1.
Louis Delage
–
Louis Delâge, was a French pioneer automotive engineer and manufacturer. Born Pierre Louis Delâge to a family of modest means in Cognac in the Charente département of France, at the age of sixteen, he went to study at a trade school Arts et Métiers ParisTech in the city of Angers, graduating with an engineering degree in 1893. Delage then fulfilled his obligation and was stationed in Algeria. Discharged in 1895, he work with a railway company in the south of France. There, he was employed in the engineering and design department of a vehicle manufacturing concern until 1903 when he received an offer to join the fledgling Renault automobile company. Delâge realized the potential for the automobile as demand soon began to outstrip production. Filled with innovative ideas of his own, in 1905 he raised money to open his own assembly plant in a converted barn in Levallois at the outskirts of Paris. The Delage Automobile Company grew rapidly and their vehicles soon gained a reputation for their appearance and quality. However, the Great Depression of the 1930s took its toll, by 1935 his company was forced into liquidation, the rights to the Delage name auctioned off to the Delahaye car company. The new owners unceremoniously dismissed Delâge with a penurious pension, Louis Delâge was nearly 60 years old when he found himself in a personal financial crisis made worse by his divorce. In 1947, at the age of 73 and living in near poverty and he is interred in the local cemetery in Le Pecq, a small town at the far westerly suburbs of Paris. In 1990, in his hometown of Cognac, a school was dedicated as the Lycée professionnel Louis Delâge in his memory
Louis Delage
–
Louis Delâge
2.
Levallois-Perret
–
Levallois-Perret is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.4 km from the centre of Paris and it is the most densely populated town in Europe. The name Levallois-Perret comes from two housing developments, Champerret and Village Levallois, which resulted in the incorporation of the commune, on the territory of what is now Levallois-Perret, before the French Revolution, the village of Villiers and the hamlet of Courcelles were there. They now give their names to two Paris Métro stations, later in 1845, Nicolas-Eugène Levallois started some housing developments for landowner André Noël on his land near La Planchette. The land developed by Nicolas-Eugène Levallois soon became known as Village Levallois, in the 1860s, the village had grown to the point of forming a single builtup area. Several demands were made to the authorities for the incorporation of the area, the Eiffel company had its factory in the city and so the structure of the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower were built there. Levallois-Perret became an important centre of the early French automotive industry with the establishment of such as Clément-Bayard, Delage and coachbuilders Chapron. Citroën purchased the Clément-Bayard factory and the famous Citroën 2CV was produced in Levallois for nearly forty years, Levallois-Perret was also an important centre of cosmetics industry in the early 20th century. It is also home to the large European commercial real estate company Atisreal, the northern part of the famous Île de la Jatte in the river Seine, where French impressionist painters created many of their masterpieces, is part of the commune of Levallois-Perret. Part of the healthy Ouest Parisien, Levallois-Perret is the most densely-populated commune of France, patrick Balkany has been mayor of the city for almost 20 years in a row, his wife, Isabelle Balkany Smadja, works for the municipality. Speed Rabbit Pizza also has its headquarters in the commune, EVA Air has its Paris office in Levallois-Perret. According to le journal du net, the debt per inhabitant of Levallois is 9,030 euros, previously Carrefour had its head office in Levallois-Perret. Levallois-Perret is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 3, Louise Michel, Anatole France, and Pont de Levallois – Bécon and it is also served by Clichy – Levallois station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. The municipality of Levallois-Perret operates two bus lines circulating the town. Levallois Sporting Club is one of the most important sports club in France with 14500 members, among them you can find notable sportsperson like Teddy Riner, Gauthier Grumier and Gevrise Emane. During his youth Didier Drogba played for the section, as Joakim Noah did for basket. The traditional coat of arms for the municipality puts emphasis on the importance of industry in the its history. The centre of the consists of a shield with red background, a yellow gearwheel in the bottom left
Levallois-Perret
–
The town hall of Levallois-Perret
Levallois-Perret
–
Typical street in Levallois
3.
Automobile
–
A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
Automobile
–
Benz "Velo" model (1894) by German inventor
Carl Benz – entered into an
early automobile race as a
motocycle
Automobile
–
A modern car,
BMW E90
Automobile
–
Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the
Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
Automobile
–
Karl Benz, the inventor of the modern car
4.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
5.
Delahaye
–
Delahaye automobile was an automotive manufacturing company founded by Émile Delahaye in 1894, in Tours, France, his home town. His first cars were belt-driven, with single- or twin-cylinder engines mounted at the rear and his Type One was an instant success, and he urgently needed investment capital and a larger manufacturing facility. All three worked with the workers to assemble the new machines, but middle-aged Émile was not in good health. In January 1901, he found himself unable to capably continue, Émile Delahaye died soon after, in 1905. Delahaye had hired two men, Charles Weiffenbach and Amédée Varlet in 1898, to assist the three partners. Both were graduate mechanical engineers, and they remained with Delahaye their entire working careers, Amédée Varlet was the companys design-engineer, with a number of innovative inventions to his credit, generated between 1905 and 1914, which Delahaye patented. These included the twin-cam multi-valve engine, and the V6 configuration, Varlet continued in this role until he eventually took over the Drawing Office, at 76 years of age, when much younger Jean François was hired in 1932 as chief design-engineer. In 1932, Varlet was instructed by Weiffenbach, under direction from majority shareholder Madame Desmarais, Leon Desmarais widow, to set up the companys Racing Department and those who knew him well at the factory affectionately referred to Charles Weiffenbach as Monsieur Charles. Delahaye began experimenting with belt-driven cars while manager of the Brethon Foundry and Machine-works in Tours and these experiments encouraged an entry in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris race, held between 24 September-3 October 1896, fielding one car for himself and one for sportsman Ernest Archdeacon. The winning Panhard averaged 15.7 mph, Archdeacon came sixth, averaging 14 mph, while Delahaye himself was eighth, for the 1897 Paris-Dieppe, the 6 hp four-cylinder Delahayes ran in four- and six-seater classes, with a full complement of passengers. Archdeacon was third in the four-seaters behind a De Dion-Bouton and a Panhard, Courtois winning the six-seater class, the July Paris-Amsterdam-Paris earned a satisfying class win for Giver in his Delahaye, the overall win went to Panhard. Soon after the new company was formed in 1898, the firm moved its manufacturing from Tours to Paris, Charles Weiffenbach was named Operations Manager. In 1899, Archdeacon piloted an 8 hp racer in the Nice-Castellane-Nice rally, coming eighth, founder Émile Delahaye retired in 1901, leaving Desmarais and Morane in control, Weiffenbach took over from them in 1906. Delahayes racing days were over with Émile Delahayes death, Charles Weiffenbach had no interest in racing, and focused his production on responsible motorized automotive chassis, heavy commercial vehicles, and early firetrucks for the French government. Race-cars had become a thing of the past for Delahaye, until 1933, when Madame Desmarais caused her company to change direction 180 degrees, the new 10B debuted in 1902. It had a 2,199 cc vertical twin rated 12/14 hp by RAC, mounted in front, with cylinder head, steering wheel. Delahaye also entered the Paris-Vienna rally with a 16 hp four, at the same years Ardennes event, Perrins 16 hp four came tenth. Also in 1902, the singles and twins ceased to be offered except as light vans, before production ceased in 1904, Delahayes first production four, the Type 13B, with 24/27 hp 4. 4-litre, appeared in 1903
Delahaye
–
Industry
Delahaye
–
Delahaye 135 MS Pourtout
cabriolet
Delahaye
–
1899 built vehicle in 2006
Delahaye
–
Engine Delahaye Type 32L Limousine 1912
6.
