus $32,082 for females
34.
Winnebago County, Illinois
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Winnebago County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 295,266, making it the seventh most populous county in Illinois behind Cook County, Winnebago County is the central county of the Rockford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Winnebago County was formed on January 16,1836 out of Jo Daviess and it was named for the Winnebago Tribe of American Indians. At the time the county was founded its inhabitants consisted almost entirely of New Englanders and these were Yankee settlers, meaning they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England during the early 1600s. They made up all of Winnebego Countys inhabitants during the first several decades of its history. In this regard the county was similar to most of the portion of the state of Illinois. After the conclusion of the Black Hawk War there was a surge of immigration from New England. As a result of this heritage the inhabitants of Winnebego County considered themselves, and functioned as, in the Presidential election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won 3,985 votes in Winnebago County, whereas Steven Douglas only won 817 votes. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 519 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.34 inches in February to 4.80 inches in June, the population density was 575.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 125,965 housing units at a density of 245.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 77. 4% white,12. 2% black or African American,2. 3% Asian,0. 3% American Indian,4. 9% from other races, and 2. 8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 10. 9% of the population. In terms of ancestry,25. 6% were German,13. 5% were Irish,9. 4% were American,8. 7% were Swedish,8. 3% were English, and 7. 4% were Italian. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.07. The median age was 38.3 years, the median income for a household in the county was $47,198 and the median income for a family was $59,814. Males had an income of $48,358 versus $32,103 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,008
35.
Interstate 88 (Illinois)
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This route is not contiguous to I-88 in New York. Since 2010, all of I-88 has been part of the Chicago–Kansas City Expressway, the highway also runs through the cities of Aurora, Naperville, DeKalb, and Dixon. Prior to its designation as an Interstate Highway, the route was known as IL5, the reason for I-88s original designation and continued existence as an Interstate has to do with a technicality in the old National Maximum Speed Law. Originally passed in 1973, NMSL was amended in 1987 to permit 65 mph speed limits on rural stretches of Interstate Highways only, even though IL5 was fully up to Interstate standards, it still had to carry a 55 mph limit because of this wording in NMSL. The Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, originally known as the East-West Tollway, is a road in northern Illinois. Opened November 21,1958, it was designated as U. S. Route 30 Toll. The original routing extended from the Interstate 294 interchange near Hillside to Illinois Route 47 near Sugar Grove, Illinois Route 56 was overlapped on the East-West Tollway between North Aurora and Sugar Grove in 1965. Once complete, the new routing of the tollway and freeway between Interstate 80 near the Quad Cities and Interstate 294 became designated as Illinois Route 5. In the late 1980s, it was renumbered as Interstate 88, officially, the tollway portion begins in Rock Falls, IL, starting at the intersection with U. S. It continues as a tollway until its terminus in Hillside, West of U. S.30 to Interstate 80, Interstate 88 is a freeway. The tollway portion is 96 miles long, the tollway portion of I-88 was previously known as the East West Tollway and is still displayed as such on some signs near Chicago. There is no direct access to U. S. Route 52, Illinois Route 23, Illinois Route 25. In addition, I-88 merges with Illinois Route 56 for a short distance, although a federal law,23 U. S. C. From 2005 lasting through 2012, ISTHA reconstructed and widened much of the portion of I-88. Approximately $991.6 million was budgeted for I-88 over that period, between 2005 and 2009, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to four lanes in each direction between IL59 and York Road, with work progressing gradually from west to east. The project included a reconstruction and reconfiguration of the Naperville Road interchange, between IL56 and the Aurora Toll Plaza, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to three lanes, including the reconstruction of the IL31 interchange and new bridges over the Fox River. A $36 million interchange at Eola Road in Aurora opened on November 20,2009, after ten years of planning. Toll booths at this ramp accept only I-PASS, and have no provisions for accepting cash payments, Illinois Highway Ends, Interstate 88 Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For The Ronald Reagan Tollway
36.
