1.
Research
–
It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field, to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of research are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences, there are several forms of research, scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577, Research has been defined in a number of different ways. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell and it consists of three steps, pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary and this material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the research is to produce new knowledge. Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to, in analytical work, there are typically some new mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals, graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation. Scientific research is a way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature, scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic, Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the correct answer to a question. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, an example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, Artistic research, also seen as practice-based research, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge
Research
–
Basrelief sculpture "Research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by
Olin Levi Warner. Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.
Research
–
Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC, - one of the early figures in the development of the
scientific method.
Research
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Primary scientific research being carried out at the
Microscopy Laboratory of the
Idaho National Laboratory.
Research
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Scientific research equipment at
MIT.
2.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
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Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
3.
Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
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The Brothers of the Christian Schools is a Roman Catholic religious teaching congregation, founded in France by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, and now based in Rome. The Brothers use the post-nominal abbreviation F. S. C. to denote their membership of the order, the Lasallian Christian Brothers are not the same order as the Irish Christian Brothers. The central administration of the Brothers operates out of the Generalate in Rome and is made up of the Superior General, a number of Lasallian institutions have been accused of, and have admitted and apologised for, longstanding and serious physical and sexual abuse against their charges. The order was founded by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, a French priest from a wealthy family, in March,1679, La Salle met Adrian Nyel in a chance encounter at the Convent of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus. Nyel asked for De La Salles help in opening schools for the poor boys in Reims. A novitiate and normal school were established in Paris in 1694, La Salle spent his life teaching poor children in parish charity schools, and was canonized as a saint on 15 May 1900. In 1950 Pope Pius XII declared him to be the Special Patron of All Teachers of Youth in the Catholic Church, the order, approved by Pope Benedict XIII in 1725, rapidly spread over France. It was dissolved by a decree of the National Assembly set up after the French revolution in February 1790, since then its members penetrated into nearly every country of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia. As religious, members take the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The Institutes headquarters is in Rome, Italy, the order has five global regions, North America, Asia/Oceania, Europe/Mediterranean, Africa, and Latin America. During the International Year of Literacy/Schooling, UNESCO awarded the NOMA prize to Lasallian Institutions, the order says that its key principles are faith, proclamation of the gospel, respect for all persons, quality education, concern for the poor and social justice. In 2016 the Institute had 4,100 brothers, 75% fewer than in 1965, the decline is due partly to many brothers reaching retirement age, and the small number of new recruits. In the same period the number of students in Lasallian schools increased from about 700,000 to over a million, La Salle initiated a number of innovations in teaching. He recommended dividing up of the children into distinct classes according to their attainments and he also taught pupils to read the vernacular language. In accordance with their statement to provide a human and Christian education. Especially the poor the Brothers principal activity is education, especially of the poor, as of 2016 the Institute conducted educational work in 80 different countries, in both developed and developing nations, with more than 800,000 students enrolled in its educational works. The Guadalupana De La Salle Sisters were founded by Br, juan Fromental Cayroche in the Archdiocese of Mexico. They currently teach in ten countries, the motherhouse is in Mexico City
Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
–
St.
John Baptist de la Salle (also: Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle), (1651–1719), Founder
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
6.
Manila
–
Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
Manila
Manila
Manila
Manila
7.
Metro Manila
–
These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
8.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
10.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
11.
De La Salle Green Archers
–
The De La Salle Green Archers are the mens varsity teams representing De La Salle University. The womens varsity teams are referred to as the DLSU Lady Booters/De La Salle Lady Archers and/or the De La Salle Lady Spikers, the schools varsity teams participate in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, among others. La Salle is represented in the school level by De La Salle Zobel. The De La Salle Green Archers were a member of the NCAA in 1924. La Salle participated in the league for 57 years winning five NCAA General Championships in the process, the high school counterpart was the La Salle Greenies from La Salle Green Hills until 1968 when De La Salle High School in Taft Ave. The Greenies had won two General Championships, La Salle Green Hills was established in 1959 and was eventually made the high school counterpart of De La Salle University. It inherited the moniker Greenies and eventually known as the Junior Archers. LSGH won eight General Championships until 1980 when La Salle withdrew from the NCAA, from 1981 through 1985 the school participated in the PICUAA, invitational meets, interclub tournaments, and National Open. De La Salle University then joined the UAAP in 1986, La Salle picked the newly established De La Salle Santiago Zobel School as their Juniors counterpart. LSGH was later asked by De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde to compete as their Juniors team in the NCAA when it applied and was accepted in 1998. Since joining the UAAP in 1986, DLSU won three UAAP Overall Championships, in Season 75, Season 76 and in Season 78, giving the university a combined eight overall titles in both the UAAP and NCAA. The Junior Archers of De La Salle Zobel have yet to bag a juniors championship in the UAAP, the Lasallian spirit to fight is known as animo. This originates from 325 years of Faith and Zeal of the Lasallian Brothers, the Lasallian spirit of Faith is symbolized by the radiant Signum Fidei star from Bethlehem. The Lasallian spirit of Zeal on the hand, is symbolized by three chevrons from the 1000-year-old coat of arms of the De La Salle family. The school colors are green and white, Green was a tribute to the first batch of De La Salle Christian Brothers from Ireland and white representing the Philippines as the Pearl of the Orient Seas. The Green Archer is the athletic name of the school inspired by St. Jean-Baptiste de la Salle. This was accordingly adopted owing to the shooting of the players of the schools first NCAA basketball champion team of 1939. The official mascots have been Gordo, the fat archer, Flaco, the archer, and Sally
De La Salle Green Archers
–
PCCL 2010 Quarterfinals
De La Salle Green Archers
–
De La Salle Green Archers
De La Salle Green Archers
–
History
12.
University Athletic Association of the Philippines
–
The University Athletic Association of the Philippines or ua-ap, established in 1938, is a collegiate athletic association of eight Metro Manila universities in the Philippines. In 1924 seeing the need to regulate collegiate sports and set general athletic policies, Dr. In 1930, the University of the Philippines sponsored an experimental meet of the Big 3 of the league on basketball, football, baseball, volleyball, swimming, track and field, boxing, and tennis. The following year, the NCAA Board of Directors divided the meet into three divisions to put competition on a basis and to stimulate athletics among a greater number. In March 1932, NU, UP, and UST formally seceded from the NCAA, bartolome, NUs Leon Tirol and USTs Fr. Silvestre Sancho, the move was made to put competitions on equal footing, to increase amateur athletic competitions, on April 6, the Big 3 League is born. On August 14, the Big 3 Association is inaugurated with a meet that starts with basketball, other events were swimming, baseball, relays, track and field, volleyball, tennis and soccer. In 1935, UP did not participate in the Big 3 League because of mass intramurals at the state university, NU and UST held the meet with FEU taking UPs place. Events included were basketball, womens volleyball, baseball, football, swimming and track, UST was tops in football and swimming and FEU triumphed in basketball. In 1941, the outbreak of World War II hindered the staging of the 1941–1942 UAAP with UST failing to complete its term, UAAP competition was not held from 1942 to 1946 due to the Japanese occupation of the country which resulted in the closure of educational institutions. The UAAP competition resumed in 1947, in 1952, Adamson University, Manila Central University, University of the East, and University of Manila were granted two-year probationary membership to the UAAP. After the two-year probationary period, UE was permanently accepted into the league in 1954, MCU remained until its pull-out in 1962. The other two universities were dropped from the UAAP due to their inability to comply with the league requirements, in 1978, the UAAP admitted Ateneo de Manila University into the league while De La Salle University joined in 1986. The UAAP seal features the university colors of the eight member-schools of the league in a circular formation and it also bears the year when the league was established,1938, in the center. The seal changes every season where the university colors of the season host is placed on the very top, nonetheless, the arrangement of the colors never changes. The colors of University of the Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, Far Eastern University and these are followed by the colors of Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, Adamson University, and University of the East. The following are the universities of the league, Notes. Basketball, being the most popular sport in the Philippines, is the most watched, all of these sports have Mens and Womens divisions, with the exception of baseball, in which only men participate, and softball, which is for women only
University Athletic Association of the Philippines
–
University Athletic Association of the Philippines
13.
Tagalog language
–
Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants
Tagalog language
–
The Tagalog
Baybayin script.
Tagalog language
–
Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and
Marinduque The majority of residents in
Camarines Norte and
Camarines Sur speak
Bikol as their first language but these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a
second language across the country.
Tagalog language
–
Tagalog
14.
La Sallian educational institutions
–
The De La Salle Brothers, say that, assisted by more than 73,000 lay colleagues, they teach over 900,000 students in 80 countries. Lasallian educational institutions come to prayer with the call, Let us remember that we are in the presence of God. They close prayer with the call and response, Saint John Baptist de La Salle, Pray for us. Live Jesus in our hearts, Forever. Since the 1980s increasing numbers of cases of sexual and physical abuse of children, covered up by authorities, in institutions of the Catholic Church and others have been reported. Cases of physical and sexual abuse of children in Lasallian educational institutions, and failure to investigate, report, and subsequently protect children have been investigated and admitted. Giuseppe Demerode, in Rome Istituto Gonzaga Milano, in Milan De La Salle College De La Salle College, in Cottonera Stella Maris College, in Gżira St. Benild, in Sliema Szkoła im. Josephs College, Ipswich in Ipswich St Matthew Academy, Blackheath St Peters Catholic Comprehensive School, K. Mullen High School, in Denver St. Johns College High School, in Washington, D. C. Noe Zevallos Ortega in Lima Colegio De La Salle in Arequipa C. E. E, San Juan Bautista De La Salle in Arequipa C. E. P. San José - La Salle Cusco Instituto Superior Tecnológico Pedagógico. T. I, fundación La Salle, in San Félix IUTMAR, in Punta de Piedras Colegio San Jose La Salle, in Puerto Cabello, Carabobo U. E. Several are described, with references, in a section of the article on De La Salle Brothers, branches of the De La Salle Brothers admitted to these cases, and issued apologies publicly and to victims. De La Salle De La Salle Academy De La Salle College De La Salle High School La Salle #Education La Salle High School
La Sallian educational institutions
–
Saint
Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, founder of the
De La Salle Brothers and Patron Saint of all teachers
15.
