1.
Saskatoon
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Saskatoon is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 265,300 as of the end of 2016, the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, the most populous municipality in Saskatchewan, surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it. Saskatoon is named after the berry of the name, which is native to the region. The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves and it is known for its diverse and vibrant culture and its eight river crossings that give it the nicknames Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City. Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale, which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon, Sutherland, the rail town the city annexed in 1956 that lies beyond the University lands, is now another historic neighbourhood. The name Saskatoon comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina saskatoon berries, in 1882, the Toronto-based Temperance Colonization Society was granted 21 sections of land straddling the South Saskatchewan River, between what is now Warman and Dundurn. The aim of the group was to escape the liquor trade in that city, the following year settlers, led by John Neilson Lake, arrived on the site of what is now Saskatoon and established the first permanent settlement. The settlers travelled by railway from Ontario to Moose Jaw and then completed the leg via horse-drawn cart as the railway had yet to be completed to Saskatoon. In 1885 the Northwest Rebellion affected the community in a variety of ways. Chief Whitecap and Charles Trottier passed through the present day University campus on their way to join Louis Riels armed forces at Batoche, Saskatchewan. Following the fighting at the Battle of Fish Creek, and the Battle of Batoche, a few died in care and were buried in the Pioneer Cemetery near the Exhibition Grounds. A town charter for the west side of the river was obtained in 1903, in 1906 Saskatoon became a city with a population of 4,500, which included the communities of Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana. In 1955 Montgomery Place and in 1956 the neighbouring town of Sutherland were annexed by the fast-growing City of Saskatoon, the economy of Saskatoon has been associated with potash, oil and agriculture, resulting in the moniker POW City. Various grains, livestock, oil and gas, potash, uranium, gold, diamond, coal, the worlds largest publicly traded uranium company, Cameco, and the worlds largest potash producer, PotashCorp, have corporate headquarters in Saskatoon. Saskatoon is also the new home of BHP Billitons Diamonds and Specialty Products business unit, nearly two-thirds of the worlds recoverable potash reserves are in the Saskatoon region. Saskatoon is also home to the Canadian Light Source, Canadas national synchrotron facility, saskatoon’s digital media scene is growing with start-up tech companies such as Noodlecake, OneStory, Point2, Vendasta Technologies, and Zu. Another of Saskatoons nicknames, Hub City, refers to its central location within Canada for distribution
2.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
5.
Archibald and Schofield
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Archibald and Schofield was a collaborative relationship between Canadian architects John Smith Archibald and John Schofield. They were known for their designs for the Canadian National Hotels for the Canadian National Railway, John Archibald first trained with William Maclntosh in his home town of Inverness, Scotland. In 1893 he emigrated to Canada and worked with Edward Maxwell in Montreal as a draughtsman, in 1897 he formed a partnership with another former Maxwell draughtsman, Charles Jewett Saxe, which lasted until 1915. Archibalds designs included a number of stations and hotels for the Canadian National Railway and he designed sports buildings including the Montreal Forum, several schools, churches, commercial buildings, and hospitals, as well as residential buildings in Montreal and Kingston, Ontario. After his death in 1934, Archibalds practice was continued by his son Ian T. Archibald and they were later joined by Francis Orr Templeton to form the firm of Archibald, Illsley and Templeton which practised in Montreal until 1950. John Schofield immigrated to Canada from Ireland in the early 1900s, in 1907, he became the draftsman for the Canadian Northern Railway in Winnipeg. After the Canadian National Railway formed in 1920, he was the main architect, Schofield was involved in almost every design of the CNR stations and hotels
6.
