1.
Ramon Casas
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Ramon Casas i Carbó was a Catalan Spanish artist. Also a graphic designer, his posters and postcards helped to define the Catalan art movement known as modernisme and his father had made a fortune in Matanzas, Cuba, his mother was from a well-off Catalan family. In 1877 he abandoned the course of schooling to study art in the studio of Joan Vicens. In 1881, still in his teens, he was a co-founder of the magazine LAvenç and that year he survived tuberculosis, and convalesced for the winter in Barcelona. Among the artists he met in this period of his life, and who influenced him, were Laureà Barrau, Santiago Rusiñol, Eugène Carrière, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, and Ignacio Zuloaga. Casas and Rusiñol traveled through Catalonia in 1889, and collaborated on a short book Por Cataluña, with text by Rusiñol and illustrations by Casas. Returning together to Paris, they lived together at the Moulin de la Galette in Montmartre, along with painter and art critic Miquel Utrillo, Rusiñol chronicled these times in as series of articles Desde el Molino for La Vanguardia, again Casas illustrated. Casas became an associate of the Societé dartistes françaises, allowing him to two works annually at their salon without having to pass through jury competition. With this increasing activity in Catalonia, he settled more in Barcelona, the emerging modernista art world gained a center with the opening of Els Quatre Gats, a bar modeled on Le Chat Noir in Paris. His partners in the enterprise were Pere Romeu, who played host to the bar, as well as Rusiñol. Like Le Chat Noir, Els Quatre Gats attempted its own literary and artistic magazine and that was short-lived, but was soon followed by Pèl & Ploma, which would slightly outlast the bar itself, and Forma, to which Casas also contributed. He designed posters for the café, many of which depicted Romeus gaunt visage and he also executed a series of advertisements for Codorniu, a brand of cava and anisette. Over the next decade, he would design poster ads for everything from cigarette papers to the Enciclopèdia Espasa. For the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, the Spanish committee chose two of Casas full-length oil portraits, an 1891 portrait of Erik Satie and an 1895 portrait of Casas sister Elisa. His 1894 Garrote Vil —a portrayal of an execution— won a prize in Munich in 1901, his work was shown not only in the major capitals of Europe. In 1902, twelve of his canvasses were installed permanently in the rotunda of the Cercle de Liceu, the exclusive private club associated with Barcelonas famous opera house. In 1903 he became a full Societaire of the Salon du Champ de Mars in Paris, which would have allowed him to exhibit there annually, in 1904, the same piece won first prize at the General Exposition in Madrid. Increasingly in demand as a portraitist, he settled again for a while in Barcelona, shortly thereafter he made the acquaintance of a young artists model named Júlia Peraire,22 years his junior
2.
Art movement
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Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde. According to theories associated with modernism and the concept of postmodernism, the period of time called modern art is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called contemporary art. Postmodernism in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to late modernism, the postmodern period began during late modernism, and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century. During the period of time corresponding to modern art each movement was often considered a new avant-garde. Also during the period of time referred to as modern art movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works, postmodernist theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era. There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact, the term refers to tendencies in visual art, novel ideas and architecture, and sometimes literature. In music it is common to speak about genres and styles instead. See also cultural movement, a term with a broader connotation, as the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix, they are sometimes referred to as isms. 20th-century Western painting Art periods List of art movements Post-expressionism Western art history the-artists. org Art movements since 1900, 20th-Century Art Compiled by Dr. Witcombe, Sweet Briar College, Virginia. WebMuseum, Paris Themes index and detailed glossary of art periods
3.
Western Europe
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Western Europe, or West Europe, is the region comprising the western part of Europe. Below, some different geographic and geopolitical definitions of the term are outlined, prior to the Roman conquest, a large part of Western Europe had adopted the newly developed La Tène culture. This cultural and linguistic division was reinforced by the later political east-west division of the Roman Empire. The division between these two was enhanced during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events, the Western Roman Empire collapsed, starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Greek or Byzantine Empire, survived, in East Asia, Western Europe was historically known as taixi in China and taisei in Japan, which literally translates as the Far West. The term Far West became synonymous with Western Europe in China during the Ming dynasty, the Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci was one of the first writers in China to use the Far West as an Asian counterpart to the European concept of the Far East. In his writings, Ricci referred to himself as Matteo of the Far West, the term was still in use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Post-war Europe would be divided into two spheres, the West, influenced by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain, behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Although some countries were neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political. This division largely defined the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe, the world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic, COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Several countries which had part of the Soviet Union regained full independence. Although the term Western Europe was more prominent during the Cold War, it remains much in use, in 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It was further revisited in 1954 at the Paris Conference, when the Western European Union was established and it was declared defunct in 2011, after the Treaty of Lisbon, and the Treaty of Brussels was terminated. When the Western European Union was dissolved, it had 10 member countries, six member countries, five observer countries. The CIA divides Western Europe into two smaller subregions, regional voting blocs were formed in 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from different regional groups. The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe, some Western and Northern European countries of Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are members of EFTA, though cooperating to varying degree with the European Union
4.
Joris-Karl Huysmans
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Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans was a French novelist who published his works as J. K. He is most famous for the novel À rebours and he supported himself by a 30-year career in the French civil service. Huysmans work is considered remarkable for its use of the French language, large vocabulary, descriptions, satirical wit. First considered part of Naturalism, he associated with the decadent movement with his publication of À rebours. His work expressed his pessimism, which had led him to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. In later years, his novels reflected his study of Catholicism, religious conversion and he discussed the iconography of Christian architecture at length in La cathédrale, set at Chartres and with its cathedral as the focus of the book. Là-bas, En route and La cathédrale are a trilogy that feature Durtal, a character whose spiritual progress is tracked. In the novel follows, LOblat, Durtal becomes an oblate in a monastery, as Huysmans himself was in the Benedictine Abbey at Ligugé, near Poitiers. La cathédrale was his most commercially successful work and its profits enabled Huysmans to retire from his civil service job and live on his royalties. Huysmans was born in Paris in 1848 and his father Godfried Huysmans was Dutch, and a lithographer by trade. His mother Malvina Badin Huysmans had been a schoolmistress, Huysmans father died when he was eight years old. After his mother remarried, Huysmans resented his stepfather, Jules Og. During childhood, Huysmans turned away from the Roman Catholic Church and he was unhappy at school but completed his coursework and earned a baccalauréat. For 32 years, Huysmans worked as a servant for the French Ministry of the Interior. The young Huysmans was called up to fight in the Franco-Prussian War and he used this experience in an early story, Sac au dos. After his retirement from the Ministry in 1898, made possible by the success of his novel, La cathédrale, Huysmans planned to leave Paris. He intended to set up a community of Catholic artists, including Charles-Marie Dulac and he had praised the young painter in La cathédrale. Dulac died a few months before Huysmans completed his arrangements for the move to Ligugé, in addition to his novels, Huysmans was known for his art criticism in LArt moderne and Certains
5.
