1.
Three-phase electric power
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Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of system and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to large motors and other heavy loads. The three-phase system was invented by Galileo Ferraris, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Jonas Wenström. The common reference is usually connected to ground and often to a current-carrying conductor called the neutral. Due to the difference, the voltage on any conductor reaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one of the other conductors. This phase delay gives constant power transfer to a linear load. It also makes it possible to produce a magnetic field in an electric motor. In a three-phase system feeding a balanced and linear load, the sum of the currents of the three conductors is zero. In other words, the current in each conductor is equal in magnitude to the sum of the currents in the two, but with the opposite sign. The return path for the current in any phase conductor is the two phase conductors.5 times as many wires. Thus, the ratio of capacity to conductor material is doubled, the same ratio of capacity to conductor material can also be attained with a center-grounded single-phase system. However, two-phase power results in a smooth torque in a generator or motor. Three-phase systems may also have a wire, particularly in low-voltage distribution. The neutral allows three separate single-phase supplies to be provided at a constant voltage and is used for supplying groups of domestic properties which are each single-phase loads. The connections are arranged so that, as far as possible in each group, further up the distribution system, the currents are usually well balanced. Transformers may be wired in a way that they have a secondary but a three-wire primary while allowing unbalanced loads. This makes it possible to reduce the size of the neutral conductor because it carries little or no current, with a balanced load, all the phase conductors carry the same current and so can be the same size
2.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
3.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
4.
Logan International Airport
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It covers 2,384 acres, has six runways and four passenger terminals, and employs an estimated 16,000 people. It is the largest airport in the New England region and 17th-busiest airport in the United States and it is named after General Edward Lawrence Logan. In 2016, Massport reported an 8. 5% increase in passenger traffic comparing 2015 to 2016, the airport serves as a focus city for JetBlue, which carries out the largest operations from Logan International Airport, as well as a hub for Delta Air Lines. The regional airline Cape Air and commuter airline PenAir all carry out hub operations from Boston, American Airlines also carries out many operations from the airport. All of the major U. S. air carriers offer flights from Boston to all or the majority of their primary and secondary hubs and it is also a destination of many major European airlines. The airport has frequent service to destinations throughout North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, the North Atlantic region, the Middle East, Europe and this has turned Boston Logan in one of Americas fastest growing airports. Logan Airport opened on September 8,1923, and was used mainly by the Massachusetts Air Guard and it was then called Jeffery Field. The first scheduled passenger flights were on Colonial Air Transport between Boston and New York City in 1927. On January 1,1936, the weather station became the official point for Bostons weather observations. Until around 1950 the airline terminal was at 42. 367N71. 0275W, during the 1940s the airport added 1,800 acres of landfill in Boston Harbor, taken from the former Governors, Noddles and Apple Islands. In 1943 the state renamed the airport after Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan, in 1952, Logan Airport became the first in the United States with an indirect rapid transit connection, with the opening of the Airport station on the Blue Line. The December 1950 diagram shows a similar to the current one,7,000 ft runway 4L,10, 000-ft 4R,7, 000-ft 9 and 7. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 49 weekday departures on American,31 Eastern,25 Northeast,8 United,7 TWA domestic,6 National,6 Mohawk,2 TCA and one Provincetown-Boston. In addition TWA had nine departures a week to or from the Atlantic, Pan Am had 18, Air France 8, BOAC4, the jumbo jet era began at Logan in summer 1970 when Pan Am started daily Boeing 747s to London Heathrow Airport. Currently, the Boeing 747-400 is scheduled on flights to Boston by British Airways, Lufthansa also operates the Boeing 747-8i on one of its daily nonstop flights to Frankfurt. When Terminal E opened in 1974 it was the second largest international arrivals facility in the United States, between 1974 and 2015, the number of international travelers at Logan has tripled. International long-haul travel has been the fastest growing market sector at the airport and this project was undertaken to extend Runway 15R/33L, which later became Logans longest runway. Residents of the neighborhood, known as Wood Island, were out of their homes
5.
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
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Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is a public international airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. It serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area as well as portions of Northern Kentucky, the airports code, CVG, comes from the nearest major city at the time of its opening, Covington, Kentucky. CVG covers an area of 7,000 acres and it is the only airport in either Indiana, Kentucky, or Ohio that features nonstop service to Europe. The airports international destinations include Cancún, Montego Bay, Paris, Punta Cana, the airport is the busiest in Kentucky and the second busiest serving an Ohio metropolitan area. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the 9th largest hub for Delta Air Lines and plays host to the headquarters, the airport is a focus city for Ultra Low Cost Carriers Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines, as well as being the largest market for Vacation Express. In addition to a rapidly diversifying list of airlines, CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America. The airport will be the hub for Amazon Prime Air. It is the largest global hub for DHL Aviation and DHL Express, ranking 6th in North America, the airport is headquarters and hub for Southern Air, which operates flights around the world for DHL Aviation. The airport offers non-stop passenger service to 56 destinations with 195 peak daily departures, president Franklin D. Roosevelt approved preliminary funds for site development of the Greater Cincinnati Airport on February 11,1942. This was part of the United States Army Air Corps program to training facilities during World War II. At the time, air traffic in the centered on Lunken Airport just southeast of central Cincinnati. Lunken opened in 1926 and was located in the Ohio River Valley, due to its location, the airport frequently experienced fog, and the 1937 flood completely submerged its runways and two-story terminal building. While federal officials wanted a site that would not be prone to flooding. A coalition of officials from Boone, Kenton and Campbell Counties in Kentucky took advantage of Cincinnatis short-sightedness, Boone County officials offered a suitable site on the provision that Kenton County paid the acquisition cost. In October 1942, Congress provided $2 million to construct four runways, the field officially opened August 12,1944, with the first B-17 bombers beginning practice runs on August 15. As the tide of the war had turned, the Air Corps only used the field until 1945 before it was declared surplus. On October 27,1946, a wooden terminal building opened. The first commercial flight, on an American Airlines DC-3 from Cleveland, Ohio, landed at the airport January 10,1947, a Delta Air Lines flight followed moments later
6.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
7.
