1.
Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Delaware
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Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, the state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginias first colonial governor. Delaware occupies the portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest, the sixth least populous. Delaware is divided into three counties, the lowest number of counties of any state, from north to south, the three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near the present town of Lewes, Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7,1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, the Delaware Indians, a name used by Europeans for Lenape people indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source. The surname de La Warr comes from Sussex and is of Anglo-Norman origin and it came probably from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre. This toponymic could derive from the Latin word ager, from the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum, the toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire also appear in old texts cited by Lucien Musset, where the word gara means gore. It could also be linked with a patronymic from the Old Norse verr, Delaware is 96 miles long and ranges from 9 miles to 35 miles across, totaling 1,954 square miles, making it the second-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania, to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean, small portions of Delaware are also situated on the eastern side of the Delaware River sharing land boundaries with New Jersey. The state of Delaware, together with the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending 12 miles from the cupola of the courthouse in the city of New Castle and this boundary is often referred to as the Twelve-Mile Circle. This is the only nominally circular state boundary in the United States, to the west, a portion of the arc extends past the easternmost edge of Maryland. The remaining western border runs slightly east of due south from its intersection with the arc, the Wedge of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delawares claim was confirmed. Delaware is on a plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation. Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, the northernmost part of the state is part of the Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces
4.
Eastern Shore of Maryland
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The Eastern Shore of Maryland is a part of the U. S. state of Maryland that lies predominantly on the east side of the Chesapeake Bay and consists of nine counties. As of the 2010 census, its population was 449,226, the term Eastern Shore distinguishes a territorial part of the State of Maryland from the Western Shore of Maryland, land west of the Chesapeake Bay. Marylands and Virginias Eastern Shore and all of Delaware form the Delmarva Peninsula, the counties comprising the Eastern Shore are Caroline, Cecil, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Annes, Somerset, Talbot, Wicomico, and Worcester counties. To the south, the Calvert-Scarborough Line separates Maryland from Virginia, a modern Worcester County highway map shows this location. Meanwhile, he negotiated treaties with Lower Eastern Shore Indian tribes harassing English settlers and these treaties defined standards of conduct for Indian-English relations, establishing an overall peace in the region. The northern limit is harder to locate, the coastal plain includes the Delmarva Peninsula and hence the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The geology of Delmarva is an part of the Eastern Shore. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal crosses from Back Creek on the Elk River to Port Penn, Maryland south of the canal is considered the Eastern Shore by residents. The north-south section of the Mason–Dixon line forms the border between Maryland and Delaware, the border was originally marked every mile by a stone, and every five miles by a crownstone. The line is not quite due north and south, but is as straight as survey methods of the 1760s could make it and it was surveyed as a compromise solution to a century-long wrangle between the Penn and Calvert families of England. If the Chesapeake Bay/Delaware Bay watershed divide had been taken as the borderline, trade with Philadelphia was conducted by overland routes to Delaware towns like Odessa and Smyrna. Agricultural products and milled grain were taken up the Delaware River by shallop men in small vessels called shallops and these cultural connections continue to this day. Ocean City is a resort on what was once called the seaside or seaboard side. It is on a long north-south sandspit that is essentially a barrier island, William Claiborne was granted land in 1629 and named the land Kent County. In 1631, he sailed north up the Chesapeake Bay from its south, there he made a fortified settlement that is considered to be the first English settlement within the Province of Maryland. Talbot County was formed in 1662, Cecil County was formed in 1674, by proclamation of the Governor, from eastern portions of Baltimore County and the northern portion of Kent County. Wicomico County was formed in 1867, as the 9th and last county, created from Somerset,1642 Kent County-In 1642, the governor and council appointed commissioners for the Isle and County of Kent. This act appears to have led to the establishment of Kent County, name after Kent County,1661 Talbot County- named for Lady Grace Talbot, the wife of Sir Robert Talbot, an Irish statesman, and the sister of Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
5.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
6.
Eastern Shore of Virginia
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The Eastern Shore of Virginia consists of two counties on the Atlantic coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The 70-mile-long region is part of the Delmarva Peninsula and is separated from the rest of Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay and its population was 45,553 as of 2010. The terrain is very flat, ranging from sea level to just 50 feet above sea level. The rural area has been devoted to cotton, soybean, vegetable and truck farming, since the late 20th century, vineyards have been developed in both counties, and the Eastern Shore has received recognition as an American Viticultural Area. It is characterized by sandy and deep soil, the weather in the area has temperate summers and winters, significantly affected by the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. At the northern end of the Atlantic side is the community of Chincoteague, famous for its annual wild pony roundup. Wallops Flight Facility, a NASA space launch base, is located near Chincoteague, tangier Island, off the western shore in the Chesapeake Bay, is another day-tourist destination. The Eastern Shore, geographically removed from the rest of Virginia, has had a history of settlement and development influenced by agriculture, fishing, tourism. William G. Thomas describes the Eastern Shore during the late 19th and early 20th century as a highly complex and interdependent landscape. The 23-mile-long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, which is part of U. S. Route 13, spans the mouth of the Bay and connects the Eastern Shore to South Hampton Roads and the rest of Virginia. Before the Bridge-Tunnel was built in 1964, a provided the continuation of U. S.13 across this stretch of water. Accomac Shire was established in the Virginia Colony by the House of Burgesses in 1634 under the direction of King Charles I and it was one of the original eight shires of Virginia, and consisted of the whole Eastern Shore. The shires name comes from the Native American word Accawmack, in 1642, the name was changed to Northampton County by the English. In 1663, Northampton County was split into two counties, the northern two thirds took the original Accomac name, while the southern third remained as Northampton. In 1670, the Virginia Colonys Royal Governor William Berkeley abolished Accomac County, in 1940, the General Assembly officially added a k to the end of the countys name to arrive at its current spelling, which is Accomack County. Thomas The Countryside Transformed, The Eastern Shore of Virginia, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the Creation of a Modern Landscape Southern Spaces,31 July 2007
7.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
8.
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
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The C&D Canal is owned and operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District. The project office in Chesapeake City, Maryland, is also the site of the C&D Canal Museum, in Delaware, the canal is considered to divide the northern and southern parts of the state. It is also considered the beginning of the Delmarva Peninsula. As early as the 17th century, settlers to the New World realized that industrial and commercial growth would depend upon economical transportation of goods across both land and water, herman proposed that a waterway be built to connect the two. More than a century passed before any action was taken, in 1764, a survey of possible water routes across the Delmarva Peninsula was made. One was proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr and he proposed a canal across the Delmarva Peninsula to connect the Chester River at modern-day Millington, Maryland, to the Delaware River. He even bought 39 acres of land, largely in and around Millington, the idea was raised again in 1788 by regional business leaders, including noted Philadelphians Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush. The canal would reduce, by nearly 300 miles, the routes between Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1802, following actions by the legislatures of Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, more surveys followed, and in 1804, construction of the canal began under Benjamin Latrobe. The work included 14 locks to connect the Christina River in Delaware with the Elk River at Welch Point, Maryland, the canal company was reorganized in 1822, and new surveys determined that more than $2 million in capital was needed to resume construction. Eventually, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased $100,000 in stock, the State of Maryland, $50,000, the federal government invested $450,000, with the remainder subscribed by the public. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers played a vital yet unofficial role for the company in 1823 and 1824. The engineer officers and two civilian engineers recommended a new route with four locks, extending from Newbolds Landing Harbor, westward to the Back Creek branch of the Elk River, Maryland. Canal construction resumed in April 1824, and within several years some 2,600 men were digging and hauling dirt from the ditch, laborers toiled with pick and shovel at the immense construction task, working for an average daily wage of 75 cents. The swampy marshlands along the planned route proved a great impediment to progress. It was 1829 before the C&D Canal Company could, at last and its construction cost of $3.5 million made it one of the most expensive canal projects of its time. In 1825, due to the efforts of Benjamin Wright, the company fired the chief engineer, John Randel Jr. who had surveyed its route. Randel sued the company for breach of contract, and in 1834 a jury returned an award to Randel of $226,885.84, the canal companys appeals went as high as the United States Supreme Court, which affirmed the award
9.
