1.
Jacques Piccard
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Jacques Piccard was a Swiss oceanographer and engineer, known for having developed underwater vehicles for studying ocean currents. In the Challenger Deep, he and Lt. Jacques Piccard was born in Brussels, Belgium to Auguste Piccard, Jacques father Auguste twice beat the record for reaching the highest altitude in a balloon, during 1931–1932. The Piccard family thus had the distinction of breaking world records for both the highest flight and the deepest dive. During that period Piccard also completed a diploma at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, together, Piccard and his father built three bathyscaphes between 1948 and 1955, which reached record depths of 4,600 feet and 10,000 feet. With this success, the younger Piccard abandoned economics to collaborate with his father on further improving the bathyscaphe and demonstrating its practicality for exploration, jacquess son Bertrand Piccard is continuing his family traditions. He commanded the first non-stop balloon flight around the world in March 1999, Jacques sought financial help from the U. S. Navy, which at that time was exploring various ways of designing submarines for underwater research. Jacques was welcomed to the U. S. to demonstrate his bathyscaphe, impressed by his designs, the U. S. Navy bought the vessel and hired Piccard as a consultant. Recognizing the strategic value of a workable submersible for submarine salvage and rescue, with his Trieste able to reach depths of 24,000 feet, Piccard and his colleagues planned on an even greater challenge—a voyage to the bottom of the sea. On 23 January 1960, Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh reached the floor of the Mariana Trench located in the western North Pacific Ocean. The depth of the descent was measured at 10,916 meters, later, more accurate, the descent took almost five hours. The bathyscaphe carried no scientific equipment and no experiments were conducted, the descent progressed without incident until 30,000 feet, when the crew heard a loud crack. They continued the dive, however, finally touching down in snuff-colored ooze at 35,800 feet, when they reached the featureless seabed, they saw a flat fish as well as a new type of shrimp. Marine biologists later disputed their observations, claiming that no fish could survive the 17,000 psi pressure at such depths, upon discovering cracks in the viewing windows, Piccard cut the voyage short. The historic dive received worldwide attention, and Piccard wrote an account of it, Seven Miles Down, with Robert Deitz, a planned return expedition, however, never occurred. The Trieste was expensive to maintain and operate and it was incapable of collecting samples and could not take photographs and so had little scientific data to show for its voyages. The original vessel was retired in 1961, although a version later located the remains of two lost U. S. Navy nuclear submarines, the Thresher and the Scorpion. Grumman selected a Navy submariner named Don Kazimir to be captain, the sixth man was Chet May from NASA. His specialty was man working in space and he appointed May as a NASA observer to accompany the mission and study the effects of prolonged isolation on the human crew
2.
Don Walsh
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Don Walsh is an American oceanographer, explorer and marine policy specialist. He and Jacques Piccard were aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste when it made a maximum descent into the Mariana Trench on January 23,1960. The depth was measured at 35,813 feet, but later, Walsh has been associated with ocean science, engineering, and marine policy for more than 50 years. He was commissioned as an officer in the United States Navy upon graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1954 and he attained the rank of captain by the time he retired. He spent 15 years at sea, mostly in submarines, and was a submarine commander and he worked with ocean-related research and development for the navy. A marine maneuvering and auxiliary propulsion manufacture in nearby Santa Fe Springs, in 1989 his company, International Maritime Incorporated, contracted a joint venture with the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology to establish a maintenance company, Soyuz Marine Service. Walsh continues to support ocean sciences in his work on the Ocean Sciences Board at the National Academy of Sciences, in 2001, Walsh was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Walsh holds a faculty appointment at Oregon State University in the College of Earth, Ocean, Walsh was named one of the worlds great explorers by Life magazine. In the MIR submersible, he dived on the RMS Titanic, the German battleship Bismarck, and he has spent more than five decades traveling the world conducting research in, on, and around the oceans. On April 14,2010, The National Geographic Society bestowed its greatest honor, the U. S. Navy awarded Walsh its Distinguished Public Service Award. Walsh lives with his wife Joan near Coquille, Oregon and he has managed a marine consulting business since 1976, and conducts about 5 deep-sea expeditions per year. He remains active with the National Academy of Sciences, the Ocean Elders and it was reported in 2010 that Walsh visited the deep-sea submersible Jiaolong and its makers at the China Ship Scientific Research Center.35 miles, in 2012. Walsh joined the team oversaw the dive of the Deepsea Challenger mission where James Cameron dove solo to the bottom of the Mariana Trench on March 26,2012. Walsh was the inspiration for Chris Wrights 2015 book No More Worlds to Conquer, the book - about moving on from the defining moment in ones life - was inspired by Walshs answer to Wrights question, what came next after the Trieste dive. Walsh responded, Well, a lot of people think I died, over the Top, Sailing the Northeast Passage. United States Department of the Navy, archived from the original on 2002-04-18. Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence, the Explorers Club Northern California Chapter
3.
