1.
Saskatoon
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Saskatoon is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 265,300 as of the end of 2016, the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, the most populous municipality in Saskatchewan, surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it. Saskatoon is named after the berry of the name, which is native to the region. The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves and it is known for its diverse and vibrant culture and its eight river crossings that give it the nicknames Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City. Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale, which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon, Sutherland, the rail town the city annexed in 1956 that lies beyond the University lands, is now another historic neighbourhood. The name Saskatoon comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina saskatoon berries, in 1882, the Toronto-based Temperance Colonization Society was granted 21 sections of land straddling the South Saskatchewan River, between what is now Warman and Dundurn. The aim of the group was to escape the liquor trade in that city, the following year settlers, led by John Neilson Lake, arrived on the site of what is now Saskatoon and established the first permanent settlement. The settlers travelled by railway from Ontario to Moose Jaw and then completed the leg via horse-drawn cart as the railway had yet to be completed to Saskatoon. In 1885 the Northwest Rebellion affected the community in a variety of ways. Chief Whitecap and Charles Trottier passed through the present day University campus on their way to join Louis Riels armed forces at Batoche, Saskatchewan. Following the fighting at the Battle of Fish Creek, and the Battle of Batoche, a few died in care and were buried in the Pioneer Cemetery near the Exhibition Grounds. A town charter for the west side of the river was obtained in 1903, in 1906 Saskatoon became a city with a population of 4,500, which included the communities of Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana. In 1955 Montgomery Place and in 1956 the neighbouring town of Sutherland were annexed by the fast-growing City of Saskatoon, the economy of Saskatoon has been associated with potash, oil and agriculture, resulting in the moniker POW City. Various grains, livestock, oil and gas, potash, uranium, gold, diamond, coal, the worlds largest publicly traded uranium company, Cameco, and the worlds largest potash producer, PotashCorp, have corporate headquarters in Saskatoon. Saskatoon is also the new home of BHP Billitons Diamonds and Specialty Products business unit, nearly two-thirds of the worlds recoverable potash reserves are in the Saskatoon region. Saskatoon is also home to the Canadian Light Source, Canadas national synchrotron facility, saskatoon’s digital media scene is growing with start-up tech companies such as Noodlecake, OneStory, Point2, Vendasta Technologies, and Zu. Another of Saskatoons nicknames, Hub City, refers to its central location within Canada for distribution
2.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
5.
Archibald and Schofield
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Archibald and Schofield was a collaborative relationship between Canadian architects John Smith Archibald and John Schofield. They were known for their designs for the Canadian National Hotels for the Canadian National Railway, John Archibald first trained with William Maclntosh in his home town of Inverness, Scotland. In 1893 he emigrated to Canada and worked with Edward Maxwell in Montreal as a draughtsman, in 1897 he formed a partnership with another former Maxwell draughtsman, Charles Jewett Saxe, which lasted until 1915. Archibalds designs included a number of stations and hotels for the Canadian National Railway and he designed sports buildings including the Montreal Forum, several schools, churches, commercial buildings, and hospitals, as well as residential buildings in Montreal and Kingston, Ontario. After his death in 1934, Archibalds practice was continued by his son Ian T. Archibald and they were later joined by Francis Orr Templeton to form the firm of Archibald, Illsley and Templeton which practised in Montreal until 1950. John Schofield immigrated to Canada from Ireland in the early 1900s, in 1907, he became the draftsman for the Canadian Northern Railway in Winnipeg. After the Canadian National Railway formed in 1920, he was the main architect, Schofield was involved in almost every design of the CNR stations and hotels
6.
Central Business District, Saskatoon
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The Central Business District is one of seven development districts in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The central business district is Ward 6 of a Mayor-Council government represented by councillor Charlie Clark, formerly called West Saskatoon, this area arose when the steam engines built their pumping stations on the lower west bank of the South Saskatchewan River. Retail enterprises sprang up around the newly created train station and rail yards, the city of Saskatoons Central Business District has shopping malls and boutiques. Steam engines could be refilled easier on the west banks of the river which were not so steep, businesses sprang up around the pumping station forming the beginnings of the Central Business District. The first post offices were named Saskatoon and West Saskatoon, for clarification, the post offices adopted the titles Saskatoon down town and Nutana for the east side of the River settlement. Section 28, Twp.36, R.5, W3 was the location of West Saskatoon Post office located at 21st & 1st Ave. With settlement on the west side of the river,32 children needed to cross the river to attend the Stone School on the east side there were 67 students in total. To cross the river, there was only the rail bridge without walkway or by ferry. Another school – Pioneer School – was envisioned in 1900 at Third Avenue around 19th Street and this area became a village of 100 citizens on November 16,1901 named Saskatoon, and July 1,1903 became a town. 1912, City Hall had official headquarters in the old King Edward School, 23rd St,1928 saw Eatons opening in the building on 21 Street and Third Avenue, which later housed the Army and Navy Department Store and now the Saskatoon Board of Education offices. The armouries of the 29th Saskatchewan Light Horse Regimental Headquarters and 105th Fusiliers Division were constructed in downtown in 1922. The Saskatoon Arena was constructed in 1937 on 19th Street and torn down in 1989, the Central Business District is one of Saskatoons seven suburban development districts. Eatons and Simpsons Sears were the first anchors for the Midtown Plaza, the Hudsons Bay Company building on 23rd Street East and 2nd Avenue has been converted to condominium living, and the adjacent Bayside Centre is now owned by Ashley Furniture. The Hudsons Bay Company and Sears Canada are the current anchors in the Midtown Plaza shopping mall, a longtime downtown landmark, the Skywalk that used to connect the 23rd Street/2nd Avenue Bay store with a neighbouring parkade was demolished in the late 2000s. Book written about Down Town Saskatoon, City of Saskatoon Core Neighbourhood Study Review,1980,3, Land use Policies and Land Use Patterns. The village of Saskatoon, often referred to as West Saskatoon was incorporated in 1901, when Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana amalgamated to form the City of Saskatoon in 1903, James R. Wilson was the first mayor. The city wards are represented by aldermen or councillors, in 1912, the King Edward School building housed the City of Saskatoon City Hall Chambers in the heart of the Central Business District at Third Avenue and 23rd Street. The first King Edward School building was used as City Hall until 1956, the municipal government holds weekly meetings Monday evenings at City Hall located at 222 3rd Avenue North located in the Central Business District
7.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
8.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
9.