Cape Charles (headland)
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Cape Charles is a headland, or cape, in Northampton County, Virginia. Located at the tip of Northampton County, it forms the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. Cape Henry, which forms the side of the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Cape Charles, Virginia Cape Henry Virginia Capes Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition
10.
Chesapeake Bay
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It is the largest estuary in North America. With its northern portion in Maryland and the part in Virginia. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the bays 64, 299-square-mile drainage basin, the bay is approximately 200 miles long from its northern headwaters in the Susquehanna River to its outlet in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 2.8 miles wide at its narrowest and 30 miles at its widest, total shoreline including tributaries is 11,684 miles, circumnavigating a surface area of 4,479 square miles. Average depth is 21 feet, reaching a maximum of 174 feet, the bay is spanned twice, in Maryland by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge from Sandy Point to Kent Island and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Virginia Beach to Cape Charles. Known for both its beauty and bounty, the bay became emptier, with crabs, oysters. Recent restoration efforts begun in the 1990s have been ongoing and show potential for growth of the oyster population. The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over the past four years, according to a new report by the University of Maryland, the word Chesepiooc is an Algonquian word referring to a village at a big river. It is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the U. S. first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may refer to the Chesepian or Chesapeake people. They occupied an area which is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, in 2005, Algonquian linguist Blair Rudes helped to dispel one of the areas most widely held beliefs, that Chesapeake means something like great shellfish bay. The name might actually have meant something like great water, or it might have just referred to a location at the bays mouth. In addition, the name is almost always prefixed by the in usage by local residents, The Chesapeake, The Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Bay is an estuary to the North Atlantic, lying between the Delmarva Peninsula to the east and the North American mainland to the west. It is the ria, or drowned valley, of the Susquehanna River and it is not a fjord, because the Laurentide Ice Sheet never reached as far south as the northernmost point on the bay. The large rivers entering the bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the ria for miles up the course of each river. The bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley. Parts of the bay, especially the Calvert County, Maryland and these cliffs, generally known as Calvert Cliffs, are famous for their fossils, especially fossilized shark teeth which are commonly found washed up on the beaches next to the cliffs. Scientists Cliffs is a community in Calvert County named for the desire to create a retreat for scientists when the community was founded in 1935
11.
Delaware River
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The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, not including Delaware Bay, the rivers length including its two branches is 388 miles. The Delaware River is one of nineteen Great Waters recognized by the Americas Great Waters Coalition, the Delaware River rises in two main branches that descend from the western flank of the Catskill Mountains in New York. The West Branch begins near Mount Jefferson in the Town of Jefferson in Schoharie County, the rivers East Branch begins at Grand Gorge near Roxbury Delaware County. These two branches flow west and merge near Hancock in Delaware County and the waters flow as the Delaware River south. The river meets tide-water at the junction of Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, the rivers navigable, tidal section served as a conduit for shipping and transportation that aided the development of the industrial cities of Trenton, Camden, and Philadelphia. The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary of Delaware Bay is 11,550 cubic feet per second, in 1609, the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a route to Cathay. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the section of river. Both colonial powers called the river the South River, compared to the Hudson River, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colonys council president, John Ratcliffe, and attacked the colonys fledgling settlements. Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colonys original settlers at Jamestown from giving up, the name of barony is pronounced as in the current spelling form Delaware and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre. It has often reported that the river and bay received the name Delaware after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch. However, the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641, the state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penns Pennsylvania colony. In 1682, the Duke of York granted Penns request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The Delaware Rivers watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. This total area constitutes approximately 0. 4% of the mass in the United States. In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, there are 216 tributary streams and creeks—an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks—in the watershed. The waters of the Delaware Rivers basin are used to fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation
12.
Delaware Bay
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Delaware Bay is the estuary outlet of the Delaware River on the Northeast seaboard of the United States. Approximately 782 square miles in area, the fresh water mixes for many miles with the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean. The bay is bordered inland by the States of New Jersey and Delaware, the Delaware Bay is bordered by six counties, Sussex, Kent, and New Castle in Delaware, along with Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem in New Jersey. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry crosses the Delaware Bay from Cape May, New Jersey, to Lewes, management of ports along the bay is the responsibility of the Delaware River and Bay Authority. The shores of the bay are composed of salt marshes and mudflats. Several of the rivers hold protected status for their unique salt marsh bordering the bay. The bay is also a prime oystering ground, the Delaware Bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on May 20,1992. It was the first site classified in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, at the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the early 17th century, the area around the bay was inhabited by the Native American Lenape people. They called the Delaware River Lenape Wihittuck, which means the stream of the Lenape. The Delaware Bay was called Poutaxat, which means near the falls, in 1523 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón had received from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor a grant for the land explored in 1521 by Francisco Gordillo and slave trader Captain Pedro de Quejo. In 1525 Ayllón sent Quejo northward and received reports of the coastline from as far north as the Delaware Bay, in 1525 De Ayllon and Captain Quejo called Delaware Bay by the name Saint Christophers Bay. In the 1600s the bay was known as Niew Port May after Captain Cornelius May, another recorded European visit to the bay was by Henry Hudson, who claimed it for the Dutch East India Company in 1609. The Dutch called the estuary Godyns Bay, or Godins Bay after a director of the company, as part of the New Netherland colony, the Dutch established several settlements on the shores of the bay and explored its coast extensively. The resulting dispute with the Dutch colonial authorities in New Amsterdam was settled when Petrus Stuyvesant led a Dutch military force into the area in 1655, the Native American tribe living along the bay and river were later called the Delaware by the Europeans due to their location. The U. S. state also takes its name from the bay, conflicting crown grants were made to the James, Duke of York and William Penn on the west bank of the bay and river. Settlement grew rapidly, leading Philadelphia, upriver on the Delaware, Penn viewed access to the Delaware Bay as being so critical to Pennsylvanias survival that he engaged in an eighty-year long legal boundary dispute with the Calvert family to secure it. In 1782 during the American Revolutionary War, Continental Navy Lieutenant Joshua Barney fought with a British squadron within the bay, barneys force of three sloops defeated a Royal Navy frigate, a sloop-of-war and a Loyalist privateer. Fort Delaware was later constructed on Pea Patch Island, during the American Civil War it was used as a Union prison camp
13.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
14.
