1.
Fort George G. Meade
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It is named for George G. Meade, a general from the U. S. Civil War, who served as commander of the Army of the Potomac. The forts smaller census-designated place includes support facilities such as schools, housing, initially called Camp Annapolis Junction, the post was opened as Camp Admiral in 1917 on 29.7 sq mi acquired for a training camp. Renamed to Fort Leonard Wood, the forts Experimental Motorized Forces in the summer and fall of 1928 tested vehicles, in 1929, the forts 1st Tank Regiment encamped on the Gettysburg Battlefield. S. The Second U. S. Army Headquarters transferred to the post on June 15,1947, and in the 1950s, from the 1950s until the 1970s, the Fort Meade radar station had various radar equipment and control systems for air defense. Fort Meade also had the first Nike Ajax surface-to-air missiles in December 1953, in 1977, a merger organized the forts U. S. Army Intelligence Agency as part of the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command. On 1 October 1991, a wing of the Air Force Intelligence Command transferred to Fort Meade, in the early 1990s,12.7 sq mi was transferred from the post to the Patuxent Research Refuge. A planned closure of the post in the 1990s was not implemented, the 311th Signal Command headquarters was at Fort Meade from 1996 – September 2006. After an August 27,2007, U. S, advancements in information technology and recent base realignment and closure initiatives have contributed to the evolution of the school. The result is a single school proud of its roots and dedicated to serving the diverse requirements for public affairs, broadcasting. Alleged gunman Hong Young was arrested in connection with shootings at five places in Maryland, including an NSA building, theaters. No motive has been established but his estranged wife attributed his behavior to mental issues, on March 30,2015, National Security Agency police officers shot and killed a person who attempted to drive an SUV through a restricted entrance to the NSA campus in Fort Meade, Maryland. A passenger in the SUV was injured, as was an officer, president Obama was briefed but the FBI determined we do not believe it is related to terrorism. Fort Meade is bordered by the Baltimore–Washington Parkway on the west and is about 5 miles east of Interstate 95 and it is located between Washington, DC and Baltimore. It is located in proximity to Columbia, Jessup, Laurel, Severn, Hanover, the Fort George G. Meade Museum exhibits the Posts historical artifacts, including uniforms, insignia and equipment
2.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Defense Media Activity
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The Defense Media Activity is a United States Department of Defense field activity. It provides a range of high-quality multimedia products and services to inform, educate. The Defense Media Activity is located on Fort Meade, Maryland, DMA operates as a separate DoD Component under the authority, direction and control of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. The Defense Media Activity can trace its lineage to the first publication of the Stars and Stripes newspaper produced by Union soldiers during the Civil War. The DMA is one in a line of media related organizations established, consolidated or subsumed within the military departments. DMA was established as a result of the BRAC2005 decisions, the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission accepted the DoD recommendation and included the recommendation in its report to the President on September 8,2005. On September 8,2005, the President approved the BRAC Commission recommendations, on September 20,2005, the U. S. Congress failed to disapprove the BRAC Commissions recommendations. Under the provisions of the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 the recommendations were effectively approved, the approved BRAC actions were to, Realign Fort Belvoir, Virginia, by relocating Soldiers Magazine to Fort Meade, Maryland. Realign Anacostia Annex, District of Columbia, by relocating the Naval Media Center to Fort Meade, Realign 2320 Mill Road, a leased installation in Alexandria, Virginia, by relocating Army Broadcasting-Soldier Radio/TV to Fort Meade, Maryland. Realign 103 Norton Street, an installation in San Antonio, Texas by relocating Air Force News Agency. Consolidate American Forces Information Service with DMA Include the internal elements of the U. S.74. DMA was formally established on January 1,2008, and the people, the elements required to move to Fort Meade by the BRAC2005 decision remained in their facilities as their facility at Fort Meade was designed and constructed. The building design was completed in September 2008 and it is a 185,870 square-foot facility built to house approximately 660 personnel. The building was completed in May 2011 and organizations began moving into the facility in June 2011, the move was completed in August 2011. DMA elements located in the Pentagon, Washington, D. C, Tobyhanna Army Depot, Riverside, California, and all overseas locations remained in place. Organization and Functions DMA is composed of a headquarters and seven operating components, the American Forces Radio and Television Service component delivers, via the American Forces Network, U. S. Includes radio and television stations in communities in Europe, Pacific and the Middle East, and include its central broadcasting hub. The Defense Information School provides joint-service training to Defense military and civilian personnel in the fields of Public Affairs
6.
United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence
7.
Public affairs (military)
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Public Affairs is a term for the formal offices of the branches of the United States Department of Defense whose purpose is to deal with the media and community issues. The term is used for numerous media relations offices that are created by the U. S. military for more specific limited purposes. Public affairs offices are staffed by a combination of officers, enlisted personnel, civilian officials, Public Affairs offices play a key role in contingency and deployed operations. They produce speeches and act as ghost writers for commanders, often developing a commanders public persona. The United States Armys public affairs community is led by the Chief of Public Affairs, Enlisted Public Affairs Specialists is listed as a 46Q Enlisted Public Affairs Broadcast Specialists listed as a 46R. The United States Marine Corps public affairs community is led by the Director of Public Affairs within the Division of Public Affairs, Headquarters Marine Corps, Brigadier General Paul J. Kennedy was the Director as of 2014. As of 2014 the CHINFO was Rear Admiral Dawn Cutler, Enlisted members of the Navy public affairs community are rated as Mass Communication Specialist. Officers in Navy public affairs are Restricted Line Officers and hold the Special Duty Officer designator 165X, the annual CHINFO Merit Awards Program recognizes outstanding achievements in internal media products produced by Navy commands and individuals. The Secretary of the Air Force Office of Public Affairs serves in the role for the United States Air Forces public affairs community. Air Force public affairs officers hold the 35P Air Force Specialty Code, the enlisted public affairs AFSCs are 3N0X2 and 3N0X5. As of 2014 Rear Admiral Steven Poulin was the Coast Guard’s Director of Governmental, enemy Image, a documentary about The Pentagons approach to news coverage of war Information warfare Pentagon rapid response operation Public relations U. S. Military Television Network Hammond, William M, Public Affairs, The Military and the Media, 1962-1968. Center for Military History, United States Army,1988, OCLC17442224 Hammond, William M. Reporting Vietnam, Media and Military at War
8.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
9.
Photojournalism
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Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now understood to refer only to still images. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a format that is not only informative. Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a published record of events. Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone, narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level. Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, the practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings, during the Crimean War, the ILN pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton. Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari, similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harpers Weekly. Disaster, including wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days. The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period, Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the people of London. On March 4,1880, The Daily Graphic published the first halftone reproduction of a news photograph, in March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column, during the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches glass negatives. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States. Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, the popular publication Harpers Weekly published six of his images in their April 24,1886 issue
10.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
11.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
12.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
13.
Broadcasting
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Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, the receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio. The U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public, private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur and citizens band radio operators are not allowed to broadcast, as defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like television, are also considered broadcasts. In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well, the earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail and they developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century, by the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM band and later on FM. Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS emerging in the 1980s. Originally all broadcasting was composed of signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information, Analog audio vs. HD Radio Analog television vs.9 zettabytes. This is the equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and/or video to the public, Telephone broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver
14.
Lithography
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Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
15.