Los Angeles International Airport
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It is most often referred to by its IATA airport code LAX, with the letters pronounced individually. LAX is in the southwestern Los Angeles area along the Pacific Ocean between the neighborhood of Westchester to its north and the city of El Segundo to its immediate south. It is owned and operated by Los Angeles World Airports, an agency of the government of Los Angeles, formerly known as the Department of Airports. In 2015, LAX handled 74,936,256 passengers, the airport holds the claim for the worlds busiest origin and destination airport, and has for many years. To wit, relative to airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. The airport also was the third busiest by aircraft movements. It is also the airport to rank among the top five U. S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is also notable for being one of the few U. S. airports with four parallel runways, LAX serves as a hub for Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and Virgin America. The airport serves as a city for Allegiant Air, Air New Zealand, Qantas, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines. LAX serves as either a hub or focus city for more Mainline US Carriers than any airport in the Country and is the only airport that all three legacy carriers have designated a hub. As the largest international airport on the U. S, West Coast, LAX is a major gateway to and from Europe, Latin America, Asia and Oceania. With its deep connections to Asia and Latin America in particular, in 1928, the Los Angeles City Council selected 640 acres in the southern part of Westchester for a new airport. The fields of wheat, barley and lima beans were converted into dirt landing strips without any terminal buildings and it was named Mines Field for William W. Mines, the real estate agent who arranged the deal. 1, was erected in 1929 and is in the National Register of Historic Places, Mines Field opened as the airport of Los Angeles in 1930 and the city purchased it to be a municipal airfield in 1937. The name became Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949, in the 1930s the main airline airports were Burbank Airport in Burbank and the Grand Central Airport in Glendale. Mines Field did not extend west of Sepulveda Boulevard, Sepulveda was rerouted circa 1950 to loop around the west ends of the extended east–west runways, which by November 1950 were 6,000 feet long. A tunnel was completed in 1953 allowing Sepulveda Boulevard to revert to straight, for the next few years the two runways were 8,500 feet long. Before the 1930s, existing airports used a two-letter abbreviation based on the stations at the airports
8.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
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John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport located near South Ozone Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, United States,12 miles southeast of Lower Manhattan. Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents, the airport features six passenger terminals and four runways. It serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines and is the operating base for JetBlue Airways. In the past, JFK served as a hub for Eastern, National, Pan Am, John F. Kennedy International Airport was originally Idlewild Airport after the Idlewild Beach Golf Course that it displaced. It was built to relieve LaGuardia Airport, which was overcrowded soon after opening in 1939. Construction began in 1943, and about $60 million was spent of governmental funding. In March 1948 the New York City Council changed the name to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, the Port Authority leased the JFK property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease today. The first airline flight from JFK was on July 1,1948, the Port Authority cancelled foreign airlines permits to use LaGuardia, forcing them to move to JFK during the next couple of years. JFK opened with six runways and a seventh under construction, runways 1L and 7L were held in reserve and never came into use as runways. Runway 31R is still in use, runway 31L opened soon after the rest of the airport and is still in use, runway 1R closed in 1957, runway 4 opened June 1949 and runway 4R was added ten years later. A smaller runway 14/32 was built after runway 7R closed and was used through 1990 by general aviation, STOL and smaller commuter flights. The Avro Jetliner was the first jetliner to land at JFK on April 18,1950, later in 1957 the USSR sought approval for two Tupolev Tu-104 flights carrying diplomats to JFK, the Port Authority did not allow them, saying noise tests had to be done first. The airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24,1963, then-mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. proposed the renaming. The Port of New York Authority originally planned a single 55-gate terminal, architect Wallace Harrison then designed a master plan under which each major airline at the airport would be given its own space to develop its own terminal design. This scheme made construction more practical, made terminals more navigable, the revised plan met airline approval in 1955, with seven terminals initially planned—five for individual airlines, one developed for 3 airlines and an international arrivals building. The International Arrivals Building, or IAB, was the first new terminal at the airport, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and opening in December 1957. Stretching nearly 700 meters parallel to runway 7R where Terminal 4 is now, it had finger piers at right-angles to the building allowing more aircraft to park. United Airlines opened Terminal 7, a Skidmore design similar to the IAB, Eastern Airlines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 a month later, it was demolished in 1995
9.