Elk River (Maryland)
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The Elk River is a tidal tributary of the Chesapeake Bay on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and on the northern edge of the Delmarva Peninsula. It is about 15 miles long, as the most northeastern extension of the Chesapeake Bay estuary, it has served as one entrance to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal since the 19th century. The canal and river now serve as one boundary of the Elk Neck Peninsula, the river flows through Cecil County, Maryland, with its watershed extending into New Castle County, Delaware and Chester County, Pennsylvania. Elkton, the county seat of Cecil County, is located at its head and its total watershed area is 143 square miles, with 21 square miles of open water, so its watershed is 15% open water. It is south and east of the North East River, little Elk Creek rises near Oxford, Pennsylvania, and the East Branch and West Branch of Big Elk Creek rise to the south of Cochranville, Pennsylvania. They descend through the Pennsylvania and Maryland Piedmont, before reaching sea level at Elkton, there are several small creeks on the western shore, including Muddy Creek, Jones Creek, Bull Minnow Run, and Plum Creek. On the eastern shore major tributaries are Back Creek, much of which is now the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, small creeks include Pearce Creek, Cabin John Creek, Herring Creek, and Perch Creek. NOAA Nautical Chart 12274 Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Profile, Elk River Lower Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Profile, Upper Elk River Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Profile, Bohemia River
15.
Delmar, Maryland
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Delmar is a town in Wicomico County, Maryland, United States. The population was 3,003 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. When the population is added to twin city Delmar, Delaware, by comparison this is more than Pocomoke City, Maryland 4,184, Denton, Maryland 4,418, and Berlin, Maryland 4,485, but less than Fruitland, Maryland,4,866. The Town of Delmar was founded in October 1859 with the extension of the Delaware Railroad to the boundary of Delaware. Thus, in 1859, the two respective railroads met and the Town of Delmar was born, the name of Delmar was derived for this railroad center from the states whose line it straddles - DELaware and MARyland. These new developments made the Delmarva Peninsula an important link between the north and south. As a result of developments, a tremendous influx of experienced railroad men into the community. During this accelerated rapid growth period, Delmar became a boom town, new dwelling units sprang up all over town and new businesses were established to meet the demands of its growing population. By 1889, the population of the Town of Delmar had increased to 680 and was still growing, in 1888, the Town of Delmar, Maryland was granted a charter by the General Assembly of Maryland. An examination of this charter and the laws of Maryland fails to reveal any mention of the town of Delmar. Therefore, it could be assumed that up until this time there was little cooperation between halves of the Town of Delmar. The Town of Delmar was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1892, the first fire destroyed everything in its path over a ten-acre area and the second major fire was almost as destructive. In each instance, the Town of Delmar was rebuilt and continued as a flourishing town, the first indication of any cooperation between Delmar, Maryland and Delmar, Delaware came in 1924 when surveys were conducted for a possible sewerage system for the entire Town of Delmar. Four years later the fourth, fifth and sixth grades were consolidated with classes in the Maryland school. This controversial decision represented one of the greatest steps forward educationally for the town of Delmar, Delmar is located at 38°27. 1′N 75°34. 2′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.73 square miles. The median income for a household in the town was $28,462, males had a median income of $29,643 versus $20,885 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,821, about 16. 9% of families and 16. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 2% of those under age 18 and 18. 7% of those age 65 or over
16.
Chincoteague, Virginia
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Chincoteague is a town on Chincoteague Island in Accomack County, Virginia, U. S. The population was 2,941 at the 2010 census, the town is known for the Chincoteague Ponies, although these are not actually on the island of Chincoteague but on nearby Assateague Island. These ponies and the annual Pony Penning Day are the subject of Marguerite Henrys 1947 childrens book Misty of Chincoteague, Chincoteague is located at 37°56′5″N 75°22′4″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 37.3 square miles, of which 9.1 square miles is land and 28.2 square miles. The year of 1650 marks the first land grant issued on Chincoteague Island, daniel Jenifer became the first English landowner. In 1671, settlers came to the island, and by 1672 there were large farms by Bishops, Bowdens, by 1838, there were 36 houses on the island, and in 1861 the island voted 132-2 not to secede from the Union and against slavery. The town saw action in the war via the Battle of Cockle Creek fought in the bay in 1861. The Native American name for the island is Gingoteague, and the name of the town Chincoteague first appeared in the Decisions of the United States Board on Geographical Names in 1943, in 1962, a major noreaster winter storm, the Ash Wednesday Storm, struck the coast. The town was underwater, and went for days without electricity. The storm destroyed almost all structures on Assateague Island, where development was just beginning, following this, most of the island was preserved from development as Assateague Island National Seashore in 1965. The Assateague Lighthouse and Captain Timothy Hill House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in the Pony Penning, which has been held annually since 1925, horses swim across the shallow water between the islands. If any animal is too small or weak to make the swim, they are placed on a barge, all the horses are herded into large pens after running through the middle of town and down Main Street. Pony Penning takes place on the last consecutive Wednesday and Thursday in July, the actual swim occurs on Wednesday, the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company auctions that years foals on Thursday, and on Friday the remaining ponies swim back to Assateague. The town features numerous small hotels, bed and breakfasts, and campgrounds that serve visitors to the region, the island also features many restaurants, ice cream parlors, and miniature golf courses. The island contains two museums, Beebe Ranch, and the Museum of Chincoteague Island, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,317 people,2,068 households, and 1,244 families residing in the town. The population density was 448.2 people per square mile, there were 3,970 housing units at an average density of 412.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 92% White,0. 95% African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 37% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 53% of the population. 33. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.63
17.
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
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The Chesapeake Bay Bridge is a major dual-span bridge in the U. S. state of Maryland. Spanning the Chesapeake Bay, it connects the states rural Eastern Shore region with the urban Western Shore, the original span opened in 1952 and with a length of 4.3 miles, was the worlds longest continuous over-water steel structure, the parallel span was added in 1973. The bridge is part of U. S, routes 50 and 301, and serves as a vital link in both routes. As part of cross-country U. S. Route 50, it connects the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area with Ocean City, Maryland and Rehoboth Beach, Delaware and other coastal tourist resorts destinations. As part of U. S. Route 301, it serves as part of a route for Interstate 95 travelers. Because of this linkage, the bridge is busy and has known as a point of traffic congestion, particularly during peak hours. Studies exploring the possibility of building a bridge across the Chesapeake Bay may have conducted as early as the 1880s. In 1927, local businesspeople were authorized to finance the construction of a Baltimore to Tolchester Beach crossing. Plans for the new bridge were made, but construction was canceled following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 with the collapse of the American economy, ferries were used as the main mode of transportation across the Bay from the colonial period until the completion of the 1952 Bridge. The first service ran from Annapolis to Broad Creek on Kent Island, in 1919, the Claiborne-Annapolis Ferry Company began running ferries between Annapolis and Claiborne, a community near St. Michaels. In July 1930, the Claiborne-Annapolis Company added a new route, one running from Annapolis to Matapeake. The auto and passenger ferries were taken over by the State Roads Commission in 1941, two years later the Roads Commission moved the western terminus of the old Annapolis–Matapeake ferry to Sandy Point, shortening the cross-bay trip. A1938 proposal by the Maryland General Assembly was the first to call for a bridge at the Sandy Point-Kent Island location, although the legislation authorizing the new bridge passed, the involvement of the United States in World War II delayed the bridges construction. In 1947, with the war over, the Assembly, under the leadership of Maryland Governor William Preston Lane, as both the longest continuous over-water steel structure, and the third longest bridge in the world. On November 9,1967, the bridge was dedicated to Governor Lane, who had died earlier that year, also in 1967, due to increasing traffic volumes, the Maryland General Assembly authorized three possible new crossings, all suggested during the 1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study. Construction of the new span began in 1969 to the north of the original bridge. Several incidents related to the bridge have occurred, in some cases, these have caused significant closures and traffic congestion on either side approaching the bridge. The bridge has been closed four times due to extreme weather, the first time was September 18,2003, during Hurricane Isabel and its high winds
18.