Multimedia
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Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material, Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in art, for example. The term rich media is synonymous with interactive multimedia, the term multimedia was coined by singer and artist Bob Goldstein to promote the July 1966 opening of his LightWorks at LOursin show at Southampton, Long Island. Goldstein was perhaps aware of an American artist named Dick Higgins, two years later, in 1968, the term multimedia was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer—one of Goldsteins producers at LOursin. In the intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings, in the late 1970s, the term referred to presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. However, by the 1990s multimedia took on its current meaning, in the 1993 first edition of Multimedia, Making It Work, Tay Vaughan declared Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that is delivered by computer. When you allow the user – the viewer of the project – to control what, when you provide a structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia. The German language society Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache recognized the words significance, the institute summed up its rationale by stating has become a central word in the wonderful new media world. In common usage, multimedia refers to an electronically delivered combination of media including video, still images, audio, much of the content on the web today falls within this definition as understood by millions. That era saw also a boost in the production of educational multimedia CD-ROMs, the term video, if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe the format, delivery format. Multiple forms of content are often not considered modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of content with single methods of information processing are often called multimedia. Performing arts may also be considered multimedia considering that performers and props are multiple forms of content and media. Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, a broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed, streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand
16.
Carlisle Barracks
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Carlisle Barracks is a United States Army facility located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It is part of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and is the site of the U. S. Army War College and it is the nations second-oldest active military base. A brief 1756 encampment at Carlisle preceded the more permanent settlement in May 1757, after the American Revolutionary War, from 1783–1837, the town of Carlisle was significant as the frontier gateway, as a greatly increased wave of land-hungry migrants moved west. While the facility might have used to store ammunition and explosives. The Hessian Powder Magazine, now Hessian Guardhouse Museum, was built in 1777, in 1794, Carlisle Barracks became the center of intense military activity with the outbreak of the Whiskey Rebellion. President George Washington journeyed to the barracks to review the troops—perhaps as many as 10,000 men, the crisis was posed by farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania, who refused to pay a tax on the commercial whiskey they distilled from their corn crops. They had found corn processed as alcohol more easily transported east over the Alleghenies, president Washington recommended the barracks as the site for a Federal military academy, but Pennsylvania lost that political battle to the state of New York and its West Point location. The government decided to clear up ownership of the post, in 1801, in 1838 the School of Cavalry Practice was established at Carlisle Barracks. It was the small but elite mounted force, the forerunner of the Armor School now at Fort Benning. Sumner found most of the buildings in disrepair, the maneuver area less than adequate. Overcoming these problems included drilling his recruits at the time on foot to simulate the trotting of the missing horses. Another mounted organization, horse-drawn light artillery, also established its school at Carlisle Barracks, in 1839, Captain Samuel Ringgold arrived to begin training recruits and testing equipment for the flying artillery, as it was sometimes called. From the early Civil War days, south-central Pennsylvania was rife with rumors of a Confederate invasion up the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley from Virginia to Pennsylvania. Although many miles from the front, the garrison at Carlisle became a central supply center for ordnance stores, horses. Recruits once destined for Indian-fighting units on the frontier were prepared to replace casualties in Regular Army units. Entire units were sent to the barracks to refit before specific deployment, in June 1863, the Rebels are coming. In spite of a small defensive Pennsylvania militia and home guard force, Jenkins led his mounted brigade east along the Trindle Road, where they bivouacked while they took rations by wagon from the town. He had levied a demand for food for his 1,500 men, three North Carolina brigades occupied Carlisle Barracks, the troops camped on the parade grounds
17.
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
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Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The name is pronounced as in British English with emphasis on the second syllable /kɑːrˈlaɪl/. Carlisle is located within the Cumberland Valley, a productive agricultural region. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,682. Including suburbs in the townships,37,695 live in the Carlisle urban cluster. Carlisle is an exurb of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the east, Carlisle is the slightly smaller principal city of the Harrisburg−Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry counties in South Central Pennsylvania. In 2010, Forbes rated Carlisle and Harrisburg the second-best place to raise a family, the U. S. Army War College, located at the Carlisle Barracks, prepares high-level military personnel and civilians for strategic leadership responsibilities. Carlisle Barracks ranks among the oldest U. S. Army installations, Carlisle Barracks is home of the United States Army Military Heritage Museum. Carlisle also hosts Dickinson College and Penn State Dickinson School of Law, aholds U. S. headquarters are in Carlisle. American pioneer John Armstrong Sr. laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751 and he fathered John Armstrong Jr. who was born in Carlisle in 1758. Scots-Irish immigrants settled in Carlisle and farmed the Cumberland Valley and they named the settlement after its sister town of Carlisle, Cumbria, England, and even built its former jailhouse to resemble The Citadel in Carlisle, Cumbria. In 1757, Colonel Commandant John Stanwix—for whom Fort Stanwix in upstate New York is named—–made his headquarters in Carlisle, Stanwix had sat in Parliament as Member for Carlisle during the 1740s. Later during the French and Indian Wars, the Forbes Expedition organized in Carlisle in 1758, and Henry Bouquet organized an expedition there for Pontiacs War, Carlisle served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot was developed into the United States Army War College at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend Molly Pitcher died in the borough in 1832, a hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel, it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens. Carlisle was incorporated as a borough a few years after the war on April 13,1782, a decade later, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and New Jersey assembled in Carlisle under the leadership of President George Washington. While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street, one of the colleges more famous alumni, the 15th U. S. president, James Buchanan, graduated in 1809. The Dickinson School of Law, founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States, a general borough law of 1851 authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle
18.
Fort Slocum
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Fort Slocum, New York was a US military post which occupied Davids Island in the western end of Long Island Sound in the town of New Rochelle, New York from 1867 to 1965. The fort was named for Major General Henry W. Slocum, Military use of the island dates from 1861, when the 3rd Regiment of the Irish Brigade established Camp Carrigan. The next year,1862, Davids Island was leased by the U. S. Government and this marked the first use of Davids Island by the Regular Army. At that time, De Camp General Hospital was established to serve thousands of wounded individuals from the battlefields of the American Civil War, by late 1862, De Camp was the Army’s largest general hospital, housing more than 2,100 patients. Even though a prison camp had established on Hart Island in 1865 Davids Island soon held more than 2,500 Confederate prisoners of war. Most had recovered by October, and they were moved to camps elsewhere. A ferry connection was established during the war from Neptune Island, at the end of the war, Congress authorized the islands purchase for military purposes and it was conveyed to the United States as the Davids Island Military Reservation in 1867. From this date, the Federal government operated its own ferry to, in July 1878 Davids’ Island was made a principal depot of the U. S. Army General Recruiting Service, taking over this assignment from Governors Island. This marked the beginning of the installation’s longstanding mission as a recruitment and it was later converted to a coastal artillery defense post and was eventually given the name Fort Slocum after Major General Henry W. Slocum, U. S. Construction of fortifications on the island resulted from the recommendations of the Endicott Board of Fortifications, the study called for better protection of ports such as New York Harbor, and Davids Island became part of its system of defenses. Battery Practice had at least one 15-inch smoothbore Rodman gun and two 8-inch converted rifles, all muzzle-loading and typical of weapons emplaced in the 1870s and it was disestablished in 1899, although the 15-inch gun remains on the island. Battery Kinney had two 6-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts, and Battery Fraser had two 5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts. Battery Haskin was named for Joseph A. Haskin, a general who served in the Mexican War and Civil War, whose son, Major William L. Haskin, Battery Overton was named for Captain Clough Overton, a cavalry officer in the Spanish-American War. Battery Kinney was named for Joseph Kinney, an officer killed in the War of 1812, and Battery Fraser was named for Upton S. Fraser, however, Fort Slocum retained all its guns until World War I. At the start of the 20th Century Davids Island became the East Coast assembly point for units assigned to America’s new overseas territories, between 1917 and 1919, over 140,000 recruits passed through the post. In fact, Recruit Week in December 1917 brought so many recruits to Fort Slocum that an overflow had to be housed in New Rochelle, Fort Slocums guns were dismounted and transferred to other uses beginning in 1917. Battery Kinneys 6-inch guns were moved to Fort Tilden, Battery Frasers 5-inch guns were dismounted, records do not indicate if these guns were sent to France. In 1919 Fort Slocum was totally disarmed, its 16 mortars were removed, in 1922 there was a general military drawdown, and closure of Fort Slocum was proposed
19.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
20.