French franc
–
The franc, also commonly distinguished as the French franc, was a currency of France. Between 1450 and 1999, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it was revalued in 1960, with each new franc being worth 100 old francs. The French franc was a commonly held reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. The first franc was a gold coin introduced in 1360 to pay the Ransom of King John II of France and this coin secured the kings freedom and showed him on a richly decorated horse earning it the name franc à cheval. The obverse legend, like other French coins, gives the title as Francorum Rex. Its value was set as one livre tournois, john’s son, Charles V, continued this type. It was copied exactly at Brabant and Cambrai and, with the arms on the horse cloth changed, conquests led by Joan of Arc allowed Charles VII to return to sound coinage and he revived the franc à cheval. John II, however, was not able to strike enough francs to pay his ransom, John II died as a prisoner in England and his son, Charles V was left to pick up the pieces. Charles V pursued a policy of reform, including stable coinage, an edict dated 20 April 1365 established the centerpiece of this policy, a gold coin officially called the denier d’or aux fleurs de lis which had a standing figure of the king on its obverse. Its value in money of account was one livre tournois, just like the franc à cheval, in accordance with the theories of the mathematician, economist and royal advisor Nicolas Oresme, Charles struck fewer coins of better gold than his predecessors. In the accompanying deflation both prices and wages fell, but wages fell faster and debtors had to settle up in better money than they had borrowed, the Mayor of Paris, Etienne Marcel, exploited their discontent to lead a revolt which forced Charles V out of the city. The States General which met at Blois in 1577 added to the pressure to stop currency manipulation. Henry III agreed to do this and he revived the franc and this coin and its fractions circulated until 1641 when Louis XIII of France replaced it with the silver Écu. Nevertheless, the franc continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois. The decimal franc was established as the currency by the French Revolutionary Convention in 1795 as a decimal unit of 4.5 g of fine silver. This was slightly less than the livre of 4.505 g, silver coins now had their denomination clearly marked as “5 FRANCS” and it was made obligatory to quote prices in francs. e. Coinage with explicit denominations in decimal fractions of the franc also began in 1795, decimalization of the franc was mandated by an act of 7 April 1795, which also dealt with of weights and measures. France’s first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the designs the United States had adopted in 1793
French franc
–
Franc à cheval
French franc
–
Franc à pied
French franc
–
1795 five centimes, the first year of decimal fractions for the franc.
French franc
–
1799 two-decimes
essai coin
7.
Peugeot
–
For the article about the bicycle manufacturer, see Cycles Peugeot. Peugeot is a French car manufacturer, part of Groupe PSA, the family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark, due to family discord, Armand Peugeot in 1896 founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot. The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux, France, Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there. In February 2014, the agreed to a recapitalisation plan, in which Dongfeng Motors. Peugeot has received international awards for its vehicles, including five European Car of the Year awards. In 2013 and 2014, Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe, the Renault car maker group being ranked first, with 114. 9g CO2/km. Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand, citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s. Peugeot has been involved in sport for more than a century. In 2015, Peugeot returned to the Dakar Rally after its four victories in the 1980s, the Peugeot family of Valentigney, Montbéliard, Franche-Comté, France, began in the manufacturing business in the 19th century. In 1842, they added production of coffee, pepper, the companys entry into the vehicle market was by means of crinoline dresses, which used steel rods, leading to umbrella frames, saw blades, chisels, wire wheels, and bicycles. Armand Peugeot introduced his Le Grand Bi penny-farthing in 1882, along with a range of other bicycles, the car company and bike company parted ways in 1926 but Peugeot bicycles continued to be built until very recently. Armand Peugeot became interested in the early on and, after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler. The first Peugeot automobile, a three-wheeled, steam-powered car designed by Léon Serpollet, was produced in 1889, steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy warmup times. In 1890, after meeting Daimler and Émile Levassor, steam was abandoned in favour of a car with a petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine built by Panhard under Daimler licence. The car was more sophisticated than many of its contemporaries, with a three-point suspension, an example was sold to the young Alberto Santos-Dumont, who exported it to Brazil. More cars followed,29 being built in 1892,40 in 1894,72 in 1895,156 in 1898 and these early models were given type numbers. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tyres to a petrol-powered car, Peugeot was an early pioneer in motor racing, with Albert Lemaître winning the worlds first motor race, the Paris–Rouen, in a 3 hp Peugeot
Peugeot
–
Peugeot RCZ won five years in a row the Diesel Car magazine 'Sports Car of the Year' and the Top Gear 2010 Coupé of the Year
Peugeot
–
Peugeot
Peugeot
–
Paris-Rouen 1894. Albert Lemaître (pictured on left) was classified 1st in his Peugeot 3 hp. Bicycle manufacturer
Adolphe Clément-Bayard was the front passenger.
Peugeot
–
Peugeot 6HP Vis-à-vis 1898
8.
De Dion-Bouton
–
De Dion-Bouton was a French automobile manufacturer and railcar manufacturer operating from 1883 to 1932. The company was founded by the Marquis Jules-Albert de Dion, Georges Bouton, the company was formed after de Dion in 1881 saw a toy locomotive in a store window and asked the toymakers to build another. Engineers Bouton and Trépardoux had been eking a living on scientific toys at a shop in the Passage de Léon, Trépardoux had long dreamed of building a steam car, but neither could afford it. De Dion, already inspired by steam and with money, agreed. This became the De Dion-Bouton automobile company, the worlds largest automobile manufacturer for a time, becoming known for their quality, reliability. Before 1883 was over they had set up shop in larger premises in the Passage de Léon, Paris, tried and dropped steam engines for boats, and produced a steam car. With the boiler and engine mounted at the front, driving the front wheels by belts and steering with the rear and they built a second, La Marquise, the next year, with a more conventional steering and rear-wheel drive, capable of seating four. The Marquis de Dion entered one of these in an 1887 trial, Europes first motoring competition, the brainchild of one M. Fossier of cycling magazine Le Vélocipède. Evidently, the promotion was insufficient, for the De Dion was the entrant, but it completed the course, with de Dion at the tiller. This must be taken with care, the first official land speed record. The vehicle survives, in condition, and has been a regular entry in the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run. Following this singular success, the company offered steam tricycles with boilers between the front wheels and two-cylinder engines and they were built in small numbers, evidently a favorite of young playboys. They were later joined by a tractor, able to pull trailers. On July 22,1894, Paris–Rouen race, it averaged 18.7 km/h over the 126 km route, two more cars were made in 1885 followed by a series of lightweight two-cylinder tricars, which from 1892 had Michelin pneumatic tyres. The company manufactured steam buses and trucks until 1904, trepardoux, staunchly supporting steam, resigned in 1894 as the company turned to internal combustion vehicles. The steam car remained in more or less unchanged for ten years more. By 1889, de Dion was becoming convinced the future lay in the combustion engine. After Trépardoux resigned in 1894, the company became De Dion, Bouton et Compagnie, for 1895, Bouton created a new 137 cc one-cylinder engine with trembler coil ignition
De Dion-Bouton
–
De Dion–Bouton
De Dion-Bouton
–
De Dion steam car in
Paris–Rouen race of 1894
De Dion-Bouton
–
De Dion-Bouton tricycle towing a passenger in a carriage
De Dion-Bouton
–
1903 De Dion & Bouton 8 CV in the
Museo Nazionale dell'Automobile, Turin
9.
Voiturette
–
A voiturette is a miniature automobile. Voiturette was first registered by Léon Bollée in 1895 to name his new motor tricycle, the term became so popular in the early years of the motor industry that it was used by many makers to describe their small cars. The word comes from the French word for automobile, voiture, in France, in the years after World War II a type of small three-wheeled vehicle voiturette was produced. In 1990s, voiturette became a French classification for a vehicle weighing less than 350 kilograms empty, the top speed is limited to 45 km/h and engine size to 50 cc or 4 kilowatts for an engine of another type for example an electric car. Such vehicles are also called motor quadricycles or motor tricycles. The drivers license for them are available to people over 16 years and are in category B1 and are valid, subject to restrictions, French maker Renaults first car was simply called Voiturette, instead of the common usage then. The 1900 model was considered the first ever sedan and it is seen as a predecessor for todays Clio or the smaller Twingo
Voiturette
–
Léon Bollée Voiturette 1895
Voiturette
–
Laurin & Klement A 1905
Voiturette
–
Delage Voiturette c. 1906
10.