Lewes, Delaware
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Lewes /ˈluːᵻs/ is an incorporated city on the Delaware Bay in eastern Sussex County, Delaware. According to the 2010 census, the population is 2,747, along with neighboring Rehoboth Beach, Lewes is one of the principal cities of Delawares rapidly growing Cape Region. The city lies within the Salisbury, Maryland–Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area, Lewes proudly claims to be The First Town in The First State. Lewes was the site of the first European settlement in Delaware, the colony had a short existence, as a local tribe of Lenape Native Americans wiped out the 32 settlers in 1632. A total of 35 men were to be included in the settlement, led by a Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy of Zierikzee, the area was slow to resettle, but a new settlement gradually regrew around the Hoernkills. In late December 1673, when the area was held again by the Dutch. A log courthouse was authorized to be built at this time, a Church of England congregation was established by 1681 and a Presbyterian church was built in 1682. In 1682, the Delaware colonies were given to William Penn by English King Charles II in payment of a family debt. When Penn arrived in the New World later that year, he renamed the county as Sussex, Lewes became and remained the county seat of Sussex County until 1791, when it was moved to a more west-central county location, the current town of Georgetown. On April 5 and 6,1813, during the War of 1812, a cannonball from the bombardment is lodged in the foundation of Cannonball House, which now serves as the towns maritime museum. Lewes was incorporated by an act of the assembly on Feb.2,1818. The act provided for five persons to be chosen as commissioners to be known as Trustees of the Town of Lewes, Lewes Beach itself was an important stop on the Underground Railroad in the years leading up to the American Civil War. As a border state, Delaware was not part of the Confederacy, several houses in Lewes thus housed escaping slaves, these safe houses were identified by the residents placing a single candle in the top window of the house. It was one of the largest and most heavily armed coastal fortifications ever built, fort Miles never saw any major action, except for range practice, it fired its guns only once between its establishment and the end of World War II. Fort Miles ceased operation altogether in 1991 and was deeded to the State of Delaware, georges Chapel, Lewes, Townsend Site, and Wolfes Neck Site are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Schellenger 1913–1914 Dr. James T. Thompson 1900–1913 Alfred L. Burton 1898–1900 Six men who served as Delaware governor were born in or made their home in Lewes, three of the men lived on Lewes Second Street. Brothers Daniel and Caleb Rodney, descendants of Caesar Rodney each served as governor of Delaware, each a member of the Federalist party, Daniel served from 1814–1817 while Caleb served as acting governor from 1822–1823. Ebe Walters Tunnell moved to Lewes in 1873 to enter the drug, Tunnell worked his way up the state government hierarchy before unsuccessfully running for governor in 1892
19.
Cape May, New Jersey
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Cape May is a city at the southern tip of Cape May Peninsula in Cape May County, New Jersey, where the Delaware Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. One of the countrys oldest vacation resort destinations, it is part of the Ocean City Metropolitan Statistical Area, in the summer, Cape Mays population is expanded by as many as 40,000 to 50,000 visitors. The entire city of Cape May is designated the Cape May Historic District, the city was named for 1620 Dutch captain Cornelius Jacobsen Mey who explored and charted the area between 1611–1614, and established a claim for the province of New Netherland. It was later settled by New Englanders from the New Haven Colony, what is now Cape May was originally formed as the borough of Cape Island by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 8,1848, from portions of Lower Township. It was reincorporated as Cape Island City on March 10,1851, Cape May began hosting vacationers from Philadelphia in the mid 18th century and is recognized as the countrys oldest seaside resort. It became increasingly popular in the 18th century and was considered one of the finest resorts in America by the 19th century, in 1878 a five-day-long fire destroyed square blocks of the town center and as part of the reconstruction efforts replacement homes were almost uniformly of Victorian style. That designation is intended to ensure the preservation of these buildings. Cape May Naval facilities, listed below, provided significant help in reducing the number of ships, Cape May is generally low-lying, its highest point, at the intersection of Washington and Jackson Streets, is 14 feet above sea level. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Poverty Beach, Cape May borders West Cape May Borough, Lower Township, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Delaware Bay. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry provides transportation across the Delaware Bay to Lewes, Cape May Harbor Fest celebrates life in and around the harbor, with the 2011 event commemorating the 100th anniversary of the harbors creation. Cape May is the southernmost point in New Jersey, it is at approximately the latitude as Washington. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Cape May has a subtropical climate, typical of coastal New Jersey, with hot, humid summers. Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. Snowfall averages 15.7 inches per season, mostly from December to February. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −2 °F on January 17,1982 up to 106 °F on July 7,1966, since 1894, because of the warmer wintertime temperatures, Hardy Palms including Trachycarpus fortunei and Needle Palms work quite well in the landscape. Wine grapes also do well, given the long growing season. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,607 people,1,457 households, the population density was 1,500.6 per square mile. There were 4,155 housing units at a density of 1,728.5 per square mile
20.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
21.
Dover, Delaware
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Dover is the capital and second-largest city in the U. S. state of Delaware. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain and it was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England. As of 2010, the city had a population of 36,047, Dover was founded as the court town for newly established Kent County in 1683 by William Penn, the proprietor of the territory generally known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. Later, in 1717, the city was laid out by a special commission of the Delaware General Assembly. The capital of the state of Delaware was moved here from New Castle in 1777 because of its central location, the citys central square, known as The Green, was the location of many rallies, troop reviews, and other patriotic events. To this day, The Green remains the heart of Dovers historic district and is the location of the Delaware Supreme Court, Dover was most famously the home of Caesar Rodney, the popular wartime leader of Delaware during the American Revolution. He is known to have been buried outside Dover, but the location of his grave is unknown. A cenotaph in his honor is erected in the cemetery of the Christ Episcopal Church near The Green in Dover and it was also home to a large Quaker community that encouraged a sustained emancipation effort in the early 19th century. There were very few slaves in the area, but the institution was supported, if not practiced, by a small majority, Dover is located at 39°09′29″N 75°31′28″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.7 square miles, of which 22.4 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. Dover has a temperate climate or humid subtropical climate. Summers are hot and humid, with 23 days per year reaching or surpassing 90 °F. Brief, snow is typically light and sporadic, averaging only 15.7 inches per season, and does not usually remain on the ground for long. Spring and autumn provide transitions of reasonable length and are similar, the monthly mean temperature ranges from 35.2 °F in January to 77.7 °F in July. The annual total precipitation of around 46 inches is spread rather evenly year-round, Dover averages 2300 hours of sunshine annually. In 2010, Dover had a population of 36,047 people. The racial makeup of the city was 48. 3% White,42. 2% African American,0. 5% Native American,2. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,2. 1% from other races, and 4. 1% from two or more races. 6. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 32,135 people,12,340 households, and 7,502 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,435.0 people per square mile, there were 13,195 housing units at an average density of 589.2 per square mile
22.