Malate, Manila
–
Malate is a district of Manila, Philippines. Together with the district of Ermita, it serves as Manilas center for commerce, the word Malate is believed to have stemmed from the corruption of the Tagalog word maalat. Tradition notes that the tidewaters from Manila Bay flowed far inland, Malate during the Spanish colonial period was an open space with a small fishing village. During the Spanish period, the center of activity was the Malate Church, devotion to the image was especially popular among pregnant women having a difficult pregnancy. American expatriates and some of the old Spanish mestizo families populated the district in high rise apartments. Despite extensive damage after the Second World War, many homes, the displaced wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the 1970s. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate during the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave and safe haven. Malate is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment for Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos and novelty stores opening for business. The block bounded by the streets, Maria Orosa, Julio Nakpil, Adriatico and Remedios have become synonymous to street parties, al fresco dining, street dancing and concerts. The western side of Malate across Taft Avenue remains a quiet area with several apartment rows converted into dormitories for students enrolled at nearby schools. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue. The Light Rail Transit follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Malate, Vito Cruz Station, Quirino Station and Pedro Gil Station, the Bureau of Plant Industry is also headquartered in the area. In the 1990s, Malate and the district of Ermita had been cleaned-up and big businesses. Harrison Plaza, Manilas first enclosed mall, is located in the Malate district. There is one hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard, the district is also home to the Philippines first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and the countrys premiere zoological park, the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been more convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Baywalk area. A portion of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex also lies within the district, education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Paul University Manila and St. Scholasticas College Manila, prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School
Malate, Manila
–
View of
Malate Church in 1831
Malate, Manila
–
Malate
Malate, Manila
–
Busy street corner of Mabini and
Pedro Gil streets
Malate, Manila
–
Saint La Salle Hall and Henry Sy, Sr. Building of the
De La Salle University.
16.
Brothers of the Christian Schools
–
The Brothers of the Christian Schools is a Roman Catholic religious teaching congregation, founded in France by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, and now based in Rome. The Brothers use the post-nominal abbreviation F. S. C. to denote their membership of the order, the Lasallian Christian Brothers are not the same order as the Irish Christian Brothers. The central administration of the Brothers operates out of the Generalate in Rome and is made up of the Superior General, a number of Lasallian institutions have been accused of, and have admitted and apologised for, longstanding and serious physical and sexual abuse against their charges. The order was founded by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, a French priest from a wealthy family, in March,1679, La Salle met Adrian Nyel in a chance encounter at the Convent of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus. Nyel asked for De La Salles help in opening schools for the poor boys in Reims. A novitiate and normal school were established in Paris in 1694, La Salle spent his life teaching poor children in parish charity schools, and was canonized as a saint on 15 May 1900. In 1950 Pope Pius XII declared him to be the Special Patron of All Teachers of Youth in the Catholic Church, the order, approved by Pope Benedict XIII in 1725, rapidly spread over France. It was dissolved by a decree of the National Assembly set up after the French revolution in February 1790, since then its members penetrated into nearly every country of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia. As religious, members take the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The Institutes headquarters is in Rome, Italy, the order has five global regions, North America, Asia/Oceania, Europe/Mediterranean, Africa, and Latin America. During the International Year of Literacy/Schooling, UNESCO awarded the NOMA prize to Lasallian Institutions, the order says that its key principles are faith, proclamation of the gospel, respect for all persons, quality education, concern for the poor and social justice. In 2016 the Institute had 4,100 brothers, 75% fewer than in 1965, the decline is due partly to many brothers reaching retirement age, and the small number of new recruits. In the same period the number of students in Lasallian schools increased from about 700,000 to over a million, La Salle initiated a number of innovations in teaching. He recommended dividing up of the children into distinct classes according to their attainments and he also taught pupils to read the vernacular language. In accordance with their statement to provide a human and Christian education. Especially the poor the Brothers principal activity is education, especially of the poor, as of 2016 the Institute conducted educational work in 80 different countries, in both developed and developing nations, with more than 800,000 students enrolled in its educational works. The Guadalupana De La Salle Sisters were founded by Br, juan Fromental Cayroche in the Archdiocese of Mexico. They currently teach in ten countries, the motherhouse is in Mexico City
Brothers of the Christian Schools
–
St.
John Baptist de la Salle (also: Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle), (1651–1719), Founder
17.
Paco, Manila
–
According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 64,184 people in 13,438 households. Paco was known as Dilao because of the Amaryllis plants that were plentiful on this district. Dilao or dilaw is a Tagalog word for the color yellow, although, some sources say, it was named Dilao or Yellow Plaza by the Spanish settlers because of the Japanese migrants who lived there, describing their physiognomy. Spanish Franciscan missionaries founded the town of Paco as early as 1580, the name Dilao was used until 1791. The name San Fernando was added, making it San Fernando de Dilao, in the 19th century, the town of San Fernando de Dilao was given the nickname of Paco. Paco, along with Sampaloc, Santa Ana, San Juan del Monte and it became to known as Paco de Dilao and eventually as Paco as it known today. The Japanese had established quite early an enclave at Dilao, a suburb of Manila, a statue of Takayama can be found there. In 1603, during the Sangley rebellion, they numbered 1,500, the Franciscan friar Luis Sotelo was involved in the support of the Dilao enclave between 1600 and 1608. The Japanese led a rebellion in Dilao against the Spanish in 1606-1607. Their numbers rose again during the interdiction of Christianity by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1614, there are today around 200,000 Japanese people in the Philippines. A ten-minute walk away is a Hindu temple at Looban Street, there are car dealers like Toyota, Ford, Hyundai, Nissan, and Honda. Presently, Dilao is traversed by Quirino Avenue, a loop road from Quirino Avenue is named Plaza Dilao to commemorate the once flourishing Japanese and the Japanese-Filipino communities and districts there in Japantown in Manila. Paco Park, was a municipal cemetery of the old city of Manila, and once contained the remains of Philippine national hero, José Rizal. But soon they were transferred to Fort Bonifacio, the South Luzon Expressway starts in this district and it can go to CALABARZON region. Philippine National Railways owns and operates the Paco railway station, schools include the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia, or simple Concordia College, and the Paco Catholic School
Paco, Manila
–
Plaza Dilao marker on the foreground, and
Takayama's statue on the background.
Paco, Manila
–
Paco
Paco, Manila
–
Facade of the Paco railway station.
Paco, Manila
–
Topics
18.
De La Salle Philippines
–
There are currently sixteen Lasallian Educational Institutions in the Philippines. In line with the Lasallian Mission, the network holds various projects that serve the poor, improves their welfare. The history of Lasallian education in the Philippines dates back to 1905 when the then Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah James Harty, an alumnus of a La Salle educational institution in the U. S. From March to June 1911, nine De La Salle Christian Brothers from Europe, together on June 16,1911, the Brothers established the first Christian Brother educational institution in the Philippines, De La Salle College, on Calle Nozaleda in Paco, Manila. Because of increasing student population, the Brothers transferred the institution to its present location on Taft Avenue in the Malate district of Manila in 1921. During the 1980s, then President of De La Salle University, introduced the idea of a multiversity because of the growing number of Lasallian institutions nationwide. His vision was to establish a system where the resources could be utilized to create a greater impact, a year later, the newly established De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in Malate, Manila was included in the system. The first general assembly of administrators and their representatives from the five campuses was convened in 1992 to support, several committees were formed during the convention to introduce improvement and innovations to existing programs and structures among the campuses. A task force to study the different needs of the campuses was formed in 1994 and it was also during this year that an organizational structure was formed and a vision and mission statement was created for the system. Construction of the first building of the campus as well as start of both began in 2003. De La Salle University-Professional Schools, Inc. established in 1960, in 2006, the 8-Campus De La Salle University System was abolished and in its place the 17-Campus De La Salle Philippines, Inc. Ten more Lasallian institutions throughout the country were integrated into the eight campuses of the DLSU System, since then, De La Salle-Professional Schools, Inc. and De La Salle Canlubang were integrated into De La Salle University which brought back the number of educational institutions to sixteen. The National Mission Council serves as the Board of Trustees of DLSP, as the highest policy-making body of the network, it accompanies school boards and school heads in following the Lasallian Mission. The NMC also provides assistance with regard to matters such as fundraising for scholarships or social projects. Members of the NMC The network was composed of eighteen La Salle educational institutions. In 2008, the De La Salle Professional Schools was re-integrated back to De La Salle University, the schools provide a diverse range of education ranging from Basic Education up to Graduate Studies. It consists of five universities, six colleges, four basic education granting schools, and two stand-alone high schools
De La Salle Philippines
–
College of Saint Benilde
De La Salle Philippines
–
De La Salle Philippines
De La Salle Philippines
–
Santiago Zobel School
De La Salle Philippines
–
Health Sciences Institute
19.
Graduate degree
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Graduate degree
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
20.