LaGuardia Airport
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LaGuardia Airport /ləˈɡwɑːrdiə/ is an airport in the northern part of the New York City borough of Queens in the United States. It is on the waterfront of Flushing Bay and Bowery Bay in East Elmhurst and borders the neighborhoods of East Elmhurst, Astoria, the airport is the third busiest airport serving New York City, and the twentieth most busy in the United States. LaGuardia Airport covers 680 acres in total, JFK handled 59.0 million and Newark handled 40.4 million, a total of about 129.7 million travelers using New York airports. In addition, LaGuardia is the busiest airport in the United States without any service to Europe. A perimeter rule prohibits nonstop flights to or from points beyond 1,500 statute miles, Glenn H. Curtiss Airport, later renamed North Beach Airport, was the earlier airport at this location. LaGuardia has been criticized for some of its outdated facilities, former Vice President Joe Biden compared LaGuardia to a third world country and the airport has been ranked in numerous customer surveys as the worst in the United States. Among pilots, it is referred to as USS LaGuardia, because the runways are short and surrounded by water, on July 27,2015, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a reconstruction plan that would completely replace the existing airport. The site of the airport was used by the Gala Amusement Park. It was razed and transformed in 1929 into a 105-acre private flying field named Glenn H. Curtiss Airport after the pioneer Long Island aviator, later called North Beach Airport. He demanded to be taken to New York, and ordered the plane to be flown to Brooklyns Floyd Bennett Field and he urged New Yorkers to support a new airport within their city. La Guardia went as far as to police escorts to airport limousines in an attempt to get American Airlines to continue operating the trial program. The existing North Beach Airport was a location, but much too small for the sort of airport that was being planned. With backing and assistance from the Works Progress Administration, construction began in 1937, Building on the site required moving landfill from Rikers Island, then a garbage dump, onto a metal reinforcing framework. The framework below the airport still causes magnetic interference on the compasses of outgoing aircraft, American opened its first Admirals Club at the airport in 1939. The airport was dedicated on October 15,1939 as the New York Municipal Airport and it cost New York City $23 million to turn the tiny North Beach Airport into a 550-acre modern facility. Not everyone was as enthusiastic as La Guardia about the project, but the public was fascinated by the very idea of air travel, and thousands traveled to the airport, paid the dime fee, and watched the airliners take off and land. Two years later these fees and their associated parking had already provided $285,000, the airport was soon a financial success. A smaller airport in nearby Jackson Heights, Holmes Airport, was unable to prevent the expansion of the larger airport, Newark Airport began renovations, but could not keep up with the new Queens airport, which TIME called the most pretentious land and seaplane base in the world
10.
Orlando International Airport
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Orlando International Airport is a major public airport located six miles southeast of Orlando, Florida, United States. It is the second-busiest airport in the state of Florida, as over 40.2 million passengers were handled at the airport as of 2015 and this makes it the 14th-busiest airport in the U. S. by total passenger traffic. The airport serves as a hub for Silver Airways, as well as a city for Frontier Airlines, JetBlue Airways. Southwest Airlines is the airports largest carrier by passengers carried, the airport also is a major international gateway for the mid Florida region, with flights by foreign air carriers. Orlando Army Air Field #2 was renamed Pinecastle Army Airfield in January 1943, with the establishment of an independent U. S. In the 1950s, the base began hosting SACs annual Bombing, a B-47 Stratojet crashed during the 1958 competition, killing Colonel Michael Norman Wright McCoy, commander of the 321st Bombardment Wing, which was the host wing for Pinecastle AFB. The following year the base was renamed for McCoy, the base later was home to the 306th Bombardment Wing operating the B-52 Stratofortress and the KC-135 Stratotanker. It was also used by EC-121 Warning Star early warning aircraft of the 966th Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron, one of these U-2s was shot down by Soviet-operated SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles near Banes, Cuba. Its pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. USAF, was the only combat death. Following the crisis, McCoy AFB hosted a permanent U-2 operating detachment of the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing until 1973, McCoy AFB was identified for closure in early 1973 as part of a post-Vietnam reduction in force. In the early 1960s, when jet airline flights came to Orlando, Early jetliners such as the Boeing 707, Boeing 720, Douglas DC-8 and Convair 880 required longer and sturdier runways than the ones at Herndon Airport. The military offered a large AGM-28 Hound Dog missile maintenance hangar, the city would then cover the cost of building a replacement missile maintenance hangar on the main bases western flight line. The new civil facility would be known as the Orlando Jetport at McCoy and this agreement became a model for other joint civil-military airports in operation today. Airline flights to the Orlando Jetport began shortly after an agreement was signed by the city, over the next few years airline flights shifted from the old Herndon Airport. In 1971 scheduled airlines were Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, National Airlines, when McCoy AFB closed in 1974/1975, part of the facility stayed under military control to support Naval Training Center Orlando. GOAAs mission was to operate, manage and oversee construction of expansions, the airport gained its current name and international airport status a year later in 1976, but retained its old IATA airport code MCO and ICAO airport code KMCO. The airport became a U. S. Customs Service Foreign Trade Zone in 1978, in 1979, the facility was also designated as a large hub airport by the FAA based on flight operations and passenger traffic. In 1978, construction of the current Landside Terminal and Airsides 1 and 3 began, the original International Concourse was housed in Airside 1 and opened in 1984
11.