Salisbury, Maryland
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Salisbury /ˈsɔːlzbəri/ is a city in and the county seat of Wicomico County, Maryland, United States, and the largest city in the states Eastern Shore region. The population was 30,343 at the 2010 census, Salisbury is the principal city of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is the hub of the Delmarva Peninsula and calls itself The Comfortable Side of Coastal. Salisbury is located near major cities, Baltimore 106 miles, Washington, D. C.119 miles, Philadelphia 128 miles, Norfolk 132 miles. Salisburys location at the head of Wicomico River was a factor in growth. At first it was a colonial outpost set up by Lord Baltimore. Salisburys location at the head of the Wicomico River was seen to be a convenient location for trading purposes, Salisbury also had a role in the Civil War, as it served as a location where Union forces encamp in order to search for sympathizers from the South. These Union forces also worked to inhibit the movement of contraband to Confederate forces in the South, disaster struck Salisbury in both 1860 and 1866, as fires burned through two thirds of the Town. In 1867, when the Wicomico County was formed out of parts of both Somerset and Worcester Counties, Salisbury became the government seat, today, Salisbury attracts a wide variety of different businesses in addition to county, state, and federal government offices. Adding to the diversity of Salisbury, the City is host to a variety of events celebrating local culture. Salisbury is also home to a City Park, The Salisbury Zoo, the Centre at Salisbury Mall, Salisbury is located at 38°21′57″N 75°35′36″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.87 square miles. The city has an elevation of 17 to 45 feet above sea level. Salisburys location on the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Maryland gives it a subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and, on average. However, in winter the area is subject to some intervening periods of much more intense cold. The monthly daily average ranges from 37.9 °F in January to 78.6 °F in July. On average, Salisbury annually receives 45.9 inches of precipitation, the Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Cfa. As of the census of 2010, there were 30,343 people,11,983 households, the population density was 2,264.4 inhabitants per square mile
23.
Kent Island (Maryland)
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Kent Island is the largest island in the Chesapeake Bay, and a historic place in Maryland. At only four miles wide, the waterway of the bay is at its narrowest at this point and is spanned here by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. The Chester River runs to the north of the island and empties into the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Islands Love Point, to the south of the island lies Eastern Bay. The United States Census Bureau reports that the island has 31.62 square miles of land area, Kent Island is part of Queen Annes County, Maryland, and Marylands Eastern Shore region. Prior to European colonization, Kent Island was inhabited by Native Americans for nearly 12,000 years, the island was inhabited by the Matapeake tribe, members of the Algonquian nation who the Matapeake, area of Kent Island is named after. Other tribes that inhabited the area and often visited the island included the Ozinie and Monoponson tribes, the settlement burned down in the winter of 1631–32 but was quickly rebuilt, and in 1634 the settlement included a gristmill, courthouse, and trading station. Claiborne was forced from and returned to the island twice before leaving permanently in 1658, virginias official claims to the island, however, continued until 1776. The islands economy went into decline while the recovered, with the exception of the port town of Broad Creek. This began to change around the time of the Industrial Revolution, in 1850, the town of Stevensville, was founded after the sale of farms owned by James and Charles Stevens and prospered as a major hub for steamboat travel across the Chesapeake Bay. Also during this time, small resorts on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay, such a resort existed at Love Point, to the north of Stevensville. Farming returned to the economy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with farmers growing crops including corn, wheat, berries, many of the islands inhabitants worked as watermen in the expanding seafood industry capitalizing on the Chesapeakes supply of Maryland Blue Crab, rockfish, and oysters. As roads replaced railroads and steamboats into the century, there was a growing need for a road bridge connecting the two shores of the Chesapeake Bay. In 1952 the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was completed, connecting the island directly to the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, the bridge completely replaced the steamboat system and also led to further growth of Kent Island and the rest of the Eastern Shore. In 1973, in order to accommodate growing traffic across the bay, then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s U. S. Route 50 was converted to a freeway across the island. In September 2003, Kent Island was one of the places in the Chesapeake Bay Area affected by Hurricane Isabel. Local businesses and historic local landmarks were either damaged or destroyed in the storm, much of the damage from the hurricane, mostly caused by flooding, took several months to repair. Today, Kent Island is considered a suburb of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area and was home to 16,812 residents at the time of the 2000 U. S. Census, the combined area of the Stevensville and Chester CDPs had 9,603 residents. Many have relocated from the Washington, D. C. or Baltimore metro areas, as of 2006, many of the islands historic places have been preserved and are highlighted by the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway and the American Discovery Trail, both of which pass through the island
24.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
25.
Atlantic coastal plain
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The Atlantic coastal plain is a physiographic wrong of low relief along the East Coast of the United States. The province is bordered on the west by the Atlantic Seaboard fall line and the Piedmont plateau, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, the Outer Lands archipelagic region forms the insular northeasternmost extension of the Atlantic coastal plain. The provinces average elevation is less than 900 meters above sea level, the coastal plain is normally wet, including many rivers, marsh, and swampland. It is composed primarily of rock and unlithified sediments and is primarily used for agriculture. The area is subdivided into the Embayed and Sea Island physiographic provinces, as well as the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic coastal plains
26.
Atlantic Seaboard fall line
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The Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, or Fall Zone, is a 900-mile escarpment where the Piedmont and Atlantic coastal plain meet in the eastern United States. Much of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line passes through areas where no evidence of faulting is present. Examples of the Fall Zone include the Potomac Rivers Little Falls and the rapids in Richmond, Virginia, before navigation improvements such as locks, the fall line was generally the head of navigation on rivers due to their rapids or waterfalls, and the necessary portage around them. The Little Falls of the Potomac River is one example, because of the commercial traffic, required labor and availability of water power to operate mills, numerous cities were founded at the intersection of rivers and the fall line. U. S. Route 1 links many of the fall line cities, other falls of less magnitude are found at the gaps of the Blue Ridge, through which the rivers have forced their passage. Some cities that lie along the Piedmont—Coastal Plain fall line include the following, Paterson, New Jersey on the Passaic River Trenton, philadelphia, Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River. Smyrna, Delaware near Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, perryville, Maryland and Havre de Grace, Maryland on the Susquehanna River/head of Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore, Maryland, on Herring Run, Jones Falls, elkridge, Maryland on the Patapsco River. Laurel, Maryland on the Patuxent River, washington, D. C. on the Potomac River. Occoquan, Virginia on the Occoquan River, fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River. Richmond, Virginia on the James River, petersburg, Virginia on the Appomattox River. Weldon, North Carolina, and Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, on the Roanoke River Raleigh, greenville, North Carolina on the Tar River. Fayetteville, North Carolina on the Cape Fear River, cheraw, South Carolina on the Pee Dee River. Camden, South Carolina on the Wateree River, columbia, South Carolina on the Congaree River. Augusta, Georgia on the Savannah River, milledgeville, Georgia on the Oconee River. Macon, Georgia on the Ocmulgee River, columbus, Georgia on the Chattahoochee River. Tallassee, Alabama, on the Tallapoosa River Wetumpka, Alabama, on the Coosa River Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on the Black Warrior River
27.