Motor racing
–
The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Motor racing
–
A modern-day
Formula One car (the
Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid of 2015)
Motor racing
–
A
Ford Focus rally racing car during
2010 Rally Finland
Motor racing
–
Finnish
speedway riders in the Speedway Extraliiga competition
Motor racing
–
Track running
11.
Rambouillet
–
Rambouillet is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located on the outskirts of Paris,44.3 km southwest from the centre, Rambouillet is a sub-prefecture of the department. Rambouillet lies on the edge of the vast Forest of Rambouillet, and is famous for its castle, the Château de Rambouillet. Due to its proximity to Paris and Versailles, Rambouillet has long been a seat of government. Rambouillet is served by the SNCF Rambouillet railway station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line to Chartres. The Château de Rambouillet, a medieval fortress, was acquired by Louis XVI of France in 1783 as a private residence because of its ideal situation in the game-rich forest of Rambouillet. It became a bien national during the French Revolution of 1789, at the time of the Bourbon Restoration, the castle became royal residence, and it is there that Charles X signed his abdication on 2 August 1830. The Palais du Roi de Rome and its entrance is situated in the rue Charles de Gaulle, Rambouillets main street. The Hôtel de Ville, the former Bailliage was built in 1786 at the request of Louis XVI by the architect Jacques-Jean Thévenin and it was given by Napoléon I to the inhabitants of Rambouillet to serve as their City Hall. The inscription over the doors of the City Hall reads Donated to the inhabitants of Rambouillet by Napoleon the Great, the new Saint-Lubin church was built between 1868 and 1871. Its architect was Anatole de Baudot, a student of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, the Bergerie nationale was built on the grounds of the Domain of Rambouillet at the request of Louis XVI, and is the home of the Rambouillet Merino sheep since 1786. The Laiterie de la Reine, the Queens Dairy also built on the grounds of the Domain of Rambouillet, is adjacent to the Bergerie and it was built in 1787 at the request of Louis XVI for his wife Marie Antoinette and designed by the architect Jean-Jacques Thévenin. The Musée Rambolitrain, situated across from the Saint-Lubin church, is a museum featuring miniature trains and we find the a faithful reconstruction of a Parisian toy store of the 1930s. The Monument Américain, is situated at the entrance of the town on the D906 road to Chartres. The monument was erected in 1947, the names of nine American soldiers are inscribed on a plaque on the monument. Commemorative ceremonies are held at the monument every 19 August
Rambouillet
–
Château of Rambouillet
Rambouillet
–
The church in Rambouillet
12.
Four-cylinder engine
–
For multiple-cylinder steam engines, see Compound steam engine and Triple-expansion steam engine A multi-cylinder engine is a reciprocating internal combustion engine with multiple cylinders. It can be either a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine, and can be either Diesel or spark-ignition, the cylinders and the crankshaft which is driven by and co-ordinates the motion of the pistons can be configured in a wide variety of ways. Typically, the more cylinders an engine has, the higher the RPMs it can attain for a displacement and technology level, at a cost of increased friction losses. Peak torque is reduced, but the total horsepower is increased due to the higher RPMs attained. Although there are 1,3 and 5-cylinder engines, almost all other engines are built with even numbers of cylinders. Another form of internal combustion engine is the radial engine. Twin-row or multi-row radials are also built, which is two or more single-row radials connected front-to-back and driving a common crankshaft. In this twin row, or multi-row configuration, the number of cylinders will be an even number. For example, a single row radial such as the Wright Cyclone has 9 cylinders. The twin row Wright Twin Cyclone is based on this engine, configurations of two-cylinder engines include, Straight-twin engine, or parallel twin with two cylinders in parallel sharing a crankshaft. V-twin engine, or V2 engine, two cylinders in V configuration, sharing a crankshaft, flat-twin engine, a flat engine with 2 opposed cylinders on the same crankshaft angled 180° to each other. Configurations of three-cylinder engines include, Straight-three engine, also called the inline-triple, inline-3, or I-3 engine, v3 engine, seen on some two-stroke racing motorcycles. W engine with three cylinders, such as the Anzani 3-cylinder fan engines, configurations of four-cylinder engines include, the most common 4-cylinder engine Inline-four engine, an engine with 4 cylinders in a straight line. V4 engine, an engine with 4 cylinders arranged in a V configuration, flat-four engine, a flat engine with 4 cylinders horizontally opposed to each other at 180° apart. Square four engine, two banks of 2 cylinders, each driving a single crankshaft and geared to an output shaft. Configurations of five-cylinder engines include, Straight-five engine, an engine with 5 cylinders in a straight line, vR5 engine, an engine with 5 cylinders staggered slightly, allowing cylinder bore centerlines to be closer together, reducing overall engine length. Configurations of six-cylinder engines include, V6 engine, a V engine with six cylinders, vR6 engine, a compromise between a V6 and straight-6 engine, shorter than a straight-6 and narrower than a V-6. Straight-six engine, an engine with six cylinders aligned in a straight line, flat-six engine, a flat engine with two banks of 3 cylinders horizontally opposed at 180° apart
Four-cylinder engine
–
A
cutaway illustration of a
V6, 24-
valve,
DOHC engine, an example of a
Vee-configured six-
cylinder engine.
Four-cylinder engine
–
A
flat-twin engine.
Four-cylinder engine
–
A 1905
Wolseley straight-12 engine.
Four-cylinder engine
–
An
Fiat AS.6 engine for a
Macchi -Castoldi
M.C.72 racing
seaplane. While it is often considered a "
V24 engine ", it is actually two
V12 engines bolted together in tandem, driving separate
crankshafts.
13.
Ballot (automobile)
–
Ballot was a French manufacturer, initially of engines, that also made automobiles between 1919 and 1932. Édouard Ballot became well known as a designer of reliable engines and he helped Ettore Bugatti in developing his first engines. The Ballot brothers, Édouard and Maurice, founded their company beside the Boulevard Brune in south-central Paris, Edouard Ballot was a former naval officer, which explains the anchor that featured in the badges on the cars. Before World War I the factory concentrated on marine and industrial engines, the company was re-founded as Etablissements Ballot SA in 1910. There is little sign that Edouard Ballot himself took much interest in automobiles until December 1918 and that was the month in which he had a significant conversation René Thomas, a leading racing driver who back in 1914 had won the Indianapolis 500 race driving a Delage. Ballot was persuaded to build four 4. 8-litre cars that would carry the Ballot name and compete in the forthcoming Indianapolis 500 race, Ballots cars competed in the 1919 race, two of them finishing in 4th and 11th places. Ballot was sufficiently encouraged to return the next year, and in the 1920 Indianapolis 500 race a Ballot driven by René Thomas finished in 2nd place, a Ballot vehicle driven by René Thomas also finished second in the 1919 Targa Florio. More successes followed, on sides of the Atlantic. Ralph DePalma, an American national champion and winner of the 1915 Indianapolis 500, finished second in the 1921 French Grand Prix, Goux went on to win the inaugural Italian Grand Prix at Brescia, Italy in 1921, driving a Ballot. Second place was taken by the team leader Jean Chassagne on a sister car, a Ballot with a straight-eight-cylinder 4. 9-litre engine competed in the 1921 French Grand Prix. As well as racing engines, the made a range of road engines which were fitted to their own production cars. The first of Ballots own road cars was the 1921 2-litre Ballot 2-litre sports tourer, in 1923 the Ballot 2 LT and a sport version, Ballot 2 LTS followed. By the time of the 19th Paris Motor Show in October 1924, the 2-litre sports tourer again appeared on the manufacturers stand at the show The car still used a four cylinder overhead camshaft 1,994 cc engine, and it sat on a 3,110 mm wheelbase. It was priced, in base form, at 33,000 francs. From 1927, eight-cylinder engines were used, in 1931 the company was taken over by Hispano-Suiza. Swift decline followed, the last model was practically a Hispano-Suiza, and only the chassis was provided by Ballot
Ballot (automobile)
–
Ballot
Ballot (automobile)
–
Ballot 2LTS Cabriolet 1925
Ballot (automobile)
–
Ballot Berline RH3, 1930,
Cité de l'Automobile,
Mulhouse,
France
14.
