1.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Victoria (Australia)
–
Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
5.
Suburb
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
6.
Prime Minister of Australia
–
The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
7.
Alfred Deakin
–
Alfred Deakin was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later the second Prime Minister of Australia. Deakin was a contributor to the establishment of liberal reforms in the colony of Victoria. He also played a part in establishing irrigation in Australia. Throughout the 1890s Deakin was a participant in conferences of representatives of the Australian colonies that were established to draft a constitution for the proposed federation and he played an important role in ensuring that the draft was liberal and democratic and in achieving compromises to enable its eventual success. Between conferences, he worked to popularise the concept of federation and he then fought hard to ensure acceptance of the proposed constitution by the Government of the United Kingdom. As Prime Minister, Deakin completed a significant legislative program that makes him, with Labors Andrew Fisher, Deakin resigned from Parliament prior to the 1913 election, with Joseph Cook winning the Liberal Party leadership ballot. Alfred was born on 3 August 1856, Deakin worked as a storekeeper, water-carter and general carrier and then became a partner in a coaching business and later manager of Cobb and Co in Victoria. In 1871 he graduated with good passes in history, algebra and Euclid and basic passes in English and he began evening classes in law at the University of Melbourne, while working as a schoolteacher and private tutor. Deakin graduated in 1877 and began practising as a barrister, but had difficulty in obtaining briefs, in May 1878, he met David Syme, the owner of the Melbourne daily The Age, who paid him to contribute reviews, leaders and articles on politics and literature. In 1880, he became editor of The Leader, The Ages weekly, during this period Syme converted him from supporting free trade to protectionism. He became active in the Australian Natives Association and began to practise vegetarianism, the radical Premier, Graham Berry, offered him the position of Attorney-General in August, but Deakin turned him down. In 1882, Deakin married Elizabeth Martha Anne Browne, daughter of a well-known spiritualist and they lived with Deakins parents until 1887, when they moved to Llanarth, in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, Ivy, Stella and Vera by 1891, in 1883 Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and Water Supply, and in 1884 he became Solicitor-General and Minister of Public Works. In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colonys pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions, in December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. Percival Serle described this report as a piece of accurate observation. In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights, in 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for Water Supply and from 1890 Minister for Health and, briefly, Solicitor-General. In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of Essendon and Flemington, in 1890 the government was brought down over its use of the militia to protect non-union labour during the maritime strike. In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his fathers fortune in the property crash of 1893, in 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer Frederick Bailey Deeming and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of David Syme
8.
Burwood, Victoria
–
Burwood is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,14 km east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government areas are the Cities of Monash and Whitehorse, at the 2011 Census, Burwood had a population of 13,162. The first settlement in the area, known as Ballyshanassy, was surveyed in 1858, the settlement changed name to Norwood and subsequently Burwood in 1879. The Post Office opened on 1 May 1853 as Ballyshanassy and was renamed Burwood around June 1879, the name Burwood was the name of a house built by Sir James Palmer, in Hawthorn West, in 1852. The original settlement was centred near Burwood Cemetery and the Police Station, the suburb later spread westwards to the Hartwell railway station, which was renamed as Burwood railway station. By 1904, Burwood had a population of 600 and had a post office, the township at that time was surrounded by farms and market gardens. Albers’ Daffodil Farm is typical of the market gardens and was established in 1934. It operated on the site where Deakin University’s Burwood Campus is now located, the extension of the Toorak Road tramline in 1912 was a catalyst for residential development in the area. Following World War II, development headed east along Burwood Highway to and beyond the neighbourhood of Bennettswood, the Allambie Reception Centre for juvenile wards of the state was located at Burwood. Burwood Boys Home, originally located at 155 Warrigal Road, was founded in 1895 by Robert Campbell Edwards, the facility changed its name to Burwood Childrens Home when girls began to be admitted after 1972. The location is now used for Cameron Close retirement village and this site was sold and relocated to Meadow Heights in 1989. The Princess Elizabeth Kindergarten for the Deaf, the first facility of its kind in Australia, was opened on a site at 90 Elgar Road in 1950 and it was later known as the Princess Elizabeth Junior School for Deaf Children. The Royal Victorian Institute of the Blind purchased 41 acres of land on Burwood Highway in 1951 for a school and this school was closed down in December 2009. The site was used by St. Andrews Christian College from 1998 to 2010. It has now been replaced Greenwood business park and a housing development. The Burwood Skyline, opened in February 1954, was Australias first drive-in theatre, operated by Hoyts, it had a 652 car capacity, later increasing to 743. The drive-in was located near the intersection of Burwood Highway and McComas Grove, in an amphitheatre setting. The screen was located on a point on the other side of the creek from the viewing area
9.
Geelong
–
Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia,75 kilometres south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east. Geelong is the centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality. Geelong was named in 1827, with the derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong. The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne, the post office was open by June 1840. The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average. It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club, today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was originally occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe, the first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lt. John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson. After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads, on 1 February 1802, led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, during this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802, in October of the same year, the HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J. H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 October to 27 October on the shore of Corio Bay
10.
