1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
3.
Sound City Studios
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Sound City Studios was a recording studio incorporated in 1969, located in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California, USA. The facility had previously been a factory of the British musical instrument manufacturer. Sound City contributed its signature sound to more than a hundred certified gold. The studio was held from 1970, until it closed its commercial studio services in May 2011. It is now reserved for the use of its tenants. Dave Grohl, former Nirvana drummer and current frontman of Foo Fighters, purchased the Neve Electronics 8028 Console from Studio A, in 2013, a documentary on the studio was made by Grohl simply titled Sound City. The studio was run by Joe Gottfried and Tom Skeeter, two guys who wanted to start a company and got into artist management. During 1969, Sound City hosted the David Briggs productions Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus by Spirit, on a more infamous note, cult leader Charles Manson made some recordings in Studio B, just a few months before the Manson family crime spree in the Summer of 1969. In the 1970s, Neil Young, Dr. John, Spirit, Crazy Horse, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, along with other bands recorded music at the studio. Shelter Records founders Leon Russell and Denny Cordell found an L. A. home at Sound City as well, recording Leon Russell, Delaney & Bonnie, and Joe Cocker. In 1976, Fleetwood Mac recorded one track at the studio, Never Going Back Again, from what would one of the highest selling and most critically acclaimed albums of all time. During the 1980s and 1990s, the studio was used to produce works from Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Rick Springfield, Ronnie James Dio, Foreigner, The Black Crowes, and Nirvana. Record producer Rick Rubin chose Sound City Recording Studios to record artists like Red Hot Chili Peppers and he most recently recorded Metallicas Death Magnetic, which entered the Billboard Top 200 chart at number 1, at the studio. Joe Gottfried died in 1992, at the age of 65, Tom Skeeter died on 12 September 2014, at the age of 82. Sound City Studios prided themselves on having a particular sound when it came to recording drums. Studio drummer and Toto member, Jeff Porcaro, insisted that you only had to set up the drums in order to get a drum sound. Guitars sound pretty much the same everywhere, says famed producer Rick Rubin, but drums change from room to room, based upon this sample, the band chose Sound City Studios to record Death Magnetic. In addition, when asked by Nine Inch Nails to be a guest drummer on some songs, Dave Grohl agreed only if the songs were to be recorded at Sound City Studios
4.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
5.
Malibu, California
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Malibu is a beach city in Los Angeles County, California, situated 30 miles west of Downtown Los Angeles. Known for its Mediterranean climate, a 21-mile strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu, the area is known for being the home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 12,645, signs around the city proclaim 27 miles of scenic beauty, referring to the historical 27-mile Malibu coast spanning from Tuna Canyon west to Point Mugu in Ventura County. Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway, for many residents of the unincorporated canyon areas, Malibu has the closest commercial centers and are included in the Malibu zip codes. The city is bounded by Topanga to the east, the Santa Monica Mountains to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south. Nicknamed the Bu by surfers and locals, beaches along the Malibu coast include Surfrider Beach, Zuma Beach, Malibu Beach, Topanga Beach, Point Dume Beach, County Line and they named it Humaliwo or the surf sounds loudly. The citys name derives from this, as the Hu syllable is not stressed, explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to have moored at Malibu Lagoon, at the mouth of Malibu Creek, to obtain fresh water in 1542. The Spanish presence returned with the California mission system, and the area was part of Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit—a 13 and that ranch passed intact to Frederick Hastings Rindge in 1891. Few roads even entered the area before 1929, when the state won another court case, by then May Rindge was forced to subdivide her property and begin selling and leasing lots. In 1926, in an effort to selling land to stave off insolvency. At its height, Malibu Potteries employed over 100 workers, and produced decorative tiles which furnish many Los Angeles-area public buildings, the factory, located one-half mile east of the pier, was ravaged by a fire in 1931. Although the factory reopened in 1932, it could not recover from the effects of the Great Depression. A distinct hybrid of Moorish and Arts and crafts designs, Malibu tile is considered highly collectible. Fine examples of the tiles may be seen at the Adamson House and Serra Retreat, the unfinished building was sold to the Franciscan Order in 1942 and is operated as a retreat facility, Serra Retreat. It burned in the 1970 fire and was using many of the original tiles. Most of the Big Rock Drive area was purchased in 1936 by William Randolph Hearst and he sold the lower half of his holdings there in 1944 to Art Jones. Jones was one of the prominent early realtors in Malibu, starting with the leases of Rindge land in Malibu Colony. He was also the owner/part-owner of the Malibu Inn, Malibu Trading Post, mcAnany Way is named after him
6.
San Rafael, California
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San Rafael is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, as of the 2010 census the citys population is 57,713. What is now San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Awani-wi, near downtown San Rafael, Ewu, near Terra Linda,14,1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was located a donkeys day walk to the mission below it, the mission and the city are named after the Archangel Raphael, the Angel of Healing. The mission was planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores. Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility, in part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828, the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The current mission was built in 1949 in the style of the original, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.4 square miles. 16.5 square miles of it is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water, south of the county is San Francisco. Peacock Gap Golf Course which is open to the public, there are several public parks in the city. The San Rafael shoreline has been filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development. At certain locations such as Murphys Point, the sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud, San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, there are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate, with winter lows seldom reaching the freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80. 1°, December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55. 1° and an average low of 41. 0°. The highest temperature on record is 110°, recorded in June 1961, the highest temperature in recent years, 108°, occurred on July 23,2006. The record lowest temperature was 20° on December 22,1990, there are an average of 17.9 days annually with a high of 90° or more and 1.2 days with a high of 100° or more
7.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
8.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
9.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
10.
Vertigo Records
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Vertigo Records is a record company which originated in the UK. It was a subsidiary of the Philips/Phonogram record label, launched in 1969 to specialise in progressive rock, today it is operated by Universal Music UK. Vertigo was the brainchild of Olav Wyper when he was Creative Director at Phonogram and it was launched as a competitor to labels such as Harvest and Deram. It was the home to such as Colosseum, Jade Warrior, Affinity, Ben. The first Vertigo releases came with a black and white spiral label. Vertigo later became the European home to hard rock bands signed to Mercury in North America, such as Bon Jovi, Rush. Vertigo is a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group in the United States and operates as Virgin EMI Records in the UK and it distributes Cooking Vinyl, Metallica, Razorlight, Rush and Dire Straits. More recent signings include The Rapture, The Killers, One Night Only, Amy Macdonald, Noisettes and Thee Unstrung 2004-2005, black Sabbath have returned to the label in 2013 although former sister label Sanctuary Records Group had acquired international rights to their back catalogue in the interim. Official website Worldwide Vertigo Swirl Guide
11.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
12.