Flathead engine
–
A flathead engine is an internal combustion engine with valves placed in the engine block beside the piston, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine. As the cylinder cross-section has the shape of an upside-down L, the sidevalves poppet valves are usually sited on one side of the cylinder. A recess in the head creates a corridor connecting the valves. The valve gear comprises a camshaft which operates the valves via simple tappets, indian, however, employs both rocker arms and pushrods to transmiit motion from the cam lobes to the valve stems. Flathead designs are commonly built new for many small engine applications of one. The main advantages of an engine are simplicity, reliability, low cost, compactness, responsive low-speed power, low mechanical engine noise. The absence of an overhead valve valvetrain allows a compact engine that is less expensive to manufacture. Even today, flatheads are common in lawnmowers and basic farm machinery, if a valve head breaks off, it may become lodged between the piston and the head causing severe damage. At top dead centre, the piston gets very close to the portion of the cylinder head above. The typical flathead engine has its valves adjacent, but the T-head variant acts as a cross-flow head, the main disadvantages of a sidevalve engine are poor gas flow, poor combustion chamber shape, and low compression ratio, all of which result in a low power output. The sidevalve configuration makes intake and exhaust gases follow a route, with low volumetric efficiency. Although a sidevalve engine can operate at high speed, its volumetric efficiency swiftly deteriorates. High volumetric efficiency was important for early cars because their engines rarely sustained extended high speeds. A compromise used by Willys, Rover and Rolls-Royce in the 1950s was the F-head, in there is one side valve. An advance in technology resulted from experimentation in the 1920s by Sir Harry Ricardo. Because the exhaust follows a path to leave the engine. In a T-head engine, the pairs have a crossflow configuration. American LaFrance powered their fire engines with T-head engines from the 1920s to the 1950s, the Cleveland Motorcycle Manufacturing Company produced a T-head four-cylinder in-line motorcycle engine in the 1920s, and early Stutz engines were T heads
Flathead engine
–
Harley-Davidson flathead engine
Flathead engine
–
Engine block of the
Ford flathead V8 engine showing the location of the valve ports (the holes above the large cylinder bores). These blocks were the basis of the original "Hotrod" Engines
Flathead engine
–
T head sidevalve arrangement
15.
Straight-six engine
–
The straight-six engine or inline-six engine is an internal combustion engine with the cylinders mounted in a straight line along the crankcase with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. The bank of cylinders may be oriented at any angle, and where the bank is inclined to the vertical, the straight-six layout is the simplest engine layout that possesses both primary and secondary mechanical engine balance, resulting in much less vibration than engines with fewer cylinders. In automobiles, the design is used for engine displacements ranging from approximately 2 to 5 litres. It is also used for smaller engines but these, although very smooth running. Since the length of an engine is proportional to the number of cylinders in one bank. Pre-World War II engines could be large by modern standards — such as the Rolls Royce Silver Ghosts 7.4 L engine and the 824 cu in of the 1910s Peerless, Pierce. They were used in a variety of including the de Havilland Dragon Rapide. The largest are used to ships, and use fuel oil. The straight-six can also be viewed as a modular component of larger motors which stack several straight-sixes together, e. g. flat- or V-12s, W-18s. Straight-six engines were introduced earlier than V6 engines. While the first straight-six was manufactured in 1903 by Spyker, it was not until 1950 that a production V6 was introduced, V6s had intrinsic vibration problems not present in the straight-six. The poor secondary harmonic balance of four-cylinder engines is largely addressed with the use of balance shafts although it can never match the in-line six, TVR used a straight-six configuration exclusively in their final cars before their demise. In a reversal of trends, Mercedes-Benz announced a return to inline-6 engines in October 2016. This was a part of a trend toward higher efficiency engines with fewer cylinders, manufacturers began to replace V8 engines with straight-6 engines and V6 engines with straight-4 engines, while V8 engines became smaller. Straight-sixes continue to be used in medium to large trucks, Ford is one notable exception using a V8 in medium duty trucks. GM pickup trucks abandoned the straight-six in 1984 for the 4.3 V6, in 2002, General Motors introduced the Vortec 4200 as part of the modular straight-four, straight-five and straight-six GM Atlas engine line. It was used in their sport utility vehicles. Jeep abandoned the straight-six in 2006 with the 2006 Jeep Wrangler being the last vehicle, Ram Trucks continues to offer straight-six engines in its heavy duty pickup truck and chassis cab models, although only V6 and V8 engines are available in the smaller versions
Straight-six engine
–
A
BMW M20B25 engine with the
cylinder head removed, showing the
pistons in the six cylinders of the engine
Straight-six engine
–
A
MAN B&W 6S60MC inline six-cylinder slow-speed
diesel engine. This example is used on a 70,000 t (
deadweight)
bulk carrier, and produces 9,014.8 kW (12,089.0 hp) at 90.3 rpm (1.5 Hz) (703,130 ft.lbs torque).
Straight-six engine
–
Crankshaft with 4 main bearings
Straight-six engine
–
BMW M1 engine
16.
First World War
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
First World War
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
First World War
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
First World War
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
First World War
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
17.
Six-cylinder engine
–
For multiple-cylinder steam engines, see Compound steam engine and Triple-expansion steam engine A multi-cylinder engine is a reciprocating internal combustion engine with multiple cylinders. It can be either a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine, and can be either Diesel or spark-ignition, the cylinders and the crankshaft which is driven by and co-ordinates the motion of the pistons can be configured in a wide variety of ways. Typically, the more cylinders an engine has, the higher the RPMs it can attain for a displacement and technology level, at a cost of increased friction losses. Peak torque is reduced, but the total horsepower is increased due to the higher RPMs attained. Although there are 1,3 and 5-cylinder engines, almost all other engines are built with even numbers of cylinders. Another form of internal combustion engine is the radial engine. Twin-row or multi-row radials are also built, which is two or more single-row radials connected front-to-back and driving a common crankshaft. In this twin row, or multi-row configuration, the number of cylinders will be an even number. For example, a single row radial such as the Wright Cyclone has 9 cylinders. The twin row Wright Twin Cyclone is based on this engine, configurations of two-cylinder engines include, Straight-twin engine, or parallel twin with two cylinders in parallel sharing a crankshaft. V-twin engine, or V2 engine, two cylinders in V configuration, sharing a crankshaft, flat-twin engine, a flat engine with 2 opposed cylinders on the same crankshaft angled 180° to each other. Configurations of three-cylinder engines include, Straight-three engine, also called the inline-triple, inline-3, or I-3 engine, v3 engine, seen on some two-stroke racing motorcycles. W engine with three cylinders, such as the Anzani 3-cylinder fan engines, configurations of four-cylinder engines include, the most common 4-cylinder engine Inline-four engine, an engine with 4 cylinders in a straight line. V4 engine, an engine with 4 cylinders arranged in a V configuration, flat-four engine, a flat engine with 4 cylinders horizontally opposed to each other at 180° apart. Square four engine, two banks of 2 cylinders, each driving a single crankshaft and geared to an output shaft. Configurations of five-cylinder engines include, Straight-five engine, an engine with 5 cylinders in a straight line, vR5 engine, an engine with 5 cylinders staggered slightly, allowing cylinder bore centerlines to be closer together, reducing overall engine length. Configurations of six-cylinder engines include, V6 engine, a V engine with six cylinders, vR6 engine, a compromise between a V6 and straight-6 engine, shorter than a straight-6 and narrower than a V-6. Straight-six engine, an engine with six cylinders aligned in a straight line, flat-six engine, a flat engine with two banks of 3 cylinders horizontally opposed at 180° apart
Six-cylinder engine
–
A
cutaway illustration of a
V6, 24-
valve,
DOHC engine, an example of a
Vee-configured six-
cylinder engine.