Salt Lake City International Airport
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Salt Lake City International Airport is a civil-military airport about 4 miles west of Downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The airport is the closest commercial airport for more than 2.5 million people and is within a 30-minute drive of nearly 1.3 million jobs, following Delta and Delta Connection, the largest carriers are Southwest Airlines, American Airlines, and Alaska Airlines. In 2015,22,141,610 passengers flew through Salt Lake City, the airport is the twenty-first busiest airport in the United States by passenger count. There were 324,955 aircraft operations in 2014, about 900 per day, the airport is the fifteenth busiest airport in the United States and twenty-fourth in the world by operations. As of April 2013 there were over 645 scheduled nonstop airline departures and arrivals per day to 89 cities in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Salt Lake City International Airport continues to rank high for on-time departures/arrivals and fewest flight cancellations among major US airports. The airport ranked first for on time departures and arrivals and second for percentage of cancellations as of September 2014, the airport is owned by Salt Lake City Corporation and is administered by the Salt Lake City Department of Airports. The city owns and operates two airports, South Valley Regional Airport and Tooele Valley Airport. The airport is financially self-sustaining with revenue generated from airline and passenger fees, concessions, vehicle parking, fuel and it is the only major airport in the country with no outstanding debt. World-famous aviator Glenn H. Curtiss brought his newly invented Seaplane to the carnival, Curtiss took off from the nearby Great Salt Lake, awing the 20,000 spectators and making international headlines. For several years the new field was used mainly for training and that would change in 1920 when the United States Postal Service began air mail service to Salt Lake City. The airport expanded and hangars and other began to appear. In the same year, the airfield was given the name Woodward Field, named for John P. Woodward, in 1925 the postal service began awarding contracts to private companies. Western Air Express, the first private company to carry U. S. mail, less than a year later Western Air Express would begin flying passengers along the same route. Western Air Express later became Western Airlines, which had a hub in Salt Lake City. Charles Lindbergh visited Woodward Field in 1927 drawing many spectators to see The Spirit of St. Louis, during the next few years the airport would gain another runway and would span over 400 acres. In 1930 the airport was renamed Salt Lake City Municipal Airport, the first terminal and airport administration building was built in 1933 at a cost of $52,000. By then United Airlines had begun serving Salt Lake City on flights between New York City and San Francisco, as air travel became more popular and the United States Army Air Forces established a base at the airport during World War II, a third runway was added. The April 1957 OAG shows 42 weekday departures,18 on Western,17 United and 7 Frontier, United had flown nonstop to Chicago since 1950, but a New York nonstop didnt start until 1968
12.
SkyMiles
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Created in 1981 as the Delta Air Lines Frequent Flyer Program, its name was changed to SkyMiles in 1995. Delta claims that it is the only major U. S. airline without mileage expiration, SkyMiles allows both round-trip and one-way redemption but at full round-trip pricing, with economy awards starting at 15,000 miles. These are known as Medallion statuses and can be achieved by flying a number of Medallion Qualification Miles or Medallion Qualification Segments between January 1 and December 31 each year. Beginning in 2014, a number of Medallion Qualification Dollars is required for the US members in addition to either the MQM or the MQS requirement. Delta Private Jets Card holders receive Diamond Medallion tier status, in addition, preferred coach seating such as in the Economy Comfort section is set aside for medallion members for when first and business class upgrades are not available. When the frequent flyer program was first established in 1981, new members were awarded an enrollment bonus of 10,000 miles, on May 1,1995, Delta Air Lines modified its frequent flyer program. In addition to renaming it SkyMiles, mileage expiration policies were put in place, Miles from the old program would never expire but newly earned miles in the SkyMiles program would if there was no account activity for three years. Beginning January 1,2007, expiration was triggered by two years of no activity, at the same time, the old Frequent Flyer Program miles were combined into SkyMiles, effectively negating their unlimited shelf-life. Deltas most frequent patrons still refer to Silver Medallion status as FO short for Flying Orchid after an early Delta loyalty acknowledgement program and this is ostensibly to avoid confusion between Silver Medallion and SkyMiles. On July 31,2008, Delta adjusted the cost of tickets by implementing a four-tiered pricing system. For example, a coach ticket costs 25,000,32,500,40,000. On January 1,2009, Delta changed the date of its miles. Previously, the miles expired at the end of the year following 24 months of inactivity. The new policy caused the miles to expire immediately after 24 months of inactivity, on July 27,2009, Delta introduced Rollover for Delta Medallion members. Flyers who reach an elite tier in a year are able to roll over any extra Medallion Qualification Miles above their earned tier to the next year. For example, a passenger who earned 65,000 MQM in 2010 will earn Gold Medallion status for reaching 50,000 MQMs, on October 1,2009, Northwest Airlines former frequent flyer program, WorldPerks, officially became SkyMiles. This remained until the system and website became Delta on January 31,2010. On January 1,2011, Delta eliminated its mileage expiration policy, the announcement was made on February 15,2011
13.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
14.