ASEAN University Network
–
The ASEAN University Network is an Asian university association. It was founded in November 1995 by ASEAN member countries including 13 universities, after the enlargement of ASEAN by the ASEAN Charter in 1997 and 1999, the AUN membership has been increasing. The ASEAN University Network is an arrangement between 30 universities in the ten ASEAN countries, the AUN is composed of a Board of Trustees, the participating universities, and the AUN Secretariat. The BOT has the task of formulating policies, approving project proposals, the board makes decisions on these activities on the basis of consensus. The participating universities have the task of implementing the AUN programmes and activities, when AUN was founded in 1995, it consisted of thirteen universities from seven countries. Due to the inclusion of Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia in ASEAN, although numerous applications for membership have been received, it was decided to only admit universities from the new member countries. Non members from the region however, are invited as observers on a regular basis, the AUN Secretariat is involved in the planning, organisation, monitoring and evaluation of AUN activities and also in the development of new ideas and the acquisition of funding. The permanent office of the Secretariat was established in 2000 and is located on the campus of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, the operating costs of the secretariat are allocated by the Thai Government. The financing of AUN activities comes from either cost sharing between the universities or from the external ‘dialogue partners’ of ASEAN. The dialogue partners are Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russia, the United Nations Development Program also has dialogue status. The meetings within the AUN Framework are financed by the hosts and travel expenses by the participants, the ASEAN University Network emerged from a highly ambitious idea of the ASEAN leaders and the ASEAN Subcommittee on Education to establish an ASEAN University. A year after this idea was launched, it clear that this would present too many problems concerning funding, location. Therefore, in 1994, it was decided that the founding of a network of existing institutions would be more feasible, in its early years, the AUN focused mainly on the sharing of knowledge and experiences and on small-scale student and staff exchange. As from 1999, the collaborative activities became more complex with programmes like joint curriculum development, co-operation in ICT and this is not only the case for intra-ASEAN co-operation but also for the activities with the dialogue partners. This also led to the establishment of a permanent secretariat in Bangkok in March 2000, although there existed a secretariat since 1997, this secretariat was temporary. With the permanent office also came an increase in funding for the secretariat. In addition to the costs for the AUN secretariat, also the financial support for AUN activities increased substantially since 1999. In addition to a growth in terms, projects also became more comprehensive
ASEAN University Network
–
The logo of the ASEAN University Network (AUN).
21.
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)
–
The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines, abbreviated as CHED, is attached to the Office of the President for administrative purposes. It covers both public and private education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions in the country. The CHED was established on May 18,1994 through Republic Act No.7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994 which was authored by Senator Francisco Tatad. The creation of CHED was part of an agenda for reforms in the countrys education system. Part of the reforms is the trifocalization of the education sector, the former chairman of the Commission on Higher Education was Romulo Neri, formerly Director General of the National Economic Development Authority and Socioeconomic Secretary. Neri was also a former Budget Secretary, on July 9,2008 however, Corazon dela Paz resigned as president and chief executive officer of the Social Security System and the President named Chairman Romulo Neri as head of the SSS. Hence, CHEDs post for chairman is now vacant, on August 20,2008, Manny Angeles was appointed new CHED Chairman, replacing Romulo Neri, and will be taking over acting CHED Chair Nona Ricaforte. Angeles was former chancellor of the Angeles University Foundation and president of the Clark Development Corporation, william Medrano was also appointed commissioner of the CHED on August 29,2008. The Chairman of CHED is also the Chairperson of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, centers of Development on the other hand, are educational disciplines which have been considered to significantly improve over the course of the previous year. CHED disseminates information by a variety of means, for information specific to a particular institution, a letter is sent to that institution, or an officer is invited to collect it at CHED main office. The institution may then place a copy of the order on one of its own noticeboards, CHED also maintains a website where some of its policy documents are made available. CHED issues CMOs - CHED Memorandum Orders and these are often of national significance
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)
–
Commission on Higher Education
22.
Affective computing
–
Affective computing is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer science, psychology, a motivation for the research is the ability to simulate empathy. The machine should interpret the emotional state of humans and adapt its behaviour to them, the difference between sentiment analysis and affective analysis is that the latter detects the different emotions instead of identifying only the polarity of the phrase. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the humans use to perceive emotions in others. For example, a camera might capture facial expressions, body posture. Other sensors detect emotional cues by directly measuring physiological data, such as skin temperature, recognizing emotional information requires the extraction of meaningful patterns from the gathered data. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions, in this view, affective emotional states correspond to time-derivatives in the learning curve of an arbitrary learning system. In cognitive science and neuroscience, there have two leading models describing how humans perceive and classify emotion. The continuous and the categorical model, the continuous model defines each facial expression of emotion as a feature vector in a face space. This model explains, for example, how expressions of emotion can be seen at different intensities, in contrast, the categorical model consists of C classifiers, each tuned to a specific emotion category. This model explains, among other findings, why the images in a sequence between a happy and a surprise face are perceived as either happy or surprise but not something in between. These approaches have one flaw in common- they can only detect one emotion from an image. Yet, everyday we can more than one emotional category from a single image. Both the categorical and continuous model are unable to identify multiple emotions, a detailed study related to this topic is given in A model of the perception of facial expressions of emotion by humans, research overview and perspectives. The following sections consider the features which can be used for the task of emotion recognition. For example, speech produced in a state of fear, anger or joy becomes faster, louder, other emotions such as tiredness, boredom or sadness, lead to slower, lower-pitched and slurred speech. Emotional speech processing recognizes the emotional state by analyzing speech patterns
Affective computing
–
The corrugator supercilii muscle and zygomaticus major muscle are the 2 main muscles used for measuring the electrical activity, in facial electromyography
23.
Renewable energy
–
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas, electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, based on REN21s 2016 report, renewables contributed 19. 2% to humans global energy consumption and 23. 7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8. 9% coming from biomass,4. 2% as heat energy,3. 9% hydro electricity and 2. 2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries like China, globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable, Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation. In international public opinion there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade, for example, in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply to 100% renewable energy by 2050. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. Renewable energy systems are becoming more efficient and cheaper. Their share of energy consumption is increasing. Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables, in its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the financial crisis better than many other sectors. As of 2011, small solar PV systems provide electricity to a few million households, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables, outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%
Renewable energy
–
Wind,
solar, and
biomass are three emerging renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy
–
The 845 MW
Shepherds Flat Wind Farm near
Arlington, Oregon, USA
Renewable energy
–
The
Three Gorges Dam on the
Yangtze River in China
Renewable energy
–
Satellite image of the 550-megawatt
Topaz Solar Farm in California, USA
24.
Electrification
–
Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. The broad meaning of the term, such as in the history of technology, economic history and this included the change over from line shaft and belt drive using steam engines and water power to electric motors. The electrification of particular sectors of the economy is called by such as factory electrification, household electrification. Electrification was called the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century by the National Academy of Engineering, the earliest commercial uses of electricity were electroplating and the telegraph. In the years of 1831–1832, Michael Faraday discovered the principle of electromagnetic generators. He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk and it produced a small DC voltage. Around 1832, Hippolyte Pixii improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the coils of conductor generating more current. André-Marie Ampère suggested a means of converting current from Pixiis magneto to DC using a rocking switch, later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current. William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone developed a telegraph around 1838-40, in 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using an electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet. The self-excited magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets and this type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866. The first practical generator, the Gramme machine was made by Z. T Gramme, crompton improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved operating characteristics of generators, the improvements in electrical generation technology increased the efficiency and reliability greatly in the 19th century. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%, Sir Humphry Davy invented the carbon arc lamp in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light arc with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed. Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted, several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc
Electrification
–
Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.
Electrification
–
Yablochkov's demonstration of his brilliant arc lights at the 1878 Paris Exposition along the
Avenue de l'Opéra triggered a steep sell off of gas utility stocks.
Electrification
–
Threshing machine in 1881.
25.
Micro hydro
–
Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5 kW to 100 kW of electricity using the natural flow of water. Installations below 5 kW are called pico hydro and these installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks, particularly where net metering is offered. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide a source of energy without the purchase of fuel. Micro hydro systems complement solar PV power systems because in areas, water flow. Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a wheel for high head. The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, construction details of a microhydro plant are site-specific. Sometimes an existing mill-pond or other artificial reservoir is available and can be adapted for power production, in general, microhydro systems are made up of a number of components. The most important include the intake where water is diverted from the stream, river. An intake structure such as a box is required to screen out floating debris and fish. In temperate climates this structure must resist ice as well, the intake may have a gate to allow the system to be dewatered for inspection and maintenance. The intake then tunnels water through a pipeline to the building containing a turbine. In mountainous areas, access to the route of the penstock may provide considerable challenges, if the water source and turbine are far apart, the construction of the penstock may be the largest part of the costs of construction. At the turbine, a valve is installed to regulate the flow. The turbine converts the flow and pressure of the water to mechanical energy, usually microhydro installations do not have a dam and reservoir, like large hydroelectric plants have, relying on a minimal flow of water to be available year-round. Microhydro systems are set up in areas capable of producing up to 100 kilowatts of electricity. This can be enough to power a home or small business facility and this production range is calculated in terms of head and flow. The higher each of these are, the power available. Hydraulic head is the measurement of water falling in a pipe expressed as a function of the vertical distance the water falls
Micro hydro
–
Micro hydro in northwest Vietnam
Micro hydro
–
Typical microhydro setup.
26.
Solar car
–
A solar car is a solar vehicle used for land transport. Solar cars only run on power from the sun. To keep the car running smoothly, the driver must monitor multiple gauges to spot possible problems, Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of car races. Some solar cars are designed also for public use List of prototype solar-powered cars Solar cars depend on an array that uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Crystalline silicon is the most common material used and has a rate of 15-20%. The first solar car was built in 2013. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University, have developed a better solar car which can recharge more quickly. The solar array consists of hundreds of solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array, the larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts. The solar array can be mounted in six ways, horizontal and this most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy and this arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to harness wind energy. Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters, free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the vehicle when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on vehicles, where the aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells, some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded
Solar car
–
The
Sunswift solar car eVe, which holds an
FIA world record and in 2015 will be Australia's first road legal solar car
Solar car
–
Tokai Challenger, the winner of the 2009
World Solar Challenge, with an average speed of 100.5 km/h over the 2998 km race
Solar car
–
Solar cars from
University of Michigan and
University of Minnesota heading west toward the finish line in the 2005 North American Solar Challenge.
Solar car
–
Solar cells spread over the top of this car produce enough
energy to keep its
electric motor running.