Creativity
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Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed. The created item may be intangible or a physical object, authors have diverged dramatically in their precise definitions beyond these general commonalities, Peter Meusburger reckons that over a hundred different analyses can be found in the literature. As an illustration, one given by Dr. E. Theories of creativity have focused on a variety of aspects, the dominant factors are usually identified as the four Ps — process, product, person, and place. A focus on process is shown in cognitive approaches that try to describe thought mechanisms, theories invoking divergent rather than convergent thinking, or those describing the staging of the creative process are primarily theories of creative process. A focus on creative product usually appears in attempts to measure creativity, the psychometric approach to creativity reveals that it also involves the ability to produce more. A focus on the nature of the person considers more general intellectual habits, such as openness, levels of ideation, autonomy, expertise, exploratory behavior. A focus on place considers the circumstances in which creativity flourishes, such as degrees of autonomy, access to resources, Creative lifestyles are characterized by nonconforming attitudes and behaviors as well as flexibility. The lexeme in the English word creativity comes from the Latin term creō to create, make, the word create appeared in English as early as the 14th century, notably in Chaucer, to indicate divine creation. However, its meaning as an act of human creation did not emerge until after the Enlightenment. Most ancient cultures, including thinkers of Ancient Greece, Ancient China, the ancient Greeks had no terms corresponding to to create or creator except for the expression poiein, which only applied to poiesis and to the poietes who made it. Plato did not believe in art as a form of creation, asked in The Republic, Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something. He answers, Certainly not, he merely imitates and it is commonly argued that the notion of creativity originated in Western culture through Christianity, as a matter of divine inspiration. According to the historian Daniel J. Boorstin, the early Western conception of creativity was the Biblical story of creation given in the Genesis, however, this is not creativity in the modern sense, which did not arise until the Renaissance. In the Judaeo-Christian tradition, creativity was the province of God. A concept similar to that of Christianity existed in Greek culture, for instance, romans and Greeks invoked the concept of an external creative daemon or genius, linked to the sacred or the divine. However, none of these views are similar to the concept of creativity. It was during the Renaissance that creativity was first seen, not as a conduit for the divine, the rejection of creativity in favor of discovery and the belief that individual creation was a conduit of the divine would dominate the West probably until the Renaissance and even later
6.
Montesquieu
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He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. Montesquieu was born at the Château de la Brède in southwest France,25 kilometres south of Bordeaux and his father, Jacques de Secondat, was a soldier with a long noble ancestry. His mother, Marie Françoise de Pesnel, who died when Charles was seven, was an heiress who brought the title of Barony of La Brède to the Secondat family. After the death of his mother he was sent to the Catholic College of Juilly, a prominent school for the children of French nobility and his father died in 1713 and he became a ward of his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu. He became a counselor of the Bordeaux Parliament in 1714, in 1715 he married Jeanne de Lartigue, a Protestant, who eventually bore him three children. The Baron died in 1716, leaving him his fortune as well as his title, Montesquieus early life occurred at a time of significant governmental change. England had declared itself a constitutional monarchy in the wake of its Glorious Revolution, in France the long-reigning Louis XIV died in 1715 and was succeeded by the five-year-old Louis XV. These national transformations had a impact on Montesquieu, he would refer to them repeatedly in his work. Montesquieu withdrew from the practice of law to himself to study. De lEsprit des Lois was originally published anonymously in 1748, the book quickly rose to influence political thought profoundly in Europe and America. In France, the met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Catholic Church banned lEsprit – along with many of Montesquieus other works – in 1751 and it received the highest praise from the rest of Europe, especially Britain. Montesquieu was also regarded in the British colonies in North America as a champion of liberty. Following the American revolution, Montesquieus work remained an influence on many of the American founders, most notably James Madison of Virginia. He was buried in the Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris, Montesquieus philosophy of history minimized the role of individual persons and events. Ask the Romans, who had a sequence of successes when they were guided by a certain plan. There are general causes, moral and physical, which act in every monarchy, elevating it, maintaining it, all accidents are controlled by these causes
7.
Age of Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, The Century of Philosophy. In France, the doctrines of les Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance in opposition to an absolute monarchy. French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution, some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. Les philosophes of the widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church, a variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution, earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke, and Baruch Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence, others like James Madison incorporated them into the Constitution in 1787. The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, the ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an intellectual movement known as Romanticism. René Descartes rationalist philosophy laid the foundation for enlightenment thinking and his attempt to construct the sciences on a secure metaphysical foundation was not as successful as his method of doubt applied in philosophic areas leading to a dualistic doctrine of mind and matter. His skepticism was refined by John Lockes 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and his dualism was challenged by Spinozas uncompromising assertion of the unity of matter in his Tractatus and Ethics. Both lines of thought were opposed by a conservative Counter-Enlightenment. In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines, the political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. Francis Hutcheson, a philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words. Much of what is incorporated in the method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. Immanuel Kant tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the sphere through private
8.
Decadence
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By extension, it may refer to a decline in art, literature, science, technology, and work ethics, or to self-indulgent behaviour. The word originated in Medieval Latin, appeared in 16th-century French and it bore the neutral meaning of decay, decrease, or decline until the late 19th century, when the influence of new theories of social degeneration contributed to its modern meaning. In literature, the Decadent movement—late nineteenth century fin de siècle writers who were associated with Symbolism or the Aesthetic movement—was first given its name by hostile critics, later it was triumphantly adopted by some of the writers themselves. Some of these writers were influenced by the tradition of the Gothic novel and by the poetry, Decadence was the name given to a number of late nineteenth-century writers who valued artifice over the earlier Romantics naïve view of nature. Some of them adopted the name, referring to themselves as Decadents. For the most part, they were influenced by the tradition of the Gothic novel and by the poetry and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe, and were associated with Symbolism and/or Aestheticism. A later generation of Romantics, such as Théophile Gautier and Charles Baudelaire took the word as a badge of pride, in the 1880s a group of French writers referred to themselves as Decadents. The classic novel from this group is Joris-Karl Huysmans Against Nature, often seen as the first great decadent work, in Britain and Ireland the leading figure associated with the Decadent movement was Irish writer, Oscar Wilde. Other significant figures include Arthur Symons, Aubrey Beardsley and Ernest Dowson, the Symbolist movement has frequently been confused with the Decadent movement. Several young writers were referred to in the press as decadent in the mid-1880s. Jean Moréas manifesto was largely a response to this polemic, a few of these writers embraced the term while most avoided it. Although the aesthetics of Symbolism and Decadence can be seen as overlapping in some areas and this fertile culture of Berlin extended onwards until Adolf Hitler rose to power in early 1933 and stamped out any and all resistance to the Nazi Party. Likewise, the Nazis decried Berlin as a haven of vice, a new culture developed in and around Berlin, including architecture and design, a variety of literature, film, painting, and music, criticism, philosophy/psychology, and fashion. This culture was considered to be decadent, and socially, morally. Film was making huge technical and artistic strides during this period of time in Berlin, talkies, the Sound films, were also becoming more popular with the general public across Europe, and Berlin was producing very many of them. Berlin in the 20s also proved to be a haven for English writers such as W. H, spenders semi-autobiographical novel The Temple evokes the attitude and atmosphere of the place at the time. According to Vladimir Lenin, capitalism had reached its highest stage, one who directly opposed the idea of decadence as expressed by Lenin was José Ortega y Gasset in The Revolt of the Masses. He argued that the man had the notion of material progress
9.