Canada's grand railway hotels
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Canada’s railway hotels are a series of five-star grand hotels across the country, each a local and national landmark, and most of which are icons of Canadian history and architecture. Each hotel was built by the Canadian railway companies, or the railways acted as a catalyst for the hotel’s construction. The hotels were designed to serve the passengers of the then expanding rail network. Many of the hotels were built in the château style. The use of towers and turrets, and other Scottish baronial and French château architectural elements, architects also used the style for important public buildings, such as the Confederation and Justice buildings in Ottawa. Canadas first grand hotel, the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. Although it was not owned by a company, it was built to serve railway visitors from nearby Windsor Station. Given its location next to Montreals main train station, the Windsor served for years as the permanent residence of executives of both the Canadian Pacific Railway and Grand Trunk Railway. The railways development role in the construction and operation of hotels was inaugurated with Canadian Pacific Railways opening of the Hotel Vancouver on May 16,1888. This was the first of three railway-owned hotels by that name in Vancouver, two weeks later, the Canadian Pacific Railway officially opened the Banff Springs Hotel on June 1,1888. CPR president William Cornelius Van Horne had personally chosen the site in the Rocky Mountains for the new hotel and he envisioned a string of grand hotels across Canada that would draw visitors from abroad to his railway. Van Horne famously remarked, “If we can’t export the scenery, we’ll import the tourists. ”The original Banff Springs Hotel, of construction, was destroyed by fire in 1926. Canadian Pacific Hotels next built the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and it was designed to rival any hotel in Europe. Place Viger followed in Montreal, followed by The Empress in Victoria, British Columbia, the largest of these hotels is the Royal York in Toronto, which opened in 1929. The CPR’s main competitor, the Grand Trunk Railway, was not prepared to leave the field solely to its rival and it also determined to build a chain of luxury hotels across the country, which it did in the château style. The GTR built the Château Laurier in Ottawa in 1912, with the Fort Garry Hotel in Winnipeg, the GTR was amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway in 1920. During the decades that followed, the CPR and the CNR continued to expand their competing hotel chains across the country, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, built in 1958 over that city’s Central Station, was perhaps the last true railway hotel built in Canada. Both railways continued to open new establishments in subsequent years, although none had any connection to the railways, in 1988, Canadian Pacific acquired the CNR hotels
10.
Terminating vista
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In urban design, a terminating vista is a building or monument that stands at the end or in the middle of a road, so that when one is looking up the street the view ends with the site. Terminating vistas are considered an important method of adding aesthetic appeal to a city, common terminating vistas include government buildings, war memorials, courthouses and other important structures. Standing at the end of a street adds grandeur to a structure, the important disadvantage of terminating vistas is that they make traffic more complicated and prevent a simple grid system of city blocks. To accommodate them, large circles or other techniques have to be employed to get traffic around the monument. Cities on a system such as New York City thus have few terminating vistas. A prominent NYC exception is the controversial MetLife Building, which was built on top of Park Avenue. A city particularly known for its terminating vistas is Paris, where many of the largest streets end in monuments and structures such as the Arc de Triomphe, another well-known example is Washington, D. C. Philadelphias City Hall is another example, situated on Penn Square where Broad, the two streets form the north-south and east-west axes of the citys core grid, leaving the large masonry structure visible from all sections of the city. The lost art of the Terminated Vista - UrbanIndy description Get to Know the Awkwardly-Named Terminated Vista - Placemakers
11.
Crown in Saskatoon
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Saskatoon is the most populous city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Crowns image appears in the portrait at Saskatoon City Council chamber. On one of several visits to Saskatoon, the Queen said Constitutional Monarchy has always placed the emphasis on people in community – as it were, Canadas definitive postage stamp features a photograph of the Queen taken in Saskatoon. Visits to Canadian communities bring the Sovereign, the Royal Family, though the monarch and her family reside overseas, they have carried out regular ceremonial duties for centuries in Canada on the occasion of important milestones and celebrations. State responsibilities bring them for government-sponsored official visits, while their patronage of organisations brings them for unofficial ones, invitations and expenses for these visits are usually borne by the organisations. Governors General and Lieutenant Governors, the representatives of the monarch, are able to come into more frequent contact with citizens. Saskatoon has been host to more than a dozen royal visits, One hundred and fifty thousand persons lost their hearts to the tall, square-shouldered Monarch and his unbelievably gracious consort. At his request a wiry little mustang, untamed and unbroken, was brought out fresh from the paddock, the Prince gained the saddle gracefully, and held it until the little mount was exhausted by its efforts to unseat him. Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh have paid visits to Saskatoon. The Royal Couple toured the Canadian Light Source Synchrotron and there met thousands of well-wishers on the University of Saskatchewan campus, the Queen and the Duke also attended an arts concert at Credit Union Centre, held before a live audience of 12,000 and television viewers nationwide. The Royal Couple were reported to have enjoyed the appearance of Saskatoon-native Joni Mitchell. The Queen had not visited Saskatoon since 1987, when she toured Wanuskewin Heritage Park, the Prince of Wales visited Saskatoon for the first time in 2001, when he carried out engagements at its Community Services Village, YWCA and Meewasin Valley trails. At a luncheon given in his honour by Premier Lorne Calvert and our physical surroundings actually matter enormously because they have a profound psychological effect on us. There, he was presented with the gift of a government scholarship for high school students, the Prince dedicated the Prince of Wales Promenade on the river bank, where he was presented with an honorary membership in the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects. To mark the 90th anniversary of the YWCA, the Prince dedicated an arch re-built from the stones of its original building and it is situated outside the entrance off 25th Street, adjacent to the Community Service Village in the downtown core. North of Saskatoon, he also visited Wanuskewin Heritage Park, where he was named Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk by an aboriginal elder, the Princess Royal is the only living Royal Family member, apart from the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, to visit on more than one occasion. On her first visit, she toured the Ukrainian Museum of Canada, attended a luncheon and attended a function at the university presidents residence. She opened the Century Saskatoon Capsule buried in the riverbank at Riverside Park, on her most recent visit in 2004, she became the first member of the Royal Family to present a provincial honour in Canada
12.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
13.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
14.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
15.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
16.
Claybank Brick Plant
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Claybank Brick Plant was a brickworks factory for the manufacturing of bricks from clay located with a quarry for clay on site. $2 million for the conservation and presentation of the Brick Plant by Claybank was contributed jointly between Federal and Provincial Government funding departments, Claybank Brick Plant used neighboring clay from the Massold Clay Canyons. The Cretaceous period resulted in the Whitemud Formation which is the zone of the Claybank Hills. The Whitemud Formation is noted for two types of clay, white and grey in colour which possess different properties. Also close to Claybank are the Dirt Hills where a bentonitic clay can be found, therefore, the brick produced is used for different purposes. It is felt his original intention may have been to sell the clay to Wellington White brick plant in Moose Jaw.1909 the Canadian Northern Railway built a rail line near the Dirt Hills. Thomas McWilliams supplied the Moose Jaw Fire Brick & Pottery Company as early as 1904, Moose Jaw investors constructed the Claybank brick plant under the name Saskatchewan Clay Products with its official opening held June 16,1913. The Brick Plant closed briefly during World War I and re-opened in 1916 as Dominion Fire Brick & Pottery Co, redcliff Pressed Brick purchased the Brick Plant in 1954 and renamed the operation Dominion Fire Brick & Clay Products Ltd. Soon after this takeover the operations were purchased by AP Green Fire Brick Company and many of the kilns were converted to gas. 1971 saw the last takeover bid by AP Green Refactories Ltd, the Brick Plant owned by A. P. Green Refractories closed in 1989. In 1992 the Claybank Brick Plant was acquired by The Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation, the plant produced T-P Moka brick that saw extensive use on the prairies such as the Delta Bessborough in Saskatoon. The factory also supplied bricks for the construction of the Château Frontenac in Quebec City, the plant is currently open for tours from mid May to end August or possibly longer please call or see website for details and times. Annual Heritage Event always the last Sunday of June, in 2009 and 2010, the plant was home to the Canadas largest airsoft event, dubbed Operation, Mason Relic, and will host the event again in 2011. Dunnet Regional Park Long Creek Golf Course Briercrest Museum Avonlea Heritage Museum Claybank Brick Plant Historical Society - official site Massold Clay Canyons, Claybank Brick Plant Commemorated as National Historic Site Brick Making Back Then Claybank Brick Plant Virtual Museum of Canada - VMC Map - Claybank Brick Plant National
17.