Fort Benjamin Harrison
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Fort Benjamin Harrison was a U. S. Army post located in suburban Lawrence Township, Marion County, Indiana, northeast of Indianapolis. It is named for the 23rd United States President, Benjamin Harrison, land was purchased in 1903, with the post being officially named for President Harrison in honor of Indianapolis being his hometown. In 1901, former President Benjamin Harrisons son Russell through lobbying efforts sold a nearby U. S, arsenal where the U. S. Army used the money to buy land where the fort is located today. Fort Benjamin Harrison saw its highest level of activity during World War I, the Fort Benjamin Harrison Reception Center opened in 1941 and was the largest reception center in the United States by 1943. Camp Glenn was a Citizens Military Training Camp that was used to house Civilian Conservation Corps workers. When the United States reestablished the Military Police Corps in 1941, the area was also used to detain Italian and German prisoners of war in 1944 and 1945. In 1947, the Army declared Fort Harrison to be surplus property, from 1948 to 1950, the post functioned as Benjamin Harrison Air Force Base. The Tenth Air Force was moved from Omaha, Nebraska and headquartered at Schoen Field on Fort Harrison, overcrowding and inadequate facilities soon forced the 10th Air Force to move to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan, and the Army reacquired control of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The U. S. Army Finance School was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison during the 1960s and 70s, the Interservice Postal School was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison in the 1970s under the US Army Institute of Administration, and was staffed by instructors from all four services. It moved to Fort Jackson in South Carolina in 1995, beginning in 1965, it was also home of the Defense Information School. This was staffed by enlisted personnel and officers from all branches of the US military along with members of allied military personnel, in 1995, DINFOS moved to Fort Meade, Maryland. The Fort was the site of the Athletes Villages for the 1987 Pan American Games, new barracks were built to house the athletes during the games. After the games, these barracks were used to military students attending courses at Fort Harrison. The barracks were torn down a few years after the post was closed, Fort Benjamin Harrison was closed as part of the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The site of the base has since been redeveloped, and includes residential neighborhoods, a golf course, although the base has officially been inactivated, there is still a very significant military presence in the area. Since 1999, the American Legion has had its John H. Geiger Operations Center located at Fort Harrison, the center houses the Membership Services staff to maintain the organizations membership database, and provide direct-marketing services for membership renewal and new-member acquisition. It also houses the Emblem Sales Division which provides Legion merchandise, on May 29,2009, the Indiana National Guard held a ground-breaking ceremony for a new facility to be erected at Fort Benjamin Harrison, the Lawrence Readiness Training Center, which opened in 2011. The facility will house four units, including the 76th Brigade Combat Team headquarters, the Veterans of Foreign Wars maintains its headquarters for the Department of Indiana on the site at 9555 E. 59th Street
21.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
22.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
23.
AP Stylebook
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It is a guide for grammar, punctuation and principles of reporting, including many definitions and rules for usage as well as styles for capitalization, abbreviation, spelling and numerals. The first publicly available edition of the book was published in 1953 and was updated biennially over the next 20 years, today the AP Stylebook is updated annually. On September 28,2009 the Associated Press released the first mobile edition of the Stylebook for the iPhone—the AP Stylebook app, in 2013, Associated Press publishers celebrated the books 60th anniversary. The first Basic Books edition was published in August 1977, modern editions are released in several formats, including trade paperback, flat-lying spiral-bound, an online subscription and an iOS mobile app. Writers in broadcasting, magazine publishing, marketing departments and public relations firms traditionally adopt and apply AP grammar, over the last 50 years, the AP Stylebook has become a leading style for non-journalistic publishers such as corporate marketing and public relations departments. Its simplified grammar, such as dropping the Oxford comma and using figures for all numbers above nine, saves scarce print, for instance, it includes explanations of five different chapters of bankruptcy. Sports Guidelines and Style Includes terminology, statistics, organization rules and guidelines commonly referenced by sports reporters, example, The correct way to spell and use basketball terminology e. g. half-court pass, field goal and goaltending. Guide to Punctuation A specific guide on how to use punctuation in journalistic materials, example, In a series use commas to separate items but no comma before a conjunction e. g. We bought eggs, milk and cheese at the store, Briefing on Media Law An overview of legal issues and ethical expectations for those working in the journalism industry. Example, The difference between slander and libel, slander is spoken, libel is written, to start with. Photo Captions The simple formula of what to include writing a photo outline. Editing Marks A key with editing symbols to assist the journalist with the proofreading process, example, When a word is circled it means that the word should be abbreviated, or that an abbreviation should be unabbreviated. Bibliography This provides second reference materials for information not included in the book, example, Use Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. as first reference after the AP Stylebook for spelling, style, usage and foreign geographic names. For many years the AP Stylebook was titled The Associated Press Stylebook, in 2000, the guide was renamed The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Some editions, such as the 2004 copy, used the shorter title The Associated Press Stylebook on their covers, the Associated Press organization was first created in 1846. Throughout much of its history, the AP maintained a book for member reporters. By the early 1950s the publication was formalized into the AP Stylebook, due to growing demand by both journalistic and non-journalistic editors, the AP published their style book for the general public in 1953. In 1977, prompted by AP Executive News Editor Louis Boccardis request for more of a reference work and that years book was produced jointly with competitor United Press International
24.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
25.