Six-cylinder engine
–
A
flat-twin engine.
Six-cylinder engine
–
A 1905
Wolseley straight-12 engine.
Six-cylinder engine
–
An
Fiat AS.6 engine for a
Macchi -Castoldi
M.C.72 racing
seaplane. While it is often considered a "
V24 engine ", it is actually two
V12 engines bolted together in tandem, driving separate
crankshafts.
18.
Hispano-Suiza
–
Hispano-Suiza was a Spanish automotive/engineering company and, after World War II, a French aviation engine and components manufacturer. It is best known for its cars and aviation engines pre-World War II. In 1923, its French subsidiary became a partnership with the Spanish parent company. In 1946, the Spanish parent company sold all its Spanish automotive assets to Enasa, in 1968, the French arm was taken over by the aerospace company Snecma, now a part of the French SAFRAN Group. Hispano-Suiza designed the first 4-cylinder 16-valve engine and the car considered to have been the first sports car, in 1898 a Spanish artillery captain, Emilio de la Cuadra, started electric automobile production in Barcelona under the name of La Cuadra. In Paris, De la Cuadra met the Swiss engineer Marc Birkigt, La Cuadra built their first gasoline-powered engines from a Birkigt design. At some point in 1902, the ownership changed hands to J. Castro and became Fábrica Hispano-Suiza de Automóviles, yet another restructuring took place in 1904, creating La Hispano-Suiza Fábrica de Automóviles, under Castros direction, also based in Barcelona. Four new engines were introduced in the year and a half, a 3. 8-litre and 7. 4-litre four-cylinder. This company managed to avoid bankruptcy and its largest operations remained in Barcelona until 1946, other factories in Spain were at Ripoll, Seville, and Guadalajara. France was soon proving to be a market for Hispanos luxury cars than Spain. In 1911, a factory called Hispano France began operating in the Paris suburb of Levallois-Perret. Production was moved to larger factories at Bois-Colombes, under the name Hispano-Suiza in 1914, with the start of World War I, Hispano-Suiza turned to the design and production of aircraft engines under the direction of Marc Birkigt. His chief engineer during this period was another Swiss, Louis Massuger, traditionally, aircraft engines were manufactured by machining separate steel cylinders and then bolting these assemblies directly to the crankcase. Birkigts novel solution called for the block to be formed from a single piece of cast aluminum. Manufacturing an engine in this way simplified construction and resulted in a lighter, thus, Birkigts new construction method created the first practical, and what are commonly known today as, cast block engines. Another major design feature, for the later HS. 8B line was the use of a propeller shaft for both the 8B and 8C gear-reduction versions, which when used for the HS. After World War I, Hispano-Suiza returned to manufacturing and in 1919 they introduced the Hispano-Suiza H6. Licences for Hispano-Suiza patents were much in demand from prestige car manufacturers world-wide, Rolls-Royce used a number of Hispano-Suiza patents
Hispano-Suiza
–
Hispano-Suiza
Hispano-Suiza
–
Hispano-Suiza stork hood ornament.
Hispano-Suiza
–
Hispano Suiza E-30 of the
Aeronáutica Naval
Hispano-Suiza
–
A 300hp Wright-Hisso H on display
19.
Overhead valve
–
An overhead valve engine is an engine in which the valves are placed in the cylinder head. This was an improvement over the flathead engine, where the valves were placed in the block next to the piston. Overhead camshaft engines, while overhead valve by definition, are usually categorized apart from other OHV engines. Lifters or tappets are located in the block between the camshaft and pushrods. By contrast, overhead camshaft design avoids the use of pushrods by putting the camshaft directly above the valves in the cylinder head, in 1900, Marr was hired as chief engineer at the Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company in Detroit, where he worked until 1902. Marr said he got the idea of overhead valves when making the small tricycle engine, marrs engine employed pushrod-actuated rocker arms, which in turn pushed valves parallel to the pistons, and this is still in use today. This contrasts with previous designs which use of side valves. Marr left Buick briefly to start his own company in 1902, the Marr Auto-Car. The OHV engine was patented in 1902 by Buicks second chief engineer Eugene Richard, at the Buick Manufacturing Company, precursor to the Buick Motor Company. The worlds first production overhead valve engine was put into the first production Buick automobile, the 1904 Model B, the engine was designed by Marr and David Buick. Eugene Richard of the Buick Manufacturing Company was awarded US Patent #771,095 in 1904 for the valve in head engine. Arthur Chevrolet was awarded US Patent #1,744,526 for an adapter that could be applied to an existing engine, in 1949, Oldsmobile introduced the Rocket V8. It was the first high-compression I-head design, and is the archetype for most modern pushrod engines, general Motors is the worlds largest pushrod engine producer, producing both I4, V6 and V8 pushrod engines. Nowadays, automotive use of side-valves has virtually disappeared, and valves are almost all overhead, however, most are now driven more directly by the overhead camshaft system. Few pushrod-type engines remain in production outside of the United States market and this is in part a result of some countries passing laws to tax engines based on displacement, because displacement is somewhat related to the emissions and fuel efficiency of an automobile. This has given OHC engines a regulatory advantage in those countries, however, in 2002, Chrysler introduced a new pushrod engine, a 5. 7-litre Hemi engine. The new Chrysler Hemi engine presents advanced features such as variable displacement technology and has been an option with buyers. The Hemi was on the Wards 10 Best Engines list for 2003 through 2007, Chrysler also produced the worlds first production variable-valve OHV engine with independent intake and exhaust phasing
Overhead valve
–
Picture of a
V8 engine block (with
intake manifold removed), showing the camshaft, pushrods, and rockers.
Overhead valve
–
Components of a pushrod valve actuation system
20.
Magneto ignition
–
An ignition magneto, or high tension magneto, is a magneto that provides current for the ignition system of a spark-ignition engine, such as a petrol engine. It produces pulses of voltage for the spark plugs. The older term tension means voltage, the use of ignition magnetos is now confined mainly to engines where there is no other available electrical supply, for example in lawnmowers and chainsaws. It is also used in aviation piston engines even though an electrical supply is usually available. In this case the magnetos self-powered operation is considered to offer increased reliability, firing the gap of a spark plug, particularly in the combustion chamber of a high-compression engine, requires a greater voltage than can be achieved by a simple magneto. The high-tension magneto combines an alternating current magneto generator and a transformer, a high current at low voltage is generated by the magneto, then transformed to a high voltage by the transformer. Magneto ignition was introduced on the 1899 Daimler Phönix and this was followed by Benz, Mors, Turcat-Mery, and Nesseldorf, and soon was used on most cars up until about 1918 in both low voltage and high voltage magnetos. In the type known as a magneto, the engine rotates a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet. In the inductor magneto, the magnet is rotated and the coil remains stationary, as the magnet moves with respect to the coil, the magnetic flux linkage of the coil changes. This induces an EMF in the coil, which in turn causes a current to flow. One or more times per revolution, just as the pole moves away from the coil and the magnetic flux begins to decrease. This causes the field in the primary coil to collapse rapidly. As the field collapses rapidly there is a voltage induced across the primary coil. As the points begin to open, point spacing is such that the voltage across the primary coil would arc across the points. The capacitors function is similar to that of a snubber as found in a flyback converter, a second coil, with many more turns than the primary, is wound on the same iron core to form an electrical transformer. The ratio of turns in the winding to the number of turns in the primary winding, is called the turns ratio. Voltage across the primary results in a proportional voltage being induced across the secondary winding of the coil. The turns ratio between the primary and secondary coil is selected so that the voltage across the secondary reaches a high value
Magneto ignition
–
Bosch magneto circuit, 1911
Magneto ignition
–
Simple low-tension magneto, for a single-cylinder engine
Magneto ignition
–
Armature of a high-tension magneto
Magneto ignition
–
Section through a high-tension magneto, with distributor
21.