Victor Hugo
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Victor Marie Hugo was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. He is considered one of the greatest and best-known French writers, outside France, his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables,1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame,1831. In France, Hugo is known primarily for his collections, such as Les Contemplations. He produced more than 4,000 drawings and also campaigned for causes such as the abolition of capital punishment. He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris and his legacy has been honoured in many ways, including his portrait being placed on French currency. Victor Hugo was the son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo and Sophie Trébuchet, his brothers were Abel Joseph Hugo. He was born in 1802 in Besançon in the region of Franche-Comté. Hugos childhood was a period of political turmoil. Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of the French two years after Hugos birth, and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored before his 13th birthday, since Hugos father was an officer, the family moved frequently and Hugo learned much from these travels. On a childhood trip to Naples, Hugo saw the vast Alpine passes and the snowy peaks, the magnificently blue Mediterranean. Though he was five years old at the time, he remembered the six-month-long trip vividly. They stayed in Naples for a few months and then headed back to Paris, at the beginning of her marriage, Hugos mother Sophie followed her husband to posts in Italy and Spain. Thereafter she dominated Hugos education and upbringing, as a result, Hugos early work in poetry and fiction reflect her passionate devotion to both King and Faith. It was only later, during the leading up to Frances 1848 Revolution. Young Victor fell in love and, against his mothers wishes, because of his close relationship with his mother, Hugo waited until after her death to marry Adèle in 1822. Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, on 28 August 1824, the couples second child, Léopoldine was born, followed by Charles on 4 November 1826, François-Victor on 28 October 1828, and Adèle on 24 August 1830. Hugos eldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine, died aged 19 in 1843, on 4 September, she drowned in the Seine at Villequier, pulled down by her heavy skirts when a boat overturned. Her young husband also died trying to save her, the death left her father devastated, Hugo was travelling with his mistress at the time in the south of France, and first learned about Léopoldines death from a newspaper he read in a café
10.
Romanticism
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Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism, the decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that the feeling is his law. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creators own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism. This idea is called romantic originality. Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief, however, this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the voice of the artist. So, in literature, much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves. In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman, meaning the new literary form of the novel, had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages. It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place roughly between 1770 and 1848, and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, however, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier
11.
Charles Baudelaire
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Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal, expresses the nature of beauty in modern. Baudelaires highly original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud. He is credited with coining the term modernity to designate the fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in a metropolis. This obsessive idea is all a child of giant cities. Baudelaire is one of the innovators in French literature. He made Paris the subject of modern poetry and he would bring the citys details to life in the eyes and hearts of his readers. Baudelaire was born in Paris, France, on April 9,1821 and his father, François Baudelaire, a senior civil servant and amateur artist, was 34 years older than Baudelaires mother, Caroline. François died during Baudelaires childhood, in 1827, the following year, Caroline married Lieutenant Colonel Jacques Aupick, who later became a French ambassador to various noble courts. He stated in a letter to her that, There was in my childhood a period of passionate love for you, Baudelaire regularly begged his mother for money throughout his career, often promising that a lucrative publishing contract or journalistic commission was just around the corner. Baudelaire was educated in Lyon, where he boarded, Baudelaire was erratic in his studies, at times diligent, at other times prone to idleness. Later, he attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, studying law and he began to frequent prostitutes and may have contracted gonorrhea and syphilis during this period. He also began to run up debts, mostly for clothes, upon gaining his degree in 1839, he told his brother I dont feel I have a vocation for anything. His stepfather had in mind a career in law or diplomacy and his mother later recalled, Oh, what grief. If Charles had let himself be guided by his stepfather, his career would have very different. He would not have left a name in literature, it is true and his stepfather sent him on a voyage to Calcutta, India, in 1841 in the hope of ending his dissolute habits. The trip provided strong impressions of the sea, sailing, and exotic ports, on returning to the taverns of Paris, he began to compose some of the poems of Les Fleurs du Mal. At 21, he received an inheritance but squandered much of it within a few years
12.
Les Fleurs du mal
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Les Fleurs du mal is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire. First published in 1857, it was important in the symbolist and modernist movements, the poems deal with themes relating to decadence and eroticism. This section contains 18 poems, most of which were written during Haussmanns renovation of Paris, together, the poems in Tableaux Parisiens act as 24-hour cycle of Paris, starting with the second poem Le Soleil and ending with the second to last poem Le Crépuscule du Matin. The poems featured in cycle of Paris all deal with the feelings of anonymity. These characters whom Baudelaire once praised as the backbone of Paris are now eulogized in his nostalgic poems. For Baudelaire, the city has transformed into an anthill of identical bourgeois that reflect the new identical structures that litter a Paris he once called home. The author and the publisher were prosecuted under the regime of the Second Empire as an outrage aux bonnes mœurs, as a consequence of this prosecution, Baudelaire was fined 300 francs. Six poems from the work were suppressed and the ban on their publication was not lifted in France until 1949 and these poems were Lesbos, Femmes damnées, Le Léthé, À celle qui est trop gaie, Les Bijoux, and Les Métamorphoses du Vampire. These were later published in Brussels in a volume entitled Les Épaves. On the other hand, upon reading The Swan from Les Fleurs du mal, in the wake of the prosecution, a second edition was issued in 1861 which added 35 new poems, removed the six suppressed poems, and added a new section entitled Tableaux Parisiens. A posthumous third edition, with a preface by Théophile Gautier, alban Bergs Der Wein is a concert aria setting Stefan Georges translation of three poems from Le Vin. In 1969, American composer Ruth White released the album Flowers of Evil and it features electroacoustic composition with Baudelaires poetry recited over it. The album was published by Limelight Records, henri Dutilleuxs Tout un monde lointain. for cello and orchestra is strongly influenced by Les Fleurs du Mal. Each of its five movements is prefaced by a quotation from the volume and it befriends another computer which has disguised itself as Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman. Flor De Mal is a song in the 1985 eponymous album by the Cruzados, rock band Buck-Tick named their 1990 album Aku no Hana, as well as its title track, after Les Fleurs du mal. The movie Immortal, In the scene on the Eiffel Tower and she recites the third stanza from the poem XLIX. An episode of the television show The Batman was named Fleurs du Mal in homage to the poem, in addition to this, a florists shop in the episode is named Baudelaires, in honor of the author. The 2009 manga Aku no Hana was based on Les Fleurs du mal set in modern Japanese society, the main character, Takao Kasuga, steals the gym clothes of his crush, Nanako Saeki, after being inspired by an excerpt from the aforementioned work
13.