Estevan
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Estevan is the eighth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is approximately 16 km north of the Canada–United States border, the Souris River runs by the city. This city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Estevan No.5, the first settlers in what was to become Estevan arrived in 1892, along with the expansion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was incorporated as a village in 1899, and later became a town in 1906, on March 1,1957, Estevan acquired the status of a city, which, in Saskatchewan terms, is any community of 5,000 or more. The name origin is attributed to George Stephens Registered Telegraphic Address, George Stephen was the first President of the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1881 to 1888. On December 22,1915, the 152nd Battalion, CEF was authorised and recruited men from the area before departing to Great Britain on October 3,1916, Estevan was the site of the notorious Estevan Riot in 1931. Although most of the strikers were from nearby Bienfait, the strike is associated with Estevan because it was in this city the demonstrators were met by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, after the subsequent riot, which lasted 45 minutes, three strikers lay dead. It was later proven the three miners had been killed by the RCMP, the miners had been organized by the Workers Unity League. To help celebrate the centenary of settlement in the Estevan area, the two volumes present a detailed history of the city and the surrounding area, including information about early pioneers, homesteaders, railroads, churches, schools, and businesses. The major industries in Estevan are coal mining, power generation, oil, the Estevan Mercury, the newspaper in Estevan since 1903, provides weekly distribution to every household in the City free of charge. The newspaper also provides up-to-date news via online editorial copy and local videos and it also has as free TMC newspaper circulated throughout southeast Saskatchewan to over 9,000 homes, the Southeast Trader Express. Pipeline News, Saskatchewan Petroleum Monthly newspaper is based out of Estevan. Southeast Saskatchewan has a significant amount of oil production, and the Pipeline News main office is situated locally to report on these matters, Estevan Lifestyles is a free circulation weekly publication that shares the stories of the people in the Estevan area and the southeast corner of Saskatchewan. The publication also publishes NewsBreak, a daily coffee paper geared towards lighter reading, CJSL AM1150, CHSN-FM102.3, and CKSE-FM106.1 all broadcast from studios on 5th Street in Estevan. News website DiscoverEstevan. com is run by the radio station offering local news, weather. All are owned by Golden West Broadcasting, regina radio station Newstalk 980 CJME also offers a rebroadcast of their station to residents of southern Saskatchewan, operating at 107.3 FM. The city of Estevan has two museums, one of which is primarily a gallery, the Estevan Art Gallery and Museum, formerly the Estevan National Exhibition Centre, was founded in 1978. The Estevan Art Gallery is a public gallery that showcases contemporary art
18.
Property tax
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A property tax is a levy on the value of a property. The tax is levied by the authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a government, a federated state, a county or geographical region or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property and this is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. Under a property-tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the value of each property. The four broad types of property taxes are land, improvements to land, personal property, real property is the combination of land and improvements. Forms of property tax vary across jurisdictions, real property is often taxed based on its class. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use, properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of property classes are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property, in Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax and these are two distinct forms of taxation, one relies upon the fair market value of the property. The other relies upon a special enhancement called a benefit for its justification, the property tax rate is typically given as a percentage. It may be expressed as a per mil, which is known as a millage rate or mill. To calculate the property tax, the authority multiplies the value by the mill rate. For example, a property with a value of $50,000 located in a municipality with a mill rate of 20 mills would have a property tax bill of $1,000 per year. Property classes, tax rates, assessment rules and valuations vary by jurisdiction, australian property taxes are known as property or land rates. Land rates and frequency of payment are determined by local councils, each council has land valuers who appraise the land values. The lands value is the value of the only, it does not consider structures on the property. Australia has stamp duty, applied at the time a property is sold, a Land Transfer Charge applies under the NSW State Revenue Legislation Amendment Bill 2010
19.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
20.
Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough
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Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough GCMG PC was an Anglo-Irish businessman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 14th since Canadian Confederation. Upon the death of his grandfather 10 years later, Ponsonby succeeded as Earl of Bessborough, Lord Bessborough is remembered for promoting new communication technologies as well as giving support to the Canadian population during the Great Depression. After the end of his tenure, he returned to London, where he continued in business and also work with the Dominions Office. The 9th Lord Bessborough was the last Earl of Bessborough to own Bessborough House, the country house was largely built in the 1740s for the 1st Earl. It was gutted by fire during the Irish Civil War in February 1923, the 9th Lord Bessborough had the house rebuilt in the late 1920s. However, he sold the house in the late 1930s as he lived in Britain. The house now forms the part of Kildalton Agricultural College. Ponsonby was born in London the first son and third child of Edward, 8th Earl of Bessborough and her father, Sir Josiah Guest, was a great-uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. Ponsonby attended Harrow School before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1898, in 1903, he began a career in law, being called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. After his father succeeded as Earl of Bessborough in 1906, Ponsonby used the title of Viscount Duncannon. In 1907, the young Viscount Duncannon entered politics, being elected to a seat on the London County Council and he remained at that post until running in the January 1910 general election and winning a seat in the British House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Cheltenham. He lost that seat in the election of 19 December that same year, Lord Duncannon married Roberte de Neuflize on 25 June 1912. With her he had four children, Frederick, born 29 March 1913, Desmond, born 4 August 1915, Moyra, born 2 March 1918 and he was transferred on 11 November 1914 to the Suffolk Hussars, where he was later appointed captain and promoted to acting major. He served at Gallipoli in 1915 and, from 1916 to 1918, at the conclusion of the war, Lord Duncannon was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in the 1919 New Year Honours List. After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons, on 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. It was announced in early 1931 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, as a sign of his sympathy with the majority of the populace, he gave up 10% of his salary. Despite the economic situation, Canada was gaining international stature and Lord Bessborough acted as host to the leaders who, in July 1932 and he also presided over the opening of the Welland Canal the same year. Lord Bessborough was also the first Canadian viceroy to fly the new standard dedicated to that office, after life in Canada, Lord Bessborough returned to London and to his businesses
21.
Governor General of Canada
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The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
22.
Great Depression in Canada
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Canada was hit hard by the Great Depression. The worldwide depression that started in the United States in late 1929 quickly reached Canada, between 1929 and 1939, the gross domestic product dropped 40%. Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933, many companies closed, as corporate profits of $398 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million as prices fell. Farmers in the Prairies were hit hard by the collapse of wheat prices. Despite the emergence of radical parties, the government was run by the major parties. The Depression ended in 1939 as World War II began, by 1930, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Gross National Expenditure had declined 42% from the 1929 levels, in some areas, the decline was far worse. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief, further damage was the reduction of investment, both large companies and individuals were unwilling and unable to invest in new ventures. Total national income fell to 55% of the 1929 level, again worse than any other than the U. S. Canadas economy at the time was just starting to shift from primary industry to manufacturing. Exports of raw materials plunged, and employment, prices and profits fell in every sector, Canada was the worst-hit because of its economic position. It was further affected as its trading partners were Britain. One of the areas not affected was bush flying, which, thanks to a mining and exploration boom, even so, most bush flying companies lost money, impacted by the governments cancellation of airmail contracts in 1931-2. Urban unemployment nationwide was 19%, Torontos rate was 17%, according to the census of 1931, farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed. By 1933, 30% of the force was out of work. In some areas, such as mining and lumbering areas, the decline was far worse, the Prairie Provinces and Western Canada were the hardest-hit. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief, the region fully recovered after 1939. The fall of wheat prices drove farmers to the towns and cities, such as Calgary, Alberta, Regina, Saskatchewan. Population in the provinces fell below natural replacement level
23.