SkyTeam
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Founded in June 2000, SkyTeam was the last of the three major airline alliances to be formed, the first two being Star Alliance and Oneworld. As of March 2014, SkyTeam consists of 20 carriers from five continents and it also operates a cargo alliance named SkyTeam Cargo, which partners ten carriers, all of them SkyTeam members. Its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, is based at the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands. In terms of passengers, with 665.4 million carried passengers, SkyTeam has grown and is now the largest alliance in the world ahead of Star Alliance. In 2004, the alliance had its biggest expansion when Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, garuda Indonesia entered the alliance in March 2014. As of March 2014, SkyTeam flies to more than 1,000 destinations in 178 countries and operates some 15,700 daily flights with a fleet of over 4,400 aircraft. The alliance and its members have a workforce of 459,781, furthermore. On 22 June 2000, representatives of Aeroméxico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and these became the four founding carriers of SkyTeam. Upon its formation, SkyTeam would offer its customers a total of 6,402 daily flights to 451 destinations in 98 countries, in September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance, SkyTeam Cargo. The groups inaugural members were Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics, the following month, the newly established airline alliance announced its intentions to incorporate CSA Czech Airlines as the 5th member in April the following year. The alliance saw the joining of CSA Czech Airlines on 25 March 2001, Alitalia entered SkyTeam on 27 July the same year, on 30 September 2001, the alliance received KLMs application for membership, following the airlines plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. In 2003, Deltas subsidiary, Delta Express, was replaced by Song and that same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity and other resources. On 24 May 2004, Aeroflot, the carrier and principal airline of Russia. The event took place in Kremlin following the airlines application earlier in the year for membership, SkyTeam expressed that Aeroflot has not met the consortiums standards, but that the airlines large hub networks made it ideal for the alliance, and made up for its deficiencies. On 28 August, China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the Peoples Republic of China, on 13 September, Continental Airlines, KLM and Northwest Airlines joined the alliance. Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history, every associate adopted a frequent-flyer program of a full member, Copa Airlines already used Continentals OnePass, Kenya Airways and Air Europa used Air France–KLMs Flying Blue. Following a 23-month joining process since May 2004, Aeroflot joined on 14 April 2006 and it was the first Russian airline to be associated with any airline alliance. Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing International Air Transport Associations Operational Safety Audit, Deltas subsidiary Song continued to operate as Delta Air Lines
15.
Brand name
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
16.
Delta Air Lines
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Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. The companys history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters, founded in 1924 in Macon, Georgia as a crop dusting operation. The company moved to Monroe, Louisiana, and was later renamed Delta Air Services, in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region, among predecessors of todays Delta Air Lines, Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927, respectively. In 2013, Delta Air Lines was the worlds largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried, Delta Air Lines began as a crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Incorporated. The company was founded on May 30,1924 in Macon, Georgia and they flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. Collett E. Woolman, one of the directors, purchased the company on September 13,1928. Service began on June 17,1929 with the flight between Dallas, Texas and Jackson, Mississippi. Delta moved its headquarters to its current location in Atlanta in 1941, and continued to grow through the addition of routes and they replaced propeller planes with jets in the 1960s and entered international competition to Europe in the 1970s and across the Pacific in the 1980s. Deltas more recent history is marked by its emergence from bankruptcy on April 25,2007, the merger was announced April 14,2008, and was set to create the worlds largest airline. After approval of the merger on October 29,2008, Northwest continued to operate as an owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31,2009 when both carriers operating certificates were merged. Delta completed the integration with Northwest on January 31,2010 when their reservation systems and websites were combined, Delta Air Lines as it exists today is the result of numerous mergers over its history. Predecessor carriers forming the current Delta Air Lines include, Chicago, Delta flew under the carrier name of Delta-C&S for the following two years. After successfully introducing 50-seat planes into the United States, it was acquired by Delta in October 1999, Comair became the main carrier of Delta Connection and operated over 400 daily flights from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport throughout the U. S. Mexico, and Caribbean. Comair ceased operations on September 29,2012, and was folded into Delta Connection operations, Delta Express began service in October 1996 in an attempt by Delta to compete with low cost airlines on leisure-oriented routes. Its main base of operations was Orlando International Airport and it used Boeing 737–200 aircraft and it ceased operations in November 2003 after Song was established. Song began service on April 15,2003 as an airline operated by Delta to compete directly with JetBlue Airways from both airlines hub at New York–JFK. While the brand was considered an addition to the Northeast-to-Florida market
17.
Regional airline
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Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. Operating as an independent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated communities, examples of this are Peninsula Airways, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands. Regional airlines began by operating propeller-driven aircraft over short routes, sometimes on flights of less than 100 miles, in the early days of commercial aviation few aircraft had ranges greater than this, and airlines were often formed to serve the area in which they formed. That is, there was no distinction between a regional airline and any other airline. This changed with the introduction of aircraft, which led to the development of the flag carrier airlines, such as British Overseas Airways Corporation. As the flag carriers grew in importance with increasing passenger traffic. This arrangement was formalized, forming the regional airlines. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs, notably the DC-3, were replaced by more capable turboprop or jet-powered designs like the Fokker F27 Friendship or BAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines, in the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of todays passenger air system. The U. S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network. A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the title Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R. E. G. One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airlines brand was Air Alpes of France, during 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery of Air France. NLMs KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years and this is encouraged with the Essential Air Service program that subsidizes airline service to smaller U. S. communities and suburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service. S. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay. It is common in the U. S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportations designation of major, national, the airlines fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets. To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, the definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media, beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges, some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past
18.