Wilmington, Delaware
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Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, built on the site of Fort Christina, the first Swedish settlement in North America. It is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River and it is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area. Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, as of the 2015 United States Census estimate, the population of the city is 71,948, reflecting an increase of 1. 5% from the 2010 Census. The Wilmington Metropolitan Division, comprising New Castle County, DE, Cecil County, MD and Salem County, Wilmington is built on the site of Fort Christina and the settlement Kristinehamn, the first Swedish settlement in North America. The area now known as Wilmington was settled by the Lenape band led by Sachem Mattahorn just before Henry Hudson sailed up the Len-api Hanna in 1609, the area was called Maax-waas Unk or Bear Place after the Maax-waas Hanna that flowed by. It was called the Bear River because it flowed west to the Bear People, the Dutch heard and spelled the river and the place as Minguannan. The area was known as The Rocks, and is located near the foot of present-day Seventh Street. Fort Christina served as the headquarters for the colony of New Sweden which consisted of, for the most part, the lower Delaware River region, dr. Timothy Stidham was a prominent citizen and doctor in Wilmington. He was born in 1610, probably in Hammel, Denmark and raised in Gothenburg and he arrived in New Sweden in 1654 and is recorded as the first physician in Delaware. The most important Swedish governor was Colonel Johan Printz, who ruled the colony under Swedish law from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Rising, who upon his arrival in 1654, seized the Dutch post Fort Casimir, located at the site of the present town of New Castle and this marked the end of Swedish rule in North America. Although during the American Revolutionary War only one small battle was fought in Delaware, the British remained in the town until they vacated Philadelphia in 1778. In 1800, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, a French Huguenot, knowledgeable in the manufacture of gunpowder, by 1802 DuPont had begun making the explosive in a mill on the Brandywine River north of Brandywine Village and just outside the town of Wilmington. The DuPont company became a supplier to the U. S. military. Located on the banks of the Brandywine River, the village was annexed by Wilmington city. The greatest growth in the city occurred during the Civil War, Delaware, though officially remaining a member of the Union, was a border state and divided in its support of both the Confederate and the Union causes. The war created enormous demand for goods and materials supplied by Wilmington including ships, railroad cars, gunpowder, shoes, and other war-related goods. By 1868, Wilmington was producing more iron ships than the rest of the combined and it rated first in the production of gunpowder and second in carriages
28.
Piedmont (United States)
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The Piedmont is a plateau region located in the eastern United States. It sits between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the main Appalachian Mountains, stretching from New Jersey in the north to central Alabama in the south, the Piedmont Province is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division which consists of the Piedmont Upland and the Piedmont Lowlands sections. The Atlantic Seaboard fall line marks the Piedmonts eastern boundary with the Coastal Plain, to the west, it is mostly bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the easternmost range of the main Appalachians. The width of the Piedmont varies, being quite narrow above the Delaware River, the Piedmonts area is approximately 80,000 square miles. The name Piedmont comes from the French term for the physical region, literally meaning foothill, ultimately from Latin pedemontium. The region is named after the Italian region of Piedmont, the lowlands which abut the Alps, the surface relief of the Piedmont is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills with heights above sea level between 200 feet and 800 feet to 1,000 feet. Its geology is complex, with rock formations of different materials. Essentially, the Piedmont is the remnant of ancient mountain chains that have since been eroded away. Geologists have identified at least five events which have led to sediment deposition, including the Grenville orogeny. The last major event in the history of the Piedmont was the break-up of Pangaea, large basins formed from the rifting and were subsequently filled by the sediments shed from the surrounding higher ground. The series of Mesozoic basins is almost entirely located inside the Piedmont region, Piedmont soils are generally clay-like and moderately fertile. In some areas they have suffered from erosion and over-cropping, particularly in the South where cotton was historically the chief crop. In the central Piedmont region of North Carolina and Virginia, corn is the crop, while in the north region there is more diversity, including orchards, dairying. The Piedmont region is associated with the Piedmont blues, a style of blues music that originated there in the late 19th century. According to the Piedmont Blues Preservation Society, most Piedmont blues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, during the Great Migration, Black Americans migrated to the Piedmont. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of such as ragtime, country. Many major cities are located on the line, the eastern boundary of the Piedmont. The fall line, where the land rises abruptly from the plain, marks the limit of navigability on many major rivers
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Virginia Barrier Islands
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The sole habitation on these islands, Broadwater, Virginia, was evacuated in 1936 following a hurricane. Because they are uninhabited they form an important ecological region, and they are, in order from north to south, Assateague Island - the first true barrier island from the north and the longest of the barrier islands. It is divided between Maryland and Virginia and is home to a feral population, the Chincoteague Pony. Wallops Island - the base of NASAs Wallops Flight Facility, Hog Island - location of the former town of Broadwater, Virginia. Origin of the Hog Island Sheep, martha Custis Washington owned the island, as did her great-granddaughter, whose husband Robert E. Lee gave an account of the island after inspecting it in 1832. It hosts the Cape Charles Lighthouse, fisherman Island - the last of the islands. It lies at the tip of the Delmarva peninsula at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and is the terminus for the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel. Barrier Islands Outer Banks Delmarva Brooks M. Barnes, Barry R. Truitt, seashore Chronicles, Three Centuries of the Virginia Barrier Islands, University Press of Virginia,1997
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Mid-Atlantic states
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The Mid-Atlantic, also called Middle Atlantic states or the Mid-Atlantic states, form a region of the United States generally located between New England and the South Atlantic States. Its exact definition differs upon source, but the region often includes New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Washington, when discussing climate, Connecticut is often included with the Mid-Atlantic region. The Mid-Atlantic has played an important role in the development of American culture, commerce, trade and it has been called the typically American region by Frederick Jackson Turner. After the American Revolution, the Mid-Atlantic region hosted each of the capitals of the United States, including the current federal capital, Washington. But also interior cities such as Pittsburgh, Albany, and Buffalo, New York City, with its skyscrapers, subways, and headquarters of the United Nations, emerged in the 20th century as an icon of modernity and American economic and cultural power. By the 21st century, the areas of the Mid-Atlantic were thoroughly urbanized. Most of the Mid-Atlantic states rank among the 15 highest-income states in the nation by median household income, there are differing interpretations as to the composition of the Mid-Atlantic. Sometimes, the nucleus is considered to consist of Maryland, Delaware, other sources consider New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania to be the core Mid-Atlantic states, with others sometimes included. West Virginia and parts of Virginia are atypical of this region in several ways, although a few of West Virginias eastern panhandle counties are considered part of the Washington, D. C. MSA, the portion of the state is rural. Shipping and trade have been important to the Mid-Atlantic economy since the beginning of the colonial era, the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to see the region in 1524. Henry Hudson later extensively explored that region in 1609 and claimed it for the Dutch, jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America seven years earlier in 1607. From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a range of European people than in New England or the South. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics, and Pennsylvania to Quakers, in time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities. The area that came to be known as the Middle Colonies served as a bridge between the North and South. The New York and New Jersey campaign during the American Revolutionary War saw more battles than any theater of the conflict. Philadelphia, midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates who organized the American Revolution, cities grew along major ports, shipping routes, and waterways. Such flourishing cities included New York City and Newark on opposite sides of the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, United, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls and Philadelphia Union, as well as two WNBA teams, New York Liberty and Washington Mystics
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Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
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Conservatism in the United States