U.S. Route 30
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U. S. Route 30 is an east–west main route of the system of United States Numbered Highways, with the highway traveling across the northern tier of the country. It is the third longest U. S. route, after U. S. Route 20, the western end of the highway is at Astoria, Oregon, the eastern end is in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Despite long stretches of parallel and concurrent Interstate Highways, it has managed to avoid the decommissioning that has happened to other long haul routes such as U. S. Route 66. Much of the historic Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, became part of US30, it is still known by that name in many areas. The west end of US30 is at an intersection with U. S. Route 101 at the end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge in downtown Astoria, Oregon. It heads east to Portland, where it uses a section of freeway built for the canceled Interstate 505. From there it heads around the side of downtown on Interstate 405. Most of the rest of the route is concurrent with I-84, with only about 70 miles, under 1/5 of its length, off the freeway. Upon entering Idaho, US30 runs along its old route through Fruitland. It leaves at Bliss and soon crosses the Snake River, running south of it through Twin Falls and Burley before crossing it again, at the split with Interstate 86, US30 continues east with I-86 almost to its end at Pocatello. US30 cuts southeast through downtown Pocatello to Interstate 15, where it heads south to McCammon, there it exits and heads east and southeast, not parallel to an Interstate for the first time since Portland, into Wyoming. The Thousand Springs Scenic Byway is a section of old US30 in southern Idaho between the towns of Bliss and Buhl, dipping down into the Hagerman Valley and a canyon of the Snake River. These springs are outlets from the Snake River Aquifer, which flows through thousands of miles of porous volcanic rock and is one of the largest groundwater systems in the world. The aquifer is believed to be fed by the Lost River which disappears into lava flows near Arco, in Wyoming, US30 heads southeast through Kemmerer to Granger, where it joins Interstate 80 across southern Wyoming. It is also here that it joins the historic Lincoln Highway, from the state line to Grand Island, US30 closely parallels I-80. East of Grand Island, US30 diverges from I-80 and runs northeast towards Columbus on a parallel to the Platte River. At Columbus, it turns east towards Schuyler and Fremont and crosses the Missouri River into Iowa east of Blair, US30 crosses Iowa from west to east approximately 20 miles north of Interstate 80. Between Missouri Valley and Denison, the runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction
37.
U.S. Route 34
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U. S. Route 34 is an east–west United States highway that runs for 1,122 miles from north-central Colorado to the western suburbs of Chicago. Through Rocky Mountain National Park it is known as the Trail Ridge Road where it reaches elevation 12,183 feet, the highways western terminus is Granby, Colorado at U. S. Route 40. Its eastern terminus is in Berwyn, Illinois at Illinois Route 43, U. S. Route 34 becomes a toll road for a short distance in Colorado, where it passes through Rocky Mountain National Park. In the state of Colorado, U. S. Route 34 runs north from Granby through Rocky Mountain National Park and it passes through Estes Park, Loveland, and Greeley before entering Nebraska east of Wray. Within Rocky Mountain National Park US34 is known as Trail Ridge Road, Route 34 transverses Fall River Pass and Milner Pass in the Front Range of Colorado. In the state of Nebraska, U. S. Route 34 is a major east–west arterial surface road along the portion of Nebraska. It enters Nebraska west of Haigler and overlaps other routes for the majority of its routing, U. S.34 passes through Hastings, Grand Island, and Lincoln before entering Iowa east of Plattsmouth over the Plattsmouth Bridge. U. S. Route 34 from between Hastings and Grand Island is known as the Tom Osborne Expressway, which is named for the former Hastings resident, Nebraska Cornhuskers football coach, and Congressman. In Lincoln, U. S.34 