Rick Rubin
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Frederick Jay Rick Rubin is a Jewish-American record producer and former co-president of Columbia Records. Along with Russell Simmons, Rubin is the co-founder of Def Jam Records, with the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, Public Enemy, and Run–D. M. C. Rubin helped popularize hip hop music, in 2007, MTV called him the most important producer of the last 20 years, and the same year Rubin appeared on Times 100 Most Influential People in the World. Frederick Jay Rubin was born in Long Beach, New York and grew up in Lido Beach and his father, Michael was a shoe wholesaler and his mother, Linda, a housewife. While a student at Long Beach High School he befriended the schools audiovisual department director Steve Freeman who gave him a few lessons in playing and songwriting. Their biggest claim to fame was being thrown off the stage at CBGB after two songs for brawling with the heckling audience and these hecklers were friends of the band instructed to instigate a confrontation so as to get the show shut down and create a buzz. Somewhat anecdotally, this story was confirmed in an interview with music journalist Zane Lowe. Although he had no authority in New York City, Rubins father traveled from Nassau County, New York, during his senior year, Rubin founded Def Jam Records using the schools four-track recorder. He moved on to form Hose, influenced by San Franciscos Flipper, in 1982, a Hose track became Def Jams first release, a 45 rpm 7 vinyl single in a brown paper bag, and no label. The band broke up in 1984 as Rubins passion moved towards the NYC hip hop scene, having befriended Zulu Nations DJ Jazzy Jay, Rubin began to learn about hip hop production. By 1983, the two men produced Its Yours for rapper T La Rock, and released it on their independent label, Producer Arthur Baker helped to distribute the record worldwide on Bakers Streetwise Records in 1984. Jazzy Jay introduced Rubin to concert promoter/artist manager Russell Simmons in a club, Simmons and Rubin edged out Jazzy Jay and the official Def Jam record label was founded while Rubin was attending New York University in 1984. Their first record released was LL Cool Js I Need a Beat, Rubin went on to find more hip-hop acts outside The Bronx, Brooklyn and Harlem including rappers from Queens, Staten Island and Long Island, which eventually led to Def Jams signing of Public Enemy. Rubin was instrumental in pointing the members of the Beastie Boys away from their roots and into rap. 1985s Rock Hard/Partys Gettin Rough/Beastie Groove EP by the Beastie Boys came out on the success of Rubins production work with breakthrough act Run–D. M. C, which previous recordings were produced by Russell Simmons and Orange Krushs musician Larry Smith. His productions were characterized by occasionally fusing rap with heavy rock, Rubin tapped Adam Dubin and Ric Menello to co-direct the music videos for the Beastie Boys Fight for Your Right and No Sleep till Brooklyn, effectively launching the bands mainstream hip hop careers. It was the idea of Rick Rubins friend Sue Cummings, an editor at Spin magazine, to have Run–D. M. C. and this 1986 production is often credited with both introducing rap hard rock to mainstream ears and revitalizing Aerosmith. In 1986, he worked with Aerosmith again on demos for their forthcoming album, in the same year, Rubin began his long musical partnership with Slayer, producing Reign in Blood, considered a classic of the heavy metal genre
13.
St. Anger
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St. Anger is the eighth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on June 5,2003, by Elektra Records. It is also the collaboration between Metallica and producer Bob Rock, whose relationship began with the bands fifth studio album. St. Anger was originally intended for release on June 10,2003, the St. Anger sessions also mark the only time Rock played when the music was being recorded, filling in for the departed bassist Jason Newsted. Newsted left the prior to the initial sessions for the album. Recording of the album started initially on April 23,2001, St. Anger is often recognized for being a radical musical departure from Metallicas earlier work, it features a modern heavy metal style, raw production, and no guitar solos. The artwork was created by Pushead, who had collaborated with the band. Metallica spent the next couple of years touring to promote the album, St. Anger debuted at the top of sales charts in 14 countries, including the US Billboard 200. Upon its release, it received mixed reviews, in 2004, the albums lead single, St. Anger, won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping two million copies in the US. St. Anger has sold six million copies worldwide. Metallica rented an old United States Army barracks on the Presidio of San Francisco, as plans were being made to enter the studio to write and record its first album in nearly five years, the band postponed the recording because of the departure of bassist Jason Newsted. He left Metallica on January 17,2001, stating his departure was due to private and personal reasons, uncomfortable with immediately writing and recording with a new bassist, Metallica opted to include Bob Rock as bassist. The band stated they would find another player upon the albums completion. In July 2001, recording came to a halt when James Hetfield entered rehab for alcoholism, Hetfield returned to the band in April of the next year, but was only allowed to work on the album from 12,00 to 4,00 PM. Due to his issues, as well as Metallicas internal struggles. This, and the recording of the album, was documented by filmmakers Joe Berlinger, the bands recording process was filmed over the course of three years. Subsequent to the release, Berlinger and Sinofsky released the edited material as the film Some Kind of Monster. From May 2002 until April 2003, the album was recorded at a new studio in San Rafael, California, Hetfield stated that the album was written with a lot of passion
14.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
15.
The Day That Never Comes
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The Day That Never Comes is a song by heavy metal band Metallica, and the lead single from their ninth studio album, Death Magnetic. The song was released to the radio and for download on August 21,2008. The working title of the song was Casper, as shown in the Mission, Metallica videos, like previous ballads and downbeat songs by Metallica, it is the fourth track of the album. Rock Sound has also compared the song to the likes of Thin Lizzy, the intro starts out with clean guitars that carry into the verses, while the choruses are backed with heavily distorted guitars. The ending of the song, like the previously mentioned ballads, is instrumental, featuring numerous solos. A music video for the song was filmed in the desert outside Los Angeles on July 31,2008 and it was premiered on the bands official page at midnight on September 1,2008. The video depicts two Marines riding a HMMWV in a desert and getting hit by an explosion, after they take cover and look for the attacker, one of them reveals that he suffered a wound. The other Marine provides first aid and calls for help, and while hes eventually medevaced by a helicopter, it is implied that he fainted. The group, suspecting it might be an ambush, circles around the car and keeps the man at gunpoint and they order her out of the car, but she approaches the protagonist, who keeps holding her at gunpoint. The video then climaxes when the Marines nervously look at other, fearing that she might be a suicide bomber. The Marines help the man to start the car. Scenes of the band performing in the desert are interspersed within the video, on August 4,2008, in an MTV interview, the song lyrics were said to tackle the subject of forgiveness and resentment. The bands drummer Lars Ulrich claimed that the lyrics were inspired by a father-son relationship, the content of the video itself is of a different theme or setting that what the lyrics themselves were written about, a second interpretation. The video is said to be in a war background in comparison to the One video, but will not make any modern day references as in the war in Iraq and the Middle East. Frontman James Hetfield spoke on the lyrics of the song and also the difference of the song lyrics. The song was featured in TV show Once Upon a Time and in the end credits to the documentary Paradise Lost 3, no Remorse was recorded in Orlando, Florida in 2003. It is also the bands highest-charting single on the Hot 100 since 1997s The Memory Remains, with less than four days of airplay, The Day That Never Comes debuted at number 7 on Billboards Mainstream Rock Chart, giving Metallica their sixteenth top ten hit on the chart. The next week it rose to number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Chart, in its third week, it reached number one on the chart, the bands sixth song to top the chart, and first since 2000s I Disappear
16.