Waurn Ponds, Victoria
–
Waurn Ponds is a mainly residential southern suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The suburb is bounded by Rossack Drive, Princes Highway, the Geelong to Warnambool railway, Reservoir Road, Draytons Road, Pigdons Road, Deakin University and it is home to the main Geelong campus of Deakin University and the regional Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre. The town was named after the Waurn chain of ponds, a watercourse that flows from Mount Moriac over 30 km into the Barwon River, two early hotels - the Victoria Inn and the Waurn Ponds Inn were located on the Princes Highway serving travellers on the road. The Albert and Victoria vineyards, owned by David Pettavel, began growing grapes in 1848, the Pettavel Post Office opened on 12 January 1865 and remained open until 1952. The Waurn Ponds Post Office opened on 1 December 1871 and closed in 1968, a quarry for limestone was opened in the 1840s, with quarrying continuing from 1964 to today at the nearby Blue Circle Southern cement works. Kilns for making mortar lime operated until the 1970s, Waurn Ponds started to become part of the outer suburbs of Geelong from the 1970s, with the opening of the Deakin University campus and the Waurn Ponds Hotel on the highway. Major development did not begin until the early 1990s, based around Ghazeepore Road, the intervening years have seen housing developments spread across the hillside towards Grovedale. It starts around the Mount Moriac region and eventually flows into the Barwon River near Belmont Common, as of 2007, it is low on water and is no more than 1 meter deep in most sections. It has a weed problem which makes the creek look uninhabitable. The creek is home to species of fish including Carp, Redfin, Roach, Tench, Australian Grayling, the creek also is a large habitat of native birds including the pacific black duck. Increase in annual rain will bring the back to its original status. Waurn Ponds has a linear parkland following the creek. The neighbouring suburb of Grovedale has a park and baseball complex. Waurn Ponds is located on the Princes Highway that links the suburb with the centre of Geelong and it is also the southern endpoint of Geelong Ring Road completed 2009. Anglesea Road heads south through the suburb, linking the area to Torquay, pioneer Road links the region west to Grovedale, the road not being completed eastward across the Waurn Ponds Creek until the mid-1990s. Public transport to the area is provided by buses operated by CDC Geelong and McHarrys Buslines, routes to the Geelong city centre originate and terminate at Deakin University. Route 43 - Deakin University to Geelong Railway station and return, via Highton and Newtown - runs every 40 minutes on weekdays and hourly on weekends. The Geelong V/Line rail service, to and from Geelong and Melbourne, was extended to the new Waurn Ponds railway station, situated in Sugargum Drive, in 2014
11.
Warrnambool
–
Warrnambool is a regional centre and former port city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. At June 2015, Warrnambool had an urban population of 33,979. Situated on the Princes Highway, Warrnambool marks the end of the Great Ocean Road. It has been referred to as the Albany of the East, the word Warrnambool originates from the local Indigenous Australian name for a nearby volcanic cone. It is interpreted to mean many things including land between two rivers, two swamps or ample water, the ships provenance has been variously attributed to France, China, Spain and Portugal. There is no evidence to suggest that it ever existed. This exploration was followed by that of the English navigator Matthew Flinders in the Investigator, and the French explorer Nicholas Baudin, the area was frequented by whalers early in the 19th century. The first settlers arrived in the 1840s in the Lady Bay area, the town was surveyed in 1846 and established soon after, the Post Office opening on 1 January 1849. During the Victorian Gold Rush, Warrnambool became an important port and grew quickly in the 1850s and it was gazetted as a municipality in 1855, and became a borough in 1863. Warrnambool was declared a town in 1883, and a city in 1918, Post Offices opened at Warrnambool South in 1937, Warrnambool East in 1946, and Warrnambool North in 1947. Climate Warrnambool has a temperate climate. Summers are slightly cooler than in Melbourne, while winters are slightly warmer, on average, rainfall is greater than in most of Victoria. The original City of Warrnambool was a 4x8 grid, with boundaries of Lava Street, Japan Street, Merri Street, in the nineteenth century, it was intended that Fairy Street – with its proximity to the Warrnambool Railway Station – would be the main street of Warrnambool. However, Liebig Street has since become the street of the central business district. The Warrnambool CBD is particularly notable for its number of roundabouts, during the end of June and the start of July every year, Warrnambool is the home to the childrens festival Fun4Kids. It is held next to the Lighthouse Theatre in the CBD, wunta Fiesta, a festival held in Warrnambool over the first weekend of February annually, is one of south-west Victorias major community festivals. It incorporates a range of entertainment for all ages. The Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum is in Warrnambool built on Flagstaff Hill that also holds the original lighthouses and its most prized item in its collection is the Minton peacock salvaged from the Loch Ard
12.
