1.
RMS Olympic
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RMS Olympic was a transatlantic ocean liner, the lead ship of the White Star Lines trio of Olympic-class liners. Unlike her younger sister ships, Olympic had a long career and this included service as a troopship during the First World War, which gained her the nickname Old Reliable. Olympic was the largest ocean liner in the world for two periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the tenure of the slightly larger Titanic. Olympic also retained the title of the largest British-built liner until RMS Queen Mary was launched in 1934, by contrast with Olympic, the other ships in the class, Titanic and Britannic, did not have long service lives. Built in Belfast, Ireland, the RMS Olympic was the first of the three Olympic-class ocean liners – the others were RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, the company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and now outclassed ships from 1890, SS Teutonic and SS Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic, Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin. In the case of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the first two ships was agreed plus extras to contract and the five percent fee. Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic-class vessels, carlisles responsibilities included the decorations, equipment and all general arrangements, including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design. On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay, Ismay approved the design and signed three letters of agreement two days later authorising the start of construction. At this point the first ship – which was later to become Olympic – had no name, Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401. Bruce Ismays father Thomas Henry Ismay had previously planned to build a ship named Olympic as a ship to Oceanic. The senior Ismay died in 1899 and the order for the ship was cancelled, construction of Olympic began three months before Titanic to ease pressures on the shipyard. Several years would pass before Britannic would be launched, in order to accommodate the construction of the class, Harland and Wolff upgraded their facility in Belfast, the most dramatic change was the combining of three slipways into two larger ones. Olympics keel was laid in December 1908 and she was launched on 20 October 1910 and her hull was repainted black following the launch. The first-class passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, and some were equipped with private bathrooms, first-class passengers could have meals in the ships large and luxurious dining saloon or in the more intimate A La Carte Restaurant. The second-class facilities included a room, a library, a spacious dining room
2.
Falls of Clyde (ship)
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Falls of Clyde is the last surviving iron-hulled, four-masted full-rigged ship, and the only remaining sail-driven oil tanker. Designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1989, she is now a museum ship in Honolulu and she is currently not open to the public. In September 2008, ownership was transferred to a new organization, the Friends of Falls of Clyde. Efforts to raise $1.5 million to get the ship into drydock have not succeeded as of 2015, an additional $30 million may be needed to fully restore the ship. In August,2016, the Harbors Division of the State of Hawaii impounded the ship, efforts are underway to convince the Governor to preserve the ship, including an online petition. Falls of Clyde was built in 1878 by Russell and Company in Port Glasgow, Inverclyde, Scotland, launched as the first of nine iron-hulled four-masted ships for Wright and Breakenridges Falls Line. She was named after the Falls of Clyde, a group of waterfalls on the River Clyde and her maiden voyage took her to Karachi, now in Pakistan, and her first six years were spent engaged in the India trade. She then became a tramp pursuing general cargo such as lumber, jute, cement, and wheat from ports in Australia, California, India, New Zealand, and the British Isles. To economize on crew, Matson rigged Falls of Clyde down as a barque, at the same time, he added a deckhouse, charthouse, and rearranged the after quarters to accommodate paying passengers. From 1899 to 1907, she made over sixty voyages between Hilo, Hawaii, and San Francisco, California, carrying general merchandise west, sugar east and she developed a reputation as a handy, fast, and commodious vessel, averaging 17 days each way on her voyages. In 1907, the Associated Oil Company bought Falls of Clyde, ten large steel tanks were built into her hull, and a pump room, boiler and generator fitted forward of an oil-tight bulkhead. In this configuration she brought kerosene to Hawaii and returned to California with molasses for cattle feed, in 1927, she was sold to the General Petroleum Company, her masts cut down, and converted into a floating fuel depot in Alaska. In 1959 she was purchased by William Mitchell, who towed her to Seattle, Washington, in 1963, the bank holding the mortgage on Falls of Clyde decided to sell her to be sunk as part of a breakwater at Vancouver, British Columbia. Kortum and Klebingat aroused interest in the ship in Hawaii, at the end of October 1963, Falls of Clyde was taken under tow bound for Honolulu. Falls of Clyde was given to the Bishop Museum and opened to the public in 1968, in 1970 the grandson of original 19th century designer William Lithgow was engaged to assist in her restoration as a full-rigged ship. Support came from Sir William Lithgow, the shipbuilder and industrialist, whose Port Glasgow shipyard donated new steel masts, in 1973 the ship was entered into the National Register of Historic Places, and declared a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1989. The ship is now in poor condition, causes of the deterioration of the ship are multiple. The ship has not been dry docked for a long time, preventive maintenance was not performed, although it would have been relatively inexpensive
3.