Gothic fiction
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Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, the effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpoles novel. It originated in England in the half of the 18th century and had much success in the 19th, as witnessed by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the name Gothic refers to the -medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany, the English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia. The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpoles declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Walpole published the first edition disguised as a romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. When Walpole admitted to his authorship in the edition, its originally favourable reception by literary reviewers changed into rejection. A romance with elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback. Walpoles forgery, together with the blend of history and fiction, contravened the principles of the Enlightenment and associated the Gothic novel with fake documentation. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron, set out to take Walpoles plot, the question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpoles would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Ann Radcliffe developed the technique of the supernatural in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the figure of the Gothic villain. Radcliffes novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho, were best-sellers, however, along with most novels at the time, they were looked down upon by many well-educated people as sensationalist nonsense. Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article On the Supernatural in Poetry, Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir appeared in France, by writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard dArnaud. In Germany, the Schauerroman gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer and these works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel. Matthew Gregory Lewiss lurid tale of debauchery, black magic
14.
Edgar Allan Poe
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Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and he is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the countrys earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a difficult life. Poe was born in Boston, the child of two actors. His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the following year, thus orphaned, the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but Poe was with them well into young adulthood, tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts, including those incurred by gambling, and the cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money, Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name. It was at time that his publishing career began, albeit humbly, with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems. With the death of Frances Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement, however, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan. Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the several years working for literary journals and periodicals. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, in Richmond in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem The Raven to instant success and his wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication. For years, he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn, Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, a number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre. He was born Edgar Poe in Boston on January 19,1809 and he had an elder brother William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister Rosalie Poe. Their grandfather David Poe Sr. had emigrated from Cavan, Ireland to America around the year 1750, Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeares King Lear, a play that the couple were performing in 1809
15.
Symbolism (arts)
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Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the style originates with the 1857 publication of Charles Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, the works of Edgar Allan Poe, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence and the source of many stock tropes and images. The aesthetic was developed by Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine during the 1860s and 1870s, in the 1880s, the aesthetic was articulated by a series of manifestos and attracted a generation of writers. The name symbolist itself was first applied by the critic Jean Moréas, distinct from, but related to, the style of literature, symbolism in art is related to the gothic component of Romanticism and Impressionism. In ancient Greece, the symbolon was a shard of pottery which was inscribed, Symbolism was a reaction in favour of spirituality, the imagination, and dreams. Some writers, such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, began as naturalists before becoming symbolists, for Huysmans, the Symbolist poets have a more complex relationship with Parnassianism, a French literary style that immediately preceded it. The Symbolists continued to admire Théophile Gautiers motto of art for arts sake, many Symbolist poets, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine, published early works in Le Parnasse contemporain, the poetry anthologies that gave Parnassianism its name. One of Symbolisms most colourful promoters in Paris was art and literary critic Joséphin Péladan, a number of Symbolists were associated with the Salon. Symbolists believed that art should represent absolute truths that could only be described indirectly, thus, they wrote in a very metaphorical and suggestive manner, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. Jean Moréas published the Symbolist Manifesto in Le Figaro on 18 September 1886, the Symbolist Manifesto names Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Verlaine as the three leading poets of the movement. In a nutshell, as Mallarmé writes in a letter to his friend Cazalis, to not the thing. Symbolist poems were attempts to evoke, rather than primarily to describe, – both poets seek to identify one sense experience with another. The earlier Romanticism of poetry used symbols, but these symbols were unique, the symbolists were more extreme, investing all things, even vowels and perfumes, with potential symbolic value. The physical universe, then, is a kind of language that invites a privileged spectator to decipher it, Symbolist symbols are not allegories, intended to represent, they are instead intended to evoke particular states of mind. The nominal subject of Mallarmés Le cygne is of a trapped in a frozen lake. Significantly, in French, cygne is a homophone of signe, un cygne d’autrefois se souvient que c’est lui Magnifique mais qui sans espoir se délivre. They were also portrayed as at odds with society, having tragic lives and these traits were not hindrances but consequences of their literary gifts. Schopenhauers aesthetics represented shared concerns with the symbolist programme, they tended to consider Art as a contemplative refuge from the world of strife and will
16.
Aestheticism
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Aestheticism is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts. This meant that Art from this movement focused more on being beautiful rather than having a deeper meaning - Art for Arts sake. His text Studies in the History of the Renaissance was very well regarded by art-oriented young men of the late 19th century, writers of the Decadent movement used the slogan Art for Arts Sake, the origin of which is debated. It is generally accepted to have been promoted by Théophile Gautier in France, the artists and writers of Aesthetic style tended to profess that the Arts should provide refined sensuous pleasure, rather than convey moral or sentimental messages. As a consequence, they did not accept John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, instead, they believed that Art did not have any didactic purpose, it only needed to be beautiful. The Aesthetes developed a cult of beauty, which considered the basic factor of art. Life should copy Art, they asserted and they considered nature as crude and lacking in design when compared to art. Music was used to establish mood, predecessors of the Aesthetics included John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley, and some of the Pre-Raphaelites. In Britain the best representatives were Oscar Wilde and Algernon Charles Swinburne, the style and these poets were satirised by Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera Patience and other works, such as F. C. Burnands drama The Colonel, and in magazines such as Punch. Compton Mackenzies novel Sinister Street makes use of the type as a phase through which the protagonist passes as he is influenced by older, decadent individuals. The novels of Evelyn Waugh, who was a participant of aesthete society at Oxford, describe the aesthetes mostly satirically. Some names associated with this assemblage are Robert Byron, Evelyn Waugh, Harold Acton, Nancy Mitford, A. E. Housman, artists associated with the Aesthetic style include James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Aubrey Beardsley. The primary element of Decorative Art is utility, the maxim Art for Arts Sake, identifying art or beauty as the primary element in other branches of the Aesthetic Movement, especially Fine Art, cannot apply in this context. Decorative art must first have utility but may also be beautiful, Decorative art is dissociated from Fine Art. Important elements of the Aesthetic Movement have been identified as Reform, the Government Schools of Design were founded from 1837 onwards in order to improve the design of British goods. Following the Great Exhibition of 1851 efforts were intensified and Oriental objects purchased for the schools teaching collections, production of Aesthetic style furniture was limited to approximately the late 19th century. Aesthetic style furniture is characterized by common themes, Ebonized wood with gilt highlights
17.