Dandenong, Victoria
–
Dandenong is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, approximately 30 km south-east from Melbournes central business district. Situated on the Dandenong Creek, it is at the foothill of the Dandenong Ranges and is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Dandenong local government area. At the 2011 Census, central Dandenong had a population of 24,919 and it began as a township in 1852 and at the start of the 20th century was an important regional city with its own suburbs. During the mid-20th century it became a major manufacturing and commercial area. A Business district, the town centre, covers much of its area and is one of the largest in Greater Melbourne. In 2014, Dandenong had an population of 29,000 residents. This suburb features high levels of migrant settlement and cultural diversity, the 2011 Census found that 67% of Dandenong residents were born overseas, slightly higher than for Greater Dandenong and over twice the corresponding metropolitan proportion. Dandenong has a large Turkish and Albanian community, among the 132 birthplaces of its residents were India, accounting for 11%, as well as Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, China and Bosnia. Rates of migrant settlement are correspondingly high, with 12% of Dandenong residents having arrived in Australia within the previous 2.5 years – almost twice the figure for Greater Dandenong, languages other than English are spoken by 71% of residents – compared with 64% for Greater Dandenong. Reflecting this diversity of culture, 14% of its population have limited fluency in the use of spoken English, the same as for the municipality, among the major religious faiths are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. It is currently undergoing major transit oriented urban renewal, which was first planned in the Melbourne 2030 strategy, prior to the European settlement of Australia, the flat to undulating land was densely forested with red gum and was inhabited by the Woiwurrung Indigenous Australian tribe. The name is thought to be derived from the Woiwurrung word Tanjenong meaning lofty mountains possibly referring to the nearby Dandenong ranges. Another popular theory is that the name comes from bad flour, a local tale revolves around local aboriginals obtaining a bag of lime and mistakenly using it to make damper. An old local hotel was the No Good Damper Inn, a third version has the name Dandenong coming from a burning and the past reflecting bushfires on the Dandenongs. Joseph Hawdon established a run on Narra Narrawong in 1837. Soon a few cutters and a police camp were also located there. Dandenong Post Office opened on 1 July 1848, by 1850, the whole area had been taken up for grazing. Dandenong Creek was first bridged in 1840, a road was made from Melbourne, making Dandenong, by the late 1850s, an important staging post for travellers into Gippsland
13.
Werribee, Victoria
–
Werribee is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,32 km south-west of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Wyndham, at the 2011 Census, Werribee had a population of 37,737. Werribee is situated on the Werribee River, approximately halfway between Melbourne and Geelong, on the Princes Highway and it is the administrative centre of the City of Wyndham Local Government Area and is the Citys most populous centre. Werribee is part of the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area and is included in the capitals population statistical division, since the 1990s the suburb has experienced rapid suburban growth into surrounding greenfield land, and becoming a commuter town in the Melbourne-Geelong growth corridor. Due to this urban sprawl Wyndham and its suburbs have merged into the Melbourne conurbation and it was established as an agricultural settlement in the 1850s, originally named Wyndham and was renamed Werribee in 1904. The name Werribee is a name meaning backbone or spine. It is thought that name was given as the shape of the Werribee River valley. Early leasing of pastures was led by members of John Batmans Port Phillip Association, a rural township began in the early 1850s. The name derived from a suggestion by the owner of a village inn, Elliott Armstrong. The Post Office opened on 12 January 1858 as Wyndham and was renamed Werribee in 1904. However, its adjacent river was called the Werribee River, and the name was later changed to Werribee in 1884. Werribee at this time was popular for development. Thomas Chirnside, a person famous in this area today, was attracted to the open plains suitability for agricultural uses. By 1863 he controlled more than 280 square kilometres around Werribee, Chirnside bought other smaller holdings of land at this time. The town grew steadily, helped by a line from Melbourne to Geelong. The Shire was huge, extending from the suburbs of Melbourne to Little River to the northward town of Melton. Thomas Chirnside committed suicide in 1887 and he was found dead in the laundry at Werribee Park with a shotgun lying beside him. His brother Andrew died three years later, and the property was now divided between Andrews two sons, a new mansion was built, called The Manor
14.