27.
SINAG
–
The SINAG, based in De La Salle University in the Philippines, is the first Philippine solar-powered race car and the first entry of the Philippines to the World Solar Challenge. The solar car was inaugurated on January 27,2007 at NBC Tent, Fort Bonifacio and they also had the help and partnership of Ford Group Philippines, San Miguel Corporation, Motolite, Shell, SunPower, Philippine Airlines and Ventus. The solar panels used by the Sinag solar–powered car was manufactured by SunPower, the body of the car was made of carbon fibers and with the Philippine colors. The official weight of Sinag is 295 kilograms, the Philippine team finished 12th place from 40 participants. The team finished the 3, 021-kilometer race from Darwin to Adelaide at 4 p. m. on October 27,2007, Sinag performed exceptionally well from the beginning of the race in Darwin on Sunday, October 21. Needing only minor adjustments to its system, Sinag quickly zoomed to 11th place. The SINAG solar car arrived at the line of the World Solar Challenge with over a day to spare. SINAG arrived in Adelaide at around 4pm, well before the 5pm cut-off for the day, rene Fernandez proclaimed “The Philippine flag has reached Adelaide. ” as the car crossed the finish line, greeted by a small crowd of Filipino well-wishers carrying small flags of their own. Team SINAG also got to meet the members of the Nuon Solar Team from the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Nuon Solar Team, with their car called Nuna4 won the overall championship finishing the race on Oct.25. 32, the team of Sinag was congratulated for their exemplary performance in the 2007 World Solar Challenge. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo also cited and recognized in Malacañan Palace the team for a job well done, bregonia Walter Chua Harold King M. Dimay Lorenzo Miguel A. Javier Rainier N. Ong Fredric Lance C. Ong Frank J. Tua Erbert Anton P
SINAG
–
Contents
SINAG
–
History
28.
The LaSallian
–
The LaSallian is the official student publication of De La Salle University, under the Student Media Office. It is the universitys English-language newspaper and official student publication, composed of the University, Menagerie, Sports, Art & Graphics, Photo, Layout and it is released every first week of every month from September to August. Other publications of the university include Ang Pahayagang Plaridel, Malate Literary Folio, the LaSallian was first released as the official student publication of then De La Salle College on October 24,1960, under its first Editor in Chief, Polo Santiago Pantaleon. Its name was given by Ernido Agustin in a contest, a series of major changes started in 1992, when the spelling of the publication was officially changed to The LaSallian. Under 1994-1995 Editor in Chief Elegio Cabasug, the Features section was renamed Menagerie, the Spoofs section was also renamed Poptown. Finally in 2002-2003 under EIC Sarah Espina, the font was officially changed from Old English to Times New Roman. The LaSallian has seven sections, three of which are writing sections while the rest are technical sections and these are, University - The news section of the publication. It reports and analyzes university and national issues, Menagerie - The features section, usually featuring articles on culture inside and outside the university. Sports - Reports on all aspects of the sports activities. Art & Graphics - Provides art for the publication and they are also responsible for Poptown or Cartoons page of TLS. Layout Photo Web In February 2008, the publication started releasing their monthly issues in magazine format. 2007-2008 Editor in Chief Paulo Mutuc, the change was made to come up with is a harmonious marriage between form and function, between what you want to read and what we think you ought to read. After the school year, the members voted for the format in which they would release succeeding issues. Majority of the votes were for the magazine, however, in order for the by-laws to be ratified, regular issues will continue to be released in the broadsheet format while some special issues may be released in the magazine format. It features seminars in writing, editing, photography, and art, contests are also held for the participants, composed of other student publications. The seminar is held annually on January, and is done alternately in the Ateneo and La Salle campuses
The LaSallian
The LaSallian
–
History
29.
Student newspaper
–
A student publication is a publication run by students of a university, high school, middle school, or other school. These papers traditionally cover local and, primarily, school or university news, working for ones high school newspaper is sometimes an extracurricular activity, but often is integrated with offered journalism classes. Some schools have both a class in which students learn about newspapers and a class that produces the schools newspaper. University student newspapers in the Australia are usually independent of university administration yet are connected with or run by the student representative organisation operating at the campus, australian student newspapers have courted controversy since their inception. One of the more notorious of these involved the publication of an article which allegedly incited readers to shoplift. The July edition of the magazine was banned by the Office of Film and Literature Classication following a campaign by conservative radio hosts. The four editors of the July 1995 edition of La Trobe University student magazine Rabelais were subsequently charged with publishing, distributing and depositing an objectionable publication, an objectional publication was defined in this case, as one that incites criminal activity. The editors lodged an appeal, which led to a protracted court case. The appeal was eventually defeated by the bench of the Federal Court. The charges were dropped in March 1999. Many student newspapers in Canada are independent from their universities and student unions, such autonomous papers are funded by student fees won by referendums, as well as advertising, and are run by their staffs, with no faculty input. The oldest student publication in Canada is The Brunswickan, which was founded in 1867 as a monthly, the only Canadian student newspaper that continues to print on a daily schedule is The Gazette at the University of Western Ontario. Student publications are produced at Irelands universities and Institutes of Technology as well as to an extent at Colleges of Further Education. Other publications include The Edition, at Dublin Institute of Technology, all student publications in Ireland are funded by or linked to their host university or its students union, with the exception of UCDs College Tribune which operates independently. Irish student publications are invited each year to enter the national Student Media Awards, almost every university in Korea runs a student based press. Although many of these press are funded by the school, the press has a significant amount of say amongst the student body. DsVista - the Official Publication of Duksung Womens University, the College Editorial Guild of the Philippines or is the oldest and broadest intercollegiate alliance of student publications in the Asia-Pacific. Since its foundation, the Guild has remained steadfast in its commitment to freedom of expression, press freedom
Student newspaper
–
Front page of the first edition of
The Daily Tar Heel a student newspaper of
University of North Carolina from 1892.
30.
National Artist of the Philippines
–
National Artists of the Philippines is an order bestowed by the Philippines on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art. Originally instituted as an Award, it was elevated to the status of Order in 2003, the Order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcoss Proclamation №1001 of April 2,1972 and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The first award was conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo. The Order is the highest state honor conferred on individuals deemed as having done much for their artistic field, deserving individuals must have been recommended by both the Cultural Center and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts prior to receiving the award. Such people are then titled, by virtue of a Presidential Proclamation, as National Artist, and are inducted into the Order. Recipients attend a conferment ceremony at Malacañang Palace, where the President bestows on them the insignia of the Order, an ornate, gilt collar, in addition to the collar, each new Member is given a citation that is presented during the conferment ceremony. The Cultural Center of the Philippines then presents a Memorabilia Exhibit of the recipients works, however, national artists have since been honored under new categories. The NCCA created the category of National Artist for Fashion Design when it nominated Ramon Valera, President Fidel V. Ramos issued an executive order creating the category of National Artist for Historical Literature before conferring the honor to Carlos Quirino. A Second Deliberation, which is a joint meeting of the Commissioners of the NCCA, the list is then forwarded to the President of the Philippines, who, by Presidential Proclamation, proclaims the final nominees as members of the Order of National Artists. Order was later bestowed to candidate in a ceremony at Malacañang Palace in November 2013, over the years there have been several controversies involving the awarding of National Artist or involving awardees. On July 16,2013, the controversy finally ended after the Supreme Court of the Philippines voted 12-1-2 that voided the four proclamations. On June 20,2014, five years after he was shortlisted in 2009. Art of the Philippines Culture of the Philippines List of National Artists, from the National Commission on Culture and the Arts website. National Artists Guidelines The Order of National Artists - from the Official Gazette of the Philippines National Artists in Waiting, Six in a Fix
National Artist of the Philippines
–
Order of National Artists
31.
Archbishop of Manila
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The reigning Metropolitan Archbishop is Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle, the 32nd to hold the office and the fifth native Filipino following centuries of Spanish, American, and Irish predecessors. The cathedral church is the Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, with the Blessed Virgin Mary, the archdiocese juridically comprises the cities of Manila, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, and Mandaluyong, as well as EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Fray Domingo de Salazar, a Dominican from the Convent of San Sebastian in Salamanca, over the course of history and growth of Catholicism in the Philippines, the diocese was elevated and new dioceses had been carved from its territory. On August 14,1595, Pope Clement VIII raised the diocese to the status of an archdiocese with Bishop Ignacio Santibáñez elevated as its first archbishop, three new dioceses were created as suffragan to Manila, Nueva Cáceres, Nueva Segovia, and Cebu. With the creation of new dioceses, the territory of the archdiocese was reduced to the city of Manila. It was bounded to the north by the Diocese of Nueva Segovia, to the south by the Diocese of Cebu, during the Hispanic period, the Archdiocese was ruled by a succession of Spanish and Latino archbishops. An example of which would be the Boxer Codex, whose earliest owner Lord Giles of Ilchester, had inherited it from an ancestor who stole it from Manila during the British Occupation, nevertheless, peace was subsequently restored after the Protestant British occupation. In the time after this, the Catholic religious orders became the driving force in the Archdiocese of Manila. The local diocesan clergy resented the foreign religious orders due to their monopoly of ecclesiastical positions. This inspired the Jesuit educated Jose Rizal to form the La Liga Filipina, to ask for reforms from Spain, Rizal was executed and the La Liga Filipina dissolved. The 1896 Philippine revolution was triggered when the Spanish discovered the secret organisation Katipunan. Some members of the Katipunan then turned to the Catholic Church, in the period after the war Philippine churches were restored in the Art-Deco architectural motif. On the same date the Diocese of Lipa was created, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Marinduque, in May 1928 Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Lingayen, carved from Manila and Nueva Segovia. In this creation 26 parishes were separated from Manila and he also named Our Lady of Guadalupe as a patroness of the Filipino people in 1938. December 8,1941, marked the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, members of the secretive Black Dragon Society had infiltrated all facets of Philippine life and had greatly guided the invading Japanese forces. World War 2 marked a period of loss to the Archdiocese of Manila. Due to the heavy damages resulted from World War II, the Manila Cathedral underwent major rebuilding from 1946 to 1958, the Parish of San Miguel served as pro-cathedral or temporary cathedral of the local church until the Manila Cathedral was reopened and blessed in 1958
Archbishop of Manila
–
Interior of the Throne Room in the Archbishop's Palace as it was during the Spanish colonial period.