Ship
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Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
4.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
5.
Container ship
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Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in equivalent units. Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot ISO-standard containers, today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and modern container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU. Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial vessels on the ocean, there are two main types of dry cargo, bulk cargo and break bulk cargo. Bulk cargoes, like grain or coal, are transported unpackaged in the hull of the ship, break-bulk cargoes, on the other hand, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods. Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break-bulk items were loaded, lashed, unlashed and unloaded from the one piece at a time. However, by grouping cargo into containers,1,000 to 3,000 cubic feet of cargo, or up to about 64,000 pounds, is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way. Containerization has increased the efficiency of moving traditional break-bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84%, in 2001, more than 90% of world trade in non-bulk goods was transported in ISO containers. In 2009, almost one quarter of the dry cargo was shipped by container. The first ships designed to carrying standardized load units were use in the late 18th century in England, in 1766 James Brindley designed the box boat Starvationer with 10 wooden containers, to transport coal from Worsley Delph to Manchester by Bridgewater Canal. Before the Second World War first container ships were used to carrying baggages of the passenger train from London to Paris, Golden Arrow/Fleche dOr. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on cars in the UK. The earliest container ships after the Second World War were converted to tankers, in 1951, the first purpose-built container vessels began operating in Denmark, and between Seattle and Alaska. The first commercially successful container ship was Ideal X, a T2 tanker, owned by Malcom McLean, in 1955, McLean built his company, McLean Trucking into one of United States biggest freighter fleets. In 1955, he purchased the small Pan Atlantic Steamship Company from Waterman Steamship, on April 26,1956, the first of these rebuilt container vessels, Ideal X, left the Port Newark in New Jersey and a new revolution in modern shipping resulted. Container vessels eliminate the individual hatches, holds and dividers of the general cargo vessels. The hull of a container ship is a huge warehouse divided into cells by vertical guide rails
6.
Cleat (nautical)
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In nautical contexts, a cleat is a device for securing a rope. A cam cleat in one or two spring-loaded cams pinch the rope, allowing the rope to be adjusted easily, and quickly released when under load. A jam cleat in which the line is pinched in a v-shaped slot, a clam cleat in which the rope is held between two fluted stationary pieces. Such a cleat vaguely resembles two halves of a shell held back to back. It is more compact than a cam cleat, but the rope is less easily released under load, a cleat hitch is a knot used to secure a rope to a cleat. Winch, which may incorporate a cleat of sorts Belaying pin Ashley, the Ashley Book of Knots, New York, Doubleday, p. Dust jacket, ISBN 0-385-04025-3 Grog
7.
Bollard
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A bollard is a sturdy, short, vertical post. The term is related to bole, meaning a tree trunk. The earliest citation given by the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1844, previously, simpler terms such as post appear to have been used. The Norman-French name Boulard may be related, from the 17th and 18th centuries, old cannon were often used as bollards on quaysides to help moor ships alongside. The cannon would be buried in the ground muzzle-first to approximately half or two-thirds of their length, such cannon can still occasionally be found. Bollards from the 19th century were purpose-made, but often inherited a similar cannon shape. Wooden posts were used for traffic management from at least the beginning of the 18th century. Similar posts can be seen in historic paintings and engravings. In the Netherlands, the Amsterdammertjes of Amsterdam were first erected in the 19th century and they became popular symbols of the city, but they are now gradually being removed and replaced with elevated sidewalks. Mooring bollards are seldom exactly cylindrical, but typically have a diameter near the top to discourage mooring warps from coming loose. Single bollards sometimes include a cross rod to allow the lines to be bent into a figure eight. Small mushroom-bollards are found on lock approaches for advancing boats waiting for lock access, according to Trafficcalming. org, bollards can be used, either to control traffic intake size by limiting movements, or to control traffic speed by narrowing the available space. Israels Transportation Research Institute found that putting bollards at highway exits to control traffic also reduced accidents, bollards may also be used to enclose car-free zones. Bollards and other furniture are used to control overspill parking onto sidewalks. Also referred to as delineators, the bases are made from recycled rubber. The term T-top bollards refers to the T-bar moulded into the top for tying tape, bollards are regarded as an economical and safe delineation system for motorways and busy arterial roads, and, in conjunction with plastic tape, for pedestrian control. Traffic bollards used in the US are very similar to devices throughout the UK, with the following exceptions. In addition, the traffic bollard also has a yellow diamond below the Keep Right symbol instead of a yellow shield, unlike many existing traffic bollards found in the UK, most new modern traffic bollards installed along roadways today are made of materials that make them completely collapsible
8.