Arthur Symons
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Arthur William Symons, was a British poet, critic and magazine editor. Born in Milford Haven, Wales, to Cornish parents, Symons was educated privately, spending much of his time in France, in 1884–1886 he edited four of Bernard Quaritchs Shakespeare Quarto Facsimiles, and in 1888–1889 seven plays of the Henry Irving Shakespeare. He became a member of the staff of the Athenaeum in 1891, and of the Saturday Review in 1894 and his first volume of verse, Days and Nights, consisted of dramatic monologues. His later verse is influenced by a study of modern French writers, of Charles Baudelaire. He reflects French tendencies both in the subject-matter and style of his poems, in their eroticism and their vividness of description, from late 1895 through 1896 he edited, along with Aubrey Beardsley and Leonard Smithers, The Savoy, a literary magazine which published both art and literature. Noteworthy contributors included Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, and Joseph Conrad, Symons was also a member of the Rhymers Club founded by Yeats in 1890. In 1892, The Ministers Call, Symonss first play, was produced by the Independent Theatre Society – a private club – to avoid censorship by the Lord Chamberlains Office, in 1902 Symons made a selection from his earlier verse, published as Poems. He translated from the Italian of Gabriele DAnnunzio The Dead City and The Child of Pleasure, to The Poems of Ernest Dowson he prefixed an essay on the deceased poet, who was a kind of English Verlaine and had many attractions for Symons. In 1909 Symons suffered a breakdown, and published very little new work for a period of more than twenty years. His Confessions, A Study in Pathology has a description of his breakdown. In 1918, Vanity Fair magazine published Symons Baudelarian essay, The Gateway to an Artificial Paradise, The Effects of Hashish, Days and Nights Silhouettes London Nights Amoris victima Images of Good and Evil Poems in 2 volumes. Lyrics, An anthology of poetry published in the US only, a Book of Twenty Songs The Fool of the World and other Poems A Book of Parodies Knave of Hearts. Poems written between 1894 and 1908, plays, Acting and Music Studies in Prose and Verse Studies in Seven Arts. A book containing Symonss description of his breakdown and treatment, wanderings A Study of Walter Pater Spiritual Adventures. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Symons
18.
Paul Verlaine
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Paul-Marie Verlaine was a French poet associated with the Decadent movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de siècle in international, born in Metz, Verlaine was educated at the Lycée Impérial Bonaparte in Paris and then took up a post in the civil service. He began writing poetry at an age, and was initially influenced by the Parnassien movement and its leader. Verlaines first published poem was published in 1863 in La Revue du progrès, Verlaines first published collection, Poèmes saturniens, though adversely commented upon by Sainte-Beuve, established him as a poet of promise and originality. Verlaines private life spills over into his work, beginning with his love for Mathilde Mauté de Fleurville, Mathilde became Verlaines wife in 1870. At the proclamation of the Third Republic in the year, Verlaine joined the 160th battalion of the Garde nationale. He became head of the bureau of the Central Committee of the Paris Commune. Verlaine escaped the deadly street fighting known as the Bloody Week, or Semaine Sanglante, Verlaine returned to Paris in August 1871, and, in September, he received the first letter from Arthur Rimbaud. By 1872, he had lost interest in Mathilde, and effectively abandoned her and their son, Rimbaud and Verlaines stormy affair took them to London in 1872. In Brussels in July 1873 in a drunken, jealous rage, romances sans paroles was published while Verlaine was imprisoned. From there he went to teach in Boston, before moving to Bournemouth, while in England he produced another successful collection, Sagesse. He returned to France in 1877 and, while teaching English at a school in Rethel, fell in love one of his pupils, Lucien Létinois. Verlaine was devastated when Létinois died of typhus in 1883, Verlaines last years saw his descent into drug addiction, alcoholism, and poverty. He lived in slums and public hospitals, and spent his days drinking absinthe in Paris cafes and his poetry was admired and recognized as ground-breaking, and served as a source of inspiration to composers. Gabriel Fauré composed many mélodies, such as the song cycles Cinq mélodies de Venise and La bonne chanson, claude Debussy set to music Clair de lune and six of the Fêtes galantes poems, forming part of the mélodie collection known as the Recueil Vasnier. Reynaldo Hahn set several of Verlaines poems as did the Belgian-British composer Poldowski and his drug dependence and alcoholism caught up with him and took a toll on his life. Paul Verlaine died in Paris at the age of 51 on 8 January 1896, much of the French poetry produced during the fin de siècle was characterized as decadent for its lurid content or moral vision. But with the publication of Jean Moréas Symbolist Manifesto in 1886, along with Verlaine, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Albert Samain and many others began to be referred to as Symbolists
19.
Gustave Moreau
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Gustave Moreau was a major figure in French Symbolist painting whose main emphasis was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau appealed to the imaginations of some Symbolist writers and he is recognized for his works that are influenced by the Italian Renaissance and exoticism. His art work was preserved in Paris at the Musée Gustave Moreau and he was born in Paris, France, at 6 Rue des Saints-Peres. He came from a middle class family and his father, Louis Jean Marie Moreau, was an architect for the city of Paris and his mother, nee Adele Pauline Desmoutier, was an accomplished musician. Gustave Moreau lived a sheltered life growing up, having visited Italy at age 15 he began his love for art. At age 18 he was to art at Ecole des Beaux-Arts under the guidance of François-Édouard Picot. He then began to study art under his new mentor Théodore Chassériau, Moreau participated in the Salon for the first time in 1852. Moreau had a 25-year personal, possibly romantic relationship, with Adelaide-Alexandrine Dureux and his first painting was a Pietà which is now located in the cathedral at Angoulême. He showed A Scene from the Song of Songs and The Death of Darius in the Salon of 1853, in 1853, he contributed Athenians with the Minotaur and Moses Putting Off his Sandals within Sight of the Promised Land to the Great Exhibition. Oedipus and the Sphinx, one of his first symbolist paintings, was exhibited at the Salon of 1864, Moreau quickly gained a reputation for eccentricity. One commentator said Moreaus work was like a pastiche of Mantegna created by a German student who relaxes from his painting by reading Schopenhauer, the painting currently resides in the permanent collection at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. On March 28,1890, Alexandrine Dureux died and her death affected Moreau greatly, and his work after this point contained a more melancholic edge. She was buried at the cemetery that Moreau himself would be laid to rest. Moreau became a professor at Paris École des Beaux-Arts in October 1891, among his many students were fauvist painters Henri Matisse and Georges Rouault. Jules Flandrin, Theodor Pallady and Léon Printemps also studied with Moreau, Moreau died of stomach cancer and was buried at the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris in his parents tomb. During his lifetime, Moreau produced more than 8,000 paintings, watercolors and drawings, the museum is in his former workshop, and began operation in 1903. André Breton famously used to haunt the museum and regarded Moreau as a precursor of Surrealism and his work influenced the next generation of Symbolists, particularly Odilon Redon and Jean Delville, a leading figure in Belgian Symbolism in the early part of the twentieth century. The death of Chasseriau in 1856 caused Moreau to enter a state of gloominess and he stopped painting and withdrew himself from the public
20.
Jan Luyken
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Johannes or Jan Luyken was a Dutch poet, illustrator and engraver. He was born and died in Amsterdam, where he learned engraving from his father Kaspar Luyken and he married at 19 and had several children, of who Kasparus Luiken also became a renowned engraver. In his twenty-sixth year, he had an experience that inspired him to write moralistic poetry. He illustrated the 1685 edition of the Martyrs Mirror with 104 copper etchings, thirty of these plates survive and are part of The Mirror of the Martyrs exhibit. He also published Het Menselyk Bedryf in 1694, which contains numerous engravings, by Luiken and his son Caspar, huysmans anti-hero Des Esseintes was an admirer of Luykens engravings and had prints from his Religious Persecutions hung in his drawing room. He described them as appalling engravings containing all the tortures that the madness of religion could devise, Des Esseintes was enthralled not just by Luykens graphic depictions but his ability to reconstruct times and places in his works. Works by or about Jan Luyken at Internet Archive Works by Jan Luyken at LibriVox
21.