Archbishop of Manila
–
Arms of the Archdiocese
Archbishop of Manila
Archbishop of Manila
32.
Taft avenue
–
Taft Avenue is a major road thoroughfare in Metro Manila. It crosses through three cities of the capital region, Manila, Pasay and Parañaque. The road was named after the former Governor-General of the Philippines and U. S President, the Philippines was a former commonwealth territory of the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. Construction of this avenue, originally called Calle Rizal, was completed in 1899, with Padre Burgos Street as its northern terminus, engineers Manny Aquino and Robin Santos led its extension in 1911, and the avenue was renamed Manila Road. However, a map of Manila produced in 1915 by the Office of Department Engineer, Philippine Department and it was extended to Ocampo Street (formerly Vito Cruz Street in 1940, at the height of World War II, during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. It was renamed Taft Avenue in 1984 and it also reclaimed Mexico Road, the Manila LRT Line 1, the first elevated rail track in the Philippines, was built over it and opened in that same year. If Bold had a Street Crossings, the avenue straight ahead would be later known as Padre Burgos Avenue and spurs into three bridges then streets, Quezon Boulevard, Rizal Avenue, and Quintin Paredes Street. The office of the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region is located on Taft Avenue, Taft Avenue forms a part of the University Belt. The College of Saint Benilde, Santa Isabel College Manila, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Araullo High School, the National Cathedral of the Holy Child of the Philippine Independent Church is located on Taft Avenue. Taft Avenue is accessed through jeepneys, taxis, the Manila LRT Line 1, the avenue houses some stations of the LRT-1 namely, EDSA, Libertad, Gil Puyat, Vito Cruz, Quirino Avenue, Pedro Gil, United Nations
Taft avenue
–
Taft Avenue runs below the elevated
Manila LRT Line 1
Taft avenue
–
De La Salle University on Taft Avenue, circa 1920
Taft avenue
–
Taft Avenue looking north towards the
LRT-1 United Nations Station with Times Plaza building in the background
Taft avenue
–
Philippine General Hospital at the junction with Padre Faura Street
33.
Cornice
–
A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown molding. The function of the cornice of a building is to throw rainwater free of the building’s walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves, however, house eaves may also be called cornices if they are finished with decorative molding. The projecting cornice of a building may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling, particularly on commercial buildings, a rake is an architectural term for an eave or cornice which runs along the gable end of the roof of a modern residential structure. It may also be called a sloping cornice, a raking cornice, the trim and rafters at this edge are called rake-, verge-, or barge-board or verge- or barge-rafter. It is a sloped timber on the facing edge of a roof running between the ridge and the eave. On a typical house, any gable will have two rakes, one on each sloped side, the rakes are supported by a series of lookouts and may be enclosed with a rake fascia board on the outside facing edge and a rake soffit along the bottom. The cornices of a residential building will usually be one of three types, a box cornice, a close or closed cornice, or an open cornice. Box cornices enclose the cornice of the building with what is essentially a narrow box. A box cornice may further be divided into either the box cornice or the wide box cornice type. A narrow box cornice is one in which the projection of the rafter serves as a surface for the soffit board as well as the fascia trim. This is possible if the slope of the roof is fairly steep, box cornices often have ventilation screens laid over openings cut in the soffits in order to allow air to circulate within the cornice. A close, closed, or snub cornice is one in there is no projection of the rafters beyond the walls of the building. This type of cornice is easy to construct, but provides little aid in dispersing water away from the building, in an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent. It is a lower-cost treatment that requires fewer materials, and may not have a fascia board. Ancient Egyptian architectural tradition made special use of large cavetto mouldings as a cornice, with only a short fillet above, inspired by this precedent, it was then revived by Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty. The cavetto took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples, often painted with vertical tongue patterns, additional more-obscure varieties of cornice include the architrave cornice, bracketed cornice, and modillion cornice. A cornice return is a detail that occurs where the horizontal cornice of a roof connects to the rake of a gable
Cornice
–
An example of a cornice, above large
corbels, along the top of the Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Building in downtown
Wheeling, West Virginia,
United States.
Cornice
–
A wide box cornice with lookouts
Cornice
–
A close cornice
Cornice
–
An open cornice
34.
Gable
–
A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the system used, which reflects climate, material availability. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the wall, including the gable. A variation of the gable is a gable, which has a stairstep design to accomplish the sloping portion. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the way as the Classic pediment form. But unlike Classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures. Thus, the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading, gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures, with varying degree sloped roofs, dependent on how much snowfall is expected. Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture, the opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof. While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a building faces it with its cullis. The terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its urban situation, front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, such as the Gablefront house, were primarily between the early 19th century and 1920. A wimperg is a German and Dutch word for a Gothic ornamental gable with tracery over windows or portals and it was a typical element in Gothic Architecture especially in cathedral architecture. Wimpergs often had crockets or other elements in the Gothic style. The intention behind the wimperg was the perception of increased height, the gable end roof is a poor design for hurricane regions, as it easily peels off in strong winds. The part of the roof overhangs the triangular wall very often creates a trap that can catch wind like an umbrella. A series of ornamental timber gables, from existing examples in England and France of the 16th Century
Gable
–
A single-story house with three gables, although only two can be seen (highlighted in yellow). This intersection of gables is a cross gable roof
Gable
–
Decorative gable roof at 176-178 St. John's Place between Sixth and Seventh Avenue in the
Park Slope neighborhood of
Brooklyn, New York City
Gable
–
The cathedral in Amiens showing three portals with wimperg and pinnacles and rose window.
35.
History of De La Salle University
–
The history of De La Salle University dates back to 1911, when La Sallian Brothers established the De La Salle College in Paco, Manila, Philippines. The first classes were conducted in Spanish for the first 125 boys of varying ages, during the early years, the Brothers were allowed to offer the full primary and intermediate programs and a three-year commercial secondary school program. The Commercial High School Diploma was first conferred in 1915 to three graduates, in November 1917, the school was allowed to confer an Associate in Arts degree. In 1921, due to the lack of space on the Nozaleda Campus in Paco, acisclus Michael FSC then secured a vacant space at the southernmost boundary of Manila. The Paco property was sold on March 19,1920 to Don Vicente Madrigal. A groundbreaking ceremony was held in March 1920 on a lot along Taft Avenue. More than a later in September 1921, the students. Classes on the new Taft campus formally started on October 3,1921, in 1920, the school opened a two-year commercial course. In 1930, the College was authorized to confer the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Education, the last pre-war arts degree holders graduated in 1931. The Associate in Arts program was discontinued because of the departments lack of staff. The Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree was first conferred in 1931 after a year had been added to the initial two-year program. During the Second World War, the Japanese forces in Manila forcibly took over the De La Salle College grounds, classes continued during the War starting in school year 1943–44 but the curriculum was severely reduced. Repeated bombings of the vicinity resulted in the destruction of the college gymnasium, its library holdings. Only one survived the massacre - Brother Antonius Von Jesus FSC despite being wounded by the Japanese soldiers. Brother Antonius was found by the American and Filipino forces who entered the La Salle campus a fews days after February 12, the end of the war brought the imprisoned American De La Salle Brothers back home from the Japanese Los Baños concentration camp. They resumed classes in July 1945 in spite of lacking manpower, recognizing the role of education in reconstructing the Philippines, the Brothers expanded the Commerce curriculum into a four-year program. The post-war years saw the establishment of numerous schools and units. In 1947, the school of Engineering was established, followed by Arts and Sciences in 1953, Education in 1959, Industrial Technology in 1973
History of De La Salle University
–
History
36.
Manila Archbishop
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The reigning Metropolitan Archbishop is Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle, the 32nd to hold the office and the fifth native Filipino following centuries of Spanish, American, and Irish predecessors. The cathedral church is the Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, with the Blessed Virgin Mary, the archdiocese juridically comprises the cities of Manila, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, and Mandaluyong, as well as EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Fray Domingo de Salazar, a Dominican from the Convent of San Sebastian in Salamanca, over the course of history and growth of Catholicism in the Philippines, the diocese was elevated and new dioceses had been carved from its territory. On August 14,1595, Pope Clement VIII raised the diocese to the status of an archdiocese with Bishop Ignacio Santibáñez elevated as its first archbishop, three new dioceses were created as suffragan to Manila, Nueva Cáceres, Nueva Segovia, and Cebu. With the creation of new dioceses, the territory of the archdiocese was reduced to the city of Manila. It was bounded to the north by the Diocese of Nueva Segovia, to the south by the Diocese of Cebu, during the Hispanic period, the Archdiocese was ruled by a succession of Spanish and Latino archbishops. An example of which would be the Boxer Codex, whose earliest owner Lord Giles of Ilchester, had inherited it from an ancestor who stole it from Manila during the British Occupation, nevertheless, peace was subsequently restored after the Protestant British occupation. In the time after this, the Catholic religious orders became the driving force in the Archdiocese of Manila. The local diocesan clergy resented the foreign religious orders due to their monopoly of ecclesiastical positions. This inspired the Jesuit educated Jose Rizal to form the La Liga Filipina, to ask for reforms from Spain, Rizal was executed and the La Liga Filipina dissolved. The 1896 Philippine revolution was triggered when the Spanish discovered the secret organisation Katipunan. Some members of the Katipunan then turned to the Catholic Church, in the period after the war Philippine churches were restored in the Art-Deco architectural motif. On the same date the Diocese of Lipa was created, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Marinduque, in May 1928 Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Lingayen, carved from Manila and Nueva Segovia. In this creation 26 parishes were separated from Manila and he also named Our Lady of Guadalupe as a patroness of the Filipino people in 1938. December 8,1941, marked the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, members of the secretive Black Dragon Society had infiltrated all facets of Philippine life and had greatly guided the invading Japanese forces. World War 2 marked a period of loss to the Archdiocese of Manila. Due to the heavy damages resulted from World War II, the Manila Cathedral underwent major rebuilding from 1946 to 1958, the Parish of San Miguel served as pro-cathedral or temporary cathedral of the local church until the Manila Cathedral was reopened and blessed in 1958
Manila Archbishop
–
Interior of the Throne Room in the Archbishop's Palace as it was during the Spanish colonial period.