Air force
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An air force, also known in some countries as an air army, is in the broadest sense, the national military organization that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nations armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army, navy, or a marine corps. Typically, air forces are responsible for gaining control of the air, carrying out strategic and tactical bombing missions, Air forces typically consist of a combination of fighters, bombers, helicopters, transport planes and other aircraft. Many air forces are responsible for operations of the military space, intercontinental ballistic missiles. Some air forces may command and control other air defence assets such as artillery, surface-to-air missiles, or anti-ballistic missile warning networks. In addition to pilots, air forces have ground support staff who support the aircrew, however, some supporting personnel such as airfield defence troops, weapons engineers and air intelligence staff do not have equivalent roles in civilian organizations. Balloon or flying corps are not generally regarded as examples of an air force, however, with the invention of heavier-than-air craft in the early 20th century, armies and navies began to take interest in this new form of aviation as a means to wage war. The first aviation force in the world was the Aviation Militaire of the French Army formed in 1910, in 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War, Italy employed aircraft for the first time ever in the world for reconnaissance and bombing missions against Turkish positions on Libyan Territory. The Italian–Turkish war of 1911–1912 was the first in history that featured air attacks by airplanes, during World War I France, Germany, Italy, the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire all possessed significant forces of bombers and fighters. World War I also saw the appearance of senior commanders who directed aerial warfare, the British Royal Air Force was the first independent air force in the world. The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918 by amalgamation the British Armys Royal Flying Corps, on establishment the RAF comprised over 20,000 aircraft, was commanded by a Chief of the Air Staff who held the rank of major-general and was governed by its own government ministry. Over the following decades most countries with any military capability established their own independent air forces. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I and it became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the Royal title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force, other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command, outside of the British Empire, the Finnish Air Force was established as a separate service on 4 May 1928 and the Brazilian Air Force was created in 1941. Both the United States Air Force and the Philippine Air Force were formed as a separate branches of their armed forces in 1947. The Israeli Air Force came into being with the State of Israel on 18 May 1948, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force was not established until 1954, in World War II Japanese military aviation had been carried out by the Army and Navy
26.
American Forces Network
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The American Forces Network is the brand name used by the United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service for its entertainment and command internal information networks worldwide. AFN broadcasts popular American radio and television programs from the major U. S. networks and it is sometimes referred to as the Armed Forces Network. AFRTS, American Forces Network and AFN are registered trademarks of the U. S. Department of Defense and it is based at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. The American Forces Network is the arm of the American Forces Radio and Television Service. AFN falls under the control of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. Editorial control is by the Department of Defense, whereas the British Forces Broadcasting Service, for example, is independent of the Ministry of Defence, AFN employs military broadcasters as well as Department of Defense civilians and contractors. Service personnel hold broadcasting occupational specialties for their military branch, since 1997, all of AFNs military personnel receive primary training at the Defense Information School at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. Before 1997, DINFOS was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indianapolis, in 1997, Fort Benjamin Harrison was largely closed as a function of the 1991 Base Closure and Realignment Commission. Additional/Advanced training is available at Fort George G. Meade. In the 1960s, DINFOS was located at Fort Slocum, NY on an island just off the harbor at New Rochelle. At its peak in 1965, the Army Chaplain school was located here. In 1963 this campus operated in a university setting with a military environment. The Army ran the Information School although training was offered to members of all military branches, Radio types took a rather severe audition written by CBS for their network announcers. Those who survived the audition became Broadcast Specialists with a 703 MOS, some of AFNs broadcasters have previous commercial broadcasting experience before enlisting in the military, but it is not a prerequisite for enlistment in the military as a broadcaster. During their training, the broadcasters are taught to use state-of-the-art audio, AFN management is located at DMA headquarters at Fort Meade. Day-to-day AFN broadcast operations are conducted at the AFN Broadcast Center/Defense Media Center in Riverside, California, from all global radio. The American Forces Network can trace its origins to May 26,1942, a television service was first introduced in 1954 with a pilot station at Limestone Air Force Base, Maine. In 1954, the mission of AFRS was officially recognized
27.
Rob Riggle
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Robert Allen Rob Riggle, Jr. is an American actor, comedian and retired United States Marine Corps Reserve officer. He has also co-starred in the Adult Swim comedy-action series NTSF, SD, in 2012, Riggle replaced Frank Caliendo for the comedy skit and prognostication portions of Fox NFL Sunday. Riggle was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Sandra Sue and Robert Allen Riggle and his family moved to Overland Park, Kansas, when he was 2. He attended Shawnee Mission South High School, where he was involved in the schools radio and he was voted the most humorous in high school and graduated in 1988. Riggle later graduated from the University of Kansas, in 1992, with a B. A. in Theater and Film, while also attained his pilots license and he went on to earn a Master of Public Administration degree from Webster University in 1997. Riggle joined the Marines in 1990 after getting his pilots license, intending to become a Naval Aviator, in August 2007, Riggle went to Iraq to report for The Daily Show as well as to entertain the troops under the purview of the USO. Riggle was a public affairs officer with a New York City based unit, and served in Liberia, Kosovo, Albania, on January 1,2013, Riggle retired from the Marine Corps Reserve after 23 years of service. Perhaps the duos best known creation was their long running two-man show Kung Fu Grip which they performed at UCBT. The show was one of the acts in the 2004 HBO Comedy Arts Festival. Around this time began appearing together in several of Comedy Central and VH1s talking head commentary programs such as Best Week Ever. They also appeared in Bravo networks 100 Scariest Movie Moments special in 2004 and these appearances got the duo their first mainstream exposure to television viewers. The two were instant fan favorites among regular viewers of the VH1 commentary programs, Riggle, Huebel and most of their fellow castmates from Respecto Montalban also performed regularly in comedic sketches on Late Night with Conan OBrien throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. The duos growing popularity landed them an audition on Saturday Night Live in the summer of 2004 and they auditioned together, though only Riggle ended up making the cut. After spending one season on Saturday Night Live from 2004 to 2005, Riggle soon joined Huebel, soon after, the two landed a holding deal at NBC in early 2006 to develop a new half-hour comedy program for the network, though nothing has come of it since then. In September 2006, Riggle joined The Daily Show as a regular correspondent, around the same time Huebel started developing Human Giant, a sketch show for MTV. Riggle would often appear in the programs various sketches, as well as in the shows 24-hour live marathon which aired on MTV in May 2007. One of Riggles most memorable guest appearances was as hired muscle, Ham-Bone, Riggle and Huebel can also be seen performing a sketch together on stage at the UCBT in Doug Bensons documentary Super High Me. A featured player during the 2004–2005 season, his first appearance as a cast member was on the shows premiere on October 2,2004
28.
Pat Sajak
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Pat Sajak is an American television personality, former weatherman, actor and talk show host, best known as the host of the American television game show Wheel of Fortune. Sajak, the son of a Polish-American factory worker, was born and his mother, Joyce, remarried Walter Backal. He graduated from Farragut High School in 1964, then went to Columbia College Chicago while working as a clerk at the Palmer House hotel. He served in uniform as a jockey in Vietnam for Armed Forces Radio. Sajak won a contest on WLS radios Dick Biondi Show to be a guest teen deejay, while at Columbia College Chicago, his broadcasting instructor Al Parker told him that a local radio station was looking for a newsman. Sajak applied for the job and was hired to work from midnight to 6,00 AM, in 1968, Sajak joined the U. S. Army, and was sent to Vietnam, where he served as a disk jockey on Armed Forces Radio. On The Military Channels program, An Officer and a Movie, Sajak admitted to botching President Nixons 1969 Christmas broadcast to the troops, upon realizing the error, he decided it would be best not to resume the feed. In the early 1970s, Sajak DJed for a Murray, Kentucky, radio station for a year. Also in the early 1970s, Sajak began DJing at 50, 000-watt WSM in Nashville, at the time WSM was playing pop music during the day, in 1977 KNBC-TV in Los Angeles was looking for a weatherman, and spotted Sajak working in Nashville. Sajak accepted KNBCs request for him to be a weatherman for the station. In 1981 Merv Griffin asked Sajak if he would be interested in taking over the duties as host on Wheel of Fortune from Chuck Woolery. However, Fred Silverman, then president and CEO of NBC, rejected his hiring, claiming he was too local, the issue became moot when Silverman was dismissed due to repeated programming failures and replaced by Brandon Tartikoff. Sajak, who had hosted a few game show pilots. He hosted both the daytime and syndicated evening versions of Wheel from 1983 to 1989, and continues to host the latter version, Sajak had a small role as a Buffalo, New York, newscaster in the 1982 comedy film Airplane II, The Sequel. When his late-night talk show on CBS premiered in January 1989, he left the daytime version of Wheel, Sajak appeared on Super Password several times from 1984 to 1989, as well as Password Plus in 1981, shortly before taking on hosting duties on Wheel. Other game shows on which Sajak guested were Dream House and Just Men, Sajak hosted a short-lived late-night talk show on CBS from January 9,1989, to April 13,1990. Dan Miller, Sajaks old friend and former anchor at WSM-TV in Nashville and he later became a frequent guest host for CNNs Larry King Live, effective when King himself was unable to attend. Sajak also became a substitute host for Regis Philbin on the syndicated Live with Regis
29.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
30.