Endeavor Air
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Endeavor Air is an American regional airline that operates as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines. The airline was founded as Express Airlines I in 1985 and changed names to Pinnacle Airlines in 2002, in 2012, Pinnacles parent company filed for chapter 11 reorganization, then emerged as a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. The name of the airline was changed to Endeavor Air on August 1,2013, until the restructuring, Endeavor also operated hubs at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and Memphis International Airport. In March 2017, Endeavor announced it would be re-opening an Atlanta crew and maintenance base, by July 2017, Endeavor will have five crew and 10 maintenance bases. In February 1985, the airline was established as Express Airlines I, the airlines founder, Michael J. Brady, had planned to create several regional airlines under parent company Phoenix Airline Services, Inc, hence the roman numeral I in the name. Express I began its first code sharing agreement, in May 1985, Republic was the dominant carrier in Memphis but, in keeping with the hub-and-spoke concept, wanted to add more smaller cities and free up its larger DC-9 jets to serve longer stage-length routes. Express I accomplished this by adding service, operating as Republic Express, within six months, Express Airlines I was operating in ten markets using nine Jetstream 31s and two Saab 340 aircraft. On December 15,1985, a contract, with newly formed Express II, opened operations at Republic Airlines home base. Shortly after its creation, Express II was combined with Express I, by its first anniversary, Republic Express, as the service was known, was operating 20 Jetstream 31s and seven Saab 340s in 32 markets. Following regulatory and shareholder approvals, Northwest Airlines acquired Republic Airlines on October 1,1986, subsequently, the Republic Express brand merged with the Northwest Airlink brand. Over the next decade, Express I provided airline services as Northwest Airlink to 56 cities in the Southeast, in 1997, Northwest Airlines bought Express I from Phoneix Airline Services. On April 1,1997, Express I became a wholly owned subsidiary of Northwest Airlines, in order to consolidate the many Airlink systems operated at that time, Express I transferred flying at Minneapolis-St. Paul, allowing it to concentrate on the Memphis Hub. In August 1997, Express I moved its headquarters to Memphis. On May 7,1999, Express I announced a transition into the jet age by becoming the launch operator of the Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet at Northwest. Express I further expanded with the development of three additional Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul facilities related to CRJ operations, the primary CRJ MRO is located in Knoxville, Tennessee, and is capable of handling up to four aircraft under cover. Other two CRJ maintenance sites are located Indiana at South Bend and Fort Wayne, on May 8,2002, Express Airlines I changed its name to Pinnacle Airlines. A new holding company, Pinnacle Airlines Corporation, had created earlier that year. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc was moved from Northwest Airlines, Inc to Pinnacle Airlines Corporation, over the next decade, the parent company acquired other airlines, such as Colgan Air and Mesaba Airlines
19.
Mainline (aeronautics)
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A mainline flight is a flight operated by an airlines main operating unit, rather than by regional alliances, regional code-shares or regional subsidiaries. U. S. legacy carriers may operate branded mainline services using the flight crews. For example, United p. s. and American Flagship Service cater to the medium-haul transcontinental business segment, short-haul air shuttles, such as Delta Shuttle, operate at high frequency intervals between busy city pairs. The converse is not the case, mainline flight crews, with type ratings. Notes,1 Wholly owned subsidiaries with separate operating certificates flying regional jets under the regional branding.2 Branding used for feeder service. Operated either by a subsidiary or under contract by an independent regional airline.3 These independent airlines operate regional aircraft under codeshare agreements with a mainline carrier. Flag carrier, AA and early references to mainline, regional and B-scale
20.
Bombardier CRJ700 series
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The Bombardier CRJ700, CRJ900, and CRJ1000 are regional airliners manufactured by Bombardier and based on the CRJ200. Final assembly of the aircraft is at Montréal-Mirabel International Airport in Mirabel, Quebec, outside Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It accounts for over 20% of all jet departures in North America and globally the family more than 200,000 flights per month. Design work on the CRJ700 by Bombardier started in 1995 and the programme was launched in January 1997. The CRJ700 is a stretched 70-seat derivative of the CRJ200, seating ranges from 66 to 78 for the CRJ700 versions, however. The CRJ700 features a new wing leading edge slats and a stretched and slightly widened fuselage. The early build aircraft were equipped with two General Electric CF34-8C1 engines, however, later build aircraft are now equipped standard with the -8C5 model, which is essentially an uprated 8C1. Most airlines have replaced the engines with the newer model. Maximum speed is Mach 0.85 at an altitude of 12,500 m. Depending upon payload, the CRJ700 can travel up to 3,620 km with original engines, the CRJ700 comes in three versions, Series 700, Series 701, and Series 702. The 700 is limited to 68 passengers, the 701 to 70 passengers, the CRJ700 also has three fuel/weight options, standard, ER, and LR. The ER version has an increase in capacity as well as maximum weight. The LR increases those values further, the executive version is marketed as the Challenger 870. Its first flight took place on 27 May 1999, the aircrafts FAA Type Certificate designation is the CL-600-2C10. The CRJ700 first entered service with Brit Air in 2001. The CRJ700 directly competes with the Embraer 170, which typically seats 70 passengers, in 2006, the CRJ700 was featured in Microsoft Flight Simulator X as one of the demo aircraft. In 2008, the CRJ700 was replaced with the CRJ700 NextGen, featuring improved economics, in January 2011, SkyWest Airlines ordered four CRJ700 NextGen aircraft. The CRJ900 is a stretched 76–90 seat version of the CRJ700, the aircraft features two GE CF34-8C5 engines,59.4 kN thrust with APR, and added leading edge slats
21.