RMS Queen Mary 2
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RMS Queen Mary 2 is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the major ocean liner built for Cunard Line since Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1969. The new ship was named Queen Mary 2 by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first 1936 namesake ship RMS Queen Mary, Queen Mary was in turn named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the transatlantic ocean liner in line service between Southampton and New York, which operates for part of each year. The ship is used for cruising, including an annual world cruise. The ship was designed by a team of British naval architects led by Stephen Payne, at the time of her construction, Queen Mary 2 was the longest passenger ship ever built, and with her gross tonnage of 148,528 also the largest. She no longer holds this distinction after the construction of Royal Caribbean Internationals 154,407 GT Freedom of the Seas in April 2006, Queen Mary 2 was intended for routine crossings of the Atlantic Ocean, and was therefore designed differently from many other passenger ships. The ships final cost was approximately $300,000 US per berth, expenses were increased by the high quality of materials, and having been designed as an ocean liner, she required 40% more steel than a standard cruise ship. Queen Mary 2 has a speed of just over 30 knots. Instead of the configuration found on many ships, Queen Mary 2 uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. This uses gas turbines to augment the power generated from the ships diesels, some of Queen Mary 2s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea. Queen Mary 2 is the flagship of Cunard Line, the ship was constructed for eventual replacement of the aging Queen Elizabeth 2, the Cunard flagship from 1969 to 2004 and the last major ocean liner built before the construction of Queen Mary 2. Queen Mary 2 had the Royal Mail Ship title conferred on her, as a gesture to Cunards history, the spaces for these prime movers are also split, and controls are also backed up, with the intention of preventing a single failure from disabling the ship. Queen Mary 2s 30-knot open ocean speed sets the ship apart from ships, such as MS Oasis of the Seas. While the hull of a ship will typically have a block coefficient of 0.73 Queen Mary 2 is more fine-lined. In December 1998, Cunard released details of Project Queen Mary, harland and Wolff of Northern Ireland, Aker Kværner of Norway, Fincantieri of Italy, Meyer Werft of Germany, and Chantiers de lAtlantique of France were invited to bid on the project. The contract was signed with Chantiers de lAtlantique, a subsidiary of Alstom. This was the yard that built Cunards former rivals, the SS Normandie
9.
Ocean liner
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An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
10.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
11.