Manila Archbishop
–
Arms of the Archdiocese
Manila Archbishop
Manila Archbishop
37.
Jeremiah James Harty
–
Jeremiah James Harty was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the 26th Archbishop of Manila in the Philippines from 1903 to 1916 before returning to the United States, jeremiah Harty was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Andrew and Julia Harty, who were Irish immigrants. He was educated by the Christian Brothers in grade school and by the Jesuits in high school and he attended St. Louis University, from where he graduated in 1872. He studied theology at St. Vincents College in Cape Girardeau, Harty was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Patrick Ryan on April 28,1878. His first assignment was as assistant pastor of St. Lawrence OToole Church in St. Louis and he then served at St. Bridget Church, where he remained until he became founding pastor of St. Leo Church in 1888. On June 6,1903, Harty was appointed Archbishop of Manila in the Philippines by Pope Leo XIII and he was the first American to be named to that position. He received his consecration on the following August 15 from Cardinal Francesco Satolli, with Archbishops Diomede Panici and Amilcare Tonietti serving as co-consecrators. After his term in Manila he was appointed as the Bishop of Omaha, while the pressing need for a De La Salle school in the Islands was recognized, Hartys request was denied because of the Christian Brothers lack of funds. Nonetheless, Harty continued to appeal for the establishment of additional Catholic schools in the country to Pope Pius X including, among others, Harty was succeeded in Manila by Michael J. ODoherty. In 1917, Bishop Harty was skeptical of Father Edward J. Flanagan, Bishop Harty would later, endorse the goals of Boys Town. Minor Watson portrayed the Bishop of Omaha in the 1938 motion picture Boys Town, on October 29,1927, Harty died as Bishop of Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska, at the age of 74. He was a priest for 50 years,24 years as a bishop, ^ History of the Archdiocese of Manila
Jeremiah James Harty
–
The Most Reverend Jeremiah James Harty
Jeremiah James Harty
–
History
38.
Protestantism in the Philippines
–
Protestant Christianity arrived in the Philippines during the late 19th and the early 20th century. American missionaries were responsible for introducing Protestantism, but some denominations were founded locally by indigenous people. They comprise about 10%-15% of the population, Protestantism developed in the Philippines after the Spanish–American War when the United States acquired the Philippines from the Spanish with the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Under American rule, the Catholic Church was disestablished as the state religion, in addition, there was a backlash against the Hispanic Catholicism and a greater acceptance of Protestantism represented by the Americans. The dominance of the Catholic Church in all aspects of life in Spanish Philippines, in 1901 the Evangelical Union was established in the Philippines to co-ordinate activities amongst the Protestant denominations and lay the foundations for an indigenous religious movement. The first Protestant service held in the Philippines was on Sunday, chaplain George Stull, a member of The Methodist Episcopal Church, came with the occupying forces. The result was a comity agreement of the enterprises, dividing up places of ministry to avoid future conflicts among themselves. Only one Protestant church would be started in each area, the comity agreement, which led to the territorial division of the Philippines, was one of the accomplishments of mission enterprises in the Philippines. Brethren linked to Plymouth Brethren, was established in the 1930s in San Juan and they planted numerous chapels in the Philippines with majority in Bulacan, Pampanga and Rizal Province. Manila was opened to all denominations and mission agencies, the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Episcopal Church in the Philippines did not join because they wanted to go to all parts of the archipelago. American Protestant Missions emphasized institutional ministry and medical missions in their evangelistic, for a short time the comity agreement worked well, until the situation grew more intricate and splits occurred. The Methodists split in 1909 when Nicolas Zamora the Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas, Baptist Ilonggos migrated from Iloilo to Central Cotabato, traditionally Christian and Missionary Alliance territory. As this kind of movement increased, the boundaries between the different comity areas became obscured. In the 1920s the fundamental-modernist controversy in the USA affected the Philippines, several small denominations, some of them entirely under national leadership, emerged. Unity of the churches was still a goal, in 1929, the United Brethren, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches formed the United Evangelical Church in the Philippines. In 1932, six of the smaller denominations of Presbyterian and Methodist backgrounds formed the Iglesia Evangelica Unida de Cristo. The assembly of these indigenous denominations was called by Don Toribio Teodoro, the National Christian Council was founded in 1929 as a successor of the Evangelical Union. This was followed in 1938 by the organization of the Philippine Federation of Evangelical Churches, with the coming of World War II, the United Evangelical Church underwent severe trying circumstances when the mission agencies were completely cut off from the USA
Protestantism in the Philippines
–
The
Silliman University Church was one of the earliest congregations founded by
Presbyterians in the
Visayas. It was subsequently incorporated under the banner of the
United Church of Christ in the Philippines, which is an "organic union" of five Protestant denominations.
Protestantism in the Philippines
Protestantism in the Philippines
–
The Medical Arts building of
Iloilo Mission Hospital. The hospital founded in 1901 by
Presbyterian missionaries, is the first and oldest
Protestant hospital in the country, but at present, the hospital is affiliated under the
Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches.
Protestantism in the Philippines
–
The
Central Philippine University Church is a member of
Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches. Although part of
Central Philippine University, it runs itself independently through and by a governing body where some its members are from the university.
39.
Thomasites
–
The Thomasites were originally a group of about 500 American teachers sent by the United States government to the Philippines in August 1901 who arrived on the USAT Thomas. The term however has also expanded to include any teacher who arrived in the first few years of the American colonial period of the Philippines. The Philippines had enjoyed a school system since 1863, when a Spanish decree first introduced public elementary education in the Philippines. The Thomasites, however, expanded and improved the school system. The name Thomasite was derived from the transport vessel USAT Thomas, later batches of American teachers were also dubbed Thomasites. The Thomasites—365 males and 165 females—left Pier 12 of San Francisco on July 23,1901, the U. S. government spent about $105,000 for the expedition. More American teachers followed the Thomasites in 1902, making a total of about 1,074 stationed in the Philippines, at the time, the Thomasites were offered $125 a month, but once in the Philippines salaries were often delayed and were usually paid in devalued Mexican pesos. Although the Thomasites were the largest group of pioneers with the purpose of educating the Filipinos, they were not the first to be deployed by Washington, D. C. A few weeks before the arrival of USS Thomas, U. S. Army soldiers had begun teaching Filipinos the English language. The U. S. Army opened the Philippines’ first public school in Corregidor Island, also, a few weeks before the arrival of USS Thomas, another group composed of 48 American teachers also arrived in the Philippines, aboard the USAT Sheridan. The latter was given the task of establishing a public school system throughout the Philippines. The Taft Commission also authorized the deployment of 1,000 more educators from the U. S. to the Philippines. After being quarantined for two days after their arrival on August 21,1901, the Thomasites were finally able to disembark from the USS Thomas, the Thomasites built upon the contributions laid down by the U. S. Army. The Thomasites also reopened the Philippine Nautical School, which was established by the Board of Commerce of Manila in 1839 under Spain. About a hundred of the Thomasites stayed on to live in the Philippines after finishing their teaching assignments and they transformed the Philippines into the third largest English-speaking nation in the world and they became the precursors of the present-day U. S. In 1903 to 1905, assigned as supervising teacher in Indang, Cavite, austin Craig, an American expert on José Rizal The Davis family, husband and wife with five children Frederic Vincent Doherty. Helped establish first English speaking school on the island of Mindanao, Mr. Floyd Engle Mary Fee, author of An American Woman’s Impression of the Philippines, reprinted by GCF Books Paul Gilbert C. Goddard, a Catholic University graduate Hattie Grove, the English-language teacher of Carlos P. Romulo Mr. Guernsey, died after succumbing to diphtheria at Balayan, john W. Osborn, assigned in Magalang, Pampanga in 1904
Thomasites
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Several Thomasites are interred at the American Teachers Memorial, a special plot inside the
Manila North Cemetery. The current memorial was erected in 1917.
40.
Pius X
–
Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was Pope from August 1903 to his death in 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and his most important reform was to order the codification of the first Code of Canon Law, which collected the laws of the Church into one volume for the first time. He was also considered a pastoral pope, in the sense of encouraging personal holiness, piety and he was born in the town of Riese, which would later append Pio X to the towns name. Pius X believed that there was no surer or more direct road than by the Virgin Mary to achieve this goal. His immediate predecessor, Pope Leo XIII, had promoted a synthesis between the Catholic Church and secular culture, faith and science, and divine revelation and reason. Pius X defended the Catholic faith against popular 19th-century attitudes and views such as indifferentism and relativism which his predecessors had warned against as well and he followed the example of Leo XIII by promoting Thomas Aquinas and Thomism as the principal philosophical method to be taught in Catholic institutions. Pius X vehemently opposed modernism, which claimed that Roman Catholic dogma should be modernized and blended with nineteenth-century philosophies and he viewed modernism as an import of secular errors affecting three areas of Roman Catholic belief, theology, philosophy, and dogma. Personally, Pius X combined within himself a strong sense of compassion, benevolence and poverty, but also stubbornness and he wanted to be pastoral in the sense that he was the only pope in the 20th century who gave Sunday homily sermons in the pulpit every week. After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees and he rejected any kind of favours for his family, his brother remained a postal clerk, his favourite nephew stayed on as village priest, and his three sisters lived together close to poverty in Rome. He often referred to his own origins, taking up the causes of poor people. I was born poor, I have lived poor, and I wish to die poor, considered a holy person by many, public veneration of Pope Pius X began soon after his death. Numerous petitions resulted in a process of beatification which started in the 1920s. The Society of Saint Pius X, a Traditionalist Catholic group, is named in his honor, a gigantic statue of him is enshrined within Saint Peters Basilica, while the town of his birthplace was also renamed after his canonization. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia and he was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto and Margarita Sanson. He was baptised 3 June 1835, giuseppes childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 3.75 miles to each day. At a young age, Giuseppe studied Latin with his village priest, on 18 September 1858, Sarto was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both Saint Thomas Aquinas and canon law, while carrying out most of the functions of the parish pastor, in 1867, he was named archpriest of Salzano
Pius X
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Pope Saint Pius X
Pius X
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Kitchen of the Sarto family in Riese
Pius X
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A young Giuseppe Sarto
Pius X
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Cardinal Sarto
41.