Gordon Institute of TAFE
–
The Gordon Institute of TAFE is the TAFE institute servicing Geelong since 1888. It has 26,000 students studying on-campus, off-campus and in business or industry, the Gordon has campuses in Geelong, Warrnambool, Victoria, Colac, Victoria, East Geelong, Victoria, Waurn Ponds, Victoria and Werribee, Victoria. It was named after General Charles George Gordon after his death at the Siege of Khartoum, the Gordon Institute of TAFE was opened in 1888 as the Gordon Memorial Technical College. The college had its beginnings in 1885, when 500 people met at the Geelong Town Hall to decide upon a memorial to General Charles George Gordon, william Humble and George link decided that a school of art be erected in his honour. The foundation stone was laid in July 1887 for the first building, the land selected for the school was originally part of Johnstone Park, Geelong. January 16,1888 saw the first term at the Gordon Memorial Technical College commence, there were 63 students enrolled, in subjects ranging from mechanical drawing, to architecture, and languages. In 1890 the two storey trade engineering and chemistry buildings opened on Fenwick Street, April 1891 saw the three storey administration building open next door. Behind this building a capsule was laid. Opened in 1987, the capsule contained copies of Geelong and Melbourne newspapers of the time, the northern Fenwick Street building was added in 1916, and the Hitchcock art studio in 1910. In November 1921 the college changed its name to the Gordon Institute of Technology and it was also at this time that the Lascelles chemistry laboratory opened on Gordon Avenue, followed by the Bostock lecture hall next door in 1928. 1927 saw the first buildings at the Moorabool Street campus built, the 1960s saw the first of the modern multi storey buildings built on the site. In 1969 the Gordon expanded yet again, with land being purchased at Waurn Ponds, a building for the Applied Sciences was first built, followed by a library and student lodgings in 1975. On 1 April 1976, Deakin University was established by merging the Gordon Institute of Technologys higher education courses, the Moorabool St campus and the vocational courses now became Gordon Technical College. At this time this campus was expanded, and the East Geelong campus opened, Geelong - The First 150 Years. ISBN 0-9592863-5-7 The Gordon Institute of TAFE Gordon Historic Photo Archive on Flickr
15.
Monash University
–
Monash University is an Australian public research university based in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1958, it is the second oldest university in the State of Victoria, Monash is one of two Australian universities to be ranked in the École des Mines de Paris ranking on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies. Monash is in the top 20% in teaching, top 10% in international outlook, top 20% in industry income, Monash enrolls over 48,000 undergraduate and almost 21,000 graduate students, It also has more applicants than any university in the state of Victoria. In 2014, its revenue was over $2.2 billion. The university has a number of campuses, five of which are in Victoria, Monash also has a research and teaching centre in Prato, Italy, a graduate research school in Mumbai, India and a graduate school in Jiangsu Province, China. Since December 2011, Monash has had an alliance with the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. Monash University courses are delivered at other locations, including South Africa. The Clayton campus contains the Robert Blackwood Hall, named after the universitys founding Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, in 2014, the University ceded its Gippsland campus to Federation University. On 15 July 2016, Monash confirmed that Federation University Australia would take over the operations of the Berwick campus prior to the end of 2018, the university was named after the prominent Australian general Sir John Monash. This was the first university in Australia to be named after a person, rather than a city, the original campus was in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Clayton. The first University Council, led by Monashs first Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, selected Sir Louis Matheson, to be the first Vice-Chancellor of Monash University, the University was granted an expansive site of 100 hectares of open land in Clayton. The 100 hectares of land consists of the former Talbot Epileptic Colony, in its early years, it offered undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in engineering, medicine, science, arts, economics, politics, education, and law. It was a provider for international student places under the Colombo Plan. In its early years of teaching, research and administration, Monash was not disadvantaged by entrenched traditional practices, Monash was able to adopt modern approaches without resistance from those who preferred the status quo. A modern administrative structure was set up, Australias first research centres, from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, Monash became the centre of student radicalism in Australia. It was the site of mass student demonstrations, particularly concerning Australias role in Vietnam War. By the late 1960s, several student organisations, some of which were influenced by or supporters of communism, turned their focus to Vietnam, with numerous blockades, in the late 1970s and 1980s, some of Monashs most publicised research came through its pioneering of in-vitro fertilisation. Led by Professors Carl Wood and Alan Trounson, the Monash IVF Program achieved the worlds first clinical IVF pregnancy in 1973, in 1980, they delivered the first IVF baby in Australia
16.
Malvern, Victoria
–
Malvern is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Australia,8 km south-east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Stonnington, at the 2011 Census, Malvern had a population of 9,504. The area of Malvern was first settled in 1835, john Gardiner was one of its first settlers. A small hamlet known as Gardiners Creek was settled, but it diminished with the gold rush, the nearby creek was also named Gardiners Creek. Gardiners Creek Road ran from South Yarra, east to the junction of Gardiners Creek and onto the Gardiner Homestead, in the 1860s the Gardiners Creek Roads Board was the forerunner of the Gardiners Creek Shire that then became Malvern Council. Malvern Post Office opened on 1 January 1860 on Glenferrie Road, in 1892 this was renamed Malvern North, when a new Malvern office on Glenferrie Road, near Wattletree Road, replaced the Malvern Railway Station office. The then shire hall was built in 1886, on the corner of Glenferrie Road and High Street, prahran and Malvern Tramways Trust ran their first car out of Malvern depot on 30 May 1910. Malvern is the home of Malvern Star, once Australias largest and most well-known bicycle manufacturer. Its main shopping attractions are Malvern Central, home to department store David Jones and Glenferrie Road, housing a wide variety of restaurants, shops. There are several beautiful Victorian parks and gardens in Malvern, including Malvern Gardens, the Stonnington City Centre, in Second Empire style, is now the corporate headquarters for the City of Stonnington. Significant heritage buildings listed on the Victorian Heritage Register include Stonington mansion, Malvern tram depot, the former ES&A Bank, other significant buildings include St Josephs Parish Church and De La Salle College tower building. There is also an Anglican Parish Church dedicated to St George, the Malvern tram depot, located on Glenferrie Road, provides trams for the various routes which service Malvern. Malvern Station is a station, on the Frankston, Pakenham. In addition, Tooronga Station also services the northern section of the suburb, andrew Bolt – Political commentator Andrea Bresciani – Italian-born cartoonist and animator lived in Malvern in his later years and died there in 2006. Katya Crema – Double Winter Olympian competing in Skier Cross, john Mark Davies – President of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1910–1919 and original owner of Malvern House. Jason Donovan – Was born in Malvern, robert Doyle – The 103rd Lord Mayor of Melbourne, the former Member for Malvern and former Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. Jack Dyer – Captain of Richmond Football Club, attended De La Salle College Colin Egar – Australian Test cricket match umpire, was born in Malvern in 1928. Tom Hafey – Australian rules Football Champion player and coach, Tommy T-shirt Hafey attended Lloyd Street Central School in East Malvern
17.