All Nightmare Long
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All Nightmare Long is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as their fifth single from their ninth album Death Magnetic. The single was released on December 15,2008, the song is in Drop D tuning. It was nominated for the Kerrang, the music video, directed by Roboshobo, debuted on December 7,2008, on Metallicas official website and Yahoo. Causing a localized zombie apocalypse before intervening militarily to distribute humanitarian aid. At the end of the cartoon, a hybrid U. S. -USSR flag is raised in the now-Soviet-ruled America, and in 1972, the video ends with an incident in Arkansas, similar to the start of the video, with various news reporters reporting on chemtrails. Initially, in a video on the website Metclub. com and he claimed to have bought the film from a fan for $5 in Russia and soon forgot about it. After digging it up and watching the film, he said that he was fascinated by it, researched about its background. Following this, Hammett had supposedly been trying to incorporate the film one of the bands music videos. However, as it was revealed, Hammetts story was a fake to produce hype about the video. Rather, as the videos director Roboshobo stated in an interview, the video bears similarities to the underground documentary Experiments in the Revival of Organisms, where animal experimentation to produce life extension is depicted. The subtitles and everything included in the video are part of its concept. The word Тунгусский appears several times with different typos, in an interview, James Hetfield commented on the songs lyrical meaning, The single is available in a three disc collectors set. The second disc also has the version of All Nightmare Long, along with the songs Blackened and Seek & Destroy. The song first appeared as one of the songs off of Death Magnetic that was available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero III. In addition, All Nightmare Long can also be imported to several Guitar Hero titles as well as the game focused around the band itself, Guitar Hero. All Nightmare Long appeared in the documentary McConkey, the song was used as the theme for the WWEs 2008 pay-per view event No Mercy
17.
Broken, Beat & Scarred
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Broken, Beat & Scarred is the forty-fifth single by American heavy metal band Metallica, and the sixth from their ninth studio album, Death Magnetic, released on April 3,2009. James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich argued at length over the title of this song, Hetfield said that he did not like the title, but Ulrich was very adamant that it should be called Broken, Beat & Scarred. On March 19, Metallicas website announced Broken, Beat & Scarred as the single from the album. The single was released in two formats - a digi-collectors edition and a maxi single, on March 26, the official video for Broken, Beat & Scarred premiered on Metallica. com. The video features the band performing the live on the Death Magnetic tour. It was directed by Wayne Isham, who has worked with the band on several videos including Cunning Stunts. The CD maxi single which was released in Australia, New Zealand, the band said that no one from the band or their management had been able to see the artwork before it was released, and it was the fault of the record company. The band said that the singles would be pulled from the stores and they described the old version as a collectors item for fans who had already bought it. All live versions recorded at the O2 Arena on September 15,2008 at the Death Magnetic release event, Metallica James Hetfield – lead vocals, rhythm guitar Kirk Hammett – lead guitar Robert Trujillo – bass Lars Ulrich – drums Other personnel Rick Rubin – producer
18.
...And Justice for All (album)
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…And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on August 25,1988, by Elektra Records. It was the bands first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, …And Justice for All is musically progressive, with long and complex songs, fast tempos, and few verse-chorus structures. The album is noted for its production, which producer Flemming Rasmussen attributed to his absence during the mixing process. The lyrics feature themes of political and legal injustice seen through the prisms of censorship, war, the phrase …And Justice for All appears spray-painted in the lower right corner. The album title is derived from the American Pledge of Allegiance, three songs from the album were released as singles, Harvester of Sorrow, Eye of the Beholder, and One, while the title track was released as a promotional single. …And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics and it was included in The Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the years best albums, and the single One earned Metallica its first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The groups best-selling album at the time, it was the first underground metal album to chart success in the United States. …And Justice for All was Metallicas first full-length studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, Newsted had previously played on Metallicas The $5.98 E. P. Garage Days Re-Revisited, an extended play released in 1987, the band intended to record the album earlier, but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987, including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival. Another reason was frontman James Hetfields arm injury in a skateboarding accident, the bands previous studio album, Master of Puppets, marked the end of Metallicas contract with the Music for Nations label. Manager Peter Mensch wanted the band to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records, to persuade Metallica to choose his label Hooker offered them a bigger deal, worth well over £1 million, which at that time was the biggest deal wed ever offered anyone. His explanation was that the figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1.5 million copies. The album title was revealed in April 1988, …And Justice for All, the artwork was created by Stephen Gorman, based on a concept developed by Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich. It depicts a statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice, bound by ropes with her breasts exposed. The title appears graffiti-style in the right corner. …And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen. Things did not work out as planned, and three weeks later Rasmussen became available after Ulrich gave him a call, Rasmussen listened to Clinks rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles, and upon his arrival Clink was fired. Hetfield explained that recording with Clink did not work out so well, however, Clink is credited with engineering the drums on two of the albums tracks, The Shortest Straw and Harvester of Sorrow
19.
Bob Rock
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Rock began his music career in Langford, British Columbia as a guitarist playing with friends William Alexander and Paul Hyde in the formers household basement. In 1983, the Payola$ won the Juno Award for Single of the Year, Rock also worked as an assistant engineer at Little Mountain Sound in Vancouver. In 1987, the Payola$ again changed their name to Rock, the song also charted on Billboards Hot 100. In 2007, the Payola$ became briefly active once more as a touring and recording act, Rock is perhaps best known as a producer for bands such as Metallica and Mötley Crüe. Rock briefly returned to performing, forming the band Rockhead with ex-Payola$ drummer Chris Taylor, the band released one self-titled album and two singles before splitting up. Rock produced the five finalist songs of CBC Sportss Hockey Night in Canada Anthem Challenge in late 2008 and he became involved with a controversy having worked with Gerry Mosby, one of the semi-finalists, thus violating CBC rules on the Anthem Challenge. In 1990, Rock was chosen to produce Metallicas diamond-certified self-titled album, Rock would subsequently produce Load and ReLoad as well as the new material for the bands cover album Garage Inc. After Jason Newsted left Metallica in January 2001, Rock wrote and he also played bass during the bands few live performances until Robert Trujillo joined the band in February 2003. Rock was featured prominently in the 2004 documentary film Some Kind of Monster, the film dealt with Metallicas internal strife and their struggles with the creative process during the recording of St. Anger. In February 2006, Metallica chose producer Rick Rubin to produce their next album, at Metallicas 30th Anniversary Concert on 12 December 2011, Rock joined Metallica onstage and performed bass alongside Trujillo on the songs Dirty Window and Frantic. Rocks career both as a producer and musician was recognized at the 2007 Juno Awards Ceremony in Saskatoon for his contribution to popular music. He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, bob is a musical craftsman whose wide range of talents show no signs of slowing, said Melanie Berry, CARAS President. He has helped to define rock as we know it today and they are all giants of the industry, and to be recognized, means that I had to have worked with truly great artists. I thank them for their confidence and inspiration, Rock has received nominations for 17 Juno Awards in various categories including Producer of the Year, Recording Engineer of the Year, Composer of the Year, and Entertainer of the Year. He has won on numerous occasions for both his work and his work with the Payola$ and Rock and Hyde. Rock last won Producer of the Year in 2005 for Simple Plans Welcome to My Life and he has been nominated for 2007 Producer of the Year for his work on The Tragically Hips album World Container. In 2014, Rock won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for his work on Michael Bublés album To Be Loved. Feelgood 1992 – Rockhead – Rockhead - Guitar/backing vocals 2003 – Metallica – St. Anger 2004 – The Tea Party – Seven Circles 2004 – Simple Plan – Still Not Getting Any. O
20.