Challenger Deep
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The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earths seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 to 10,916 m by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench and its bottom is about 11 km long and 1.6 km wide, with gently sloping sides. The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island,287 km southwest and it is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia,1.6 km from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam. The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, according to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, the location and depth of the Challenger Deep are 11°22. 4′N 142°35. 5′E and 10,920 m ±10 m. June 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 aboard the RV Kilo Moana indicated a depth of 10,971 metres, only four descents have ever been achieved. The first descent by any vehicle was by the manned bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 and this was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1995 and Nereus in 2009. In March 2012 a manned solo descent was made by the deep-submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger and these expeditions measured very similar depths of 10,898 to 10,916 metres. Over many years, the search for the point of maximum depth has involved many different vessels, the HMS Challenger expedition first sounded the depths now known as the Challenger Deep. This first sounding was made on 23 March 1875 at station 225, the reported depth was 4,475 fathoms at 11°24′N 143°16′E, based on two separate soundings. A1912 book, The Depths of the Ocean by Sir John Murray, records the depth of the Challenger Deep as 31,614 ft, Murray was one of the expedition scientists. This survey recorded the deepest part of the trench using echo sounding, a depth of 5,960 fathoms was measured at 11°19′N 142°15′E. The maximum surveyed depth of the Challenger Deep was reported in 1957 by the Soviet Research vessel Vityaz recording a spot 11,034 metres ±50 m deep at 11°20. 9′N 142°11. 5′E. It was dubbed the Mariana Hollow and is listed in reference sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica, articles in National Geographic. The pressure at depth is approximately 1,099 times that at the surface. In 1959, the US Navy research vessel RV Stranger using bomb-sounding surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ±10 m at 11°20. 0′N 142°11. 8′E. In 1962, the US Navy research vessel RV Spencer F. Baird using a frequency-controlled depth recorder surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ±10 m at 11°20. 0′N 142°11. 8′E. In 1975 and 1980, the US Navy research vessel RV Thomas Washington using a precision depth recorder with satellite positioning surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m ±10 m at 11°20. 0′N 142°11. 8′E
4.
Ocean
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An ocean is a body of saline water that composes much of a planets hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, the word sea is often used interchangeably with ocean in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water partly or fully enclosed by land. The ocean contains 97% of Earths water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored, the total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters. As the world ocean is the component of Earths hydrosphere, it is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle. The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the origin of Earths oceans remains unknown, oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life. Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds, the only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many planets and natural satellites, notably. The Solar Systems giant planets are thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid. The concept of Ōkeanós has an Indo-European connection, Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the Vedic epithet ā-śáyāna-, predicated of the dragon Vṛtra-, who captured the cows/rivers. Related to this notion, the Okeanos is represented with a dragon-tail on some early Greek vases, though generally described as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. This concept of a body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography. The major oceanic divisions – listed below in descending order of area and volume – are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, Oceans are fringed by smaller, adjoining bodies of water such as seas, gulfs, bays, bights, and straits. The Mid-Oceanic Ridge of the World are connected and form the Ocean Ridge, the continuous mountain range is 65,000 km long, and the total length of the oceanic ridge system is 80,000 km long
5.