Canadian Pacific Hotels
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Canadian Pacific Hotels was a division of the Canadian Pacific Railway that operated a series of resort hotels across Canada. Most of these hotels were built and operated by the railways hotel department. Today, they are operated under the Fairmont name, and remain some of Canadas most exclusive hotels, the CPR built two types of hotels, urban hotels and rural resort hotels. The urban hotels were located near a major passenger station and were intended for use by elite passengers of CPR trains. These hotels served businesspeople and visitors to the city, as well as passengers requiring overnight accommodation between connecting trains. The rural resort hotels were located in areas served by the CPR which had unique scenery, the hotels were architecturally different in appearance, but materials such as granite walls and copper roofs were common elements. Many of these structures were constructed to look similar to European castles. One of the unique CPR hotels is the Chateau Montebello, which was for years the worlds largest log building. The Tudor style Algonquin in St. Andrews, New Brunswick also stands out as it was one of the few Canadian Pacific Hotels that was not constructed by CPR itself. The original hotels were built in the Rocky Mountains to attract tourists from eastern Canada, incorporating local attractions such as exceptional scenery and therapeutic mineral hot springs. In 1886, the CPR had constructed a few hotels to accommodate travellers, including Glacier House in Glacier National Park at Rogers Pass and Mount Stephen House in Field. Other small hotels were constructed at Kicking Horse Pass, North Bend in Fraser Canyon, Sicamous on Shuswap Lake. All establishments operated successfully for a number of years, but were abandoned as hotels, in 1886, Van Horne built Fraser Canyon House in North Bend, and locally called in its day the CPR Hotel. Later renamed the North Bend Hotel, the structure burned down in 1927, with a second hotel built in 1929. Two weeks later, the Banff Springs Hotel was officially opened on June 1,1888, Hotels in major metropolitan areas served by CPR soon followed and these were intended for use by both tourists and business travellers. The Chateau Lake Louise, opened in 1890 as a building of log construction, was also popular for tourists. Subsequent additions were made to it in 1893,1900,1906,1911,1913,1924, additions to the Banff Springs Hotel were completed in 1911,1914,1926 and 1928, necessitated by the growing volume of tourist traffic. In addition to hotels, the CPR also operated five bungalow camps across the country as well and it owned, operated or leased a number of camps, tea houses and chalets in remote sections of the Rockies served by Canadian Pacific lines
24.
Delta Hotels
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Delta Hotels and Resorts is a four-star brand of hotels and resorts located primarily in Canada, with the first hotel in the United States added in 2015. The chain is owned by Marriott International. Delta was founded by William Pattison in 1962 in Richmond, British Columbia with a single 62-room motor inn called Delport Inn and expanded across British Columbia by 1970. Delta had had a hotel in the United States, the Delta Court of Flags Hotel, located in Orlando, Florida, the hotel chain was a 100% holding of Fairmont Hotels and Resorts from 1998 to 2007. On October 2,2007, British Columbia Investment Management Corporation announced that it had acquired Delta Hotels, on March 31,2015, Marriott International acquired Delta Hotels from BC Investment Management Corporation. Delta is now a wholly owned brand of Marriott and is included in the Marriott Rewards Loyalty program as of early 2016, Marriott Internationals corporate head office is at 10400 Fernwood Rd, Bethesda MD. In 2015, Delta opened its 36th hotel and entered the United States with a new property in Lake Buena Vista, although its largest footprint is in Ontario, Delta Hotels can be found across Canada, in all ten Canadian provinces. In 2014, Delta opened their newest purpose-built hotel in downtown Toronto, other properties, Delta Bessborough Delta featured its own rewards program, Delta Privilege. Since Marriott has acquired Delta, the Delta Privilege is being phased out and replaced by Marriott Rewards
25.
Fairmont Hotels and Resorts
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Fairmont Hotels & Resorts is a Canadian operator of luxury hotels and resorts. Many of these hotels were built by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The first hotel to bear the Fairmont name is located in the city of San Francisco, the nearly completed structure survived the earthquake of 1906. Although heavily damaged by the subsequent fires, the hotel was renovated under the eye of architect Julia Morgan and it was later acquired by Benjamin Swig in 1945. Starting in the 1960s, Fairmont began developing a chain of luxury hotels in major cities across the United States. After purchasing Fairmont in 1999, Canadian Pacific Limited split into five companies in a 2001 starburst move designed to increase the valuations of its individual divisions. The former Canadian Pacific Hotels division took on the name of the much smaller Fairmont chain to reflect the new focus of the new company. In 2004, Fairmont Hotels & Resorts Inc. paid $70 million to take control of the management company that runs its properties. Fairmont completed the acquisition of the 16.5 per cent stake in the Fairmont management company from U. S. -based Maritz Wolff & Co. for about $70 million. The management company partnership stemmed from a deal that saw Fairmonts predecessor company, Canadian Pacific Hotels and that transaction led, in 2001, to the creation and IPO of Fairmont Hotels & Resorts, a Toronto-based owner of luxury hotel properties. The new hotel management company created was 67 per cent owned by Fairmont, Kingdom disposed of its stake the partnership in return for Fairmont parent stock in 2002, leaving Maritz Wolff as the remaining partner. Two months later, the U. S. company triggered an option under the original deal that created the management company. In October 2005, Fairmont dipped to a low of $35. 53–37 cents lower than its closing price on its debut in August 2001. In early 2006, after a bidding war started by investor Carl Icahn. Icahn lost the bid and Fairmont agreed to be sold for $3.9 billion USD, to Colony Capital, LLC and Saudi Arabias Kingdom Hotels International. At the time of the purchase, FRHI also owned Canadas Delta Hotels & Resorts, however, Delta was sold on 2 October 2007 to bcIMC, the British Columbia Investment Management Corporation. In October 2008, Fairmont Hotels & Resorts was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. and was featured in Macleans newsmagazine, later that month, it was also named one of Greater Torontos Top Employers, which was announced by the Toronto Star newspaper. In April 2010, Kingdom Hotels sold part of its stake in Raffles Holdings International in a deal worth about $847 million, to a group of investors, including an affiliate of Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund
26.