Thermosyphon
–
Thermosiphon is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump. Thermosiphoning is used for circulation of liquids and volatile gases in heating and cooling applications such as pumps, water heaters, boilers. Thermosiphoning also occurs across air temperature gradients such as those utilized in a wood fire chimney or solar chimney and its purpose is to simplify the transfer of liquid or gas while avoiding the cost and complexity of a conventional pump. Natural convection of the liquid starts when heat transfer to the liquid gives rise to a difference from one side of the loop to the other. The phenomenon of thermal expansion means that a difference will have a corresponding difference in density across the loop. The warmer fluid on one side of the loop is less dense, the warmer fluid will float above the cooler fluid, and the cooler fluid will sink below the warmer fluid. This phenomena of natural convection is known by the saying, heat rises, convection moves the heated liquid upwards in the system as it is simultaneously replaced by cooler liquid returning by gravity. A good thermosiphon has very little hydraulic resistance so that liquid can flow easily under the low pressure produced by natural convection. In some situations the flow of liquid may be reduced further, or stopped, in this case, the system no longer convects, so it is not a usual thermosiphon. Heat can still be transferred in this system by the evaporation and condensation of vapor, however, if the system also contains other fluids, such as air, then the heat flux density will be less than in a real heat pipe, which only contains a single fluid. The thermosiphon has been incorrectly described as a gravity return heat pipe. Heat pipes usually have a wick to return the condensate to the evaporator via capillary action, a wick is not needed in a thermosiphon because gravity moves the liquid. The wick allows heat pipes to heat when there is no gravity. A thermosiphon is simpler than a heat pipe, Thermosiphons can only transfer heat upward, or away from the acceleration vector. Thus, orientation is more important for thermosiphons than for heatpipes. Also, thermosiphons can fail because of a bubble in the loop, if the piping of a thermosiphon resists flow, or excessive heat is applied, the liquid may boil. Since the gas is more buoyant than the liquid, the pressure is greater. This is a well known invention called a reboiler, a group of reboilers attached to a pair of plena is called a calandria
Thermosyphon
–
Thermosyphon circulation in a simple solar water heater
Thermosyphon
–
Solar heating system featuring a thermosiphon
Thermosyphon
–
1937 diagram of engine cooling entirely by thermosiphon circulation
22.
Zenith Motorcycles
–
Zenith Motorcycles was a British motorcycle and automobile manufacturer established in Finsbury Park, London in 1903, by W. G. Bowers. Automobile manufacture only lasted from 1905–1906, the first Zenith motorcycle was the BiCar of 1903, based on Tooleys Bi-Car design, which was purchased by Zenith for its own production. The BiCar was a design with hub-center steering and a low-slung chassis with the engine centrally fixed. Fred W. Barnes was hired as chief engineer in 1905, the Gradua system simultaneously changed the diameter of the crankshaft belt-drive pulley to alter the drive ratio, while moving the rear wheel forward or back to maintain belt tension. Zenith capitalized on this ban, adding the word Barred to their advertising, the Gradua system was replaced by the now-standard gearbox and chain transmission in 1924. In 1914, the moved to larger premises, close to the Brooklands race track, at the old East Moseley Mill near Weybridge. As WW1 rapidly approached, the factory turned its attention to commercial sidecar outfits, after WW1, racing and endurance trials occupied much of Freddie Barnes interest. Zenith motorcycles used engines from various suppliers including Precision, Villiers, Bradshaw, Martlett, British Anzani, Fafnir, Zenith was a relatively small manufacturer, but had significant success in speed contests throughout the Teen and 1920s. Chief Engineer Freddie Barnes personally oversaw Zeniths in competition, and in the 1920s racing Zeniths held more Gold Stars on the Brooklands racing circuit than any other marque, riders included Ted Baragwanath, Bert LeVack, Owen Baldwin, H. M. Walters, and Joe Wright. The Second World War interrupted production again, and Zenith finally ceased production in 1950, the last Zenith models of 1947-1950 used JAP 750cc sidevalve v-twins, and were basically the same models as produced before WW2. Between 1905 and 1906, the introduced the Popular model, which had a two-cylinder, 6HP Stevens engine. Zenith were always keen to promote themselves via competition, in 1925 Zenith held the record for the number of over 100 mph laps of the bumpy Brooklands circuit. Works rider Joseph S. Wright held the lap record at Brooklands from 1925 until 1935. Zenith held the world speed record on two occasions, the first FIM record of 124.55 mph set in 1928 by Owen M. Baldwin at Arpajon, France. Bert le Vack surpassed Baldwin the following year on a 995 cc Brough-Superior at the same location, in 1930 Zenith was in financial trouble due to the recession, and were taken over by one of their dealers, Writers of South London. The ex-Zenith works rider Joe Wright, riding an OEC with a 994 cc JAP engine, took back the record on 31 August at 137.23 mph, again at Arpajon, France. But the record was twice more in 1930, first to Ernst Jakob Henne riding a supercharged BMW to 137.85 mph at Ingolstadt. Claude Temple made arrangements to try to win the title back in Cork, Joe Wright had managed to acquire the works 995 cc supercharged J. A. P-engined Zenith, and he took this to Ireland as a spare machine
Zenith Motorcycles
–
Zenith Motorcycles
Zenith Motorcycles
23.
Carburettor
–
A carburetor, or carburettor, or carburator, or carburetter is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine in the proper ratio for combustion. It is sometimes shortened to carb in North America or carby in Australia. To carburate or carburet is to blend the air and fuel or to equip with a carburetor for that purpose, carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and, to a lesser extent, aviation industries by fuel injection. They are still common on engines for lawn mowers, rototillers. The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning carbide, carburer means to combine with carbon. In fuel chemistry, the term has the specific meaning of increasing the carbon content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon. The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826, a carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi De Cristoforis, in 1876. Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882, for his Motrice Pia, a carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz as he developed internal combustion engines and their components. Early carburetors were the surface type, in which air is charged with fuel by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle, hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893. Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars, in 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England, a single cylinder 5 hp internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the performance and power, they re-built the engine the next year into a horizontally opposed version using his new wick carburetor design. Carburetors were the method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline-fueled engines up until the late 1980s. 1991, Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC360 cu in V8 engine, low-cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s, the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003. Elsewhere, certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006, many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicitys sake, since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. Fords first fuel-injected car was the Ford Capri RS2600 in 1970, general Motors launched its first fuel-injected car around the same time, when began to introduce fuel-injected engines to its Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona range
Carburettor
–
Bendix-Technico (Stromberg) 1-barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV-3, with nomenclature
Carburettor
–
1979 Evinrude Type I marine sidedraft carburetor
Carburettor
–
A high performance 4-barrel carburetor
Carburettor
–
Holley "Visi-Flo" model #1904 carburetors from the 1950s, factory equipped with transparent glass bowls.
24.