Princess Cruises
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Princess Cruises is a cruise line based in Santa Clarita, California, in the United States and incorporated in Bermuda. It is part of Holland America Group, which controls the three Carnival brands based on the West Coast of the United States, the lines ships cruise worldwide and are marketed to both American and international passengers. The company was famous by The Love Boat TV series, in which its ship. In 1969, the Princess Italia was used on Alaskan cruises from San Francisco, but by 1973, the charter was canceled, Princesss third charter ship was none other than Costas Carla C. Originally, Compagnie Générale Transatlantiques SS Flandre, the ship had been purchased by Costa in the late 1960s and given a major rebuilding. The two ships that were to be featured heavily in the television series The Love Boat were built in 1971 at Nordseewerke for Flagship Cruises and originally named the Sea Venture and Island Venture. In 1974, P&O purchased them for their Princess division, and they served as the Island Princess and she was initially based in Australia as a P&O ship until 1981 when her role there was taken over by the Oriana. After that, she alternated between P&O and Princess colours as she moved between fleets, the Sea Princess returned to the P&O UK fleet permanently and in 1995 and was renamed MV Victoria to allow a then-new Princess ship to be named Sea Princess. The ship served in P&O Cruises fleet as the Artemis until 2011, the Swan Hellenic Cruiseship Minerva II, originally built as the Renaissance Cruises R8 was renamed Royal Princess in 2007 after an extensive refit during a drydock in Gibraltar. In 1986, P&O Princess Cruises acquired Tour Alaska, which operated on the Alaska Railroad, based in Anchorage, Alaska, Princess Tours now operates ten luxury railcars with full-service scenic tours of Denali and can accommodate over 700 passengers per day. P&O Princess Cruises acquired Sitmar Line in 1988 and transferred all of its tonnage to Princess. The Dawn Princess and Fair Princess were both ex-Cunard, and the former Sitmar Fairsky became Princesss Sky Princess, the first of the three new Sitmar ships came into the Princess brand in 1989 as the Star Princess, the largest British exclusively cruising ship. Two 70,000 grt cruise ships entered service in 1990 as the Crown Princess and Regal Princess, Princess Cruises was involved in litigation with General Electric in 1998 over consequential damages and lost profits resulting from a contract the two parties entered into. General Electric was to provide inspection and repair services upon the SS Sky Princess, upon noticing surface rust on the turbine rotor, the vessel was brought ashore for cleaning and balancing, but good metal was unintentionally removed. This destabilized the rotor, forcing Princess Cruises to cancel two 10-day cruises while additional work was performed, Princess originally prevailed, being awarded nearly $4.6 million. On appeal, however, the judgement was reversed in favor of General Electric, on October 23,2000, the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company spun-off its passenger division to form an independent company, P&O Princess Cruises. The company subsequently merged with Carnival Corporation on April 17,2003, as a result of the merger, Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess were integrated to form Carnival Corporation & plc, with a portfolio of eleven cruise ship brands. It is a company, registered in both the United States and the United Kingdom, with the former P&O Princess Cruises being relisted as Carnival plc
12.
Cabin (ship)
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A cabin or berthing is an enclosed space generally on a ship or an aircraft. A cabin which protrudes above the level of a deck may be referred to as a deckhouse. In sailing ships, the officers and paying passengers would have an individual or shared cabin, the captain or commanding officer would occupy the great cabin that normally spanned width of the stern with large windows. In most modern warships, the officer has a main cabin, the in-port cabin, often adjacent to the ships central control room. Thus, when likely to be called from sleep or attending to administration, the sea cabin is sparsely equipped, containing just a bunk, a desk, and basic toilet facilities. The in-port cabin is more lavishly furnished, with separate bedroom and combination sitting room/office, for ships intended to act as flagships, like the aircraft carrier the USS Lexington, the admiral also has a sea cabin and an in-port cabin, in addition to the captains cabins. Admiral Fletchers sea cabin in the USS Yorktown in World War II had a bed, a chair, a table. Officers will normally have their own cabins, which double as their offices, some senior petty officers may have cabins for similar reasons. In ships carrying passengers, they are accommodated in cabins. First class cabins were referred to as staterooms, and today many cruise lines now prefer to refer to passenger cabins as staterooms or suites. In cruise ship terms, a crawl is an event where passengers tour the cabins of fellow passengers. A cruise ship may also offer a cabin crawl of cabins or suites which did not sell for a particular sailing, the purpose of a cabin crawl is to give passengers an idea of the space and layout of various cabin options for their next cruise. Cabin crawls are normally organized prior to a cruise, through cruise-fan websites, inside spacecraft, the cabins are required to fully supply food and oxygen for their crew. On missions lasting a year or longer, the cabins have to be self-sustaining, i. e. replenish their own water, the space cabin for any long-range manned mission is expected to be reasonably spacious, with approximately 28 cubic metres allotted to each occupant. In addition, cabins have life support systems that should have the capability to meet a variety of conditions, including cabin fires, depressurization. Frequently, these conditions occur so quickly that automatic control systems offer the possibility for recovery. In the late 1960s, several experimental ground facilities were developed to evaluate regenerative life support systems for manned space flight
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