overlaps with Interstate 180 from its junction with Interstate 80 into downtown where it becomes North 9th/North 10th Streets, then east as O Street. Also, the segment from the Lancaster County/Cass County border to Nebraska Highway 1 south of Elmwood is the Bess Streeter Aldrich Memorial Highway, after the former author and Elmwood resident. In the state of Iowa, U. S. Route 34 is a major east–west arterial surface road across southern Iowa and it enters Iowa west of Glenwood and then passes through Glenwood, Red Oak, and Creston before intersecting Interstate 35 at Osceola. East of Osceola, it continues through Chariton and Georgetown then onto Albia before meeting U. S. Route 63 at a circle in Ottumwa. East of Ottumwa to Burlington, the highway overlaps Iowa Highway 163 and this segment of highway is an expressway with some freeway segments. As of November 12,2008, it bypasses Fairfield and then bypasses Mt. Pleasant, with a portion of this also concurrent with U. S. Route 218 and it then continues southeast towards Burlington bypassing New London and then Danville and Middletown. The freeway segment through Burlington was completed in the 1970s and it then crosses the Mississippi River on the Great River Bridge into Illinois which was completed in the early 1990s. In 2015, a 15-mile segment of U. S. Route 34 in Montgomery, much of this route was originally known as the Bluegrass Highway and parallels tracks of what was originally the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad and is now the BNSF. Amtraks California Zephyr passenger rail service also parallels this route, U. S.34 in the state of Iowa is officially designated the Red Bull Highway in honor of the 34th Infantry Division. In the state of Illinois, U. S. Route 34 enters at the Mississippi River across from Burlington, through much of the Chicago area, the highway is known as Ogden Avenue, after William Butler Ogden, Chicagos first mayor
38.
Illinois Route 38
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Illinois Route 38 is a west–east state highway that runs across northern Illinois. It runs from U. S. Route 52 in downtown Dixon to US 12/US 20/US45 in Westchester and this is a distance of 89.28 miles. Roosevelt Road continues on an additional 14 miles without a designation until terminating at US41. Illinois Route 38 travels along the route of US330. It spanned from Galt to Lynwood, Illinois 38 runs along the historic Lincoln Highway for much of its length, and parallels Interstate 88 as well. Illinois 38 serves some cities that have no interchanges on Interstate 88 and it enters the Chicago metropolitan area at Elburn, as this border is pushed west with the extension of the Metra rail system. Except in cities, Illinois 38 has two lanes west of Geneva, Illinois 38 generally has two lanes west of the Fox River, except in cities, and four lanes east of the river. From Villa Park to Interstate 294, Illinois 38 expands to six lanes and becomes a limited access freeway with exits to Illinois Route 56, Illinois Route 83, Interstate 290 and Interstate 294. The ramp to Interstate 290 has a gate system that closes during high-volume periods. The Lincoln Highway was routed along modern-day Route 38 between Geneva and Dixon, when numbered US Highways began to replace named cross-country roads, this stretch of highway was signed as Alternate US30. As traffic patterns shifted, these alternates to US highways became unnecessary and fell out of favor, the number 38 was chosen because of the similar pronunciation to 30-A. In 1914, one mile of road near Malta, Illinois was paved with concrete and this was the first Seedling Mile of concrete road on the Lincoln Highway. Seedling Miles were constructed on several portions of the Lincoln Highway to encourage the paving of the highway from coast to coast, U. S. Route 330 was a U. S. Highway that traveled from Galt to Lynwood, and was in service from 1926 to 1942. It has since replaced in its entirety by Illinois Route 38 west of Bellwood. US330 branched off at Geneva, where US30 ran along present Illinois Route 38 and Illinois Route 31, after several extensions on the west end, it became part of US30 Alternate ca.1942 and Illinois 38 ca. Illinois Highway Ends, Illinois Route 38 Endpoints of historic U. S. Highway 330
39.