Odilon Redon
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Odilon Redon was a French symbolist painter, printmaker, draughtsman and pastellist. Odilon Redon was born in Bordeaux, Aquitaine, to a prosperous family, the young Bertrand-Jean Redon acquired the nickname Odilon from his mother, Odile. Redon started drawing as a child, and, at the age of ten and he began the formal study of drawing at fifteen, but, at his fathers insistence, he changed to architecture. Failure to pass the exams at Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts ended any plans for a career as an architect. Back in his native Bordeaux, he took up sculpting, and Rodolphe Bresdin instructed him in etching and his artistic career was interrupted in 1870 when he was drafted to serve in the army in the Franco-Prussian War until its end in 1871. At the end of the war, he moved to Paris and resumed working almost exclusively in charcoal and he called his visionary works, conceived in shades of black, his noirs. It was not until 1878 that his work gained any recognition with Guardian Spirit of the Waters, he published his first album of lithographs, titled Dans le Rêve, in 1879. Still, Redon remained relatively unknown until the appearance in 1884 of a novel by Joris-Karl Huysmans titled À rebours. The story featured a decadent aristocrat who collected Redons drawings, in the 1890s pastel and oils became his favored media, he produced no more noirs after 1900. In 1899, he exhibited with the Nabis at Durand-Ruels, Redon had a keen interest in Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture. The figure of the Buddha increasingly showed in his work, baron Robert de Domecy commissioned the artist in 1899 to create 17 decorative panels for the dining room of the Château de Domecy-sur-le-Vault near Sermizelles in Burgundy. The landscape details do not show a place or space. Only details of trees, twigs with leaves, and budding flowers in an endless horizon can be seen, the colours used are mostly yellow, grey, brown and light blue. The influence of the Japanese painting style found on folding screens byōbu is discernible in his choice of colours, fifteen of them are located today in the Musée dOrsay, acquisitioned in 1988. Domecy also commissioned Redon to paint portraits of his wife and their daughter Jeanne, most of the paintings remained in the Domecy family collection until the 1960s. In 1903 Redon was awarded the Legion of Honor, Redon died on July 6,1916. In 1923 Mellerio published Odilon Redon, Peintre Dessinateur et Graveur, an archive of Mellerios papers is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The exhibition ran from October 30,2005 to January 23,2006, the Fondation Beyeler in Basel, Switzerland showed a retrospective from February to May 2014
22.
Gustave Kahn
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Gustave Kahn was a French Symbolist poet and art critic. He was also active, via publishing and essay-writing, in defining Symbolism, Kahn was a Jew from Lorraine. He chose sides with Émile Zola in the Dreyfus affair and his wife Elizabeth converted to Judaism as a protest against anti-semitism, changing her name to Rachel. He claimed to have invented the term vers libre, or free verse and his principal publications include Les Palais nomades,1887, Domaine de fée,1895, and Le Livre dimages,1897. Kahn also made a contribution to the history of the movement with his book Symbolistes et décadents,1902. In addition to his poems, Kahn was an intellectual who wrote novels, plays. He was also influential as a publisher of symbolist writing. Together with Félix Fénéon and Leo dOrfer, both critics, Kahn founded and then directed La Vogue in 1886 and he played a key role in a number of other periodicals, including La Revue Indépendante, La Revue Blanche and Le Mercure de France. He was also an art critic and collector who stayed current with developments in painting and he wrote a widely-read obituary for neo-impressionist painter George Seurat, in which he suggested a symbolist approach to interpreting the artists work. He also played a role in a number of debates on issues, including anarchism, feminism, socialism. In the 1920s he was editor of Menorah, a Jewish bimonthly magazine which folded in 1933, in 1903, American composer Charles Loeffler set four of Kahns poems to music for piano and voice. The poems were from Les Palais Nomades, Timbres Oublies, Adieu Pour Jamais, Les Soirs dAutomne, after his death, his manuscripts were placed in the collection of the library of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Les Paons Se penchant vers les dahlias, Des paons cabraient des rosaces lunaires, elle écoute au loin les brèves musiques Nuit claire aux ramures daccords, Et la lassitude a bercé son corps Au rythme odorant des pures musiques. Les paons ont dressé la rampe ocellée Pour la descente de ses yeux vers le tapis De choses et de sens Qui va vers lhorizon, en lâme se tapit le flou désir molli de récits et dencens
23.
Arthur Rimbaud
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Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Rimbaud was known to have been a libertine and for being a restless soul, having engaged in an at times violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years. After the end of his career, he traveled extensively on three continents as a merchant before his death from cancer just after his thirty-seventh birthday. As a poet, Rimbaud is well known for his contributions to Symbolism and, among other works, A Season in Hell, Arthur Rimbaud was born in the provincial town of Charleville in the Ardennes département in northeastern France. He was the child of Frédéric Rimbaud and Marie Catherine Vitalie Cuif. Rimbauds father, a Burgundian of Provençal extraction, was an infantry captain risen from the ranks, from 1844 to 1850, he participated in the conquest of Algeria, and in 1854 was awarded the Légion dhonneur by Imperial decree. Captain Rimbaud was described as good-tempered, easy-going and generous, with the long moustaches and goatee of a Chasseur officer. In October 1852, Captain Rimbaud, then aged 38, was transferred to Mézières where he met Vitalie Cuif,11 years his junior and she came from a solidly established Ardennais family, but one with its share of bohemians, two of her brothers were alcoholics. Her personality was the exact opposite of Captain Rimbauds, she was narrowminded, stingy, completely lacking in a sense of humour. When Charles Houin, a biographer, interviewed her, he found her withdrawn. Arthur Rimbauds private name for her was Mouth of Darkness, nevertheless, on 8 February 1853, Captain Rimbaud and Vitalie Cuif married, their first-born, Jean Nicolas Frédéric, arrived nine months later on 2 November. The next year, on 20 October 1854, Jean Nicolas Arthur was born, three more children followed, Victorine-Pauline-Vitalie on 4 June 1857, Jeanne-Rosalie-Vitalie on 15 June 1858 and, finally, Frédérique Marie Isabelle on 1 June 1860. Though the marriage lasted seven years, Captain Rimbaud lived continuously in the home for less than three months, from February to May 1853. The rest of the time his military postings—including active service in the Crimean War and he was not at home for his childrens births, nor their baptisms. Isabelles birth in 1860 must have been the last straw, as after this Captain Rimbaud stopped returning home on leave entirely. Though they never divorced, the separation was complete, thereafter Mme Rimbaud let herself be known as Widow Rimbaud, neither the captain nor his children showed the slightest interest in re-establishing contact. Fearing her children were being over-influenced by the children of the poor. Rimbaud moved her family to the Cours dOrléans in 1862 and this was a better neighbourhood, and the boys, now aged nine and eight, who had been taught at home by their mother, were now sent to the Pension Rossat
24.