Stonington mansion
–
Stonington is a private residence and former Australian Government House located in the Melbourne suburb of Malvern, at 336 Glenferrie Road. The house was built for John Wagner, a partner in Cobb, Stonington gave its name to the City of Stonnington, a Melbourne municipality. John Wagner, a partner in Cobb and Co coaches, built the house in 1890, the house was designed in the Italianate Victorian style by architect Charles DEbro. The house was named for the birthplace of Wagners wife, Mary, in Stonington, Connecticut, Wagner and his family lived in the house until his death in 1901. The house was maintained as Victorias Government House until 1931, in 1925 Christopher Rous, the nine-year-old son of the then Governor the Earl of Stradbroke, died of leukaemia in the house and was buried in the grounds. His ghost is reputed to haunt the house. In 1931 the state of Victoria leased the mansion to St Margarets School, in 1962 the college moved all classes out of the mansion and started using it only for administration and plans were made to build a new wing, which was completed in 1968. In 1973 the college was part of the State Colleges of Victoria system. In 1991, as part of the Dawkins education reforms that were announced in 1988 by the Commonwealth government, by 2006 Deakin University put the mansion and campus up for sale. This was met with protest from residents, who believed the property should be retained by a government body so it could remain a public space. In December 2006, the property was sold for $33 million to a joint venture between Hamton Property Group and Industry Superannuation Property Trust. Kroger stated that Stonington was the most sought-after residence on that list, in August 2007 the 1. 3-hectare site, comprising the mansion, gatehouse and 3 acres, were conditionally sold to art dealer Rodney Menzies for about $18 million, as a private residence. In June 2008 the remaining 1, in March 2009 the mansions former stables, and until September 2007 Deakin Universitys Stonington Stables Museum of Art, were sold separately by Ashington for about $4 million. Archived from the original on March 22,2012
18.
Curtin University
–
Curtin University is an Australian public research university based in Bentley, Perth, Western Australia. Curtin was conferred university status after legislation was passed by the Parliament of Western Australia in 1986, since then, the university has been expanding its presence and has campuses in Singapore and Sarawak. It has ties with 90 exchange universities in 20 countries, the University comprises five main faculties with over 95 specialists centres. The University formerly had a Sydney campus between 2005 &2016, on 17 September 2015, Curtin University Council made a decision to close its Sydney campus by early 2017. It is the only Western Australian university to produce a PhD recipient of the AINSE gold medal, Curtin has become active in research and partnerships overseas, particularly in mainland China. Western Australia has become an important exporter of minerals, petroleum, the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited the Woodside-funded hydrocarbon research facility during his visit to Australia in 2005. Curtin University was founded in 1966 as the Western Australian Institute of Technology and its nucleus comprised the tertiary programs of the Perth Technical College, which opened in 1900. Curtin Universitys current site in Bentley was selected in 1962, the first students enrolled the following year. In 1969, three institutions were merged with WAIT, the Western Australian School of Mines, the Muresk Agricultural College. Between 1966 and 1976 WAIT experienced an expansion from 2,000 to 10,000 students, in December 1986 the Western Australian Institute of Technology was made a university, under provisions of the WA Institute of Technology Amendment Act 1986. Curtin University took its name from the former Prime Minister of Australia, Curtin accepted its first students as a university 1987. In 2005, Curtin and Murdoch University were engaged in a feasibility study into the possibility of a merger, however, on 7 November 2005, both institutions issued a press release that such a merger would not be undertaken. In 2009, Curtin became the first university in the Australian Technology Network to be listed on the Academic Ranking of World Universities of research universities, in 2010, Curtin dropped the of Technology suffix, from then operating as Curtin University. The legal name remains Curtin University of Technology until the Act under which it operates is amended by the Western Australian government, Curtin has three smaller off-site campuses within the Perth metropolitan area. The universitys Health Research Campus is located in Shenton Park and accommodates the National Drug Research Institute, the ARRC is located in the Technology Park Belmont, adjacent to the main Bentley campus. Some University staff, researchers and students on practicum work in locations such as the Oral Health Centre of WA in Nedlands and at Royal Perth Hospital. Curtin has campuses outside Perth, the largest being the Western Australian School of Mines at Kalgoorlie, nursing is the only course offered in Geraldton. The Muresk Institute at Northam left Curtin in 2012, the campus in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia, is a significant development for the university and is Curtins largest international campus
19.