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Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
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Dialect
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That happens, for example, across large parts of India or the Maghreb. Historically, it happened in various parts of Europe such as between Portugal, southern Belgium and southern Italy, and between Flanders and Austria. Leonard Bloomfield used the dialect area. It is analogous to a species in evolutionary biology. Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as waves, in this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Instead, dialectologists map variation of language features across a dialect continuum. The influential Atlas linguistique de la France pioneered the use of a trained fieldworker and these atlases typically consist of display maps, each showing local forms of a particular item at the survey locations. Secondary studies may include maps, showing the areal distribution of various variants. A common tool in these maps is an isogloss, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate, in a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicate a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries, in other cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found. Standard varieties may be developed and codified from one or more locations in a continuum, in such cases the local variety is said to be dependent on, or heteronomous with respect to, the standard variety. The Scandinavian languages, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, are cited as examples. Conversely, a defined in this way may include local varieties that are mutually unintelligible. The choice of standard is determined by a political boundary. As a results, speakers on either side of the boundary may use almost identical varieties, but treat them as dependent on different standards, the choice may be a matter of national, regional or religious identity, and may be controversial. In the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, a standard was developed from local varieties within a continuum with Serbia to the north, the standard was deliberately based on varieties from the west of the republic that were most different from standard Bulgarian. Now known as Macedonian, it is the standard of the independent Republic of Macedonia. Europe provides several examples of dialect continua, the largest of which involve the Germanic, Romance and Slavic branches of the Indo-European language family
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Southern American English
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Southern American English or Southern U. S. English is a collection of related American English dialects spoken throughout the Southern United States, though increasingly in more rural areas, commonly in the United States, the dialects are together simply referred to as Southern. Other, much more recent ethno-linguistic terms within American linguistics include Southern White Vernacular English, with this younger and more unified pronunciation system, Southern American English now comprises the largest American regional accent group by number of speakers. As of 2006, its Southern accent is strongly reported throughout the U. S. Louis in eastern Missouri, African American Vernacular English has many common points with Southern English dialects due to the strong historical ties of African Americans to the region. Southern American English dialects can also be found in southern parts of Missouri, Maryland, Delaware. Upheavals such as the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl and World War II caused mass migrations of those, the South proper as a present-day dialect region generally includes all of these pronunciation features below, which are popularly recognized in the United States as a Southern accent. However, there is still actually wide variation in Southern speech regarding potential differences based on factors like a speakers exact sub-region, age, ethnicity, Stage 1 is now complete for a majority of Southern dialects. Some traditional East Coast Southern accents do not exhibit this Stage 1 glide deletion, particularly in Charleston, SC and possibly Atlanta and Savannah, an example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of yap sounds something like yeah-up. At the same time, the pushing of /æ/ into the vicinity of /ɛ/, forces /ɛ/ itself into a higher and fronter position, /ɛ/ also often acquires an in-glide, thus. An example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of yep sounds something like yay-up, Stage 2 is most common in heavily stressed syllables. Southern accents originating from cities that formerly had the greatest influence, Stage 3, By the same pushing and pulling domino effects described above, /ɪ/ and /i/ follow suit by both possibly becoming diphthongs whose nuclei switch positions. /ɪ/ may be pushed into a diphthong with a raised beginning, an example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of fin sounds something like fee-in, while meal sounds something like mih-eel. Like the other stages of the Southern shift, Stage 3 is most common in stressed syllables. This short front vowel gliding phenomenon is recognized as the Southern drawl. This phenomenon is on the decline, being most typical of Southern speakers born before 1960, unstressed, word-final /ŋ/ →, The phoneme /ŋ/ in an unstressed syllable at the end of a word fronts to, so that singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/ is sometimes written phonetically as singin. This is common in vernacular English dialects around the world, lacking or transitioning cot–caught merger, The historical distinction between the two vowels sounds /ɔː/ and /ɒ/, in words like caught and cot or stalk and stock is mainly preserved. In much of the South during the 1900s, there was a trend to lower the vowel found in words like stalk and caught, often with an upglide, so that the most common result today is the gliding vowel. However, the merger is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States, thus affecting Southern dialects
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Twelve-Mile Circle
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The Twelve-Mile Circle is an approximately circular arc which forms most of the boundary between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of Delaware in the United States. It is not actually a circle, but rather a combination of different circular arcs that have been feathered together and it is nominally a circle with a supposed—yet in fact only approximate and variable—12-mile radius, centered in the town of New Castle, Delaware. In 1750, the center of the circle was fixed at the cupola of the courthouse in New Castle, the Twelve-Mile Circle continues into the Delaware River. A small portion of the circle, known as the Arc Line, also part of the Mason-Dixon line, separating Delaware. Two other small portions, although not actually demarcated until 1934 and its existence dates back to 1681, when Charles II granted a deed to William Penn north of the already chartered Maryland. The boundaries of the circle were the point of the eighty-year Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute. The fact that the circle extends into the Delaware River makes for a territorial possession. However, due to the text of the deed, within the Twelve-Mile Circle, New Jersey has often disputed this claim, as the rest of its territorial boundaries along the Delaware River are determined by the midline and thalweg methods. Attorney General William Wirt sided with Delaware, henry Gale, a citizen of New Jersey. At the recommendation of President James K. Polk, the agreed to arbitration. The arbitration did not ultimately resolve the dispute, and it has brought to the Supreme Court of the United States on three occasions, most notably in 1877,1934,1935, and 2007. The court on January 23,2006, appointed a master to study the border dispute, and on March 21,2008, it upheld his report. There are persistent rumors that David Rittenhouse, the astronomer and instrument-maker of Pennsylvania, surveyed the circle around New Castle. The circle was first laid out by surveyors named Taylor and Pierson in 1701 and his biographer, Brooke Hindle, guesses that Rittenhouse assisted with latitude or longitude calculations. Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute The Wedge Transpeninsular Line Killcohook National Wildlife Refuge Mason-Dixon line
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Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
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Pocomoke River
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The Pocomoke River stretches approximately 66 miles from southern Delaware through southeastern Maryland in the United States. The river is the easternmost river that flows into Chesapeake Bay and it rises in several forks in the Great Cypress Swamp in southern Sussex County, Delaware. From there, it flows south into Maryland, forming the boundary between Wicomico and Worcester counties and flowing through the swamps that are named for the river. It then flows past Pocomoke City, and enters Pocomoke Sound on the Chesapeake Bay on the line between Maryland and Virginia. It receives Nassawango Creek from the northwest approximately 1 mile southwest of Snow Hill and it receives Dividing Creek from the north approximately 1 mile northeast of Pocomoke City. The Pocomoke River is designated as a Scenic river by the State of Maryland, in 1635 the mouth of the river was the scene of the first recorded battle in North America between Englishmen. The dispute was between the Virginia Company and Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of the Maryland Colony, over the rights to Kent Island at the mouth of the Chester River, the dispute was eventually resolved with a victory for the Maryland colonists. During the colonial era, various landings grew up along the river, some of which became towns, in Wharton v. Wise,153 U. S.155, the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Pocomoke Sound was not covered by this famous interstate compact. In 1913, to provide navigation, the mouth of the river was dredged by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. In the 1990s, an outbreak on the lower river, possibly Pfiesteria piscicida, led to widespread fish kills and illness among the watermen who fish the river. The illnesses included lesions, respiratory problems, and memory loss, as a result, the lower river and Pocomoke Sound were closed to fishing, boating, and swimming