Rachilde
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Rachilde was the pen name and preferred identity of novelist and playwright Marguerite Vallette-Eymery. A diverse and challenging author, Rachildes most famous work includes the darkly erotic novels Monsieur Vénus, La Marquise de Sade and she also wrote a 1928 monograph on gender identity, Pourquoi je ne suis pas féministe. Her work was noted for being frank, fantastical, and always with a suggestion of autobiography underlying questions of gender, sexuality and she said of herself, I always acted as an individual, not thinking to found a society or to upset the present one. Marguerite Eymery was born in February 1860 to Joseph and Grabrielle Eymery, Marguerite was born with one leg shorter than the other, giving her a lifelong limp that set her apart from others from the very start. She grew up on the estate of le Cros as an only child and she was unwanted by her parents and received less affection from them than did the familys pet monkey, who was event granted such social graces as a seat at the table. She received some affection from her grandmother, but Gabrielle taught the child to dismiss her grandmother as frivolous. Nevertheless, it was her grandmother and her grandfather who encouraged Marguerites imagination through play and reading, Joseph Eymery was a soldier, and that had a distinct impact on his wife and daughter, through various absences and stresses. At the extreme end, Joseph was imprisoned for dueling for four months in 1867, during this separation, at least in Marguerites mind, the distance between uninterested wife and unfaithful husband became wider and more permanent. Both offered her abuse, but her fathers abuse had a hope at the end of it. At twelve, Marguerite began writing pieces in the local newspaper. She then asked her father to read to her, an indication of her relationship with herself that would be the hallmark of her life. Even at an age, some of what she wrote was inappropriately decadent. She began to write on a commission at fifteen, taking on the name Rachilde for the first time, as a bold young woman with a passion for writing, she wrote to idol Victor Hugo and received encouraging words in reply. This fueled in her a desire to move to Paris and become part of the culture there. Her father did not understand that, and it appears that in the mid-1870s he tried to set up an engagement for her as an alternative to literary pursuits, perhaps linked to this, she later claimed to have attempted suicide around this time. Between 1878 and 1881, Marguerite moved to Paris with money that her father had raised by selling his prize hounds and she shed Marguerite and asserted Rachilde in every way she could. Her cousin Marie de Saverny had introduced her to Sarah Bernhardt, Bernhardt used her connections to help make sure that Rachildes career could get off to a good start. In 1884 she published her first successful novel, Monsieur Venus and it was so scandalous that she was tried for pornography and convicted in absentia in Belgium, where the initial editions had been published
25.
Jean Lorrain
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Jean Lorrain, born Paul Alexandre Martin Duval, was a French poet and novelist of the Symbolist school. Lorrain was openly gay and a disciple of dandyism. He contributed to the satirical weekly Le Courrier français, and wrote a number of collections of verse, including La forêt bleue and he also wrote the libretto to Pierre de Brévilles opera Éros vainqueur. During his life, Marcel Proust never openly admitted to his homosexuality, though his family, in 1897, he even fought a duel with Lorrain, who had publicly questioned the nature of Prousts relationship with Lucien Daudet
26.
Laurent Tailhade
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Laurent Tailhade was a French satirical poet, anarchist polemicist, essayist, and translator, active in Paris in the 1890s and early 1900s. Tailhade was born in Tarbes, Hautes-Pyrénées, Tailhade soon developed an anarchist and anticlerical attitude in his poems and polemic essays. His polemical writings led him to be lambasted by the press, after December 1893, Tailhade became well-known after he proclaimed his admiration for a terrorist attack by an anarchist named Vaillant. In an ironic twist, Tailhade was himself the victim of an unrelated terrorist attack several months later, although the explosion destroyed one of Tailhades eyes, he did not recant his support for the anarchists, indeed, he continued to state his support for anarchism with renewed vigour. Later in life he met the young English poet Wilfred Owen, the two men later corresponded in French, before Owen was killed on military service in 1918. While living in Paris, Tailhade became addicted to opium and his article on morphine addiction, La Noire Idole, draws its title from Thomas de Quincey who called the laudanum opium preparation he was addicted to La Noire Idole. Nevertheless, Tailhade stated that some French poets did use morphine, in addition to Tailhade, the poet Baudelaire used substantial amounts of opium. Dompteuses des douleurs, Salut, à fleurs, soyez bénis, en somme, Sucs, qui versez à lhomme Au visage pâli Le calme oubli. Tailhade’s article describes the experience of opium using rich, expressive language, tailade died, aged 65, at Combs-la-Ville. Lennemi du peuple par Henrik Ibsen Societe libre dedition des gens de lettres,1900, La touffe de sauge Editions de la plume. 1901 La Gynécocratie, Ou La Domination De La Femme, preceded by an Etude sur le Masochisme dans lhistoire et les traditions. La noir idole, Etude sur la Morphinomanie, leon Vanier, Editeur, A. Messein, Succr. La farce de la marmite Messein,1909, La Feuille à lenvers -Revue en un Acte Messein,1909. Pour la paix, Lettre aux conscrits Messein,1909, La Dévotion À La Croix-Don Quichote-Appendice Messein,1910. Essai consacré à Molière et à son époque « Misanthropie et misanthropes - la pharmacopée au temps de Molière - notes », Messein, Collection « Societe des Trente,1913. Petits mémoires de la vie 1903-1913, Les livres et les hommes Vrin,1917. Les saisons et les jours Crès,1917, petit bréviaire de la gourmandise, notes sur quelques grands gourmands de lhistoire Messein,1919. Le vrai mystère de la passion Messein,1919, carnet intime Editions du Sagittaire, Kra,1920
27.
Octave Mirbeau
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His work has been translated into thirty languages. After his debut in journalism in the service of the Bonapartists, thereafter, he wrote in order to express his own ethical principles and aesthetic values. A supporter of the anarchist cause and fervent supporter of Alfred Dreyfus, independent of all parties, Mirbeau believed that ones primary duty was to remain lucid. In Sébastien Roch, Mirbeau purged the traumatic effects of his experience as a student at a Jesuits school in Vannes, in the novel, the 13-year-old Sébastien is sexually abused by a priest at the school and the abuse destroys his life. In his last two novels, La 628-E8 – including La Mort de Balzac – and Dingo, he strayed ever further from realism, giving free rein to fantasy elements and casting his cat and these last Mirbeau stories show a complete break with the conventions of realist fiction. In the theatre, Mirbeau made his first steps with a drama and modern tragedy. Then he experienced worldwide acclaim with Les affaires sont les affaires — his classical comedy of manners and characters in the tradition of Molière, in 1908 — at the end of a long legal and media battle — Mirbeau saw his play Le Foyer performed by the Comédie-Française. In this work, he broached a new subject, the economic. He also wrote six one act plays, published under the title of Farces et moralités, here, Mirbeau can be seen as anticipating the theatre of Bertolt Brecht, Marcel Aymé, Harold Pinter, and Eugène Ionesco. He calls language itself into question, demystifying law, ridiculing the discourse of politicians, Mirbeau has never been forgotten, and there has been no interruption in the publication of his works. Yet his immense literary production has largely been known through only three works, and he was considered as literarily and politically incorrect, but, more recently, Mirbeau has been rediscovered and presented in a new light. A fuller appreciation of the role he played in the political, literary, Mirbeau lies buried in the Passy Cemetery, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. Le Journal dune femme de chambre, Les Vingt et un Jours dun neurasthénique. Œuvre romanesque,3 volumes, Buchet/Chastel – Société Octave Mirbeau, Website of Éditions du Boucher, 2003-2004. Farces et moralités, six morality plays, lettres à Alfred Bansard des Bois Correspondance avec Rodin, avec Monet, avec Pissarro, avec Jean Grave, avec Jules Huret. Correspondance générale,3 volumes already published, reginald Carr, Anarchism in France - The Case Octave Mirbeau, Manchester,1977. Pierre Michel and Jean-François Nivet, Octave Mirbeau, limprécateur au cœur fidèle, Pierre Michel, Les Combats dOctave Mirbeau, Annales littéraires de luniversité de Besançon,1995,386 pages. Christopher Lloyd, Mirbeaus fictions, Durham,1996, enda McCaffrey, Octave Mirbeau’s literary intellectual evolution as a french writer, Edwin Mellen Press,2000,246 pages
28.