Western Australia
–
Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
20.
Melbourne tram route 75
–
Melbourne tram route 75 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network. It operates from Central Pier Docklands to Vermont South, unlike most Melbourne tram routes, route 75 operates in both Myki zones 1 and 2. The 22.8 kilometre route is operated by A and B class trams from Camberwell depot, on 27 January 1889 a horse tram from Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road, travelling Burwood Road, Power Street and Riversdale Road was opened. The Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board converted the Bourke Street to Hawthorn Bridge cable line to electric traction in three stages, closing the line on 29 June 1927. The lines City terminus was extended north to terminate at La Trobe Street. During the 1999 election campaign, the State Opposition committed to extend route 75 to Knox City Shopping Centre, however the line was only extended to Vermont South with a connecting bus operated by Ventura Bus Lines. The Public Transport Users Association has campaigned for the line to be extended to its originally proposed terminus, on 26 January 2014, the tram was permanently changed to the Docklands precinct, terminating at Central Pier Docklands and no longer serving Spencer Street. In January 2016, route 75 began operating through the night on Fridays and Saturdays as part of the Night Network, at Camberwell Junction it crosses Burke Road and travels south east along Camberwell Road. It enters Toorak Road and heads east, at Warrigal Road Toorak Road becomes the Burwood Highway, it continues east, past Deakin University and through Burwood East, to its terminus in Vermont South. Route 75 is run from Camberwell depot and is run with B class trams. There has been controversy in the newspaper, as even though the platforms are wheelchair accessible. The upgrade has been criticised as a waste of money, because wheelchair-bound passengers, media related to Melbourne tram route 75 at Wikimedia Commons Route 75 map Route 75 timetable
21.
Mount Scopus Memorial College
–
Mount Scopus Memorial College is a Jewish day school in the Melbourne suburb of Burwood. Mount Scopus was the first co-educational Jewish day school in Melbourne and it was established to meet the educational needs of the influx of Holocaust survivors to the Melbourne community. In 1953, the moved to a larger campus in Burwood. There are also campuses in St Kilda East and Caulfield South, until 1996 there was a branch in Kew. Scopus is known for outstanding VCE results throughout Victoria and it is routinely listed as one of the top schools in the state and indeed was the highest performing school in Victoria in 2009 and 2014. The principal of Mount Scopus Memorial College is Rabbi James Kennard, previous principals have included Abraham Feiglin, Max Wahlhaus, Aleksander Ranoschy, Dr. Steven Lorch and Rabbi William Altshul. Mount Scopus was the first of the Melbourne Jewish Day Schools to take part in the Sherut Leumi program, every year, four Israeli women are sent to Mount Scopus as part of their Israeli National Service. They are a component of Scopus informal Jewish Studies team. Mount Scopus offers an Ulpan program in which tenth graders travel to Israel for 6–13 weeks, in 2007 and 2010, more than half of the schools tenth graders took part in this program. Mount Scopus Memorial College is an IB school, drama and Dance electives are available to students years 9-12. Theatre Studies is taught in VCE with excellent results, music is taught from primary through to VCE, with an instrumental program available to students years 2-12. List of schools in Victoria List of high schools in Victoria Victorian Certificate of Education Mount Scopus Memorial College website
22.
Geelong Waterfront
–
The Geelong Waterfront is a tourist and recreation area on the north facing shores of Corio Bay in Geelong, Australia. The area was part of the Port of Geelong, falling into disuse before being redeveloped during the 1990s. The Baywalk Bollards were created by local artist Jan Mitchell in the mid-1990s, with the timber painted sculptures reflecting local history, over 100 in number, they are installed right around the waterfront between Rippleside and Limeburners Point. Deakin Universitys Waterfront Campus and Costa Hall are located on the side of the precinct. The campus accommodates around 1500 on-campus students studying programs in Architecture, Construction Management, Nursing, Yarra Street Pier is located at the end of Yarra Street and features a number of restaurants, as well as being the departure point for helicopter joyflights. The majority of the pier was destroyed by fire in 1988, cunningham Pier offers The Pier a social venue. Steampacket Quay is located at the end of Moorabool Street and provided as sheltered location for ferries, seaplanes and other watercraft. The Carousel Pavilion houses a c.1892 Armitage-Herschell steam-driven carousel, c.1888 steam engine, the Sheraton Four Points is a 4½ star hotel with water views developed in the early 2000s. The Royal Geelong Yacht Club was established in 1859, and is located on the shores of the bay, the adjacent Bay City Marina was constructed in the 1980s. Eastern Beach is a swimming and recreation area in the centre of Geelong
23.