Robert Trujillo
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Roberto Agustin Robert Trujillo is an American musician and songwriter best known as the current bass guitarist of the heavy metal band Metallica, a position he has held since 2003. Roberto Agustin Trujillo was born in Santa Monica, California and he is of Mexican and Native American descent. He grew up in Culver City, California, Trujillo was exposed to a lot of music during his childhood. His mother was a fan of Motown, musicians like Marvin Gaye, James Brown, and Sly. Trujillo stated that Jaco was my hero growing up, and that Hearing him was like hearing Eddie Van Halen doing Eruption for the first time, You thought, I loved jazz fusion and branched out from there. But Jaco had an edge that far exceeded his jazz persona and he was funk, he was rock, he was soul. And his whole attitude was punk and he began playing in a lot of backyard party bands, playing music by Black Sabbath, Ozzy, Rush, and Led Zeppelin. He went to school when he was 19 with the intention of becoming a studio musician, however he maintained his passion for rock. Trujillo first gained prominence as the bass guitarist for California crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies, initially billed as Stymee on the 1989 album Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit. Déjà Vu, Trujillo remained in the band until the mid-1990s. Concurrent to his work with Suicidal Tendencies, Trujillo was also a member of the side project, Infectious Grooves. Trujillo was a member of Ozzy Osbournes band for a number of starting in the late 1990s. During this time, Trujillo formed a supergroup, Mass Mental, with then Dub War singer Benji Webbe. The band released one album and one live album of their performance in Tokyo before disbanding. Zakk Wylde, a friend and bandmate from the Ozzy days. Trujillo began playing bass for Metallica on February 24,2003. The rest of the band now consists of James Hetfield, Kirk Hammett, Trujillo received one million dollars from the band as an advance for joining Metallica. His audition and hiring as well as his million dollar payment offer appear in the documentary film Some Kind of Monster, Trujillo has had some small roles in television and film. He had a role in the 1978 Walter Matthau film House Calls
21.
Instrumentation (music)
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In music, instrumentation is the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition, and the properties of those instruments individually. Instrumentation is sometimes used as a synonym for orchestration, the haunting second movement of Schubert’s Trio in E flat exemplifies the variety and interest that is possible with just three instruments. Kern Holoman, G. W. Hopkins, Paul Griffiths, the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, pp.397, 575-577, in The Cambridge Companion to Schubert, edited by Christopher H. Gibbs, 72–98. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, a Treatise on Instrumentation, A Practical Guide to Orchestration
22.
Kirk Hammett
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Kirk Lee Hammett is the lead guitarist and contributing songwriter for the heavy metal band Metallica and has been a member of the band since 1983. Before joining Metallica he formed and named the band Exodus, in 2003, Hammett was ranked 11th on Rolling Stones list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2009, Hammett was ranked number 15 in Joel McIvers book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists, Hammett was born on November 18,1962 in San Francisco, and raised in the town of El Sobrante, California. He is the son of Teofila Chefela and Dennis L. Hammett and his mother is of Filipino descent and his father was of part Irish ancestry. He attended De Anza High School in Richmond, California, while attending De Anza High School, he met Les Claypool of Primus, and they remain close friends. Hammett has a passion for horror movies, that stretches back to the late Sixties. After spraining his arm in a fight with his sister at the age of five and it was during this time that he first watched The Day of the Triffids. After that, Hammett found himself drawn to his brother’s Frankenstein figures, for the better part of the next decade, Hammett dove deep into the horror scene. Hammett began showing an interest in music listening to his brother Ricks extensive record collection. It was then that Hammetts whole life shifted and he stopped collecting horror magazines and this all led him to properly picking up the guitar at the age of fifteen. Hammetts first guitar was a wholly unglamorous Montgomery Ward catalog special, Hammetts musical interests eventually drew him into the fledgling thrash metal genre. In 1979, he formed the band Exodus at the age of sixteen, along with vocalist Paul Baloff, guitarist Gary Holt, bassist Geoff Andrews, Hammett named Exodus after the Leon Uris novel of the same name, and played on the bands 1982 Demo. Exodus was a band in the Bay Area thrash movement. In May 1983, Metallica traveled to Rochester, New York to record its debut album, due to the lead guitarists substance abuse and violent tendencies, he was fired from the band, and would eventually form the band Megadeth. Hammett received a call from Metallica the same afternoon. Even though he had never left California before, Hammett gathered some money together, as soon as Hammett arrived in New York, he was instantly asked to join the band. All of this prior to the recording of Kill Em All. At the time, Hammett was taking lessons from guitar virtuoso Joe Satriani
23.
James Hetfield
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James Alan Hetfield is an American musician, singer, and songwriter known for being the co-founder, lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and main songwriter for the American heavy metal band Metallica. Hetfield is mainly known for his intricate rhythm playing, but occasionally lead guitar duties and solos. Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering an advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler. Metallica has won nine Grammy Awards and released ten studio albums, three live albums, four extended plays and 24 singles. In 2009, Hetfield was ranked at no.8 in Joel McIvers book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists, and ranked at no.24 by Hit Parader on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time. In Guitar Worlds poll, Hetfield was placed as the 19th greatest guitarist of all time, rolling Stone placed Hetfield as the 87th greatest guitarist of all time. Hetfield was born on August 3,1963 in Downey, California, the son of Cynthia Bassett, an opera singer, and Virgil Lee Hetfield. He is of English, German, Irish, and Scottish descent and he has two older half-brothers from his mothers first marriage and one younger sister. His parents divorced in 1976 when Hetfield was 13 and this upbringing became the inspiration for many of Hetfields lyrics during his career with Metallica, most notably in the song The God That Failed from their eponymous 1991 album, Metallica. Cynthia died of cancer in 1979 when Hetfield was 16 years old, after the death of his mother, Hetfield went to live with his older half-brother David. Virgil died in late 1996, during Metallicas Load tour, Hetfield attended Downey High School for his freshman and sophomore years. Hetfield was nine years old when he first began piano lessons, after which he took on his half-brother Davids drums and finally, at the age of 14 and he was also in a few bands as a teenager – one being Leather Charm and another, Obsession. Hetfield identifies Aerosmith as having been his musical influence as a child. Some of the options considered included adding another player, having John Roads play lead guitar. The finalized line-up of the band became Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, Dave Mustaine, Hetfield referred to their early sound as power metal. The term thrash metal was first used when Kerrang journalist Malcolm Dome described the Anthrax song Metal Thrashing Mad in an issue of Kerrang in February 1984, from 1982 to 1983, Mustaines alcoholism sparked heated altercations between himself and Hetfield. Mustaine also once poured beer onto McGovneys bass nearly causing serious damage, on April 1,1983, the band recruited lead guitarist Kirk Hammett from the band Exodus and 10 days later Hetfield and Ulrich officially removed Mustaine from the band due to his alcoholic tendencies. Mustaine was sent home on a 4-day bus journey, and went on to form the metal band Megadeth
24.