Hillclimbing
–
Hillclimbing is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England is the worlds oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, a very different kind of hillclimbing is done with offroad motorcycles going straight up extremely steep hills. The winner is the one which could climb the highest, or in the more than one made it to the top. This kind of motorsport, which requires skill as well as bravery, has a tradition in the USA and has been popular in France. The Austrian event in Rachau focused on entertainment, and inspired many similar events. Hillclimbs in continental Europe are usually held on courses which are several long, taking advantage of the available hills. The most prestigious competition is the FIA European Hill Climb Championship, an historic course is at Semmering. For this reason, cars and drivers do not generally cross between the British and continental European championships, Hillclimbing is also relevant to motorcycle sport, the governing body is the National Hill Climb Association. Notable champions from this period include Pierre Maublanc, Daniel Rouveyran, Hervé Bayard, the best-known Course de Côte are Mont Ventoux and Mont-Dore. Caracciola won the over two-litre racing car class, numerous events are organised annually by the Island Car Club. Participants are divided according to their type of vehicle into various categories ranging from single seaters to saloon cars, Hillclimbing is popular in Romania among drivers with limited financial resources. It has a tradition in the country. The first major event was the Feleac course, in Cluj, from 1930, it was a round in the European Hill Climb Championship. The record of the Feleac was set by famous German racer Hans Stuck in 1938, Stuck stormed through the 7 km gravel course in 2 min 56 sec. Despite several attempts in the 1970s, Stucks record was never beaten, in recent decades, the course was widened in order to be suitable for intense traffic and therefore is considered inappropriate for auto racing. Today, hillclimbing in Romania is referred to as Viteză în Coastă or Campionatul Naţional de Viteză pe Traseu Montan, in 2006, the Romanian National Hillclimbing Championship had 7 events, each containing two rounds held on Friday and Sunday respectively, with Saturday being a rest day. The seven events were Câmpulung Muscel, Braşov, Reşiţa, Bálványos, Abrud, Reşiţa, there are several traditional hillclimbing race events in Portugal, and its national championship growing in popularity since 2010
Hillclimbing
–
Prescott hillclimb, England
Hillclimbing
–
Reşiţa hillclimb 2007, Romania
25.
V12 engine
–
By using split crankpins or ignoring minor vibrations, any V angle is possible. The 180° configuration is referred to as a flat-twelve engine or a boxer although it is in reality a 180° V since the pistons can. This is not important in a car if all-out performance is the only goal. Since cost and fuel economy are usually important even in luxury and racing cars and it is often used in marine engines where great power is required, and the hull width is limited, but a longer vessel allows faster hull speed. In twin-propeller boats, two V12 engines can be enough to sit side-by-side, while three V12 engines are sometimes used in high-speed three-propeller configurations. Large, fast cruise ships can have six or more V12 engines, after World War II, the compact, more powerful, and vibration-free turboprop and turbojet engines replaced the V12 in aircraft applications. The first V-type engine was built in 1889 by Daimler, to a design by Wilhelm Maybach, by 1903 V8 engines were being produced for motor boat racing by the Société Antoinette to designs by Léon Levavasseur, building on experience gained with in-line four-cylinder engines. In 1904, the Putney Motor Works completed a new V12 marine racing engine—the first V12 engine produced for any purpose, a single camshaft mounted in the central V operated the valves directly. As in many engines, the camshaft could be slid longitudinally to engage a second set of cams. Starting is by pumping a charge into each cylinder and switching on the trembler coils, a sliding camshaft gave direct reversing. The camshaft has fluted webs and main bearings in graduated thickness from the largest at the flywheel end, displacing 1,120 cu in, the engine weighed 950 pounds and developed 150 bhp. Little is known of the achievements in the 40-foot hull for which it was intended. One V12 Dörwald marine engine was still running in a Hong Kong junk in the late-1960s. Two more V12s appeared in the 1909-1910 motor boat racing season, the Lamb Boat & Engine Company of Clinton, Iowa built a 1,559 cu in engine for the companys 32-foot Lamb IV. It weighed in at 2,114 pounds, no weight is known for the massive 3,464 cu in F-head engine built by the Orleans Motor Company. Output is quoted as nearly 400 bhp, by 1914, when Panhard built two 2,356 cu in engines with four-valve cylinder heads the V12 was well established in motor boat racing. In October 1913, Louis Coatalen, chief engineer of the Sunbeam Motor Car Company entered a V12 powered car in the Brooklands short, the engine displaced 9 L, with bore and stroke of 80 x 150 mm. An aluminum crankcase carried two blocks of three cylinders each along each side, with a 60 degree included angle, the cylinders were of iron, with integral cylinder heads with L-shaped combustion chambers
V12 engine
–
1926
BMW VI, water-cooled V12 aircraft engine
V12 engine
–
The 150 bhp V12 Dörwald marine motor, 1904
V12 engine
–
A 1917
Liberty L-12 (V12) aero-engine
V12 engine
–
Renault V12 aeroengine
26.
Land speed record
–
The land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. The land speed record is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length, two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour, and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated. There are numerous other records for cars, motorcycles fall into a separate class. The first regulators were the Automobile Club de France, who proclaimed themselves arbiters of the record in about 1902. 01sec, national or regional auto clubs had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized. The AIACR became the FIA in 1947, controversy arose in 1963, Spirit of America was not recognised due to its being a three-wheeler and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special wheel-driven class. She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a 100 hp development of the K5, through her career as a stuntwoman, she met Bill Fredrick, the stunt technology maker and high-speed car designer who built the Motivator vehicle. Craig Breedloves mark of 407.447 miles per hour, set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds, it had three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non-wheel-driven category, on July 27,1964, Donald Campbells Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403.10 miles per hour on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedloves time, in October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification. Thus, Art Arfons Green Monster was belatedly recognized as the absolute LSR holder, Bluebird the holder of the land speed record. No wheel-driven car has since held the absolute record, there is no wheel-driven category as such. The Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile validates records in a variety of classes, of which the classes are in Category A. The accepted record is fastest average speed recorded over any one-mile or one-kilometer distance, bloodhound SSC – Project aiming for 1,050 mph. Rosco McGlashan – Australias fastest man on the land and his Aussie Invader team is building a fully rocket-powered LSR car with an attempt at the record currently on hold pending funding. The Land Speed Record in the Sixties, an on-line collection Land speed Record site for dedicated enthusiasts
Land speed record
–
ThrustSSC, driven by
Royal Air Force pilot
Andy Green, holds the land speed record.
Land speed record
–
Ralph DePalma in his Packard '905' Special at
Daytona Beach in 1919
Land speed record
–
Dorothy Levitt, in a 26hp Napier, at
Brooklands, England, in 1908
27.
Arpajon
–
Arpajon is a French commune in the Essonne department in the Île-de-France region of northern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arpajonnais or Arpajonnaises, the commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom. The commune is also 410 km north of its homonym Arpajon-sur-Cère in Cantal department, the original stronghold of the lords of the town. Agricultural areas, which represent only 10% of the territory, are located in the extreme north-east of the commune along Route nationale 20. Arpajon lies at the confluence of the Rémarde and the Orge rivers which then separate in the centre of the town to permanently join at the border with Saint-Germain-lès-Arpajon. On the communal area the two rivers flow in parallel, the Rémarde coming from the west from Ollainville and, further south, the highest point in the commune at 89 metres is located north of the Butte-aux-Grès area near the Linas forest. Due to the low height of the relative to the surroundings there are many television receiving antennae which are sometimes ten metres above the roofs. The territory lies on the boundary of the geological area of the Paris basin and the sand of the Beauce with, in the extreme north. Arpajon is located in Île-de-France and enjoys an oceanic climate characterized by cold winters, warm summers. The average temperatures recorded at the station at Brétigny-sur-Orge came to 10.8 °C with average maximum and minimum of 15.2 °C and 6.4 °C. The actual maximum and minimum temperatures recorded are 24.5 °C in July and 0.7 °C in January with record temperatures of 38.2 °C on 1 July 1952 and -19.6 °C on 17 January 1985. The situation in the suburbs of the commune leads to a lower urban density than Paris with a negative difference of one to two degrees Celsius compared to Paris. With 598.3 millimeters of rainfall over the year and a distribution of 50 mm per month. In addition there are the D192 which is a fast route through the Arpajon-Égly-Breuillet urban area, the commune is located four kilometres south of the Francilienne, a major regional axis that allows quick access to the A10 autoroute and A6 autoroute. The Bretigny-Tours railway passes across the commune from west to east with Arpajon C4 RER station in the south of the served by two trains per hour. The town is served by, Albatrans bus network, Route 91. Ormont bus network, Route 68.01 to Bruyeres-le-Chatel Route 68.05 to Boissy-sous-Saint-Yon 22,23, savac bus network, Route 39.18 to Limours-en-Hurepoix 24. CEAT bus network, Route 10.20 from Paris to Angerville Route 10.21 from Paris to Méréville There are also shuttle buses providing free transport in the commune with some dedicated to the elderly
Arpajon
–
The city hall
Arpajon
–
Arpajon railway station.