Sasktel Saskatchewan Jazz Fest
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SaskTel Saskatchewan Jazz Festival is an annual outdoor music, food and fun event in the province of Saskatchewan hosted by Saskatchewan Jazz Festival, Inc. Normally staged during June, it is host to a range of Canadian, and of course there is lots of jazz, both contemporary and traditional. In addition to the Saskatoon Delta Bessborough Hotel garden events, the Festival also holds various night concerts at other venues, the festival is a major tourism destination. Second Avenue Grill, Saskatoon, and the Spadina Freehouse, Saskatoon are both hosting a series of jazz performances, 21st Street and Kiwanis Park south, Saskatoon as well as F. W. Hill Mall, Regina will host free performances. TD Canada Trust High School Jazz Intensive features clinics by Jazz musicians for aspiring high school students at the Broadway Theatre, the Special Recognition Award is awarded for making significant contributions to Jazz of Saskatchewan or Canada. Since 1989 musicians, educators, or supporters have received this award and this feature of the Jazz festival features musical performances in special care homes for those who may not be able to attend the jazz festival venues. The first sponsor of the Jazz festival was du Maurier Ltd, Saskatoon, Regina, Moose Jaw, North Battleford, and Prince Albert are various venues which include performances. 2003 there was also held in Lloydminster. 2006 saw the 20th anniversary of the Saskatchewan Jazz Festival and was recorded as the second largest jazz festival of Western Canada with attendance of over 40000, tourism Saskatoon – SaskTel Saskatchewan Jazz Festival The 21st Annual SaskTel Saskatchewan Jazz Festival First Shows Go. News Release – Canadas New Government Supports Saskatchewan Jazz, spirit of Vancouver – October 30,2003 – TD Canada Trust Announces
27.
Hotel Charlottetown
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The Hotel Charlottetown was built by the Canadian National Railway in 1931 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Canadian National Hotels sold the property to Rodd Hotels and Resorts in the early 1980s, since then, the hotel has operated as the Rodd Charlottetown, also known informally as the Charlottetown Hotel. Rodd funded a renovation and restoration project in 1999
28.
The Empress (hotel)
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The Fairmont Empress is one of the oldest and most famous hotels in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Located on Government Street facing the Inner Harbour, the Empress has become a symbol for the city itself. It has been designated a National Historic Site of Canada due to its national significance, the hotel has 464 rooms, with most either overlooking the Inner Harbour or the hotels rear courtyard gardens. It has four restaurants, including Q at the Empress, Q bar with breathtaking views of the harbour. The Veranda is a restaurant located under the famous The Empress sign. In 2005, Kiplings closed its doors to the public in order for the hotel to more space for private functions. This was renovated in March 2012 and became the hotels second ballroom, the hotel has gym facilities, a whirlpool bath and an indoor swimming pool. Willow Stream Spa was added in 2002 and is renowned by Conde Nast as one of the worlds best spas, on April 1st 2017 the spa reopened after undergoing a renovation that saw the mineral pool redone as well as change rooms and waiting areas. The hotel has received accolades including Travel + Leisure Best Hotels of the World. The hotel became Victorias first Five Green Key hotel as acknowledged by the Hotel Association of Canada for sustainability practices, during the 1989 renovation, the Victoria Conference Centre was built on the parking lot behind the hotel and connected to the hotel via the hotels conservatory. The hotel provides catering for the conference centre, as of April 2016, the Bengal Lounge has now permanently closed. The Edwardian, château-style hotel was designed by Francis Rattenbury for Canadian Pacific Hotels as a hotel for Canadian Pacifics steamship line. The hotel was to serve businesspeople and visitors to Victoria, but later as Canadian Pacific ceased its services to the city. Victoria emerged as a tourist destination beginning in the mid-to-late 1920s, the hotel was built between 1904 and 1908, opening for service in that year. Additional wings were added between 1909 and 1914, and in 1928, during this time, The Empress played hostess to kings, queens, movie stars and many famous people. Prince of Wales Singled Her Out, on May 30,1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attended a luncheon at the Empress, as guests of the Provincial Government. For many years the hotel did not have a sign above the front entrance, in 1965, there was much debate on whether to tear down what was becoming a faded, dowdy hotel, to make room for a more modern, functional high-rise hotel. One local newspaper warned that, Without this splendid relic of the Edwardian era and this is the Mecca, this is the heart and soul of the city
29.
Fort Garry Hotel
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The Fort Garry Hotel is a historic hotel in Downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is one of Canadas grand railway hotels and was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981, a national heritage park connected to the hotel and to the remains of Upper Fort Garry is under construction nearby. Built in 1913 by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, it is located one block from the railways Union Station, like other Canadian railway hotels, it was constructed in the château style, which as a result the hotels became known as a distinctly Canadian form of architecture. The design reflects the François I style of hotel which became prevalent in the eastern United States at the turn-of-the-20th-century, henry Janeway Hardenbergh initiated the architectural trend, with New York Citys Plaza Hotel as his most well known structure. Initially, the new hotel was to be called The Selkirk, but was named after Upper Fort Garry. The hotel, originally owned by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, was owned by the Canadian National Railway. In 1979, the hotel was purchased by the prominent John Draper Perrin family of Winnipeg and it was then owned for a few years by a company controlled by Quebec hotelier Raymond Malenfant. Presently it is run as an independent hotel, according to local folklore, the hotel is haunted. The Fort Garry Hotel is infamous for its haunted Room 202, a woman apparently committed suicide in the room many years ago after hearing of the death of her husband in a car accident. Overcome with grief, she hanged herself in the closet, ida Albo, managing partner Official Site Emporis Listing
30.
Lord Nelson Hotel
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The Lord Nelson Hotel is a grand hotel in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located on the corner of Spring Garden and South Park Streets across from the Halifax Public Gardens, along with the rival Canadian National Railways Hotel Nova Scotian which began the same year, the Lord Nelson was Halifaxs first modern hotel. On Friday, October 21,1927, construction on the Lord Nelson Hotel began at the corner of Spring Garden Road, the turning of the first sod was done by Mayor Kenny of Halifax, supported by a group of friends and well-wishers. The task of supervising the construction was assumed by O. C, the building has a reinforced concrete foundation, topped with a course of granite to support the brick walls. The hotel closest in style to the Lord Nelson Hotel at the time of construction was the Van Curler Hotel at Schenectady, New York, which was built for the General Electric Company. The walls of the Lord Nelson are of brick with ornate frame and Nova Scotia trip. The aim of the construction was to use local materials and to award contracts locally, as much as possible materials available in Nova Scotia were used, although some had to be imported. The main entrance to the hotel is on South Park Street, the Georgian style has been incorporated in the construction of the hotel, featuring special decorations pertaining to Lord Nelson. From the lobby you can see a large mural of Nelson addressing his men on the deck of his flagship HMS Victory and this painting was done by Sister Agnes Berchmans, a native of New Brunswick. Her family moved to Eelbrook, Nova Scotia and young Julia Landry entered the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, there are two of her paintings in the hotel, the large mural, and smaller one located in the Georgian Lounge. The gold leaf lobby ceiling is copied from the ceiling in the House of Commons in Ottawa, there are floral and other motifs on the inverted sections, with the C. P. The lobby is 80 feet by 40 feet, and the Georgian Lounge is 60 feet by 28 feet, the original ballroom, which is called the Regency is 88 feet by 38 feet and still has the original hardwood floor and crystal chandeliers. The original section of the hotel had seven stories with 200 rooms, there have since been two additions, and the hotel now features 260 rooms. The 8th and 9th floors were added in 1966, and the North Tower section was added in 1975, the hotel helped make Spring Garden Road into a major shopping district. Spring Garden Road shops at the time of construction consisted of a beauty shop, a barber shop, and a large grill. The Lord Nelson Hotel opened for business on October 23,1928, the hotel has changed hands over the years and is now privately owned. The Lord Nelson Hotel was named after England’s greatest naval hero, a young student, Oswald Schenk, won a contest for suggesting the name of the hotel. The hotel opened during the days of radio and because of its height, CHNS
31.