Dynamic range compression
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Compression is commonly used in sound recording and reproduction, broadcasting, live sound reinforcement and in some instrument amplifiers. A dedicated electronic hardware unit or audio software that applies compression is called a compressor, in the 2000s, compressors became available as software plugins that run in digital audio workstation software. In recorded and live music, compression parameters may be adjusted to change the way they affect sounds, compression and limiting are identical in process but different in degree and perceived effect. A limiter is a compressor with a ratio and, generally. Downward compression reduces loud sounds over a certain threshold while quiet sounds remain unaffected, upward compression increases the loudness of sounds below a certain threshold while leaving louder sounds unaffected. Both downward and upward compression reduce the range of an audio signal. An expander performs the function, increasing the dynamic range of the audio signal. Expanders are generally used to make quiet sounds even quieter by reducing the level of a signal that falls below a set threshold level. A noise gate is a type of expander and this design, known as a feed-forward type, is used today in most compressors. Earlier designs were based on a layout where the signal level was measured after the amplifier. There are a number of used for variable-gain amplification, each having different advantages and disadvantages. Vacuum tubes are used in a configuration called variable-mu where the voltage changes to alter the gain. Optical compressors use a photoresistor and a lamp to create changes in signal gain. This technique is believed by some to sound smoother because the times of the light. Other technologies used include field effect transistors and a diode bridge, when working with digital audio, digital signal processing techniques are commonly used to implement compression via digital audio editors, or dedicated workstations. Often the algorithms used emulate the above analog technologies, a compressor reduces the level of an audio signal if its amplitude exceeds a certain threshold. It is commonly set in decibels dB, where a lower threshold means a portion of the signal is treated. The amount of reduction is determined by ratio, a ratio of 4,1 means that if input level is 4 dB over the threshold
25.
Warner Music Group
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Warner Music Group is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. With a multibillion-dollar annual turnover, WMG employs in excess of 3,500 people and has operations in more than 50 countries throughout the world, the company owns and operates some of the largest and most successful record labels in the world, including its flagship labels Warner Bros. WMG also owns Warner/Chappell Music, one of the worlds largest music publishers, the film company had no record label division at the time and one of its contracted actors, Tab Hunter, scored a hit song for Dot Records, which was a division of rival Paramount Pictures. In order to prevent any repetition of its actors recording for rival companies, in 1963, Warner purchased Reprise Records, which had been founded by Frank Sinatra three years earlier so that he could have more creative control over his recordings. With the Reprise acquisition, Warner gained the services of Mo Ostin, the Canadian unit was opened in 1967 as Warner Reprise Canada Ltd, now called Warner Music Canada Co. After Warner Bros. was sold to Seven Arts Productions in 1967, it purchased Atlantic Records, founded in 1947 and WMGs oldest label and this acquisition brought Neil Young into the company fold, initially as a member of Buffalo Springfield. The Geffen catalogue, now owned by Universal Music Group, represents Youngs only major recordings not under WMG ownership, in 1969, two years after being purchased by Seven Arts, the Warner Bros. -Seven Arts company was sold to the Kinney National Company. Kinney combined the operations of all of its labels. An earlier attempt by Warner Bros. Records to create a distribution arm in 1958 didnt materialize. So in 1969, Elektra Records boss Jac Holzman approached Atlantics Jerry Wexler with the idea of setting up a joint distribution network for Warner, Elektra, an experimental branch was established in Southern California as a possible prototype for an expanded operation. Atlantic, its subsidiary Atco Records, and its affiliate Stax Records paved the way for Warners rise to industry prominence, the purchase brought in Atlantics lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings and it was soon apparent in 1969 that Atlantic/Atco president Ahmet Ertegün viewed Warner/Reprise president Mike Maitland as godlike. Maitland believed that, as vice-president in charge of the Warner Bros, in retrospect Ertegün clearly feared that Maitland would ultimately have more power than him and so he moved rapidly to secure his own position and remove Maitland. Following the takeover, Warners music group briefly adopted the umbrella name Kinney Music, erteguns campaign against Maitland began in earnest that summer. Atlantic had agreed to help Warner Bros. in its efforts to establish its labels overseas, Mike Maitland complained bitterly to Kinney executive Ted Ashley, but to no avail – by this time Ertegun was poised to make his move against Maitland. As he had with Hyman, Ertegun urged Steve Ross to extend Mo Ostin and Joe Smiths contracts, in response, Ertegun broadly hinted that Maitlands days were numbered and that he, Ertegun, was about to take over the recording division. Unlike the Warner/Reprise executives, Atlantics execs the Ertegun brothers and Wexler owned stock in Kinney, on Sunday January 25, Ted Ashley went to Maitlands house to tell him he had been dismissed, and Maitland declined the offer of a job at the movie studio. One week later, Mo Ostin was named as the new President of Warner Bros, Records, with Joe Smith as his Executive Vice-President
26.
Elektra Records
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Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
27.
Universal Music Group
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Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Warner Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
28.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
29.
World Magnetic Tour
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World Magnetic Tour was a 2008–2010 concert tour by American thrash metal band Metallica in support of the bands ninth studio album, Death Magnetic, which was released on September 12,2008. The tour officially kicked off in October 2008 in Glendale, Arizona, United States, by September 2009, the tour had reached North America, Europe, South America, Asia and Oceania. The tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne, Australia in late November 2010. The tour ended up being the most successful by Metallica, grossing roughly $217.2 million, with the top grossing location, Acer Arena in Sydney, Australia, taking more than $14 million over 4 shows. A North American leg, their first since the Madly in Anger with the World Tour in 2004, began in Glendale, Arizona and wrapped up in late December in Oakland, California. The leg continued in early January 2009, starting in Milwaukee and finishing up in Newark, in February 2009, the band commenced a European tour. The group played three rounds of batches of dates, resuming in late March and then returning again in May. In between the first and second legs, the band performed a promotional show in Austin, Texas, U. S. to support the video game release Guitar Hero. The European legs began in Nottingham, UK and eventually culminated in Cologne, in June 2009, the group played three dates in Mexico City. The shows reached a capacity of 158,349 and were the bands first shows in Mexico in ten years. Later in the month, the returned to Europe, performing a mixture of indoor and outdoor shows. The leg featured headline slots at the first iterations of the Sonisphere Festival, a new event which took place in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. The leg began in Helsinki and finished in early August in Knebworth, in September 2009, the band kicked off a third North American leg, beginning in Nashville, Tennessee and finishing in mid-November in New York City. The act resumed touring duties in December, performing five dates in the Western U. S, in January 2010, the band headed to South America, playing mostly outdoor shows. The leg kicked off in Lima and finished in São Paulo, in March, the group returned to Mexico, performing in Guadalajara and Monterrey. The leg continued on with dates in South America, as well as shows in Central America. The band also performed for the first time in such as Puerto Rico, Costa Rica. In April 2010, the act once again returned to Europe, the leg included appearances at the 2010 editions of the Sonisphere Festival, which featured exclusive billings of the Big Four of thrash metal, Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax, as well as Metallica
30.
Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock
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Guitar Hero III, Legends of Rock is a music rhythm game, the third main installment in the Guitar Hero series, and the fourth title overall. The game was published by Activision and distributed by RedOctane and it is the first game in the series to be developed by Neversoft after Activisions acquisition of RedOctane and MTV Games purchase of Harmonix, the previous development studio for the series. Aspyr Media published the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X versions of the game, the game, in addition to existing single-player Career modes, includes a new Co-Op Career mode and competitive challenges that pit the player against in-game characters and other players. Guitar Hero III, Legends of Rock is the first game in the series to include a multiplayer feature. Initially the game offers over 70 songs, most of which are master tracks, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions feature the ability to download additional songs. The musicians Tom Morello and Slash make appearances both as guitar battle opponents and playable characters in the game, the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions also include Bret Michaels as a non-playable character. The game is cited to be too difficult, creating walls of notes that are difficult to complete. The company also claimed that it is the second-best selling video game title since 1995, following Wii Play, gameplay for Guitar Hero III, Legends of Rock is similar to previous titles in the series. The player hits notes as they scroll towards the bottom of the screen in time with music to maintain their performance, to hit notes using the guitar controller, the player hits the strum bar while holding down the corresponding colored fret buttons. If the player uses the controller instead of the guitar controller, the correct buttons need to be pressed. Notes can be sustained, during which the button is held until the note is complete. The game simulates hammer-ons and pull-offs for sections with a series of notes. Missing a note causes the performance meter to drop, when the meter drops too low, the player fails the song, represented in-game by the band being booed off the stage. A string of 10 consecutive correct notes earns a multiplier to increase the players score, special sections, marked by starred notes, can be used to build Star Power. While Star Power enabled, the meter increases more quickly when a correct note is hit. The player can access the three boss characters—Tom Morello, Slash, and Lou the Devil—as playable characters once they have completed their respective Boss Battles in Career mode. Although Bret Michaels appears in the game and sings specific songs, the single-player Career mode in Guitar Hero III, Legends of Rock features 8 tiers with 42 songs total. After a tier is complete, a new tier is introduced, each successfully completed song earns in-game money that the player uses at the games store to unlock new characters, outfits, guitars and finishes, bonus songs, and videos
31.
Lars Ulrich
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Lars Ulrich is a Danish musician, songwriter, actor, and record producer. He is best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica, the son of tennis player Torben Ulrich and grandson of tennis player Einer Ulrich, he also played tennis in his youth and moved to Los Angeles at age 16 to train professionally. However, rather than playing tennis, Ulrich began playing the drums, after publishing an advertisement in The Recycler, Ulrich met James Hetfield and formed Metallica. Ulrich was born into a family in Gentofte, Denmark the son of Lone. His paternal grandfather was professional tennis player Einer Ulrich and his paternal grandmother, Ulla Meyer, was from a Jewish family, as a result, Ulrichs grandfather was persecuted by the Nazis during World War II. Saxophonist Dexter Gordon was Ulrichs godfather, and he is a friend of musician Neneh Cherry. In February 1973, Ulrichs father obtained passes for five of his friends to a Deep Purple concert that was being held in the same Copenhagen stadium as one of his tennis tournaments. When one of the friends could not go, they gave their ticket to the nine-year-old Ulrich, the concert and album had a considerable impact on Ulrich, inspiring the start of his career in rock and roll and later heavy metal. As a result of his newfound interest in music, he received his first drum kit, Ulrich originally intended to play tennis, and he moved to the U. S. in the summer of 1980. In the documentary Anvil, The story of Anvil, Ulrich states that witnessing a Y&T show was his moment in deciding to become a musician. In 1981, he discovered British heavy metal band Diamond Head, Ulrich remains a fan of Diamond Head and would later go on to mix their album The Best of Diamond Head. Upon returning to America, Ulrich placed an advert in a newspaper looking for musicians to start a band with him. James Hetfield replied to the ad, and Metallica was formed, later in 1981, Ulrich met James Hetfield in Downey, California, and they formed the heavy metal band Metallica. He got the name Metallica from a friend, Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a heavy metal fanzine he was creating, and Metallica was one of the options, Ulrich encouraged him to choose Metal Mania, and used the name Metallica for himself. From Master of Puppets and Dyers Eve from. And Justice for All and he has since been considerably influential due to both the popularity of his band, as well as his drum techniques, such as the double bass drum in the song One and Dyers Eve. Since the release of Metallica, Ulrich adopted a focused and simplified style of drumming. Between 1998 and 2002, Ulrich tried running a record label, the company was a joint venture with Metallica accountant Tim Duffy. It failed to catch on and folded in the spring 2002 and his voice can be heard in the opening seconds of Leper Messiah and he also counts to four in his native Danish on the St. Anger music video
32.
Revolver (magazine)
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Revolver is a bi-monthly rock and heavy metal magazine published by NewBay Media. Before covering heavy metal, rock & hard rock solely, it was a more mainstream oriented magazine, the magazine is structured in a manner similar to publications such as Spin while covering many avenues within the heavy metal and punk subcultures. Vinnie took a hiatus from the following the death of his brother, Dimebag Darrell but returned to offer advice to readers about music, life, sex. The column has recently included Lzzy Hale from Halestorm fielding questions, another feature of the magazine is its coverage of underground and up-and-coming bands from all over the world. Rather than focus solely on mainstream acts, Revolver introduces many acts that are not played on the radio or on MTV, in 2009, Revolver held its inaugural hard-rock and heavy-metal award show in the U. S. the Revolver Golden Gods Awards. Chris Jericho announced on Attack of the Show and that he would host it on May 28,2011. Its slogan is, The Worlds Loudest Rock Magazine, formerly owned by Harris Publications, Future US bought the magazine in 2006. In 2012, NewBay Media bought the Music division of Future US
33.
Normandy landings
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The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday,6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, planning for the operation began in 1943. Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces, the amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault—the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight. Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06,30, the target 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their positions, particularly at Utah. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs, at Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled, using specialised tanks. The Allies failed to any of their goals on the first day. Carentan, St. Lô, and Bayeux remained in German hands, and Caen, German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead, museums, memorials, and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year. Between 27 May and 4 June 1940, over 338,000 troops of the British Expeditionary Force, after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe. In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a. full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a front in Europe in 1942. Instead of a return to France, the Western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. By mid-1943 the campaign in North Africa had been won, the Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and subsequently invaded Italy in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. Initial planning was constrained by the number of landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean. At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the second front in May 1944. Four sites were considered for the landings, Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, as Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected
34.