St La Salle Hall
–
La Salle Hall is an H-shaped four-storey structure built in neoclassical style in the Philippines. It was built from 1920 to 1924 to serve as the new campus of De La Salle College due to lack of space of the campus in Paco, Manila. It served as the school and high school building back when the college was still offering those levels. Originally built as a structure, a fourth level was added in the 1990s for the residence of the De La Salle Brothers. The ground floor houses the College of Business, meanwhile, the second floor of the St La Salle Hall houses the Chapel of the Most Blessed Sacrament, as well as the office of the De La Salle Alumni Association in the south wing. The structure was damaged during the liberation of Manila in World War II. Numerous civilians took refuge in the building for protection, restoration of the building after the war took two years and cost ₱246,883. Retrofitting has undergone in the building since January 2011, and is planned to be completed by 2012, the LaSallian, the official student newspaper of the university, identifies it as DLSUs most historic building. It is the only Philippine structure featured in the book 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, due to the lack of space in the campus at Paco, the transfer of De La Salle College to Taft Avenue was decided. The new 30, 300-sq m site in Malate, worth ₱55,500, was acquired through a ₱45, the estimated cost of the construction of building in the site was ₱200,000. The reason for the selection of the site was the proximity of St. Scholasticas College. The two schools, one for boys and one for girls, would allow parents to send their children to a single area, another reason for the selection is its close location to a streetcar station of the Manila Electric Railroad And Light Company allowing quick transport for the students. Another problem, concerning the Bronan Plan, arose regarding the site, according to the plan, Taft Avenue would be further extended, in line with identifying the roads leading from Manila to Pasay. If a building were built on the site, it would block the planned extension of Taft Avenue, acisclus Michael, a La Sallian brother, appealed directly to Governor General Francis Burton Harrison, and expressed that a college ought to be constructed in the area. Harrison failed to get the approval of the board, however. The building plan was pushed through a year later, when the composition of the board changed. In order to get approval, the Brothers themselves took the initiative to donate a piece of the property on the end of Taft Avenue. In 1916, a competition was held to determine the design of the building, tomás Mapúa, the first Filipino registered architect and subsequent founder of the Mapúa Institute of Technology, won the competition against 9 other architects, and was awarded ₱5,000
St La Salle Hall
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St. La Salle Hall
St La Salle Hall
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Construction of St La Salle Hall
St La Salle Hall
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St La Salle Hall (ca 1921)
St La Salle Hall
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The Chapel of the Most Blessed Sacrament on the southwestern wing of St. La Salle Hall.
42.
Incorporation (business)
–
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, an organization, sports club. This article focuses on the process of incorporation, see also corporation, the information required differ in different states. However, there are some information that are asked by almost all the states and so, must be included in the Certificate of Incorporation. They are as follows, Business purpose - It would describe the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide, at present, only two types of business purpose clauses are used. They are, General - General purpose clauses are accepted by some and it indicates that the budding company has been formed to carry out all lawful business in the region. Specific - Alternatively, some states have made it mandatory for the owners to furnish a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their companies. Corporate name - A chosen name must be added to the Certificate of Incorporation and this should be followed with the corporate identifier like Corporation, Incorporated, Company, or one of the abbreviations like Inc. A preliminary name availability search is advisable, prior to the submission of the Articles of Incorporation, in case of online incorporation, the state will have final say with regards to the name chosen for the company and that the name shouldnt deceive or mislead the consumers. Registered agent - Almost all the states require every corporation to have an agent of their own in the state of incorporation. Registered agents will receive all the important legal as well as tax documents on behalf of the corporation, a typical registered agent will need a physical address in the state of incorporation and should be accessible during normal business hours. Incorporator - An incorporator is the person who prepares and files the Certificate of Incorporation with the concerned state, share par value - It refers to the stated minimum value, and generally doesnt correspond to the actual value. Usually, $0.01, $1.00 or no par are some of the common par values, in reality, the value of a share is based on its fair market value, or whatever amount a buyer is willing to pay for the same. Number of authorized shares of stock - An incorporation needs to stipulate the exact number of shares they as a company are willing to authorize, moreover, it is mandatory for every corporation, be it small or large, to have stock. A stock represents ownership in the corporation, directors - A lot of states need the name and addresses of the initial directors of the corporation in the incorporation papers. They are responsible for the daily affairs and oversee major corporate decisions. Directors hold an office as chosen by the shareholders mandate. Generally, preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends, a lot of small business owners only allow shares of common stock
Incorporation (business)
43.
High school diploma
–
A high school diploma is a North American academic school leaving qualification awarded upon high school graduation. The high school diploma is typically studied for over the course of four years, the diploma is typically awarded by the school in accordance with the requirements of the local state or provincial government. Requirements for earning the diploma vary by jurisdiction, and there may be different requirements for different streams or levels of high school graduation, typically they include a combination of selected coursework meeting specified criteria for a particular stream and acceptable passing grades earned on the state exit examination. In British Columbia, the diploma is known as the British Columbia Certificate of Graduation, the province of BC has two distinct graduation programs, the BC Certificate of Graduation and the BC Adult Graduation Diploma. Students also have the opportunity to meet their goals through the BC School Completion Certificate. The current Dogwood requirements have been in place since July 1,2004, required courses include, among other things, language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science courses in grades 10,11, and 12. Part of the evaluation of students includes standardized provincial examinations in a number of the courses in grades 10 and 12. As part of the 80 credits for the Dogwood,16 credits must be at the Grade 12 level, in Ontario, the high school diploma is known as the Ontario Secondary School Diploma. The diploma is awarded to all students who complete the Ontario educational curriculum and those who leave school after completing 14 credits but prior to obtaining the diploma can obtain the Ontario Secondary School Certificate. Most schools individual graduation requirements far outweigh the states minimum standards, the California exit exam was suspended till 2018. This information is taken from the California department of education, drivers Education is required for all students. An additional requirement is a grade on the Prairie State Achievement Examination which is typically taken in Grade 11. Accommodations are made for students with unique needs. English Language Learner students may substitute English as a Second Language for English to meet the graduation requirements, students receiving special education services may complete modified requirements according to an Individualized Education Plan. In New York State, the high school diploma awarded is known as the Regents Diploma, two levels are offered, the standard Regents Diploma and the Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation. A passing score is 65 in each subject, the With Honors designation is added if the score in all required exams is 90 or greater. In Texas, there are three programs offered for graduation, the Minimum High School Program, the Recommended High School Program, the Recommended and Distinguished programs are the streams typically chosen by most students, and are expected of students who are college-bound. Also required for graduation is successful completion with passing grades on the Exit Level examination of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness, multiple re-sits for the exam are available, in case of failure on a previous attempt
High school diploma
–
High school diploma awarded to the Romanian writer Mihail Sorbul
44.
Governor-General of the Philippines
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They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power. On November 15,1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a government to prepare the country for independence from the American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino President of the Philippine Commonwealth, as the executive of the Philippines. The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines, from 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes, when there was a vacancy, the Royal Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members. Ad interim Real Audiencia Great Britain occupied Manila and the port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years War. After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist, the Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown. The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War, during the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor. Disagreements between the two were not uncommon, the following year, on July 4,1902, Taft became the sole executive authority. Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30,1902, the title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress. The term insular refers to U. S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district, all insular areas was under the authority of the U. S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department. On November 15,1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioners Residence, after the Philippine independence on July 4,1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines. In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II, the next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic
Governor-General of the Philippines
–
Miguel López de Legazpi First Governor-General of the Philippines
Governor-General of the Philippines
Governor-General of the Philippines
Governor-General of the Philippines
45.
Imperial Japanese Army
–
The Imperial Japanese Army or IJA, literally Army of the Greater Japanese Empire, was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. Later an Inspectorate General of Military Aviation became the agency with oversight of the army. During the Meiji Restoration, the forces loyal to Emperor Meiji were samurai drawn primarily from the loyalist daimyōs of Satsuma. This central army, the Imperial Japanese Army, became even more essential after the abolition of the han system in 1871. One of the differences between the samurai and the peasant class was the right to bear arms, this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, based on the German General Staff, was established directly under the Emperor and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy. The Japanese invasion of Taiwan under Qing rule in 1874 was an expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the Mudan Incident of December 1871. The Paiwan people, who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, murdered 54 crewmembers of a merchant vessel from the Ryukyu Kingdom on the southwestern tip of Taiwan. 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to Miyako-jima in the Ryukyu Islands and it marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Not surprisingly, the new led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the riots, led by Saigō Takamori, was the Satsuma Rebellion. Thenceforth, the military existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial institution, top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and officers, particularly junior officers who were mostly from the peasantry, tended to draw the military closer to the people. In time, most people came to look more for guidance in matters more to military than to political leaders. By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army had grown to become the most modern army in Asia, well-trained, well-equipped, however, it was basically an infantry force deficient in cavalry and artillery when compared with its European contemporaries. The Sino-Japanese War would come to symbolize the weakness of the military of the Qing dynasty and this was the result by Japans 120, 000-strong western-style conscript army of two armies and five divisions, which was well-equipped and well-trained when compared with their Qing counterparts. The Treaty of Shimonoseki made the Qing defeat official, with a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. In 1899–1900, Boxer attacks against foreigners in China intensified eventually resulting in the siege of the legations in Beijing
Imperial Japanese Army
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Training of the Shogunate troops by the first
French military mission to Japan (1867–68) just before the
Boshin War (1868–1869), which led to the
Meiji Restoration.