Dan Quayle
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James Danforth Dan Quayle is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush, Senator from the state of Indiana. A native of Indianapolis, Indiana, Quayle spent most of his living in Paradise Valley, Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J. D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana, with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976, in 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate. In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council and he secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992, but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate, Al Gore, defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket. In 1994, Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew, in 2016, he endorsed Donald Trump for president. Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley, Arizona, Quayle is currently the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management. Quayle was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Martha Corinne and he has sometimes been incorrectly referred to as James Danforth Quayle III. In his memoirs, he points out that his name was simply James Danforth Quayle. The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born, pulliam, was a wealthy and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc. owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star. James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run a branch of the publishing empire. Quayle reported his net worth in 1988 as $1.2 million, after spending much of his youth in Arizona, Quayle returned to his native Indiana and graduated from Huntington High School in Huntington, in 1965. After receiving his degree, Quayle joined the Indiana Army National Guard and served from 1969–1975, while serving in the Guard, he earned a Juris Doctor degree in 1974 at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. He met his wife, Marilyn, who was taking night classes at the same law school at the time. Quayle became an investigator for the Consumer Protection Division of the Office of the Indiana Attorney General in July 1971, later that year, he became an administrative assistant to Governor Edgar Whitcomb
31.
Dale Dye
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Dale Adam Dye, Jr. is an American actor, technical advisor, radio personality, and writer. Dye is also a retired U. S. Marine Corps officer and his company, Warriors, Inc. is a technical adviser to Hollywood. Dye has also contributed his expertise and voice to video games, Dale Adam Dye, Jr. was born on October 8,1944, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to Dale Adam Dye, Sr. and Della Grace Dye. His father was a salesman in and around St. Louis. There he heard war stories from World War II veterans, one particular story about man-to-man fighting told by a Marine who said he had fought in the Pacific Theater arrested Dales attention. He looked up the Battle of Iwo Jima that night and made up his mind to become a Marine, Dye was educated at St. Josephs Military Academy in Chicago and the Missouri Military Academy. His unit was among the first to deploy to Vietnam in 1965, officers in the unit noticed his keen observational skills and literary interest and encouraged him to reclassify as a combat correspondent. He became one of a very few Marine combat correspondents and he sent stories to military publications and to the home town newspapers of fellow Marines. As a correspondent, he saw more battle than many low-ranking infantrymen, Dye developed an immense respect for the grunts who took the brunt of any action. Dye was wounded during the Tet Offensive in 1968, while recuperating in a rear area, the 2nd Battalion 3rd Marines, the unit he had traveled with, was preparing for Operation Ford. Dye persuaded the commander to let him accompany the battalion as a war correspondent. During the next week, the battalion engaged in a number of fights with units of the North Vietnamese Army-NVA. On 18 March 1968, Dye replaced an assistant machine gunner who had been killed, the machine gun position was isolated forward of the remainder of the battalion. Although he was wounded, Dye exposed himself to enemy fire to retrieve ammunition for the machine gun to help hold off NVA soldiers during an all-night firefight. During other engagements, he exposed himself to fire in order to rescue several wounded Marines. As a result of his actions, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V for heroism, Dyes heart is with the grunts, says Bob Rea, who worked with Dye as a combat correspondent during the worst of Tet. He feels like he owes something to those people, during three tours of duty in South Vietnam, he participated in 31 combat operations. During his 1967 to 1968 and 1969 to 1970 tours of duty, Dye spent a total of 13 years as an enlisted Marine, rising to the rank of Master Sergeant before being appointed a warrant officer in 1976
32.
Adrian Cronauer
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Adrian Cronauer is a former United States Air Force sergeant and radio personality whose experiences as an innovative disc jockey in Vietnam inspired the 1987 film Good Morning, Vietnam. Cronauer was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he began his broadcasting career at the age of 12 as a guest for a Pittsburgh-area childrens amateur hour. He attended the University of Pittsburgh, where he helped found the forerunner of the college radio station WPTS. In the late 1970s, Cronauer had an idea for a sitcom that would be a blend of M*A*S*H* and WKRP in Cincinnati. It was not until years later that he was able to elicit interest in the proposal which became the film Good Morning. The movie was based on his experiences as a Saigon-based deejay during the Vietnam War and his program was known as the Dawn Buster. Prior to getting stationed in Vietnam he was stationed on Iraklion Air Station Crete, Cronauer attended the University of Pittsburgh where he led a group that founded the schools first student radio station, now WPTS-FM. He earned a degree in Media Studies from the New School for Social Research in New York City. Cronauers law practice concentrated in information and communications law, later he worked as a special assistant to the Director of the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office. Adrian Cronauer at the Internet Movie Database
33.
Marshall Thompson
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Marshall Thompson was an American film and television actor. Thompson was born James Marshall Thompson in Peoria, Illinois and he and his parents, Dr. and Mrs. Laurence B. Thompson, moved to California when he was one year old, Thompson enrolled at Occidental College with plans to become a dentist. He attended University High School where he was a classmate of Norma Jean Baker, later known as Marilyn Monroe, in 1943, Thompson, known for his boy-next-door good looks, was signed by Universal Pictures. He played quiet, thoughtful teens in Universals feature films, including a lead opposite singing star Gloria Jean in Reckless Age, the Terror from Beyond Space, one of the two films that would later inspire the plot for director Ridley Scotts 1979 big budget feature Alien. Thompson also starred in the short-lived 1959 syndicated science fiction TV series World of Giants, the show was canceled after 33 episodes due to low ratings, despite critical acclaim for Belgian-born newcomer Fargé. He also guest starred as Arthur Poe in the 1960 Perry Mason episode The Case of the Wayward Wife, Thompson went on to star in two Vietnam War films, A Yank in Viet-Nam and To the Shores of Hell. The former was directed by Thompson and was shot on location in South Vietnam, in 1965 he returned to MGM for the lead in the comedy-adventure film Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion, playing a veterinarian in Africa. The film was spun off into Daktari, a television series in which Thompson starred as Dr. Marsh Tracy. Thompson was a brother-in-law of actor Richard Long, best known for his role as Jarrod Barkley in ABCs The Big Valley, thompsons wife, Barbara, was Longs sister. Long and Thompson appeared together in the film Cult of the Cobra, Thompson died in 1992 from congestive heart failure at age 66 in Royal Oak, Michigan. He was survived by his wife, his daughter, and his grandson
34.