Bathyscaphe Trieste
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On 23 January 1960, Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh achieved the goal of Project Nekton. Trieste was the first manned vessel to have reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep, Trieste consisted of a float chamber filled with gasoline for buoyancy, with a separate pressure sphere to hold the crew. This configuration, allowed for a dive, rather than the previous bathysphere designs in which a sphere was lowered to depth. Trieste was designed by the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard and originally built in Italy and his pressure sphere, composed of two sections, was built by the company Acciaierie Terni. The upper part was manufactured by the company Cantieri Riuniti dellAdriatico, in the Free Territory of Trieste, the installation of the pressure sphere was done in the Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia, near Naples. Trieste was launched on 26 August 1953 into the Mediterranean Sea near the Isle of Capri, the design was based on previous experience with the bathyscaphe FNRS-2. Trieste was operated by the French Navy, after several years of operation in the Mediterranean Sea, the Trieste was purchased by the United States Navy in 1958 for $250,000. At the time of Project Nekton, Trieste was more than 15 m long, the pressure sphere provided just enough room for two people. Trieste was subsequently fitted with a new sphere, manufactured by the Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany. To withstand the pressure of 1.25 metric tons per cm² at the bottom of Challenger Deep. The sphere weighed 14.25 metric tons in air and 8 metric tons in water, outside illumination for the craft was provided by quartz arc-light bulbs, which proved to be able to withstand the over 1,000 standard atmospheres of pressure without any modification. Trieste departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for Guam aboard the freighter Santa Maria to participate in Project Nekton, on 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep, carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earths oceans, the descent to the ocean floor took 4 hours 47 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9 metres per second. After passing 9,000 metres, one of the outer Plexiglas window panes cracked, the two men spent barely twenty minutes on the ocean floor. The temperature in the cabin was 7 °C at the time, while at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh unexpectedly regained the ability to communicate with the support ship, USS Wandank, using a sonar/hydrophone voice communications system. While at the bottom, Piccard and Walsh observed a number of small sole and their claim the fish were swimming would prove at least some vertebrate life can withstand the extreme pressure at the oceans deepest point. They noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of diatomaceous ooze, the ascent took 3 hours and 15 minutes. Beginning in April 1963, Trieste was modified and used in the Atlantic Ocean to search for the missing submarine USS Thresher, Trieste was delivered to Boston Harbor by USS Point Defiance under the command of Captain H. H. Haisten
6.
Auguste Piccard
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Piccard and his twin brother Jean Felix Piccard were born in Basel, Switzerland on 28 January 1884. He was a member of the Solvay Congress of 1922,1924,1927,1930 and 1933, supported by the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique Piccard constructed his gondola. On 27 May 1931, Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer took off from Augsburg, Germany, during this flight, Piccard was able to gather substantial data on the upper atmosphere, as well as measure cosmic rays. An article in Popular Science in August 1931 described their journey, during the ascent, the aluminum ball began to leak. They plugged it desperately with vaseline and cotton waste, stopping the leak, in the first half hour, the balloon shot upward nine miles. Through portholes, the saw the earth through copper-colored, then bluish. It seemed a flat disk with upturned edge, at the ten mile level the sky appeared a deep, dark blue. With observations complete, the tried to descend, but couldnt. While their oxygen tanks emptied, they floated aimlessly over Germany, Austria, cool evening air contracted the balloons gas and brought them down on a glacier near Ober-Gurgl, Austria, with one hours supply of oxygen to spare. On 18 August 1932, launched from Dübendorf, Switzerland, Piccard and he ultimately made a total of twenty-seven balloon flights, setting a final record of 23,000 m. In the mid-1930s, Piccards interests shifted when he realized that a modification of his high-altitude balloon cockpit would allow descent into the deep ocean, by 1937, he had designed the bathyscaphe, a small steel gondola built to withstand great external pressure. Construction began, but was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, resuming work in 1945, he completed the bubble-shaped cockpit that maintained normal air pressure for a person inside the capsule even as the water pressure outside increased to over 46 MPa. Above the heavy steel capsule, a large tank was attached and filled with a low density liquid for buoyancy. Liquids are relatively incompressible and can provide buoyancy that does not change as the pressure increases, and so, the huge tank was filled with gasoline, not as a fuel, but as flotation. To make the now floating craft sink, tons of iron were attached to the float with a mechanism to allow resurfacing. This craft was named FNRS-2 and made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 before being given to the French Navy in 1950, there, it was redesigned, and in 1954, it took a man safely down 4,176 m. He died on 24 March 1962 of an attack at his home in Lausanne, Switzerland. Piccard held an appointment in Brussels where Hergé spotted his unmistakable figure in the street
7.