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Surveying
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Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor, Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages and the law. Surveying has been an element in the development of the environment since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it and it is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in other scientific disciplines. Basic surveyance has occurred since humans built the first large structures, the prehistoric monument at Stonehenge was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry. In ancient Egypt, a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the floods of the Nile River. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c.2700 BC, the Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia. The mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his work Haidao Suanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, the Romans recognized land surveyors as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici. In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village or parish and this was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible, in England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086. It recorded the names of all the owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land. It did not include maps showing exact locations, abel Foullon described a plane table in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument. Gunters chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund Gunter and it enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes. Leonard Digges described a Theodolite that measured horizontal angles in his book A geometric practice named Pantometria, joshua Habermel created a theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725, in the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used. Jesse Ramsden introduced the first precision theodolite in 1787 and it was an instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes
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New Castle County, Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U. S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after the English city of Newcastle, New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three, matt Meyer was elected New Castle County Executive in 2016. New Castle County is home to two minor league teams, the Wilmington Blue Rocks and the Delaware 87ers which play in Newark. It also has an auto racing track in New Castle known as Airport Speedway. The first permanent European settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuits 1638 expedition on the Swedish vessels Fogel Grip, the Swedes laid out the town at the site of modern-day Wilmington. They contracted with the Lenape Native Americans for land of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans, however, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who asserted a prior claim to that land. In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few south of Christina. In 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden and she directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyns Bay, up the South River, past Minquas Kill, to Sankikans. Printz settled on Tinicum Island, as the seat of government, Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Lenape that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook, Stuyvesant began to build Fort Casimir. In 1654, Johan Risingh, Commissary and Councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printzs duties, Fort Casimir surrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes had complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River, on June 21,1654, the Lenape met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase. Having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, the Dutch sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river and they allowed only Dutch colonists to settle in the area and on August 31,1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15 to the Dutch, john Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed Governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony. As payment for regaining the territory, the Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook
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Kent County, Delaware
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Kent County is a county located in the central part of the U. S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 162,310, the county seat is Dover, the state capital. It is named for Kent, an English county, Kent County comprises the Dover, DE Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area. Kent County is home to an Amish community that resides west of Dover, in about 1670 the English began to settle in the valley of the St. Jones River earlier known as Wolf Creek. On June 21,1680, The Duke of York chartered St. Jones County, St. Jones County was transferred to William Penn on August 24,1682, and became part of Penns newly chartered Delaware Colony. Penn ordered a court town to be out, and the courthouse was built in 1697. The town of Dover, named after the town of Dover in Englands Kent, was laid out in 1717. In 1787 Delaware was first to ratify the U. S. Constitution, Kent County was a small grain farming region in the 18th Century. More recently, in the 1960s, Dover was the scene of the manufacturing of the worn by NASA astronauts in the Apollo moon flights by ILC Dover. The suits, dubbed the A7L, was first flown on the Apollo 7 mission in October 1967, the company still manufactures spacesuits to this day—the present-day Space Shuttle soft suit components. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 798 square miles. Kent County, like all of Delawares counties, is subdivided into Hundreds, there are several explanations given for how the Hundreds were arrived at, either being an area containing 100 families, an area containing 100 people, or an area that could raise 100 militiamen. Kent County was originally apportioned into six Hundreds, Duck Creek, Little Creek, Dover, Murderkill, Milford, in 1867, the Delaware legislature split Murderkill Hundred into North Murderkill Hundred and South Murderkill Hundred. In 1869, the legislature formed Kenton Hundred from parts of Little Creek, today the county contains eight Hundreds. There is no rail service in the county. DART First State operates bus service within Kent County, there are several local bus routes that serve the Dover area. In addition, DART First State operates inter-county service to Wilmington, Newark, the population density was 215 people per square mile. There were 50,481 housing units at a density of 86 per square mile
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Sussex County, Delaware
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Sussex County is a county located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Delaware, on the Delmarva Peninsula. As of the 2010 census, the population was 197,145, the first European settlement in the state of Delaware was founded by the Dutch in 1631 near the present-day town of Lewes on the Atlantic Coast. However, Sussex County was not organized until 1683 under English colonial rule, Sussex County is included in the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses much of central Delmarva. Archaeologists estimate that the first inhabitants of Sussex County, the southernmost county in Delaware, various indigenous cultures occupied the area, especially along the river and the coast, often having seasonal fishing villages. Historic Native Americans in Sussex County were members of Algonquian-speaking tribes, the people settled along the numerous bodies of water in the area where they were able to harvest fish, oysters, and other shellfish in the fall and winter. In the warmer months the women planted and cultivated crops, the men hunted deer and other small mammals, as larger game was not present in the area. There is no agreement on which European group was the first to settle in Sussex County, on an expedition for the Dutch West India Company, Henry Hudson recorded discovery in 1609 of what was later named the Delaware River. Attempting to following him, Samuel Argall, an English explorer, was blown off course in 1610 and landed in a bay which he named after the Governor of Virginia, Thomas West. In the first half of 1613, Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, a Dutch navigator, later it was found that what May had named Henlopen was Fenwick Island, protruding into the Atlantic Ocean. The name of the cape was moved to its present location just east of Lewes, Sussex County was the site of the first European settlement in Delaware, a Dutch trading post named Zwaanendael at the present site of Lewes. On June 3,1631, Dutch captain David Pietersen de Vries landed along the shores of the Delaware to establish a colony in the mid-Atlantic of the New World. The colony lasted only until 1632, when De Vries left, upon returning to Zwaanendael that December, he found the Indian tribes had killed his men and burned the colony. The Dutch set about settling the area once again, although the Dutch and Swedes returned to resettle the Delaware River region as early as 1638, much of the Delaware Bay area south of what is today the city of Newcastle was not settled until 1662. At that time, the city of Amsterdam made a grant of land at the Hoernkills to a party of Mennonites. A total of 35 men were to be included in the settlement, led by a Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy of Zierikzee, and funded by a sizable loan from the city to get them established. This settlement, established in 1663, was organized in part by the Dutch to respond to threats from the English colony of Maryland to the west beginning to assert rights over the area. The English wrested control of New Netherland from the Dutch in 1664 and they destroyed the Mennonite settlement that same year, settlement in the area after the English ejected the Dutch was slow. Lord Baltimore encouraged Marylanders to move east to settle the area, but the land was far removed from other, more established settlements and did not appeal to many new settlers
Media related to Delmarva Peninsula at Wikimedia Commons