Modernism
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Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
29.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
30.
The Picture of Dorian Gray
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The Picture of Dorian Gray is a philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincotts Monthly Magazine. The magazines editor feared the story was indecent, and without Wildes knowledge, the content, style, and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right, as a literary and artistic manifesto. The only novel written by Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray exists in several versions, as literature of the 19th century, The Picture of Dorian Gray is an example of Gothic fiction with strong themes interpreted from Faust. Through Basil, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrats hedonistic worldview, newly understanding that his beauty will fade, Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul, to ensure that the picture, rather than he, will age and fade. The wish is granted, and Dorian pursues a life of varied and amoral experiences, while staying young and beautiful, all the while his portrait ages. The plot of the varies between each of the published versions. The summary below deals with the longest version, the 1891 novel, however, certain episodes described—in particular Dorians encounter with, and murder of, James Vane—do not appear in the version originally submitted by Wilde to Lippincotts. While sitting for the painting, Dorian listens to Lord Henry espousing his hedonistic world view and this prompts Dorian to wish that the painted image of himself would age instead of himself. Under the hedonist influence of Lord Henry, Dorian fully explores his sensuality and he discovers the actress Sibyl Vane, who performs Shakespeare plays in a dingy, working-class theatre. Dorian approaches and courts her, and soon proposes marriage, the enamoured Sibyl calls him Prince Charming, and swoons with the happiness of being loved, but her protective brother, James, warns that if Prince Charming harms her, he will murder him. Dorian invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform in Romeo, Sibyl, too enamoured with Dorian to act, performs poorly, which makes both Basil and Lord Henry think Dorian has fallen in love with Sibyl because of her beauty instead of her acting talent. Embarrassed, Dorian rejects Sibyl, telling her that acting was her beauty, without that, on returning home, Dorian notices that the portrait has changed, his wish has come true, and the man in the portrait bears a subtle sneer of cruelty. Conscience-stricken and lonely, Dorian decides to reconcile with Sibyl, but he is too late, Dorian then understands that, where his life is headed, lust and good looks shall suffice. Dorian locks the portrait up, and over the eighteen years, he experiments with every vice. One night, before leaving for Paris, Basil goes to Dorians house to ask him about rumours of his self-indulgent sensualism, Dorian does not deny his debauchery, and takes Basil to see the portrait. The portrait has become so hideous that Basil is only able to identify it as his work by the signature he affixes to all his portraits, Basil is horrified, and beseeches Dorian to pray for salvation. In anger, Dorian blames his fate on Basil, and stabs him to death, Dorian then calmly blackmails an old friend, the scientist Alan Campbell, into using his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body of Basil Hallward. Alan later kills himself over the deed, to escape the guilt of his crime, Dorian goes to an opium den, where James Vane is unknowingly present
31.
The Temptation of Saint Anthony (book)
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It takes as its subject the famous temptation faced by Saint Anthony the Great in the Egyptian desert, a theme often repeated in medieval and modern art. It is written in the form of a play script and it details one night in the life of Anthony the Great where Anthony is faced with great temptations, and it was inspired by the painting, which he saw at the Balbi Palace in Genoa. A complete list of characters can be found in the glossary of the Random House edition and he is tempted by many characters and objects to stray from his belief that isolation is the truest form of worship. Ammonaria, One of his sisters friends, Anthony is drawn into a battle between his desire for her and his desire to remain holy before God in his isolation and he is distraught that he cannot control his body. King Nebuchadnezzar The Queen of Sheba, Tempts Anthony with riches, once Anthonys student, now he tries to tempt him away from his chosen lifestyle by creating doubt and eventually morphs into Science. Lust and Death, Lust appears as a woman, Death. They try to convince Anthony to give in to his desires, flaubert, Gustave, and Michel Foucault, Lafcadio Hearn, and Marshall Olds. The Temptation of Saint Anthony, audio version
32.
Gustave Flaubert
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Gustave Flaubert was a French novelist. Highly influential, he has considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country. He is known especially for his debut novel Madame Bovary, his Correspondence, the celebrated short story writer Guy de Maupassant was a protégé of Flaubert. Flaubert was born on 12 December 1821, in Rouen, in the Seine-Maritime department of Upper Normandy and he was the second son of Anne Justine Caroline and Achille-Cléophas Flaubert, director and senior surgeon of the major hospital in Rouen. He began writing at an age, as early as eight according to some sources. He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen, and did not leave until 1840, in Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including Victor Hugo, toward the end of 1840, he traveled in the Pyrenees and Corsica. In 1846, after an attack of epilepsy, he left Paris, from 1846 to 1854, Flaubert had a relationship with the poet Louise Colet, his letters to her have survived. After leaving Paris, he returned to Croisset, near the Seine, close to Rouen and he made occasional visits to Paris and England, where he apparently had a mistress. According to his biographer Émile Faguet, his affair with Louise Colet was his only serious romantic relationship, with his lifelong friend Maxime Du Camp, he traveled in Brittany in 1846. In 1849–50 he went on a journey to the Middle East, visiting Greece. He spent five weeks in Istanbul in 1850 and he visited Carthage in 1858 to conduct research for his novel Salammbô. Flaubert was very open about his activities with prostitutes in his writings on his travels. He suspected that a chancre on his penis was from a Maronite or a Turkish girl and he also engaged in intercourse with male prostitutes in Beirut and Egypt, in one of his letters, he describes a pockmarked young rascal wearing a white turban. Flaubert was a worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commanville, and had a close friendship and he occasionally visited Parisian acquaintances, including Émile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Ivan Turgenev, and Edmond and Jules de Goncourt. The 1870s were a time for Flaubert. Prussian soldiers occupied his house during the War of 1870, after her death, he fell into financial difficulty due to business failures on the part of his nieces husband
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