Deep diving
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Deep diving has different meanings depending on the context. For some recreational diving agencies, Deep diving, or Deep diver may be a certification awarded to divers that have trained to dive to a specified depth range. In technical diving, a depth below about 60 metres where hypoxic breathing gas becomes necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity may be considered a deep dive, in professional diving, a depth that requires special equipment, procedures, or advanced training may be considered a deep dive. Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field, for instance early experiments carried out by Comex S. A. using hydrox and trimix attained far greater depths than any recreational technical diving. One example being the Comex Janus IV open-sea dive to 501 metres in 1977 and these divers needed to breathe special gas mixtures because they were exposed to very high ambient pressure. An atmospheric diving suit allows very deep dives of up to 2,000 feet and these suits are capable of withstanding the pressure at great depth permitting the diver to remain at normal atmospheric pressure. This eliminates the problems associated with breathing high-pressure gases, Deep diving has more hazards and greater risk than basic open water diving. Nitrogen narcosis, the “narks” or “rapture of the deep”, starts with feelings of euphoria and over-confidence but then leads to numbness and memory impairment similar to alcohol intoxication. Decompression sickness, or the “bends”, can happen if a diver ascends too fast and these bubbles produce mechanical and biochemical effects that lead to the condition. The onset of symptoms depends on the severity of the gas loading and may develop during ascent in severe cases. Bone degeneration is caused by the bubbles forming inside the bones, most commonly the upper arm, Deep diving involves a much greater danger of all of these, and presents the additional risk of oxygen toxicity, which may lead to a convulsion underwater. Very deep diving using a helium–oxygen mixture carries a risk of high-pressure nervous syndrome, coping with the physical and physiological stresses of deep diving requires good physical conditioning. Using normal scuba equipment, breathing gas consumption is proportional to ambient pressure - so at 50 metres, where the pressure is 6 bar, the need to do decompression stops increases with depth. A diver at 6 metres may be able to dive for many hours without needing to do decompression stops, at depths greater than 40 metres, a diver may have only a few minutes at the deepest part of the dive before decompression stops are needed. In the event of an emergency the diver cannot make an ascent to the surface without risking decompression sickness. All of these result in the amount of breathing gas required for deep diving being much greater than for shallow open water diving. The diver needs a disciplined approach to planning and conducting dives to minimise these additional risks, both equipment and procedures can be adapted to deal with the problems of greater depth. Usually the two are combined, as the procedures must be adapted to suit the equipment, and in cases the equipment is needed to facilitate the procedures
8.
Submarine
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A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability, the term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine. The noun submarine evolved as a form of submarine boat, by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, Submarines were first widely used during World War I, and now figure in many navies large and small. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection, Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology, most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the sail in American usage, a conning tower was a feature of earlier designs, a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins, smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water, Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers, modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle and its unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel and it was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England, in 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft, a mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemens Magazine reported that a design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. By this point of development, further improvement in design stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion. The first military submarine was the Turtle, a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person and it was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion
9.