Earl Woods
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Earl Dennison Woods was a US Army infantry officer who served two tours of duty in Vietnam, and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a baseball player and writer, whose son is professional golfer Tiger Woods. Woods started his son in golf at an early age. Earl Woods was born in Manhattan, Kansas and his father, Miles Woods, had five children by his first wife, Viola, and six more by his second, Maude Carter. Miles Woods was an epileptic who worked as a cleaner and caretaker. Although he was a devout Baptist, he also had a reputation for being able to swear for 30 minutes without interruption, Earl Woods once remarked, I picked up on that. Earl Woods mother, Maude Woods, was of mixed African and European ancestry, the skin tone of Earls siblings ranged from fairly dark to very light, he remembered that his grandmother Carter, a Mulatto, was the prettiest blonde you ever saw. There was a joke about an alleged Chinese ancestor who didnt stay on his railroad job. However, the family is said to have some Native American ancestry, Miles Woods loved baseball and passed his passion on to his son. Maude Woods, who was educated, was determined her children should make the best of themselves. When her husband died in 1943, however, she had to go to work as a maid, Earl Woods recalled that it broke her heart. Woods mother died when he was 15, and he was raised from then on by his older sister Hattie Bell Woods, Earl Woods attended Kansas State University, and played baseball, earning a varsity letter in both 1952 and 1953. His teammate Larry Hartshorn recalled how Woods once was not allowed to play at a college in Mississippi because of his race, the entire Kansas State baseball team refused to play and left in protest. Woods broke the Big Eight Conference color barrier in baseball in 1951 and he usually played as a catcher, and was offered a contract by the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro Leagues. However, he decided to continue his education, graduated in 1953 with a BS in Sociology, Woods served two combat tours during the Vietnam War, the first as an infantry officer, and the second with the elite United States Army Special Forces. After graduating from the Defense Information School and being promoted to lieutenant colonel, he was assigned as an instructor of Military Science & Tactics and he retired from active duty in 1974. Woods moved to Southern California, and became an agent for corporations in defense industry contracting, Woods married Barbara Gary on May 18,1954, in Abilene, Kansas. They had three children, Earl Dennison Jr. Kevin Dale, and Royce Renee, Earl Jr. s daughter Cheyenne Woods is also a competitive golfer and received some coaching from Earl Sr. Woods and his wife divorced in 1968 in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
35.
Tiger Woods
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Eldrick Tont Tiger Woods is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time. He has been one of the athletes in the world for several years. Following an outstanding amateur and two-year college golf career, Woods turned professional at age 20 in late summer 1996. By April 1997 he had won his first major, the 1997 Masters, in a record-breaking performance, winning the tournament by 12 strokes. He first reached the one position in the world rankings in June 1997. Through the 2000s, Woods was the dominant force in golf, from December 2009 to early April 2010, Woods took leave from professional golf to focus on his marriage after he admitted infidelity, but he and his wife Elin Nordegren eventually divorced. His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several different women and this was followed by a loss of golf form, and his ranking gradually fell to a low of No.58 in November 2011. He ended a winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011. After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25,2013, he ascended to the No.1 ranking once again, Woods had back surgery in April 2014 and September 2015 and has struggled since to regain his dominant form. By March 29,2015, Woods had fallen to #104, in May 2016, Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career. Woods has broken numerous golf records and he has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer. He has won 14 professional major golf championships, the second-highest of any player, and 79 PGA Tour events, second all time behind Sam Snead and he has more career major wins and career PGA Tour wins than any other active golfer. He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam, additionally, Woods is only the second golfer to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships, and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999, Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship. Woods was born in Cypress, California, to Earl and Kultida Woods, Kultida, originally from Thailand, is of mixed Thai, Chinese, and Dutch ancestry. Earl, a lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mostly African American. Earls mother Maude Carter was of light skin, some suggest possible Native American and Chinese ancestry. Tiger refers to his ethnic make-up as Cablinasian, Woods first name, Eldrick, was coined by his mother because it began with E and ended with K
36.
Mark Rosenker
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Mark Victor Rosenker is an American aviation official who served as the 11th Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board from August 2006 through August 2008. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and unanimously confirmed by the U. S. Senate. He served as acting chair starting in March 2005 to August 2006 and then again from August 2008 until his resignation from the Board in August 2009, Rosenker is a retired Air Force Reserve Major General. He was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the USAF in June 1969 via the University of Maryland ROTC program and he began his active duty Air Force career in July 1969. He served five years as a member of the Board of Visitors of the Community College of the Air Force. Rosenker graduated from the Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College and he began a second 5-year term as a Board Member in January 2005 after another unanimous confirmation. Rosenker was traveling with President George W. Bush on September 11,2001, Rosenker has served in the Department of the Interior, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as well as a brief assignment in the US Department of Transportation. Rosenker was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to serve on the American Battle Monuments Commission, during his career in civilian Federal service Mr. Rosenker received 8 Presidential appointments, three of which required Senate confirmation. As NTSB Chairman, Rosenker ordered the 2006/2007 re-opening of the controversial 1967 investigation of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22, despite the cockpit voice recorder conflicting with the original NTSB report, the NTSBs Office of Aviation Safety found no compelling reason to make any changes to the report. Rosenker subsequently wrote to Houle, sharing the Boards findings upholding the probable cause, Rosenker was Managing Director of the Washington, D. C. office for the United Network for Organ Sharing from Oct 1999 to January 2001 when he joined the White House Staff. Prior to working for UNOS, Rosenker was the Vice President and he currently is a member of the Board of Directors of the Lattice Corporation and FLYHT Aerospace Corporation. Rosenker was named to the Sequa Corporation Board of Directors in August 2009 and he also served on the Board of Governors of the Aerospace Industries Association for several years. Mr. Rosenker is the Transportation Safety Analyst for the CBS television, prior to that was a contributor to NBC News in the same role. Since retiring from the NTSB, he has appeared as a speaker at numerous aviation. He is or has been an adviser to a number of industry sponsored coalitions advocating for safer roads. Today Rosenker is the president of the Transportation Safety Group LLC, image The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22, by Paul D. Houle
37.