Hotel Macdonald
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The Fairmont Hotel Macdonald is a hotel in Edmonton, Alberta. It was built by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and has been owned by Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Hotels. Construction began in 1911, and was completed in 1915, allowing the hotel to open in July of that year, the hotel is an Edmonton landmark, and overlooks the North Saskatchewan River Valley, the largest urban parkway in North America. It is one of Canadas chateau-style hotels built in the late 19th, prior to the construction of the Hotel Macdonald, the site was home to a squatters camp. The squatters often lived in tents or in caves dug into the side of the river valley wall. Local residents nicknamed the site the Galician Hotel due to the fact many of the squatters were Ukrainian-speaking immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia. Ross and Macdonald, the architectural firm that designed many of Canadas landmark hotels. Construction was completed on July 5,1915, and the structure was named after Canadas first prime minister, the original seven-story Grand Trunk Pacific hotel was built in a distinctive chateau style adapted from 16th century French castles. The building is faced with Indiana limestone and roofed with copper, construction and furnishings cost about $2,250,000. In 1953, the constructed a 300-bedroom, 16-story addition to keep up with the rising demand for hotel accommodations in the city. Together, the hotel and the addition were dubbed The Mac, the Hotel MacDonald fell into disrepair and closed in 1983, and there was talk of demolition. The City of Edmonton designated the building as a Municipal Heritage Resource, five areas were included in the designation, the building exterior, the Confederation Lounge, the lobby, the Wedgewood Room, and the Empire Ballroom. The 1953 addition was demolished in 1986, Canadian Pacific Hotels purchased the hotel in 1988, and began a restoration campaign. The hotel reopened in 1991 after work totaling $28 million, with the addition of the 18 suites, the hotel now has 199 rooms on 11 floors, and stands a total of 51 metres high. In 1999, CP Hotels merged with Fairmont Hotels, and began operating the hotel under the Fairmont banner, the chain was later sold, and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts is now owned by Kingdom Holding Company
32.
Hotel Newfoundland
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Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland is a luxury hotel in St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The original Newfoundland Hotel, an 8-storey brick structure, was opened in 1926 in St. Johns, the hotel was owned and operated by the Newfoundland Hotel Facilities, Ltd. Ownership of the hotel was transferred to the Canadian National Railway hotel division in 1949 following Confederation, from 1939 to 1949, the 6th floor served as home and studios for Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland. The current site was formerly Fort William, a British Army base in the 17th Century, in the early 1960s the hotel was renamed Hotel Newfoundland due to CNs new policy of making names more bilingual. Canadian National Hotels built the current hotel in 1982 on an adjacent site as a replacement for the original Newfoundland Hotel, the building was named Hotel Newfoundland and is an 8-storey glass and concrete building designed by architect George S. Burman. The hotels ownership was transferred to Canadian Pacific Hotels in 1988 after that company acquired the Canadian National Hotels chain, with the breakup of Canadian Pacific Limited in 2001, CP Hotels bought Fairmont Hotels and Resorts and took on that smaller companys name. The hotel was renamed The Fairmont Newfoundland, in 2008, St. Johns based Fortis Inc. properties bought the Newfoundland Hotel and converted it to the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland in 2009. Official Site Sheraton Hotels Corporate Site
33.
The Westin Nova Scotian
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The Westin Nova Scotian is a Canadian hotel located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, owned and operated by New Castle Hotels and Resorts. It was built in 1928 by the Canadian National Railway as the Nova Scotian Hotel and after changes of owners. The hotel has been called Halifaxs grande dame and has played host to dignitaries, royalty. The hotel was built by the Canadian National Railways, construction began in 1928 and it opened on 23 June 1930 as the Nova Scotian Hotel. The hotel was connected by an interior walkway to the Halifax Railway Station. The hotel, like others opened by Canadian National Hotels, was designed by Archibald and Schofield, comprising the Canadian architects John Smith Archibald and it was designed as a complex with the Halifax railway station and the Cornwallis Park across the street. The central axis of the park is aligned with the front entrance of the Nova Scotian, the hotel had 130 rooms and five suites over eight storeys. The Atlantic Ballroom could accommodate up to 275 dinner guests, a new wing was built to the north in 1959, adding 161 more rooms including nine more suites. In 1966, the name was changed to the Hotel Nova Scotian, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada has stayed in the hotel twice, once in the 1950s and once in the 1970s. Prince Charles and Princess Diana attended a dinner on 15 June 1983 at the Hotel Nova Scotian hosted by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. The 700 guests enjoyed a dinner of Canadian wines and cuisine, a crowd of thousands grew outside the hotel hoping to catch a glimpse of the couple before they returned to the HMY Britannia for their departure from Halifax. The hotel was sold by Canadian National Hotels in 1981 when that chain divested all of its properties in the early 1980s and it was purchased by Revenue Hotels and in 1989 Hilton Hotels took over management and the name changed to the Halifax Hilton. Hilton invested $15 million to upgrade the hotel, Revenue Hotels sought to turn the hotel into a casino, but the bid failed. A company was hired to demolish the hotel and it was saved when the property was purchased, in April 1996, by New Castle Hotels and Resorts of Connecticut. The hotel was only a week away from demolition. An additional $4 million was put into renovating the hotel and it reopened on 1 December 1996 as The Westin Nova Scotian, the hotel today is a historic 15-storey structure overlooking Cornwallis Park to the west and the seaport to the east. Cruise ships still regularly dock alongside the hotel and the adjacent railway station offers regular service to Montreal via the Ocean. There are now 310 rooms in the hotel, including 10 suites, the Crown Suite, on the 11th floor, offers sweeping views of Halifax Harbour and is where Queen Elizabeth II stayed in the past
34.
Fairmont Palliser Hotel
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The Fairmont Palliser, formerly known as the Palliser Hotel, is a hotel of the Canada-based Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain. The historic hotel is located in downtown Calgary, Alberta at 133 9th Avenue Southwest adjacent to the Calgary Tower and Palliser Square and it is the citys oldest and most luxurious hotel and celebrated its centennial on June 1,2014. When the Canadian Pacific Railway pushed west in 1883, Calgary was essentially a police post. With an influx of tourists, mainly en route to Canadian Pacifics Banff Springs hotel, groundbreaking for the building was on May 12,1911, on property owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was built by P. Lyall and Sons Construction Company with materials such as stone, steel, reinforced concrete, the hotel opened on June 1,1914. The hotel was named after Captain John Palliser, who was an explorer in the region during the 1850s, architect Lawrence Gotch of E. and W. S. Maxwell of Montreal designed the Edwardian building with a characteristic Chicago school look. The building was eight stories high, with three stories added in 1929, making it Calgarys highest building until 1958. It has been renovated and expanded a number of times throughout its history, further enhancements and renovations in recent years included an update to Fairmont Gold and many guest rooms. The Palliser, and the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton, received the first two liquor licenses from the Alberta Liquor Control Board when Alberta abolished Prohibition in 1924, canadas grand railway hotels Media related to Fairmont Palliser Hotel at Wikimedia Commons Official Website of the Fairmont Palliser Hotel
35.