Deep-submergence rescue vehicle
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A Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle is a type of Deep Submergence Vehicle used for rescue of downed submarines and clandestine missions. While DSRV is the term most often used by the United States Navy other nations have different designations for their vehicles, ASRV Remora was the Australian navys DSRV. It is based on a bell design. The Peoples Republic of China has three Dajiang class submarine rescue ships, each ship is equipped with two DSRV. The lead ship of the Dajiang class is the Changxingdao, france, Norway and the UK share the NATO Submarine Rescue System programme. Swedish Navy has submarine rescue ship HMS Belos which can carry Swedish submarine rescue vessel URF as well as British LR5, the submarine, modified as deployable about in year 2010, operates from the mother ship Anteo. SRV-300 replace MSM-1S/USEL, build by Cantieri Navali Breda, launched on 11.11.1978,13,2 t displacement, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force operate two DSRVs with dedicated mother ships. Chiyoda – Chiyoda Chihaya – Chihaya, the Korean navy operates a submarine rescue ship called Cheong Haejin. It has a mother ship. The model is based on a modified British design, russia is believed to have one vessel of the Bester class and five of the Priz class, which was involved in the failed attempt to rescue the crew of the Kursk. AS-28 – Project 1855 AS-34 – Project 1855 MV Swift Rescue, launched 29 November 2008, is Singapores first and it is equipped with a deep submergence rescue vehicle. The United Kingdom operates the LR5 submersible in a rescue role. It previously operated the Slingsby Engineering built LR3, the DSRVs were originally designed to work with USS Pigeon and USS Ortolan, but those two vessels have since been decommissioned and replaced by the Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System. DSRV-1 Mystic - Deactivation begun on 1 October 2008, replaced with remotely operated tethered SRDRS. DSRV-2 Avalon - currently at the Central Coast Maritime Museum, Morro Bay and their maximum operating depth is 1500 m. Power is provided by 2 large batteries, one fore, and one aft that power the electrical, hydraulic and life support systems. The DSRV uses mercury in a sealed system to allow themselves to match any angle in both pitch and roll so as to mate to a downed submarine that may be at an angle on the sea floor. The DSRV is capable of being transported by Air Force C-5 to anywhere in the world within 24 hours and it is then loaded onto a Mother Submarine
10.
Telephone tapping
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Telephone tapping is the monitoring of telephone and Internet conversations by a third party, often by covert means. The wire tap received its name because, historically, the connection was an actual electrical tap on the telephone line. Legal wiretapping by a government agency is also called lawful interception, passive wiretapping monitors or records the traffic, while active wiretapping alters or otherwise affects it. Lawful interception is officially controlled in many countries to safeguard privacy. Illegal or unauthorized telephone tapping is often a criminal offense, however, the telephone recording laws in most U. S. states require only one party to be aware of the recording, while 12 states require both parties to be aware. It is considered better practice to announce at the beginning of a call that the conversation is being recorded, in Canadian law, police are allowed to wiretap without the authorization from a court when there is the risk for imminent harm, such as kidnapping or a bomb threat. They must believe that the interception is immediately necessary to prevent an act that could cause serious harm to any person or to property. This was introduced by Rob Nicholson on February 11,2013, the Supreme Court gave Parliament twelve months to rewrite a new law. Bill C-51 was then released, which transformed the Canadian Security Intelligence Agency from an intelligence gathering agency, legal protection extends to private communications where the participants would not expect unintended persons to learn the content of the communication. A single participant can legally, and covertly record a conversation, otherwise police normally need a judicial warrant based upon probable grounds to record a conversation they are not a part of. The government has set up the Centralized Monitoring System to automate the process of lawful interception, the government of India on 2015 December 2 in a reply to parliament question no. The contracts or licenses by which the state telephone companies often require that the companies must provide access to tapping lines to law enforcement. When telephone exchanges were mechanical, a tap had to be installed by technicians, now that many exchanges have been converted to digital technology, tapping is far simpler and can be ordered remotely by computer. Telephone services provided by cable TV companies also use digital switching technology, a well-designed tap installed on a phone wire can be difficult to detect. In some instances some law enforcement may be able to access a mobile phones internal microphone even while it isnt actively being used on a phone call. The noises that some believe to be telephone taps are simply crosstalk created by the coupling of signals from other phone lines. Data on the calling and called number, time of call and duration, will generally be collected automatically on all calls and these data can be accessed by security services, often with fewer legal restrictions than for a tap. This information used to be collected using special equipment known as pen registers and trap and trace devices, today, a list of all calls to a specific number can be obtained by sorting billing records
Bathyscaphe Trieste – 11,000 m
Deepsea Challenger – 11,000 m
Archimède – 9,500 m
Jiaolong – 7,500 m
DSV Shinkai 6500 – 6,500 m
Konsul – 6,500 m
DSV Alvin – 4,500 m