Illinois Route 64
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Illinois Route 64 is an east–west state highway in Northern Illinois. Its western terminus is at the Iowa state line, connecting with U. S. Route 52, IL64 is 138.82 miles long. IL64 overlaps US52 between the Iowa state line and Brookville—a distance of over 20 miles —so that the IL64 designation can carry over to Iowa. East of the Mississippi River, IL64 is largely a rural, at St. Charles, IL64 enters the Chicago metro area and becomes a four-lane road, taking on the name of Main Street. Just east of St. Charles, IL64 becomes North Avenue, at IL59, the road widens further from four to six lanes and becomes a divided highway until its intersection with IL83 in Elmhurst. From Elmhurst to Interstate 294 it remains a surface street. At the Des Plaines River and IL43, North Avenue becomes four lanes until it reaches Nort Western Avenue, at this point, it becomes at times a two-lane road, for the rest of its route through Chicago. One-half mile west of US41, IL64 turns north onto LaSalle Boulevard, North Avenue is a main east–west artery in Chicago itself, and one of only seven state routes to enter the city. It is located at the 1600 North parallel of Chicago, just east of the Kennedy Expressway, the North Avenue Bridge carries IL64 over the North Branch of the Chicago River. The hybrid suspension/cable-stayed bridge was built in 2006, replacing a bridge dating back to 1907. Between Halsted and Sheffield Avenues, North Avenue has become a shopping destination, State Bond Initiative Route 64 was IL64 from Sycamore to Chicago. The portion of the road in DuPage County was put through in 1928, in 1937, the road was extended west from Sycamore to what was then US51. Afterwards, it was extended further west to US52, much like IL92, there is no particular reason for extending IL64 through Iowa and Nebraska, as existing U. S. Routes served any major cities on the State Route 64s better, IL64 has one alternate route, Illinois Route 64 Truck, a bypass around a truck-prohibited, residential section of Elmhurst. Eastbound truck traffic is rerouted north along IL83, east along US20, westbound truck traffic follows the same route in reverse. As early as 1989, the City of Elmhurst had sought to block trucks from traveling on North Avenue through its city limits, by 1994, the village had agreed to reconstruct North Avenue and add a single set of left-turn lanes at Myrtle Avenue. Reconstruction of North Avenue in Elmhurst took place in 1997, Illinois Highway Ends, Illinois Route 64
40.
Illinois Route 72
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Illinois Route 72 is an east–west state road in northern Illinois. It runs from the intersection with Illinois Route 73 north of Lanark east to Illinois Route 43 in Chicago and this is a distance of 110.71 miles. Illinois 72 is called Higgins Road for most of its length in the Chicago area, near Rosemont, the road has been shifted to make way for OHare International Airport — further east, parts of the road have been moved to make room for the Northwest Tollway. The road serves as a major thoroughfare for several western suburbs, including Schaumburg, Elk Grove Village. The latter is a Wrong-way concurrency, where one can be driving both west on Illinois 72 and east on U. S.20 at the same time. West from Chicago, Illinois 72 largely parallels Interstate 90 until Starks, on a larger scale, it is the main east–west artery to Chicago between Interstate 90 and Illinois Route 64. Higgins Road/Higgins Avenue continues east-southeast from Harlem Avenue in Chicago to Milwaukee Avenue near Lawrence Avenue, Route 72 is one of seven state roads to enter the city of Chicago. It was once part of the Galena-Chicago Stagecoach Trail, SBI Route 72 originally ran from Lanark to Starks. It was extended east in 1937 and 1938 to East Dundee, in 1968, the designation of IL72 was truncated back to IL43, lopping off 10.5 miles. In 1982, it was shortened again, this time to Illinois Route 73, the crash site of American Airlines Flight 191 is located along the road as Higgins Road, just south of the road and north of OHare International Airport. Illinois Highway Ends, Illinois Route 72
41.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
42.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
43.
1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
Interstate 88
US Route 30
US Route 34
Illinois Route 23
Illinois Route 38
Illinois Route 64
Illinois Route 72
Illinois Route 110
DeKalb County, Illinois