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
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The Queen Elizabeth Hotel is a grand hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. On 17 June 2016, it closed for a series of year-long, completed in 1958, the hotel was built by the Canadian National Railway and managed for many years by Hilton Hotels. CN Hotels were later sold to Canadian Pacific Hotels, which is now known as Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. With 1039 rooms and 21 floors it is the largest hotel in the province of Quebec, and the second largest Fairmont hotel in Canada after the Royal York in Toronto, which has 1365 rooms. Located at 900 René Lévesque Boulevard West, in the heart of Montreal, it is connected to Central Station, Canadian National Railway selected leading architects and designers to give the interior decoration a New France theme, using Quebec handicrafts. The artists included Albert Edward Cloutier, Jean Dallaire, Marius Plamondon, Claude Vermette, Cloutier painted a mural for the main dining room of the Salle Bonaventure in the hotel. There was controversy over naming the hotel, Quebec nationalists wanted it called Château Maisonneuve in honour of Montreals founder, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. CNs president, Donald Gordon, insisted it be named for the queen, the French name, Le Reine Élizabeth, may appear startling because of the use of the masculine article le. The article does not apply to the feminine noun Reine but to the masculine noun Hôtel. The hotel reached worldwide fame when John Lennon and Yoko Ono, give Peace a Chance was recorded in this room on June 1 by André Perry. This song is the first solo single issued by Lennon, and it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the British singles chart. The NHL Entry Draft was also held at the ten times between 1963 and 1979. In 1970, the Quebec government moved its centre of operations into the Queen Elizabeth in the midst of the October Crisis, notes Sources Emporis Listing Hustak, Alan. Landmark has opened its doors to politicians and pachyderms
36.
Fairmont Royal York
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The Fairmont Royal York, formerly the Royal York, is a large historic hotel in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, at 100 Front Street West. Opened on June 11,1929, the Royal York was designed by Ross and Macdonald, the underground walkways linking the hotel with the Royal Bank Plaza and Union Station form part of the PATH walkway system. The Royal York is the hotel and one of several establishments to occupy the site. In 1843, Captain Thomas Dick built the Ontario Terrace at this site and it consisted of four brick houses, and was later occupied by Knox College, a theological school. Following refurbishment in 1853, the building was renamed the Swords Hotel, Thomas Dick bought the hotel back in 1862, renovated it again, and named it Queens Hotel. Later, the Queens Hotel was purchased by Thomas McGaw and Henry Winnett, hoteliers of Upper Canada, upon McGaws death in 1901, Winnett acquired McGaws interests in their hotels. After Winnett died in 1925, his estate sold the Queens Hotel to the Canadian Pacific Railway, later, Canadian Pacific announced its intention to demolish the Queens Hotel to build the largest hotel in the British Commonwealth on its site. Prior to its demolition, the Queens Hotel was billed as One of the largest and most comfortable hotels in the Dominion of Canada, construction on the new hotel began in 1927. The building was completed in 1929, and named the Royal York and it was a state-of-the-art hotel for its time, with ten elevators to reach all twenty-eight floors with radios and private showers and bathtubs in each of its 1,048 rooms. The telephone switchboard was 20 metres long, and required 35 operators, other facilities included a bank, golf course, and a large Concert Hall outfitted with an impressive Casavant Frères pipe organ. With five manuals and one-hundred-and-seven stops, it was the largest pipe organ in Canada, the new hotel cost $16 million when built. The building was opened on June 11,1929 by Lord Willingdon in one of the most glittering social events in Torontos history. The Toronto Board of Trade hosted a luncheon in the banquet hall for E. W. Beatty. After the luncheon, the Governor-General registered as the first guest of the hotel, during the afternoon, guides showed guests around the hotel. The day finished off with a ball at 9 PM. Several politicians and other people from the USA and Canada attended the opening of the hotel. The opening of the hotel was front page news in the Montreal Gazette on June 12,1929, the hotel had 19800 square feet of Canadian linoleum flooring upon opening. From 1930 to 1936, a station operated from the hotel
37.
Hotel Saskatchewan
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The Hotel Saskatchewan is a historic hotel, one of Canadas grand railway hotels located in downtown Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, overlooking Victoria Park. The Hotel Saskatchewan was the hotel in a nationwide chain constructed and owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Hotel Saskatchewan was the hub of the social life. A prior attempt at construction of a railway hotel for Regina
38.
Hotel Vancouver
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The Hotel Vancouver is a hotel located on West Georgia Street at Burrard Street, in the heart of Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. Constructed at 111 metres high, its architects were John S. Archibald and it became part of the Canadian Pacific Hotels chain after that company purchased CN Hotels in 1988. CP Hotels was later purchased by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts and this building is the third hotel to be named Hotel Vancouver. The second hotel was in a grand Italianate revival style, and was considered one of the hotels of the British Empire. In the time of building the names of the Spanish Grill, the Panorama Roof, the Timber Club, the Pacific Empire Ballroom. It had several ballrooms and lounges, as well as an adjacent opera house cum cinema, the first two Hotel Vancouvers were between Howe and Granville Streets on the south side of West Georgia Street. The current building, a block away across the plaza of the then-provincial courthouse and on the same side of Georgia. A large art-deco sound stage used for theatre and musical broadcasts was located on the ground floor. It was here, in the Panorama Roof Ballroom, that Dal Richards, on May 1,1940 young Dal Richards, his 11-piece band and a then-unknown 13-year-old Juliette were booked to replace Mart Kenney and His Western Gentlemen, Canadas leading dance band at the time. No-one could have known that Dals initial six-week contract would stretch into 25 years of regular performances, a weekly CBC Radio show was broadcast nationally from the Panorama Roof Ballroom of the Hotel Vancouver for many years
39.
Place Viger
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Place Viger was both a grand hotel and railway station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, constructed in 1898 and named after Jacques Viger, the first Mayor of the city. Although combined stations and hotels were common in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, the rail station served as the terminus of the CP passenger rail lines running into downtown Montreal from the north and east. It replaced the older Dalhousie Station and its counterpart terminus for CP passenger rail lines running into downtown Montreal from the south and west was Windsor Station. Constructed in the common to railway hotels built by the Canadian Pacific, Place Viger housed the railway station in its lower levels. Place Viger enjoyed an enviable setting adjacent to the gardens of Viger Square, the shifting of Montreals commercial core to the north-west, and the onset of the economic depression of the 1930s, proved disastrous for Place Viger. In 1951, the station was also closed, and the building was sold to the City of Montreal. The interiors were gutted and transformed into office space. The Viger Square gardens were destroyed in the 1970s to allow for the construction of the Autoroute Ville-Marie highway, for decades, the old Place Viger station sat isolated and neglected, a striking historic building surrounded by parking lots and concrete. In 2003, the Commission scolaire de Montréal, the City of Montreal, Place Viger was sold in 2005 to a developer who intended to convert the building to apartments and a new hotel. However, the developer suffered financial difficulties and finally resold the property in 2012, in May 2014, the new owner, real estate developer Jesta along with partners, announced a $250 million mixed-use redevelopment plan for the complex, including residential and office space. In September of that year, software provider Lightspeed announced that it would be moving its Montreal offices to the Viger complex. Lightspeed moved in Viger castle in April 2015, brasseur de Montreal opened one of its brewpub restaurants in the Berri street wing of the Viger complex in April 2015
40.