Metallica (album)
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Metallica is the eponymous fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica. Released on August 12,1991 by Elektra Records, it received critical acclaim. Metallica produced five singles that are considered to be among the bands songs, which include Enter Sandman, The Unforgiven, Nothing Else Matters, Wherever I May Roam. Dont Tread on Me was also issued to rock radio shortly after the albums release, the album marked a change in the bands sound from the thrash metal style of the previous four albums to a slower one. Metallica promoted the album with a series of tours, in 2003, the album was ranked number 252 on Rolling Stones 500 greatest albums of all time. The recording of Metallica was troubled, as the band frequently entered conflicts with Bob Rock, the album debuted at number one in ten countries and spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard 200, making it Metallicas first album to top album charts. By February 2016, the album spent 363 weeks on the Billboard album chart, Metallica is one of the best-selling albums worldwide, and the best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began. Metallica played the album in its entirety during the 2012 European Black Album Tour, at the time of Metallicas recording, the bands songs were written mainly by frontman James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, with Hetfield being the lyricist. The duo frequently composed together at Ulrichs house in Berkeley, California, several song ideas and concepts were conceived by other members of the band, lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Jason Newsted. For instance, Newsted wrote the riff of My Friend of Misery. The songs were written in two months in mid-1990, the ideas for some of them were originated during the Damaged Justice Tour, Metallica was impressed with Bob Rocks production work on Mötley Crües Dr. Feelgood and decided to hire him to work on their album. Initially, the members were not interested in having Rock producing the album as well. Ulrich said, We felt that we still had our best record in us, four demos for the album were recorded on August 13,1990, Enter Sandman, The Unforgiven, Nothing Else Matters and Wherever I May Roam. The lead single Enter Sandman was the first song to be written, on October 4,1990, a demo of Sad but True was recorded. In October 1990, Metallica entered One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, the band also recorded the album at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia about a week. On June 2,1991, a demo of Holier Than Thou was recorded, Hetfield stated about the recording, What we really wanted was a live feel. In the past, Lars and I constructed the rhythm parts without Kirk and this time I wanted to try playing as a band unit in the studio. It lightens things up and you get more of a vibe and he also suggested recording tracks live and using harmonic vocals for Hetfield
35.
Nirvana (band)
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Nirvana was an American rock band formed by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Nirvana went through a succession of drummers, the longest-lasting being Dave Grohl, despite releasing only three full-length studio albums in their seven-year career, Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important alternative bands in history. Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the suicide of Cobain, their music maintains a following and continues to influence modern rock. In the late 1980s, Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene, releasing its first album, Bleach and they developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts, often between quiet verses and loud, heavy choruses. After signing to major label DGC Records, Nirvana found unexpected success with Smells Like Teen Spirit, Nirvanas third studio album, In Utero, released to critical acclaim, featured an abrasive, less mainstream sound and challenged the groups audience. Nirvanas active career ended following the death of Cobain in 1994, but various posthumous releases have been issued since, overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and Cobains widow Courtney Love. Since its debut, the band has sold over 25 million records in the United States alone, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, in its first year of eligibility. Cobain and Novoselic met while attending Aberdeen High, although they never connected, the pair eventually became friends while frequenting the practice space of the Melvins. Cobain wanted to form a band with Novoselic, but Novoselic did not respond for a period of time. In persuading Novoselic to form a band, Cobain gave him a tape of his project Fecal Matter. Three years after the two first met, Novoselic notified Cobain that he had listened to the Fecal Matter demo. The pair recruited Bob McFadden on drums, but after a month the project fell apart, in early 1987, Cobain and Novoselic recruited drummer Aaron Burckhard. The three practiced material from Cobains Fecal Matter tape but started writing new material soon after forming, during its initial months, the band went through a series of names, starting with Skid Row and including Pen Cap Chew, Bliss, and Ted Ed Fred. The group finally settled on Nirvana, which Cobain said was chosen because I wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty instead of a mean, raunchy punk name like the Angry Samoans. With Novoselic and Cobain having moved to Tacoma and Olympia, Washington, respectively, the pair instead practiced with Dale Crover of the Melvins, and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988. In early 1988, Crover moved to San Francisco but recommended Dave Foster to the band as his replacement on drums, Cobain and Novoselic put an ad in Seattle music publication The Rocket seeking a replacement drummer, which only yielded unsatisfactory responses. Meanwhile, a friend introduced them to Chad Channing. Channing continued to jam with Cobain and Novoselic, although the drummer noted, They never actually said okay, youre in, Nirvana released its first single, a cover of Shocking Blues Love Buzz, in November 1988 on the Seattle independent record label Sub Pop
36.
Ted Jensen
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Ted Jensen is an American mastering engineer, known for having mastered many recordings including the Eagles Hotel California, Green Day’s American Idiot and Norah Jones Come Away With Me. Ted Jensen was born to Carl and Margaret Jensen, both of whom were musicians, Carl had studied at Yale University. Margaret went to Oberlin College & Conservatory and Skidmore College and was also a pilot, Carl and Margaret met on a train while going to a choral workshop. Ted has one brother, Rick, and two daughters, Kristen and Kim and he is currently separated from Connie Fisher, his partner and wife of 38 years. While attending High School, Jensen was building his own stereo and recording equipment, during this time, he recorded several performances for the Yale Symphony Orchestra at Woolsey Hall in New Haven and also met Mark Levinson, who was starting an audio equipment company. Jensen joined up with Levinson and aided in the design and manufacture some of the products of Mark Levinson Audio Systems. In 1975, Jensen left after six years with Levinson to begin his career in New York City with Sterling Sound. There were three mastering engineers at Sterling Sound when Jensen was hired to work in the copy room, George Marino, Lee Hulko. One of Jensens earliest mastering jobs was the first single by the Talking Heads, Love → Building on Fire and later that year, the following year, he mastered Billy Joels The Stranger, which began a working relationship with Phil Ramone. Jensen was promoted to Chief Mastering Engineer at Sterling in 1984, Jensen also designed some of the studio monitors at Sterling, including the ones used by Tom Coyne. In 1998, Jensen, Greg Calbi and Tom Coyne, along with Murat Aktar and UK based Metropolis, purchased Sterling Sound from previous owner, Sterling Sound is located in New York City, occupying the top floor of the Chelsea Market in the Meatpacking District. Jensens studio is one of the three surround sound studios at Sterling Sound and it was designed by Fran Manzella, FM Design. Since 1976, Jensen has mastered 16 Grammy Award winners in the categories of Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Best Engineered Album, in 2002, Mastering Engineers became eligible to win Grammys in those categories. Jensen has garnered 23 Mix Foundation TEC award nominations, winning 6 of them
37.
Audio engineer
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An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
38.
Layne Staley
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Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s. The band became known for Staleys distinct vocal style, as well as the vocals between him and Cantrell. Staley was also a member of the supergroups Mad Season and Class of 99, by mid-1996, Staley was out of the public spotlight, never to perform live again. Staley struggled for much of his life with depression and a drug addiction. Layne Thomas Staley was born to Phillip Blair Phil Staley and Nancy Elizabeth Staley in Kirkland and he was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer. He took his stepfathers name while enrolled in Meadowdale High School in Lynnwood, in late 2001, shortly before his death, he would describe the experience of witnessing his parents divorce, My world became a nightmare, there were just shadows around me. I got a call saying that my dad had died, since that call I always was wondering, Where is my dad. I felt so sad for him and I missed him and he dropped out of my life for 15 years. Staley approached music through his parents collection, listening to Black Sabbath and he began playing drums at age 12, he played in several glam bands in his early teens, but by this point, Staley had aspirations of becoming a singer. In 1984, Staley joined a group of Shorewood High students in a band called Sleze, in 1986, Sleze morphed into Alice N Chains, a band which Staley said dressed in drag and played speed metal. The new band performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers, Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios, and the two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined a band who at the time also required a guitarist. He asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Eventually the funk project broke up and in 1987 Staley joined Cantrell on a full-time basis, the band eventually took the name of Alice in Chains. Alice in Chains released their debut album Facelift on August 21,1990, the second single, Man in the Box, with lyrics written by Staley, became a huge hit. Facelift has since been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States. The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acoustic EP Sap in early 1992, in September 1992, Alice in Chains released Dirt. The critically acclaimed album, also the bands most successful, debuted at six on the Billboard 200
39.