Central Business District, Saskatoon
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The Central Business District is one of seven development districts in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The central business district is Ward 6 of a Mayor-Council government represented by councillor Charlie Clark, formerly called West Saskatoon, this area arose when the steam engines built their pumping stations on the lower west bank of the South Saskatchewan River. Retail enterprises sprang up around the newly created train station and rail yards, the city of Saskatoons Central Business District has shopping malls and boutiques. Steam engines could be refilled easier on the west banks of the river which were not so steep, businesses sprang up around the pumping station forming the beginnings of the Central Business District. The first post offices were named Saskatoon and West Saskatoon, for clarification, the post offices adopted the titles Saskatoon down town and Nutana for the east side of the River settlement. Section 28, Twp.36, R.5, W3 was the location of West Saskatoon Post office located at 21st & 1st Ave. With settlement on the west side of the river,32 children needed to cross the river to attend the Stone School on the east side there were 67 students in total. To cross the river, there was only the rail bridge without walkway or by ferry. Another school – Pioneer School – was envisioned in 1900 at Third Avenue around 19th Street and this area became a village of 100 citizens on November 16,1901 named Saskatoon, and July 1,1903 became a town. 1912, City Hall had official headquarters in the old King Edward School, 23rd St,1928 saw Eatons opening in the building on 21 Street and Third Avenue, which later housed the Army and Navy Department Store and now the Saskatoon Board of Education offices. The armouries of the 29th Saskatchewan Light Horse Regimental Headquarters and 105th Fusiliers Division were constructed in downtown in 1922. The Saskatoon Arena was constructed in 1937 on 19th Street and torn down in 1989, the Central Business District is one of Saskatoons seven suburban development districts. Eatons and Simpsons Sears were the first anchors for the Midtown Plaza, the Hudsons Bay Company building on 23rd Street East and 2nd Avenue has been converted to condominium living, and the adjacent Bayside Centre is now owned by Ashley Furniture. The Hudsons Bay Company and Sears Canada are the current anchors in the Midtown Plaza shopping mall, a longtime downtown landmark, the Skywalk that used to connect the 23rd Street/2nd Avenue Bay store with a neighbouring parkade was demolished in the late 2000s. Book written about Down Town Saskatoon, City of Saskatoon Core Neighbourhood Study Review,1980,3, Land use Policies and Land Use Patterns. The village of Saskatoon, often referred to as West Saskatoon was incorporated in 1901, when Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana amalgamated to form the City of Saskatoon in 1903, James R. Wilson was the first mayor. The city wards are represented by aldermen or councillors, in 1912, the King Edward School building housed the City of Saskatoon City Hall Chambers in the heart of the Central Business District at Third Avenue and 23rd Street. The first King Edward School building was used as City Hall until 1956, the municipal government holds weekly meetings Monday evenings at City Hall located at 222 3rd Avenue North located in the Central Business District
7.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
8.
Canada's grand railway hotels
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Canada’s railway hotels are a series of five-star grand hotels across the country, each a local and national landmark, and most of which are icons of Canadian history and architecture. Each hotel was built by the Canadian railway companies, or the railways acted as a catalyst for the hotel’s construction. The hotels were designed to serve the passengers of the then expanding rail network. Many of the hotels were built in the château style. The use of towers and turrets, and other Scottish baronial and French château architectural elements, architects also used the style for important public buildings, such as the Confederation and Justice buildings in Ottawa. Canadas first grand hotel, the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. Although it was not owned by a company, it was built to serve railway visitors from nearby Windsor Station. Given its location next to Montreals main train station, the Windsor served for years as the permanent residence of executives of both the Canadian Pacific Railway and Grand Trunk Railway. The railways development role in the construction and operation of hotels was inaugurated with Canadian Pacific Railways opening of the Hotel Vancouver on May 16,1888. This was the first of three railway-owned hotels by that name in Vancouver, two weeks later, the Canadian Pacific Railway officially opened the Banff Springs Hotel on June 1,1888. CPR president William Cornelius Van Horne had personally chosen the site in the Rocky Mountains for the new hotel and he envisioned a string of grand hotels across Canada that would draw visitors from abroad to his railway. Van Horne famously remarked, “If we can’t export the scenery, we’ll import the tourists. ”The original Banff Springs Hotel, of construction, was destroyed by fire in 1926. Canadian Pacific Hotels next built the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and it was designed to rival any hotel in Europe. Place Viger followed in Montreal, followed by The Empress in Victoria, British Columbia, the largest of these hotels is the Royal York in Toronto, which opened in 1929. The CPR’s main competitor, the Grand Trunk Railway, was not prepared to leave the field solely to its rival and it also determined to build a chain of luxury hotels across the country, which it did in the château style. The GTR built the Château Laurier in Ottawa in 1912, with the Fort Garry Hotel in Winnipeg, the GTR was amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway in 1920. During the decades that followed, the CPR and the CNR continued to expand their competing hotel chains across the country, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, built in 1958 over that city’s Central Station, was perhaps the last true railway hotel built in Canada. Both railways continued to open new establishments in subsequent years, although none had any connection to the railways, in 1988, Canadian Pacific acquired the CNR hotels
9.