Windsor Hotel (Montreal)
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The Windsor Hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is often considered to be the first grand hotel in Canada, and for decades billed itself as the best in all the Dominion. The hotel was constructed between 1875 and 1878 by the Windsor Hotel Company consortium of six Montreal businessmen, including William Notman, at the time Montreal was Canadas largest city, and the centre of commerce in the young country. The consortium was formed to construct an opulent new hotel to symbolize the growing prominence and wealth. The hotel opened without fanfare on January 28,1878, soon after, an opening gala was held that was the largest social gathering Montreal had ever seen. It was attended by Lady Dufferin, the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, Princess Louise, the hotel was not an immediate success. It was leased by the consortium to James Worthington and losses led to the operation being returned to the consortium to run, instead of retrenching, the hotel expanded to include the Stanley Street Wing. The hotel was buoyed by the successes of the Montreal Winter Carnivals of the 1880s, the Windsor Hotel was soon at the centre of Montreals social and business worlds, attracting not only railway visitors, but also business leaders, politicians, socialites, artists, and even royalty. The hotel was home to both the annual St. Andrews Society Ball and the Winter Carnival Ball, the former being a mainstay of the hotel and of Montreals social calendar for nearly a century. Sarah Bernhardt, Mark Twain, Dolores Costello, Rudyard Kipling, Fanny Davenport, Lillie Langtry, in 1906, a fire destroyed almost 100 guest rooms. The number of more than doubled, going from 368 to 750. The north annex contained the famous Peacock Alley, and two additional ballrooms, unlike the rest of the hotel, the north annex was designed in the Second Empire style. The new annex cost C$1 million to construct and opened in 1908, in 1917, the owners of the Montreal Canadiens, the Quebec Bulldogs, the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Wanderers met in one of the Windsor Hotels restaurants to form the National Hockey League. In 1919, the Dominion of Canada Football Association held its fifth General Meeting at the Windsor, in his later years, Stephen Leacock spent his winters living in the Windsor Hotel. Some of Leacocks writing, and much of his correspondence, was written on hotel stationery. The crowds were so large that one man died of an attack, many others collapsed due to heat and exhaustion. At a state banquet in the hotel, Montreals francophone mayor, Camillien Houde, famously remarked in his address to the monarchs, and my wife thanks you from her bottom, too. In 1957, another fire destroyed a third of the hotel and this time the damage was extensive, and the original hotel structure had to be demolished. The cupola, weighing some 15 tons, came down on August 12,1959, within the next five years, the Tour CIBC office tower was constructed on the site of the original hotel
41.
The Algonquin Resort St. Andrews By-The-Sea
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The Algonquin Resort is a coastal resort hotel in the Tudor Revival style, in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. An architectural icon of New Brunswick, the hotel is the most famous symbol of St. Andrews, the original Algonquin hotel was a massive wooden Shingle Style building built in 1889 by the St. Andrews Land Company, established in 1883 by American businessmen. Designed by a Boston architecture firm, it contained 80 guest rooms, the entire hotel, except for two later wings built in 1908 and 1912, succumbed to a 1914 fire and was destroyed. It was replaced on its footprint by the present four-story Tudor Revival concrete replacement with a faux half-timbered façade. The architects of the 1914 hotel were Barott, Blackadder & Webster of Montreal, large additional wings were added in the early 1990s and in the early 2010s. One of the original Algonquins best known attractions was its saltwater baths, saltwater was pumped from Passamaquoddy Bay to the hotel atop the hill overlooking St. Andrews and held in water tanks in the hotel attic. Guests used bathtubs designed with four taps, two for water and two for saltwater. In addition to the baths, the air offered by the Bay of Fundy. The New Brunswick Railway operated the line serving St. Andrews. One of the private shareholders of the NBR was also the first president of the CPR. In 1888, Stephen retired and was replaced by William Cornelius Van Horne and that summer, Van Horne also visited St. Andrews, staying in its resort hotel. Van Horne, a Montreal resident, purchased nearby Ministers Island and soon began construction of his Covenhoven estate, Van Horne retired from the presidency in 1899, opting to spend more time at his Covenhoven estate. In 1903, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company purchased The Algonquin, as the majority of guests arrived at St. Andrews by passenger train, CPR built a large transfer station at the junction between the St. Andrews line and the Saint John-Montreal main line in McAdam. This station also included a large 30-room hotel on its second floor, in 1970, CPR sold The Algonquin Resort to local interests. It was then leased by the Government of New Brunswick in 1973, the property, along with adjacent golf courses and private beach at Katys Cove was purchased entirely by the provincial government in 1984. Throughout this period of change in ownership of the property, the resort was continuously contracted to operate under and be marketed by Canadian Pacific Hotels, in 1999, CPR purchased Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts were consolidated under the Fairmont name, later that year in October 2001, Canadian Pacific Limited spun off its subsidiaries, including Fairmont Hotels and Resorts into individually controlled companies. The hotels guests have included heads of state and royalty, including Presidents of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Lyndon B
42.
Banff Springs Hotel
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The hotel was opened to the public on June 1,1888. Presently, The Fairmont Banff Springs resort hotel is owned by OMERS and operated by Fairmont Hotels, Banff Springs Hotel is situated at an altitude of 1414 m. The original building was designed by American architect Bruce Price and it was built between spring 1887 and spring 1888 by the Canadian Pacific Railway at the instigation of its president, William Cornelius Van Horne. The hotel is located within a setting in the Rocky Mountains, just above the Bow Falls. The main view from the hotel is across the valley and toward Mount Rundle, the hotel is within walking distance of the resort community of Banff. Starting in 1911, a new structure was built in stages to replace the 1888 hotel. Prices Shingle style-influenced wooden structure was replaced with a new building of concrete, the new building was designed by another American architect, Walter S. Painter. Halfway up the internal staircase closest to the Bow Falls is found a painting of William Davidson felling trees on the Miramichi River during colonial times. Davidson, who had grown up in Moray, close to Banff, the name borne by the Canadian city and the national park is derived from his native country. The painting of the pioneer is by the war artist Cyrus Cunoe, the original building was quite different from the present Banff Springs structure. Variously termed a Tudor hall or a Swiss chalet, the Price building was clad in shingles with stone accents, and featured a profusion of dormers, turrets, and roof lines. The 1888 structure cost $250,000 and a made by the builder changed the intended orientation of the building, turning its back on the mountain vista. This building included more than 100 bedrooms, centered on a five-story, an addition in 1902 expanded and renovated the building, adding more than 200 rooms. By 1906, plans were advanced for an overhaul of the Banff Springs Hotel building, proposing a replacement of much of the original structure. Walter Painter, chief architect for Canadian Pacific Railway, designed a central tower in concrete and stone. Construction of new wings was delayed by World War I and the surviving Price wings continued in service, in 1926, while work was proceeding on the new wings, a fire destroyed the remainder of the original building designed by Price. The two new wings opened in 1928, in 1968, the building was winterised and has been open year-round since that time