Imperial Japanese Army
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The ensign of the Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Army
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Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in 1875.
Imperial Japanese Army
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Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army during the
Satsuma Rebellion, Garrison of
Kumamoto, 1877.
46.
Egbert Xavier Kelly
–
He was born William Kelly on March 4,1894 in County Wicklow, Ireland. During his youth decided to become a De La Salle Brother and he was then admitted to the novitiate and became a member of the Institute. In 1911 Kelly was assigned to the Christian Brothers District of Penang, during his trip, he went for a brief stay in Colombo, Ceylon after which he proceeded to De La Salle College in Manila. He began teaching in the school department until he was tasked to teach in the high school department. Kelly was selected by the Christian Brothers Superiors to help in the establishment of a Second Novitiate at the General Motherhouse in Lebecq-les-Hal and this assignment was completed in 1930. Upon the completion of his assignment to the Motherhouse, Brother Xavier returned to Asia to teach for three years in Rangoon, Burma, and another three years in Hong Kong. In 1935, he was reassigned to Manila and was appointed President of De La Salle College in 1937, kellys first six years as President was spent in expanding the facilities of the College. A large classroom wing was constructed at the end of St. La Salle Hall and a new chapel was constructed at its south end and this chapel was considered the most beautiful in the Philippines and had few rivals in the District, although the Brothers would regret about the chapels limited size. The chapel was dedicated in 1940 and was enough to accommodate the schools entire student body. Kelly was the President of De La Salle College in Manila when the Japanese army invaded the Philippines on December 8,1941, in January 1942, Japanese troops forcibly entered De La Salle College and began to occupy all but a small portion of the building. On February 10,1945, a Japanese detail forcibly took Kelly and he was never seen again and his body was never recovered. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints already preserved the cause of Bro, Kelly, but hasnt yet given the decree of nihil obstat and the title as Servant of God by the Holy See
Egbert Xavier Kelly
47.
De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines
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The Institute was founded in Reims, France in 1680, with over 75,000 Brothers and lay colleagues who conduct schools as well as educational works in about 80 countries worldwide. Louis, Missouri, would appeal to the Superior-General of the Christian Brothers in 1905 for the establishment of a De La Salle school in the Philippines. While there was a pressure for a De La Salle school, Archbishop Hartys request was rejected. Nonetheless, Harty continued to appeal to Pope Pius X for the establishment of additional Catholic schools in the country. On March 10,1911, upon instructions from the Vatican to the La Salle Generalate, Brothers Blimond Pierre, Aloysius Gonzaga, six other De La Salle brothers arrived between March and June, Brothers Louis, Camillus, B. Joseph, Celba John, Imar William, and Martin and they came from the United States, Ireland, Luxembourg, and France. Together, on June 16,1911, the Brothers opened the first La Salle school in the country, the location is at the former Perez-Samanillo Compound on 652 Calle Nozaleda in Paco, Manila. The school was first attended by 100 students, over time, the Brothers established their congregation as being a group of full-time religious educators who have consecrated their lives for the education of the youth. In 1921, the Brothers transferred the school from its site in Paco, Manila to the then-wooded newly constructed Taft Avenue in Malate. Paul Monroe and a commission of American educators, after an eight-month cross-country inspection of existing Philippine schools in the 1930s, two days earlier, De La Salle College Director-Brother Egbert Xavier FSC was abducted by another group of Japanese soldiers, and was never seen again. After the Japanese troops herded all the people into the chapel, they were then subsequently shot. Those who did not die in the attack were left to bleed to death, the Japanese attempted to rape some of the dying women. The chapel was set on fire but it was not destroyed because it was built of marble. Only 10 people survived including one De La Salle Brother, the 1939-built De La Salle Main Chapel is one of the few structures to survive the destruction of Southern Manila during the Manila massacres in February 1945. On February 2,1970, the Philippine Province became an independent District of the Institute, at present, the sub-district of Myanmar is under the Philippine District. The Brother Visitor is the responsible for assigning Brothers to their communities. He is also responsible for admitting candidates to the Novitiate as well as the making of vows, also, as specified in canon law, he is authorized to issue writings on matters of religion or morality. The Philippine District has had eight Brother Visitors, who are elected for three-year terms, the first was Brother Justin Lucian FSC, who was elected in 1970 and was also the last Auxiliary Visitor from the Baltimore District
De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines
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The nine pioneer Brothers at Paco
De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines
–
Contents
De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines
–
After the war, the school chapel, formerly dedicated to St. Joseph, was blessed and re-dedicated to the Most Blessed Sacrament
De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines
–
History
48.
Ateneo de Manila University
–
The Ateneo de Manila University is a private research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines, Ateneo offers elementary and secondary education exclusively to male students. The undergraduate and graduate programmes are coeducational and organized into four schools, collectively known as the Loyola Schools, four professional schools occupy campuses in different parts of Metro Manila. Ateneo undergraduates follow a Catholic-rooted liberal arts curriculum throughout their programs in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Science and Engineering, the Loyola Heights campus also hosts two chemistry research centers, Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry and National Chemistry Instrumentation Center. The Ateneo offers programmes at the elementary, secondary, undergraduate, as is common in the Philippines, the primary medium of instruction is English, with a few classes taught in Filipino. Aside from teaching and research, the Ateneo de Manila also engages in social outreach, known for its liberal arts tradition, the humanities are a key feature of Ateneo education at all levels of study. In 2015, QS Top Universities placed the undergraduate programmes 461st in the world. The Ateneo Professional Schools is the professional education division of Ateneo de Manila. The Ateneo Graduate School of Business offers a variety of Master of Business Administration concentrations, the Ateneo Law School confers the Juris Doctor and Master of Laws degrees. The Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, opened in 2007, offers an integrated Doctor of Medicine, the Ateneo School of Government confers the Master in Public Management and Ph. D. in Leadership Studies degrees. The professional schools also confer certificates for short courses and it confers the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. It is composed of four schools, the School of Humanities, the John Gokongwei School of Management, the School of Science and Engineering, a key feature of the Loyola Schools is a liberal arts undergraduate core curriculum, required for all undergraduates. It includes philosophy, English and Filipino literature, theology, history, various branches of sciences. Ateneo follows the semester hour system common in American universities, most classes are held below 40 students and student discussion is encouraged. The Loyola Schools programmes are geared toward student-centreedness, the Ateneo was one of the first schools in the Philippines to enact a Magna Carta for Undergraduates. The Commission on Higher Education has designated several departments and programmes of the Loyola Schools as centres of excellence, Ateneo has Centers of Excellence in, Business Administration, Chemistry, English, Entrepreneurship, Information Technology, Literature, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology and Sociology. It has Centers of Development in Biology, Environmental Science and Filipino, the Ateneo de Manila High School is a Catholic preparatory school for male students. In 2003 the high school opened a Center for Math, Science and Technology containing science and computer labs, classrooms for the math and science classes
Ateneo de Manila University
–
Xavier Hall, administration
Ateneo de Manila University
Ateneo de Manila University
–
Grade school chapel
49.
University of the Philippines Diliman
–
The University of the Philippines Diliman is a coeducational, research state university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. It was established on February 12,1949 as the campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System. UP Diliman is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP, the outbreak of World War II hampered the development of the area. The transfer of the Oblation from Manila to Diliman marked the establishment on February 12,1949. Between the 1970s and 1980s, UP Diliman was the site of student activism. It was during times that student demonstrations and opposition against Marcos administration became heavy. This was one of the precursors to Marcos declaration of martial law in 1972, UP Diliman was formally established as a constituent university on April 23,1985 at the 976th Meeting of the U. P. It is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units, student population, faculty, there are 27 degree-granting units on campus, accounting for 22,031 students of which,15,299 are undergraduates. UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012, UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields. There were 70 programs at the level,109 at the master’s level and 68 at the doctoral level. The library resources of UP Diliman are the largest in the country, the total book and non-book collections number 1,170,723 volumes, which include books, pamphlets, bound periodicals, theses, dissertations, microforms and various multimedia titles. The serial collection totals 60,450 divided into 26,679 print titles and 33,771 unique titles in online journals and this collection has steadily grown through acquisitions and generous donations. The Commission on Higher Education declared nine U. P. D. units as Centers of Excellence as of 2009, the UP Diliman campus is also the site of the countrys National Science Complex. The university represents the UP System in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and its athletic teams, collectively called the Fighting Maroons, competes in various athletic competitions while its cheerdance group, the U. P. Pep Squad, represents the university in its annual UAAP Cheerdance Competition, the population of students continued to rise in succeeding years, reaching to 7,849 in 1928 from the initial 67 when the university was established in 1908. The need became apparent for UP to create buildings and academic units. In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City, construction began on the area on the same year. The development of the area was stalled by World War II
University of the Philippines Diliman
–
A panoramic view of the National Science Complex, with the amphitheater at the center
University of the Philippines Diliman
–
University of the Philippines Diliman
University of the Philippines Diliman
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The Oblation statue being lit up during the campus' Lantern Parade
University of the Philippines Diliman
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Quezon Hall of University of the Philippines
-saint_la_salle_hall;_henry_sy_bldg._(2014).JPG)
.jpg)