Megan McClung
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Megan Malia Leilani McClung was the first female United States Marine Corps officer killed in combat during the Iraq War. Major McClung was serving as a public officer in Al Anbar Province. Megan Malia Leilani McClung was born on April 14,1972 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Mike and she was raised in Orange County, California and graduated from Mission Viejo High School, Mission Viejo, CA in 1990. Megan became one of the first women to attend Admiral Farragut Academy in New Jersey and her family had a history of military service. Her paternal grandfather served in the United States Army during World War II and her maternal grandfather was a U. S. Navy officer and pilot. She attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating and receiving her officers commission in 1995, McClung graduated with her masters degree in Criminology from Boston University in 2006, several months prior to her death. McClung was commissioned an officer in the Marine Corps in 1995 and served on duty until 2004. In 2004, she joined Kellogg, Brown, and Root, in 2006, she returned to active duty with the Marines and in January 2006, she was deployed to Iraq as a public affairs officer with the I Marine Expeditionary Force. She was promoted to the rank of Major in June, in December 2006, she was in the final month of a year-long deployment to Iraq. On December 6,2006, McClung was serving with the I Marine Expeditionary Force as the Marine Corps head of affairs for Al Anbar Province. Earlier in the day, she had been accompanying Oliver North with his Fox News camera crew in Ramadi and she subsequently was escorting Newsweek journalists into downtown Ramadi. A massive improvised explosive device destroyed McClungs Humvee, instantly killing McClung, the Newsweek journalists were not injured. Major Megan McClung was buried with military honors in Arlington National Cemetery on December 19,2006. While in high school and college, McClung competed as a gymnast, McClung was a triathlete and a marathoner. In October 2006, she organized and ran in the Marine Corps Marathons satellite competition, the second annual Major McClung Memorial Run was held August 23,2008 at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island to raise money for wounded Marines and their families. Marine LtGen Carol Mutter honored Major McClung for her sacrifice during a speech at the Republican National Convention on September 4,2008. In 2008, the first Major Megan M. McClung Memorial Scholarship will be awarded to a student by her parents, Drs. Re and Michael. Barbara Dulinsky, first female Marine to serve in a combat zone American Forces Press Service, roadside Bombs Kills Four Soldiers, DoD Identifies Previous Casualties
38.
Gene Siskel
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Eugene Kal Gene Siskel was an American film critic and journalist for Chicago Tribune. Along with colleague Roger Ebert, he hosted a series of review shows on television from 1975 to 1999. Siskel was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ida and his parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Siskel was raised by his aunt and uncle after both his parents died when he was ten years old and his first print review was for the film Rascal, which was written one month before he became the papers film critic. His review of the film was favorable but received no stars by default since the paper did not use a system for films at the time. For a time afterwards, Gene was acquainted with Playboy magazine publisher, in 1975, Siskel teamed up with Roger Ebert, film reviewer for Chicago Sun-Times, to host a show on the local Chicago PBS station WTTW which eventually became Sneak Previews. Sneak Previews gained an audience in 1977 WTTW offered it as a series to the PBS program system. Siskel and Ebert left WTTW and PBS in 1982 for syndication and their new show, At the Movies, was produced and distributed by Tribune Broadcasting, the parent company that owned the Chicago Tribune and WGN-TV. Sneak Previews continued on PBS for 14 more years with other hosts, in 1986, Siskel and Ebert left Tribune Broadcasting to have their show produced by the syndication arm of The Walt Disney Company. The new incarnation of the show was originally titled Siskel & Ebert & the Movies, at the Movies also continued a few more years with other hosts. A very early appearance of Siskel, taken from Coming Soon to a Theatre Near You, predecessor to Sneak Previews, is included in For the Love of Movies, The Story of American Film Criticism. In this 2009 documentary film he is debating with Ebert over the merits of the film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Normally, Siskel and Roger Ebert would refuse to guest star in movies or televisual series as they felt it would undermine their responsibility to the public. However, they both could not resist appearing on an episode of the television series The Critic, the title character of which was a film critic who hosted a television show. In the episode, Siskel and Ebert split and each wants Jay Sherman and they also once appeared in an episode of the childrens television series Sesame Street. Siskel also appeared as himself on an episode of The Larry Sanders Show, Siskel was diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumor on May 8,1998. He underwent brain surgery three days later, Siskel died from complications of another surgery at the age of 53 on February 20,1999. After Siskels death, the producers of Siskel & Ebert began using other film critics on a basis as an audition for a permanent successor
39.
Tony Dow
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Tony Lee Dow is an American film producer, director, sculptor, and television actor. Dow is best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, Dow played Wally Cleaver, the elder son of June and Ward Cleaver and the brother of Theodore Beaver Cleaver. Dow was born in Hollywood, California, to John Stevens Dow, Jr. a designer and general contractor, and Muriel Virginia Dow, in his youth, Dow was a Junior Olympics diving champion. He won the role of Wally Cleaver in a call with almost no previous acting experience. Dow acted in the series until it ended in 1963, after that, he appeared in the television series My Three Sons, Dr. Kildare, Mr. Novak, The Greatest Show on Earth, and Never Too Young. From 1965 to 1968, he served in the National Guard, on his return to acting, he was a guest star in the television series Adam-12, Love American Style, Knight Rider, Square Pegs, The Mod Squad, The Hardy Boys, and Emergency. During the 1970s, Dow continued acting while working in the industry and studying journalism. In 1987, he was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award for his role as Wally Cleaver, dows most recent screen appearance was in the 2003 film Dickie Roberts, Former Child Star. He has been married to his wife, Lauren, since 1980 and they have one child and two grandchildren. In 1986, he wrote an episode of The New Leave It to Beaver. In 1989, he made his debut as a director with an episode of The New Lassie, followed by episodes of Get a Life, Harry and the Hendersons, Coach, Babylon 5, Crusade and he served as the visual effects supervisor for Babylon 5. In 1996, he provided visual effects for the Fox television movie Doctor Who, in the 1990s, Dow revealed that he has suffered from clinical depression. He has since starred in self-help videos chronicling this battle, including Beating the Blues, Dow has become a sculptor, creating abstract bronze sculptures. He said about his work, The figures are abstract and not meant to represent reality but rather the truth of the interactions as I see, I find the wood in the hills of Topanga Canyon and each piece evolves from my subconscious. I produce limited editions of nine bronzes using the lost wax process from molds of the original burl sculpture, one of his bronze pieces was on display in the backyard garden of Barbara Billingsley, who played his mother on Leave It to Beaver. He was chosen as one of three sculptors to show at the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts exhibition, in the Carrousel du Louvre, in Paris, France and he represented the United States delegation, which was composed of artists from the Karen Lynne Gallery. His abstract shown at the Louvre was titled Unarmed Warrior, a figure of a woman holding a shield. Death Scream General Hospital The Kentucky Fried Movie The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries Square Pegs Quincy M. E. Knight Rider High School U. S. A
40.
Leave It to Beaver
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Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore The Beaver Cleaver, and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beavers parents, June and Ward Cleaver, the show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century. The show was created by the writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher and these veterans of radio and early television found inspiration for the shows characters, plots and dialogue in the lives, experiences and conversations of their own children. Leave It to Beaver is one of the first primetime sitcom series written from a point of view. Like several television dramas and sitcoms of the late 1950s and early 1960s, in a typical episode, Beaver gets into some sort of boyish scrape, then faces his parents for reprimand and correction. Neither parent was omniscient, the series showed the parents debating their approach to child rearing. Leave It to Beaver ran for six full 39-week seasons, the series had its debut on CBS on October 4,1957. The following season, it moved to ABC, where it stayed until completing its run on June 20,1963, throughout the shows run, it was shot with a single camera on black-and-white 35mm film. The shows production companies included the comedian George Gobels Gomalco Productions and Kayro Productions with filming at Revue Studios/Republic Studios, the show was distributed by MCA TV. Contemporary commentators praised Leave It to Beaver, with Variety comparing Beaver to Mark Twains Tom Sawyer, much juvenile merchandise was released during the shows first run, including board games, novels, and comic books. The show has enjoyed a renaissance in popularity since the 1970s through off-network syndication, a reunion telemovie, in 1997, a movie version based on the original series was released to moderate acclaim. In October 2007, TV Land celebrated the shows 50th anniversary with a marathon, although the show never broke into the Nielsen ratings top 30 or won any awards, it placed on Time magazines unranked 2007 list of The 100 Best TV Shows of All-Time. According to Tony Dow, If any line got too much of a laugh and they didnt want a big laugh, they wanted chuckles. In 1957, the radio, film and television writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher developed a concept for a TV show about childhood and family life featuring a fictional suburban couple, working titles during the shows gestation period included Its a Small World and Wally and the Beaver. The pilot aired April 23,1957, as Its a Small World on the anthology series Heinz Studio 57, the stars of the pilot were Casey Adams and Paul Sullivan. They were replaced as production of the series neared, six months after the broadcast of the pilot, the series debuted on CBS on Friday October 4,1957, as Leave It to Beaver, with the episode third in production order, Beaver Gets Spelled. The intended premiere, Captain Jack, displayed a toilet tank, Captain Jack has claimed its place in television history as the first American TV show to display a toilet tank. In 1997, it was ranked number 42 in TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, remington Rand was a potential sponsor during the shows conception and counseled against the shows suggested title, Wally and the Beaver, believing viewers would think the show was a nature program
41.