Corio Bay
–
The Corio Bay is one of numerous bays in the southwest corner of Australias Port Phillip, and is the bay on which abuts the City of Geelong. The nearby suburb of Corio takes its name from Corio Bay, the names Corayo and Jillong had since been Anglicised to Corio and Geelong. The Port of Geelong is located on the shores of Corio Bay, before the initial settlement of Geelong, a sandbar across the bay from Point Lillias to Point Henry prevented ships from entering the inner harbour. Ships were required to anchor in the bay, and cargo was brought into Geelong on small barges. At times it was possible to walk across the bay on the sandbar at low tide, the first channel through the sandbar was started in 1853, providing less than 4 metres draught for ships. This channel was straightened out and dredged at a depth of 6 metres in the 1860s, in 1881 a new channel started that took 12 years to complete. It was named the Hopetoun Channel after Lord Hopetoun who opened it on December 20,1893, management of the channels and port was the responsibility of the Geelong Harbour Trust that was formed in December 1905. In 1981, the Port of Geelong Authority took over from the trust, the authority was privatised by the State Government in mid 1996, being sold to TNT Logistics for $49.6 million. It was later re-branded as GeelongPort, the shores of Corio Bay have been a popular playground for Geelong residents. Since the 1930s Eastern Beach has been a swimming location. Boating is also popular, with a number of boat ramps. The bay is also the home of the Royal Geelong Yacht Club that was established in 1859, sometimes, whales and dolphins can be seen in the bay. Eastern Beach Waterfront Geelong Limeburners Bay Timeline of Geelong history Freedom bay cruise, Corio bay
24.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
25.
Geelong Football Club
–
The Geelong Football Club, nicknamed the Cats, is a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong, Australia and playing in the Australian Football League. The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times, with three in the AFL era and they have also won nine McClelland Trophies, a record shared with Essendon. The club was formed in 1859, making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world. Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a club of both the Victorian Football Association in 1877 and the Victorian Football League in 1897. The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships, the club won a further six premierships by 1963, before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership—an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final. Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011, the clubs home ground is Kardinia Park, currently also known by its sponsorship name Simonds Stadium. However, the club also hosts matches at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Geelongs traditional guernsey colours are blue and white hoops. The clubs nickname, The Cats, was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck, the clubs official team song and anthem is We Are Geelong. Geelong Football Club was formally established at a meeting held in the Victoria Hotel on 18 July 1859, the club contested its first match of Australian rules football against Melbourne at Argyle Square in 1860, which finished as a scoreless draw. In 1863, Geelong travelled to Melbourne to contest the Caledonian Challenge Cup, although the competition was played under compromised rules, Geelong reached the final and defeated Melbourne to become the second winners of the cup. The club continued to contest the cup in the following years, during this time, Tom Wills—one of the founders of Australian football—played exclusively for the club from 1865 until his retirement from football in 1874. Following the formation of the Victorian Football Association in 1877, Geelong joined the association as one of its foundation clubs. The club relocated to Corio Oval as its home ground in time for the 1878 season. In 1924, following the death of VFL and Geelong administrator Charles Brownlow, the first player to win the award was Geelongs Edward Greeves. Having been one of the dominant clubs in the old VFA and it wasnt until 1925 that the club won its first VFL premiership. Geelong followed up with further wins in 1931 and 1937. In 1941, the club was forced to relocate from its Corio Oval base due to the oval being required for training during World War 2
26.
Great Ocean Road
–
The Great Ocean Road is an Australian National Heritage listed 243 kilometres stretch of road along the south-eastern coast of Australia between the Victorian cities of Torquay and Allansford. Built by returned soldiers between 1919 and 1932 and dedicated to soldiers killed during World War I, the road is the worlds largest war memorial. The Great Ocean Road starts at Torquay and travels 244 kilometres westward to finish at Allansford near Warrnambool, the road is two lane, and is covered by a speed limit changing between 50 kilometres per hour and 100 kilometres per hour. The road traverses rainforests, as well as beaches and cliffs composed of limestone and sandstone, at the stretch of the Great Ocean Road nearer to Geelong, the road meanders along the coast, with tall, almost-vertical cliffs on the other side of it. Road signs put up along the road warn motorists of possible rockfalls, the city of Geelong, close to Torquay, experiences great benefit from Australian and international visitors to the road, with Geelong Otway Tourism affirming it as an invaluable asset. However, according to a survey performed by the Surf Coast Shire, a 45 kilometre section of the Great Ocean Road, between Lorne and Apollo Bay, is the location of the annual Great Ocean Road Marathon. First run in 2005, the current marathon record of two hours,27 minutes and 42 seconds was set in 2011 by James Kipkelwon of Kenya who also won the event in 2012. By the time of World War I, the rugged south-west coast of Victoria was accessible only by sea or rough bush track. Besides being dedicated as a memorial, it was envisaged that the road would connect isolated settlements on the coast. In 1918, the Great Ocean Road Trust was formed as a private company, the company managed to secure £81,000 in capital from private subscription and borrowing, with Hitchcock himself contributing £3000. Money would be repaid by charging drivers a toll until the debt was cleared, construction on the road began on 19 September 1919, built by approximately 3,000 returned servicemen as a war memorial for fellow servicemen who had been killed in World War I. An advance survey team progressed through dense wilderness at approximately 3 kilometres a month, anecdotal evidence from ABC archives in 1982 suggested workers would rest detonators on their knees during travel, as it was the softest ride for them. The soldiers were paid 10 shillings and sixpence for eight hours per day and they used tents for accommodation throughout, and made use of a communal dining marquee and kitchen, food costing up to 10 shillings a week. Despite the difficulty involved in constructing the road, the workers had access to a piano, gramophone, games, newspapers and magazines at the camps. Additionally, in 1924, the steamboat Casino became stranded near Cape Patton after hitting a reef, the workers obtained the cargo, resulting in an unscheduled two-week-long drinking break. On 18 March 1922 the section from Eastern View to Lorne was officially opened with celebrations, however it was then closed from 10 May 1922 for further work, opening again on 21 December along with tolls to recoup construction costs. The charge, payable at Eastern View, was two shillings for motor cars, and 10 shillings for wagons with more than two horses, in November 1932, the section from Lorne to Apollo Bay was finished, bringing the road to completion. At the time, newspaper The Age commented – In the face of almost insurmountable odds, a memorial was constructed in Hitchcocks name on the road at Mount Defiance, near Lorne, and he is still affectionately considered the Father of the Road
27.