SkyWest Airlines
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SkyWest Airlines is a North American airline owned by SkyWest, Inc. and headquartered in St. George, Utah, U. S. Financially speaking and according to the Airlines for America definitions, SkyWest is a North American major airline, SkyWest however, operates on a regional airline level and is a member of the Regional Airline Association. SkyWest Airlines flies to 213 cities, in 44 states, six Canadian provinces and five cities in Mexico, the airline serves as a feeder airline, operating under contract with various major carriers. As of March 2017, SkyWest Airlines employed 12,119 people throughout North America, the airline averages 1,945 departures a day, with 785 operating as United Express,772 operating as Delta Connection,288 operating as American Eagle and 99 operating as Alaska Airlines. In total, SkyWest carried 30.1 million passengers in 2015, the current Chairman of SkyWest, Inc. is Jerry Atkin, with Russell Chip Childs serving as CEO. President and Chief Operating Officer of SkyWest Airlines is Michael Thompson, frustrated by the limited extent of existing air service, Ralph Atkin, a St. George, Utah lawyer, purchased Dixie Airlines to shuttle businessmen to Salt Lake City in 1972. After early struggles, SkyWest began an expansion across the western U. S. It became the eleventh largest regional carrier in 1984 when it acquired Sun Aire Lines of Palm Springs, California, in 1995, SkyWest began operating flights for Continental Airlines out of LAX. The relationship was discontinued two years later when SkyWest began flying for United Airlines, skyWests United Express flights out of SFO, LAX and DEN became its largest operation by the late 1990s. A partnership with Continental was revived in 2003 out of George Bush Intercontinental Airport, on August 15,2005, Delta sold Atlantic Southeast Airlines to the newly incorporated SkyWest, Inc. for $425 million in cash. The acquisition was completed on September 8,2005, in May 2011, SkyWest replaced six Horizon Air flights on the West Coast being operated for Alaska Airlines. The flights were based out of Seattle and Portland, and fly to several California cities including Fresno, Burbank, Santa Barbara, Alaska Airlines has similar agreements with PenAir for Alaskan flights and Horizon Air for flights in the lower 48. On September 6,2011, AirTran Airways ended its codesharing, shortly after, SkyWest began a codesharing agreement with US Airways to operate CRJ200 aircraft from US Airways hub in Phoenix, Arizona. On November 15,2012, SkyWest began a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines for 12 CRJ200 aircraft from Americans hub in Los Angeles, the airline also previously operated Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprops. In 1984, SkyWest was operating the largest Metro propjet fleet in the world with 26 aircraft and by 1991 the Metro fleet had grown to 35 aircraft with 15 Brasilia propjets being operated as well. By 1994, the first jet, a Canadair CRJ-100, was added to the fleet, in July 2012, SkyWest, Inc, agreed to purchase 100 Mitsubishi MRJ90. The aircraft are scheduled to service in 2017. In December 2012, SkyWest and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed a deal reached in July 2012 at the Farnborough Airshow for 100 MRJ90 aircraft, deliveries of the aircraft to SkyWest are scheduled to start in 2017
22.
Vancouver International Airport
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Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements and passengers and it has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, Mexico and other airports within Canada. The airport has won several notable international best airport awards, it won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2016. The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th, 8th and it is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results and it is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. It is also a base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities and it is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes. In 1929 the city of Vancouver purchased land on Sea Island for aviation purposes, the airport was a base for Royal Canadian Air Force training. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada. The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since expanded to include separate domestic. A north runway was completed in 1996, in 2011 the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. It has more flights than any other airport in Canada. Vancouver International Airport has two terminals, the Main Terminal and the South Terminal, free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. The Main Terminal is divided in two sections, the Domestic Terminal and the International Terminal, the majority of flights operate at the Main Terminal. The Domestic Terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt, the Domestic terminal consists of three concourses. Concourse A consists of six gates, A6 through A10. These gates are used by WestJet Encore, a new permanent ground-loading concourse is planned to start construction in 2016. Concourse B comprises gates B12 through B23 and B26 through B28, gates B14 to B17 have provisions allowing international arrivals in the future
23.
Comair
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Operating under the brand name Delta Connection, Comair operated passenger services to destinations in the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas. Comair and Delta Air Lines announced on July 27,2012, the airline was established in March 1977, and started operations in April 1977. Patrick J. Sowers, Robert T. Tranter, David Mueller, Comair suffered a fatal crash the year following their departure. Comair began scheduled services to Akron/Canton, Cleveland, and Evansville with two Piper Navajo aircraft, Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante twin-engine turboprop commuter aircraft were added to Comairs fleet in 1982. Under its parent Comair Holdings, it became a company in July 1981 to support the growth. In 1984, Comair became a Delta Connection carrier with Delta Air Lines establishment of a hub at CVG and that same year, Comair introduced its first international flights from Cincinanti to Toronto. In July 1986 Delta Air Lines acquired 20% of Comair stock, in 1992, Comair moved into Concourse C at CVG, as Delta Air Lines gradually continued to acquire more of the airlines stock. In 1993, Comair was the customer for the Canadair Regional Jet. By 1999, Comair was the largest regional airline in the country worth over 2 billion, Delta Air Lines acquired full ownership on October 22,1999 at a cost of over $2 billion. On March 26,2001, Comairs pilots went on strike, the strike cancelled the airlines flights and grounded its fleet. The strike ended 89 days later when a new contract was agreed to, however, there were seeds sown of a bitter animosity between the Delta pilot group and Comair. During the labor dispute in early 2001, there were some Delta pilots who contributed financially to the funds of Comair pilots. Like many legacy carriers, Delta furloughed a number of pilots after the September 11 attacks in 2001. While waiting to be recalled, some Delta pilots were able to work at some of the regionals such as Atlantic Southeast Airlines. This would intensify a rift between both parties, Comair came to nationwide attention during winter 2004 when it canceled all of its flights on Saturday, December 25 and Sunday, December 26, stranding 30,000 people. The reason was a combination of snow and a crew scheduling software flaw. On December 23 and 24, a record hit the Cincinnati area. With the area highways closed due to the blizzard, no additional deicing fluid could be delivered to the airport, after receiving necessary supplies overnight, the airline began the process of startup when the computer system that handled flight crew assignments shut down
24.