Arpajon
–
Map of Arpajon according to
Cassini
Arpajon
–
The Covered Market
28.
Rolls-Royce Limited
–
This article covers from 1904 to 1987 when this business by then owned by Rolls-Royce plc was again listed on the Stock Exchange. For the present day owners of the business enterprise, see Rolls-Royce Holdings for aero-engines etc. Rolls-Royce Limited owned a British luxury-car and aero engine manufacturing business founded in 1904 by Charles Stewart Rolls, Rolls-Royce Limited was incorporated on 15 March 1906 as a vehicle for their ownership of their Rolls-Royce business. Their business quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering quality, best car in the world, Rolls-Royce became a leading manufacturer of piston aero-engines after it was brought into building them by the First World War. In the late 1960s, Rolls-Royce Limited became hopelessly crippled by its mismanagement of development of its advanced RB211 jet engine and the consequent cost over-runs. In 1971 their financial collapse was dealt with by sale, at a price which took years to negotiate, of the entire business to a new government-owned company. Insolvent Rolls-Royce Limited was put into liquidation, everything that could be sold off was sold off but more than 45 years later there are still assets remaining to be sold. Rolls-Royce Limited continued to trade and realise the surplus assets bought from the former company, in 1977 Rolls-Royce Limited, given the necessary consent, was re-named Rolls-Royce Limited. It remained nationalised until 1987 when, re-named Rolls-Royce plc, the government sold its shares to the public, today it owns and operates Rolls-Royces principal business though it is no longer listed on the stock exchange. Instead it has been a subsidiary of a holding company currently Rolls-Royce Holdings plc since 2003. A marketing survey in 1987 showed there was one brand name more widely known than Rolls-Royce. In 1884 Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business and he made his first car, a two-cylinder Royce 10, in his Manchester factory in 1904. Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel, Rolls was proprietor of an early motor car dealership, C. S. Rolls & Co. in Fulham. In spite of his preference for three- or four-cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the Royce 10, the first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904. During 1906 Royce had been developing an improved model with more power than the Rolls-Royce 30 hp. Initially designated the 40/50 hp, this was Rolls-Royces first all-new model, the new 40/50 was responsible for Rolls-Royces early reputation with over 6,000 built. Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car used in world wars Aero-engine manufacture began in 1914 because the government requested it. After the First World War, Rolls-Royce successfully avoided attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to merge, faced with falling sales of the 40/50 Rolls-Royce introduced the smaller, cheaper Twenty in 1922, effectively ending the one-model policy followed since 1908
Rolls-Royce Limited
–
Spirit of Ecstasy
Rolls-Royce Limited
–
The Silver Ghost, green leather,
silver-plated fittings, aluminium dashboard 40/50
chassis #60551 registration AX-201 Scottish Reliability Trial 22 June 1907
Rolls-Royce Limited
–
40/50 chassis #60551 The Silver Ghost semi-Roi des Belges open tourer by
Barker
Rolls-Royce Limited
–
Silver Ghost open tourer by
Hooper 1920
29.
Rudge-Whitworth
–
Rudge motorcycles were produced from 1911 to 1946. The firm was known for its innovations in engine and transmission design and their sales motto was Rudge it, do not trudge it. The company also produced the first detachable wire wheel in 1907, in competition with Victor Riley of the Riley Cycle Company they both designed a detachable wheel locked in place by a single large nut. Pugh was granted a patent for his wheel in 1908, there were detailed differences in the design resulting in legal disputes between the two companies over the intellectual rights to the detachable wheel. Pugh eventually lost the following appeal to the House of Lords. The design of the hub has three main elements - a splined hub to locate the wheel and two mating cones, one at the end which centres the wheel and the other at the nut end. These cones transmit the majority of the torque to the wheel freeing the splines of much of the load, one of the key features of the Pugh design is that it is self tightening. The wheels on the side of the car have a left hand thread on the nut. If the wheel becomes loose the tendency is for the nut to tighten. The system was taken up enthusiastically by the fraternity where the advantage of a quick change wheel was obvious. At the 1908 Isle of Man TT race,21 of the 35 entrants used Rudge-Whitworth wheels, by 1913, the use of detachable wire wheels was universal in grands prix. After World War II the rights to the Rudge-Whitworth wheel was acquired by Jaguar Cars, in 1938, Rudge-Whitworth sponsored Billie Fleming to attempt the distance record for the most miles covered in a year. They provided a bicycle with three-speed derailleur gears and a cyclometer and her record of 29,603.7 miles still stood at her death, aged 100 in 2014. Selling re-badged Werners in 1909, the company went on to produce their first motorcycle in 1911, a single-cylinder F-head,500 cc bike. In 1912 the belt drive 499 cc Rudge Multigear was released, using variable groove-depth pulleys to gain 21 forward gear ratios, in 1913 a 750 cc Multigear was released. In 1914 Cyril Pullin won the Isle of Man TT on a Rudge Multigear, together with the Zenith-Gradua this was one of the first continuously variable transmissions. In 1915 a 1000 cc using a Jardine four-speed gearbox was released, followed by a 1000 cc Multigear, in 1923, they introduced an in-house manufactured 4-speed gear box to replace the Jardine gearbox, and Multigear production ended. It was called a Rudge Four, because of the four speeds and four valves and this single-cylinder 350 cc machine showed markedly superior performance to the competition on release, having more power than its 500 cc predecessor
Rudge-Whitworth
–
Rudge-Whitworth
Rudge-Whitworth
–
Bicycle chainring with the Rudge-Whitworth hand logo on it
Rudge-Whitworth
–
Rudge Multi from 1914
Rudge-Whitworth
–
A poster for Rudge-Whitworth wire wheels and their prize for the
1923 24 Hours of Le Mans
30.
Transmission (mechanics)
–
A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed. In British English, the term refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, differential. In American English, however, the term more specifically to the gearbox alone. The most common use is in vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping. The transmission reduces the engine speed to the slower wheel speed. Transmissions are also used on bicycles, fixed machines. Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios with the ability to switch between them as speed varies and this switching may be done manually or automatically. Directional control may also be provided, single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque of motor output. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, while a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation, automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft. This means that the shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the rotational direction of power transmission. Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios, in this case, most of the gear ratios are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque
Transmission (mechanics)
–
Gears from a five-speed + reverse gearbox from the 1600 Volkswagen Golf (2009).
Transmission (mechanics)
–
The main gearbox and rotor of a
Bristol Sycamore helicopter
Transmission (mechanics)
–
Tractor transmission with 16 forward and 8 backward gears
Transmission (mechanics)
–
Amphicar gearbox cutaway w/optional shift for water going propellers