Terminating vista
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In urban design, a terminating vista is a building or monument that stands at the end or in the middle of a road, so that when one is looking up the street the view ends with the site. Terminating vistas are considered an important method of adding aesthetic appeal to a city, common terminating vistas include government buildings, war memorials, courthouses and other important structures. Standing at the end of a street adds grandeur to a structure, the important disadvantage of terminating vistas is that they make traffic more complicated and prevent a simple grid system of city blocks. To accommodate them, large circles or other techniques have to be employed to get traffic around the monument. Cities on a system such as New York City thus have few terminating vistas. A prominent NYC exception is the controversial MetLife Building, which was built on top of Park Avenue. A city particularly known for its terminating vistas is Paris, where many of the largest streets end in monuments and structures such as the Arc de Triomphe, another well-known example is Washington, D. C. Philadelphias City Hall is another example, situated on Penn Square where Broad, the two streets form the north-south and east-west axes of the citys core grid, leaving the large masonry structure visible from all sections of the city. The lost art of the Terminated Vista - UrbanIndy description Get to Know the Awkwardly-Named Terminated Vista - Placemakers
10.
Crown in Saskatoon
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Saskatoon is the most populous city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Crowns image appears in the portrait at Saskatoon City Council chamber. On one of several visits to Saskatoon, the Queen said Constitutional Monarchy has always placed the emphasis on people in community – as it were, Canadas definitive postage stamp features a photograph of the Queen taken in Saskatoon. Visits to Canadian communities bring the Sovereign, the Royal Family, though the monarch and her family reside overseas, they have carried out regular ceremonial duties for centuries in Canada on the occasion of important milestones and celebrations. State responsibilities bring them for government-sponsored official visits, while their patronage of organisations brings them for unofficial ones, invitations and expenses for these visits are usually borne by the organisations. Governors General and Lieutenant Governors, the representatives of the monarch, are able to come into more frequent contact with citizens. Saskatoon has been host to more than a dozen royal visits, One hundred and fifty thousand persons lost their hearts to the tall, square-shouldered Monarch and his unbelievably gracious consort. At his request a wiry little mustang, untamed and unbroken, was brought out fresh from the paddock, the Prince gained the saddle gracefully, and held it until the little mount was exhausted by its efforts to unseat him. Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh have paid visits to Saskatoon. The Royal Couple toured the Canadian Light Source Synchrotron and there met thousands of well-wishers on the University of Saskatchewan campus, the Queen and the Duke also attended an arts concert at Credit Union Centre, held before a live audience of 12,000 and television viewers nationwide. The Royal Couple were reported to have enjoyed the appearance of Saskatoon-native Joni Mitchell. The Queen had not visited Saskatoon since 1987, when she toured Wanuskewin Heritage Park, the Prince of Wales visited Saskatoon for the first time in 2001, when he carried out engagements at its Community Services Village, YWCA and Meewasin Valley trails. At a luncheon given in his honour by Premier Lorne Calvert and our physical surroundings actually matter enormously because they have a profound psychological effect on us. There, he was presented with the gift of a government scholarship for high school students, the Prince dedicated the Prince of Wales Promenade on the river bank, where he was presented with an honorary membership in the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects. To mark the 90th anniversary of the YWCA, the Prince dedicated an arch re-built from the stones of its original building and it is situated outside the entrance off 25th Street, adjacent to the Community Service Village in the downtown core. North of Saskatoon, he also visited Wanuskewin Heritage Park, where he was named Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk by an aboriginal elder, the Princess Royal is the only living Royal Family member, apart from the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, to visit on more than one occasion. On her first visit, she toured the Ukrainian Museum of Canada, attended a luncheon and attended a function at the university presidents residence. She opened the Century Saskatoon Capsule buried in the riverbank at Riverside Park, on her most recent visit in 2004, she became the first member of the Royal Family to present a provincial honour in Canada