Walter Mondale
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He was the Democratic Partys presidential nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and Washington, D. C. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and he then served in the U. S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955 and he was appointed to the U. S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphreys election as vice president under President Lyndon Johnson. Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, while in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, in 1976, Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate in the forthcoming election. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his presidential running mate. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes. After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney, President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993, he retired in 1996. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race and he then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesotas Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Walter Frederick Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, the son of Claribel Hope, a music teacher, and Theodore Sigvaard Mondale. Walters half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister and his paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, and his mother, the daughter of an immigrant from Ontario, was of Scottish and English descent. The surname Mondale comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, Mondale attended public schools and Macalester College in St. Paul before transferring to the University of Minnesota, where he earned a B. A. in political science in 1951. As Mondale did not have money to attend law school, he enlisted in the U. S. Army. He married Joan Adams in 1955, through the support of the G. I. Bill, he graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, while at law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk in the Minnesota Supreme Court under Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. He then practiced law in Minneapolis, and continued to do so for four years before entering the political arena, Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At the age of 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphreys successful Senate campaign in 1948, Humphreys campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district
42.
John Chancellor
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John William Chancellor was an American journalist who spent most of his career with NBC News. He served as anchor of the NBC Nightly News from 1970 to 1982 and continued to do editorials, Chancellor attended the University of Illinois Navy Pier campus which specified completing the last two years of instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1949. Chancellor covered issues of national importance while on The Huntley-Brinkley Report and he spent a number of years as a foreign correspondent in Europe, with postings in Vienna, London, Moscow, and Brussels. In July 1961, Chancellor replaced Dave Garroway as host of NBCs Today program, never comfortable with the genial persona required of a Today anchor, Chancellor asked for, and was granted, a release from his contract with the show in the summer of 1962. He left the program in September, and assumed a role as political correspondent for NBC News. He, Frank McGee, Edwin Newman, and Sander Vanocur comprised a team that covered the political conventions in the 1960s so well. At the 1964 Republican National Convention, he was arrested for refusing to cede his spot on the floor to Goldwater Girls, supporters of the Republican presidential candidate, Barry Goldwater. When security came to get him, he was forced to sign off, Ive been promised bail, ladies and gentlemen and this is John Chancellor, somewhere in custody. He then became the director of the Voice of America in 1965, at the request of President Lyndon Johnson, NBC arranged the rotation by having McGee always broadcast from New York City and Brinkley continue at his customary Washington desk. If McGee did not anchor on a broadcast, Chancellor did from New York, if Brinkley did not, Chancellor filled in from Washington. NBC did not have separate weekend anchors during this period, as it had just inaugurated a Sunday evening newscast in August 1970, a perceived lack of stability in this arrangement prompted NBC to go with Chancellor full-time. Toward the end of Chancellors tenure, ABC, for the first time ever, became competitive with NBC, Chancellor has the distinction of creating the idea of using colors to represent the states won by presidential candidates in presidential elections. For the 1976 presidential election Chancellor suggested to his networks engineers that create a large electronic map of the United States. If Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate, won a state it would light up in blue, if Gerald Ford, Brokaw became sole anchor a year and a half later. Chancellor remained on the program, providing editorial commentaries before retiring from NBC on July 9,1993, in 1992,4 years prior to his death, Chancellor was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Chancellor was the narrator of Baseball, an award winning documentary by Ken Burns and he also wrote a book, Peril and Promise, which was published in 1991. The John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism was established in 1995 and it is now awarded by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Upon retiring, Chancellor moved to New Jersey, where he died of cancer in 1996
43.
Nicholas A. Basbanes
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Nicholas Andrew Basbanes is an American author who writes and lectures widely about books and book culture. Nicholas Basbanes is the son of two first-generation Greek-Americans and he graduated from Lowell High School in 1961, and earned a bachelor’s degree in English from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, in 1965. Discharged from active duty in 1971, Basbanes went to work as a general assignment reporter for The Evening Gazette in Worcester, Massachusetts, two selections of his literary journalism were collected in Editions & Impressions and About the Author. Basbanes first book, A Gentle Madness, Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and its topic is book collecting, but its focus is human nature – what Basbanes calls the “gentle madness” of bibliomania. A Gentle Madness was named a New York Times notable book of the year, in 2010, the Wall Street Journal named it one of the most influential works about book collecting published in the twentieth century. In 2012, a paperback edition and a new electronic version of the book were published. By 2003, with the publication of A Splendor of Letters, Basbanes was already acknowledged as an authority on books. The eight-year project, which was released in October 2013, was supported in part by the award of a National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship in 2008, in addition to his books, Basbanes writes for numerous newspapers, magazines, and journals. He writes the “Gently Mad” column for Fine Books & Collections magazine, the Public Scholar program is designed to promote the publication of scholarly nonfiction books for general audiences. The Cushing Memorial Library and Archives of Texas A&M University acquired Basbanes papers as the Nicholas A. Basbanes Collection in December 2015, the collection includes archives of Basbanes’ professional career as an author and literary journalist, as well as a significant portion of his personal library. Highlights of the collection include materials related to the writing of his nine books. On Paper, The Everything of Its Two-Thousand-Year History, New York, durham, NC, Fine Books Press,2012 “Bibliophilia, Still No Cure in Sight”, New York Times, April 14,1991. A Voice Revived Dorothy West Was Part Of The Harlem Renaissance In The 20s And 30s, now, At Age 87, She Has A New Novel - Her First In Nearly 50 Years, Philadelphia Inquirer, February 22,1995. “Fragile Guardians of Culture”, Los Angeles Times, January 12,2004, “A Bitter End for Hub Gem”, Boston Globe, Feb.29. “Honorable Death for a Rusty Warrior”, Los Angeles Times, May 6,2004, “Bibliophiles Inside the Wire”, Los Angeles Times, April 24,2006. “Iraq, The Cradle of the Written Word”, Christian Science Monitor, “When We Said Goodbye to the USS Oriskany”, Christian Science Monitor, May 26,2006. “Famous Once Again”, Smithsonian, February 2007, “The Bard Out Loud”, Bates Magazine, June 2007, reprinted from The Book That Changed My Life,71 Remarkable Writers Celebrate the Books That Matter Most to Them. “The Paper Trail, Hand Papermaking in China”, Fine Books & Collections, Los Angeles Times, December 8,2013
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