Beyond Magnetic
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Beyond Magnetic is a 2011 EP by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released to coincide with the bands 30th anniversary shows and it was originally released as a digital download only on iTunes on December 13,2011. All four songs featured on Beyond Magnetic were all recorded for the groups Death Magnetic sessions but had not been released, beyond Magnetic was released on CD on January 30,2012, internationally, and on the following day in the United States. As of September 2016, Beyond Magnetic sold over 210,000 copies in the U. S, the band stated the following about the EP, During the Death Magnetic album sessions in 2007 and 2008, we originally recorded 14 songs. When it came time to pick the songs for the final album and we kept them in the vault and decided to pull them just for this special celebration, so here are the four leftover tracks from the Death Magnetic sessions. They are ROUGH mixes, unfinished to their degree of mixing from March 08. These four songs were released as a gift to our closest fans, now theyre being made available to you. On January 3,2012, Metallica announced that Beyond Magnetic was to be released as a CD on January 31 in the US and January 30 internationally. It was also announced that the EP would be released on vinyl, reviews of Beyond Magnetic have been largely positive. AllMusic gave Beyond Magnetic a rating of 4 out of 5 stars, during its first week of release, Beyond Magnetic sold 36,000 copies and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200. The album has sold 210,000 copies in the United States as of September 2016, all lyrics written by Hetfield, all music composed by Metallica. Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the liner notes
40.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
41.
Alice in Chains
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Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr, although widely associated with grunge music, the bands sound incorporates heavy metal elements. Since its formation, Alice in Chains has released five studio albums, the band is known for its distinctive vocal style, which often included the harmonized vocals of Staley and Cantrell. Alice in Chains rose to fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam. The band was one of the most successful acts of the 1990s, selling over 20 million records worldwide. In 1992 the bands album, Dirt, was released to critical acclaim and was certified quadruple platinum. Their third album, Alice in Chains, was released in 1995 and has been certified double platinum and it achieved No.1 position on the Billboard 200 chart. The band has had 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, although never officially disbanding, Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity from 1996 onwards due to Staleys substance abuse, which resulted in his death in 2002. The band reunited in 2005 for a benefit show, performing with a number of guest vocalists. They toured in 2006, with William DuVall taking over as lead vocalist full-time, the new line-up released the bands fourth studio album, Black Gives Way to Blue, in 2009. The album received gold certification by the RIAA, in 2013, the band released The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here, its fifth studio album. The band has toured extensively and released videos in support of these albums. Alice in Chains is currently working on their studio album. Other members of this group at that time were guitarists Johnny Bacolas and Zoli Semanate, drummer James Bergstrom and this was prompted by a conversation that Bacolas had with a singer from another band about backstage passes. Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working with Alice N Chains at Music Bank rehearsal studios, the two struggling musicians became roommates, living in a rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded, and Staley joined a band that also required a guitarist at the time. Staley asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert, however, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state
42.
Elephant in the room
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Elephant in the room or Elephant in the living room is an English metaphorical idiom for an obvious problem or risk no one wants to discuss, or a condition of groupthink no one wants to challenge. Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel Demons wrote, Belinsky was just like Krylovs Inquisitive Man and its so big you just cant ignore it. This idiomatic expression may have been in use much earlier than 1959. For example, the phrase appears 44 years earlier in the pages of a British journal in 1915, the sentence was presented as a trivial illustration of a question British schoolboys would be able to answer, e. g. Is there an elephant in the class-room, a slightly different version of the phrase was used before this, with George Berkeley talking of whether or not there is an invisible elephant in the room in his debates with scientists. Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play, the idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly, or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself. The term is used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo, such as race, religion. It is applicable when a subject is emotionally charged, and the people who might have spoken up decide that it is probably best avoided. The idiom is used in addiction recovery terminology to describe the reluctance of friends and family of an addicted person to discuss the persons problem. Especially in reference to abuse, the idiom is sometimes coupled with that of the pink elephant. For some, their first encounter with this comes through the poem of the same name by Terry Kettering. In one edition of Time magazine in 2013, Chris Christie was labeled as the Elephant in the Room on the cover page, a variation is the phrase elephant in the corner which is infrequently used to the same effect. Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room to show the impossibility of proving negative existential statements, mokita is a word in the Kilivila language, which is spoken on Kiriwina, the largest of the Trobriand Islands. It means truth we all know but agree not to talk about, quotations related to Elephant in the room at Wikiquote Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87143-3/ISBN 978-0-521-69196-3, OCLC183392531 __________, Spoken English, a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English. ISBN 978-8-183-82052-3, OCLC297508439 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Word of the Month, Elephant in the room
43.
Peer-to-peer
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Peer-to-peer computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application and they are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client-server model in which the consumption, while P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains, the architecture was popularized by the file sharing system Napster, originally released in 1999. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction, in such social contexts, peer-to-peer as a meme refers to the egalitarian social networking that has emerged throughout society, enabled by Internet technologies in general. While P2P systems had previously used in many application domains. The peer-to-peer movement allowed millions of Internet users to directly, forming groups and collaborating to become user-created search engines, virtual supercomputers. The basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first Request for Comments. The early Internet was more open than present day, where two machines connected to the Internet could send packets to each other without firewalls and other security measures and this contrasts to the broadcasting-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years. As a precursor to the Internet, ARPANET was a successful client-server network where every participating node could request, however, ARPANET was not self-organized, and it lacked the ability to provide any means for context or content-based routing beyond simple address-based routing. Therefore, a messaging system that is often likened as an early peer-to-peer architecture was established. USENET was developed in 1979 and is a system that enforces a decentralized model of control, the basic model is a client-server model from the user or client perspective that offers a self-organizing approach to newsgroup servers. However, news servers communicate with one another as peers to propagate Usenet news articles over the group of network servers. In May 1999, with more people on the Internet, Shawn Fanning introduced the music. A peer-to-peer network is designed around the notion of equal peer nodes simultaneously functioning as both clients and servers to the nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the model where communication is usually to. Data is still exchanged directly over the underlying TCP/IP network, but at the application layer peers are able to communicate each other directly. Overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery, and make the P2P system independent from the network topology. Based on how the nodes are linked to each other within the overlay network, unstructured peer-to-peer networks do not impose a particular structure on the overlay network by design, but rather are formed by nodes that randomly form connections to each other
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