The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)
–
The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of the Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia. Their proximity to one another has made the site a popular tourist attraction, currently there are eight Apostles left, the ninth having collapsed dramatically in July 2005. The name remains significant and spectacular especially in the Australian tourism industry, now because of this erosion there are fewer than ten remaining. The site was known as the Sow and Pigs, the Pinnacles or the Twelve Apostles, the formation eventually became known as the Twelve Apostles, despite only ever having nine stacks. The stacks are susceptible to erosion from the waves. On 3 July 2005, a 50-metre-tall stack collapsed, leaving eight remaining, on 25 September 2009, it was thought that another of the stacks had fallen, but this was actually one of the smaller stacks of the Three Sisters formation. The rate of erosion at the base of the pillars is approximately 2 cm per year. Due to wave action eroding the cliff face existing headlands are expected to become new limestone stacks in the future, Australian landmarks Gibson Steps London Arch Loch Ard Gorge Official website
28.
Princes Highway
–
The Princes Highway is a major road in Australia, extending from Sydney to Port Augusta via the coast through the states of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The highway follows the coastline for most of its length, and thus quite an indirect. Because of the nature and lower traffic volumes over much of its length. Sections of the Princes Highway have different route allocations, the gazetted route of the Princes Highway differs from the route of State Route 60. The gazetted route was designated State Route 60 for its length, the section of the Princes Highway between West Helensburgh and Bulli Tops the original coastal route between Sydney and Wollongong, first used in 1843. From Bulli Tops this route continued south along todays Mount Ousley Road as far south as Mount Keira Road and this route replaced the inland route from Sydney via Liverpool, Campbelltown, Appin to Bulli Tops. The Princes Highway as a named route came into being when pre-existing roads were renamed ‘Princes Highway’ after the visit to Australia in 1920 of the Prince of Wales. The original submissions in January 1920 were in order for the Prince to have the opportunity during his visit to make the trip from Melbourne to Sydney overland along the route, different routes were considered, including the inland route via Yass. This idea never came to fruition, due partly to the amount of time. The Prince did, however, give his permission for the naming, the highway had opening ceremonies in both New South Wales and Victoria during 1920. The first section of road from Melbourne was opened on 10 August in Warragul, the road from Sydney was opened on 19 October in Bulli, by the NSW Minister for Local Government, Thomas Mutch. The approval was given by the Victorian executive to extend the highway west from Melbourne through Geelong, Camperdown, Warrnambool, the roads were renamed by the South Australian government from Adelaide east to the South Australian border in February 1922. By 1928, the route went through Mount Barker and Wistow to Lanhorne Creek, by 1935, the Princes Highway passed through Nairne and Kanmantoo, Murray Bridge and Tailem Bend. This road was superseded by the South Eastern Freeway, Swanport Bridge, in 1942, as part of wartime defence measures, a road was built from Mount Keira Road to Fairy Meadow. This route forms part of Mount Ousley Road, city Road in fact forms the first section of the highway, and becomes King Street, Newtown, also part of the Princes Highway. Where King Street ends at Sydney Park Road, the Princes Highway continues in its own right, the only major engineering structures along its route are the twin Tom Uglys Bridge across Georges River. The northbound bridge is of steel construction, opened in 1929, whilst the southbound bridge is of prestressed concrete girders. It runs through Sydneys southern suburbs, via Kogarah, Sutherland, South of Waterfall the highway is paralleled by the 55-kilometre Princes Motorway to the top of Bulli Pass outside the city of Wollongong, which carries the majority of traffic