Embraer ERJ family
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The Embraer ERJ145 family is a series of twin-engine regional jets produced by Embraer, a Brazilian aerospace company. Family members include the ERJ135, ERJ140, and ERJ145, as well as the Legacy business jet, the ERJ145 is the largest of the group. Each jet in the series is powered by two turbofan engines, the familys primary competition comes from the Bombardier CRJ regional jets. In order to reduce the development cost, it used the EMB120 nose, the ERJ145 was launched at the Paris Airshow in 1989 as a stretched and turbofan-powered modification of the EMB120 Brasilia. Key components of this included, Straight wing Rear Fuselage-mounted engines Range of 2500 km. 75% parts commonality with the EMB120. By 1990, Embraer engineers found that results from wind-tunnel testing were less than satisfactory, the proposed modified design included a slightly swept wing with winglets, as well as engines mounted in underwing nacelles. This second design showed markedly better aerodynamic performance, but the combination of swept wings, the design evolved until late 1991, at which time it was frozen. However, the aircraft has sold well thus overcoming the initial setbacks, Embraer delivered 892 units of all variants through 2006, and predicted that another 102 units would be delivered in the 2007-2016 time period. The ERJ140 is based on the ERJ145 with 96% parts commonality, the only significant changes are a shorter fuselage, a slightly derated engine and an increased range. At launch, Embraer estimated the cost of an ERJ140 to be approximately US$15.2 million, the estimated cost of development of the ERJ140 was US$45 million. The ERJ135, with an entry date of 1999, has 95% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The ERJ145 seats 50 passengers, the ERJ140 seats 44, in 2003, Embraer entered a partnership with the Harbin Aircraft Industry Group of Harbin, China. After 13 years, its last delivery was done in March 2016, the EMB-145 Family of aircraft generally come equipped with two Rolls-Royce AE3007 series turbofan engines. The engines have a ratio of 5,1. The engines are controlled by two FADECs, the FADECs control virtually all aspects of the engine and send engine data to be displayed on the EICAS for the pilot. The Embraer ERJ145 Family typically comes equipped with the Honeywell Primus 1000 Avionics suite, the suite normally consists of five CRT display units or screens. From left to right, the system consists of a Primary Flight Display, Multi-Function Display, Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System, Multi-Function Display, the DUs are normally CRTs but can be upgraded to lighter LCD displays. These upgraded DUs also have added functionality, the first flight of the ERJ145 occurred on August 11,1995, with the first delivery in December 1996 to ExpressJet Airlines
25.
Atlantic Southeast Airlines
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It was a wholly owned subsidiary of SkyWest, Inc. ASA operated nearly 900 flights each day and its main hub was at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. ASA changed its name to ExpressJet in 2011, on March 12,1979, the company was incorporated as Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc. with headquarters established in the Atlanta area. June 27 saw the start of operations with one 19-passenger de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprop aircraft between Atlanta and Columbus, Georgia, from 1979 to 1999 the call sign for ASA was ACEY. In 1999 there was confusion with call sign for the Federal Aviation Administration - New Mexico based fighter unit with the call sign ACER. The FAA insisted one change call its sign and ASA was the one to change since they had used the sign for the least amount of time. June 27,1999 ASA changed to call sign CAA Candler after the founder of Coca-Cola, on March 15,2006 ASA was allowed to change its call sign back to ACEY, after the New Mexico fighter unit went defunct. Over the years, ASAs ICAO identifier changed from ASE to CAA to ACY to ASQ, the company went public when the initial stock offering was completed in 1982. The first of a fleet of Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante twin engine turboprop commuter airliners was delivered to ASA in December 1980, on April 1,1983 the company acquired Southeastern Airlines. About a year later, in 1984, ASA joined the Delta Connection Program as one of the first regional partners, after only a few years as a true regional airline, the company was named Regional Airline of the Year by Air Transport World in January 1987. ASA initiated jet service with introduction of British Aerospace BAe 146-200 aircraft in 1995, two years later, the company began using Canadair CRJ200 regional jets for service from its Atlanta hub. CRJ service from the Dallas/Fort Worth hub began in 2000, on September 8,1998 the company was honored as one of the global aviation and aerospace industrys best managed companies by Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine. Delta Air Lines acquired the company on March 22,1999, increasing its stake in Atlantic Southeast Airlines from 28% to 100%, in 2000, Comair, a Delta Connection partner, joined ASA in announcing industrys largest regional jet order. Also in 2000, ASA went international with flights to Toronto, Canada, in 2001, President Skip Barnette was named Regional Airline Executive of the year by the 2000 Commuter/Regional Airline News. Near the end of 2001, ASA carried the 2002 Olympic Flame between Miami, Florida and Mobile, Alabama, as part of Deltas sponsorship of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City. In 2002, ASA received and began using its first Delta Connection 70-seat Canadair CRJ700 aircraft, all previous CRJs were CRJ200 models, which only offered 50 seats. Also in 2002, ASA began service to its 100th airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Cincinnati, by June 2003, ASA had received its 100th CRJ. In 2004, a special-edition CRJ700 was delivered to ASA to celebrate its 25th anniversary of passenger service, shortly after the completion of the purchase by SkyWest, Inc. the decision was made to close ASAs Salt Lake City hub and transfer 12 of ASAs CRJ700s to SkyWest Airlines
26.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
27.
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
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Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the largest hub for American Airlines, which is headquartered near the airport,2016 was another record year for DFW, as the airport served 65,670,697 passengers. It is the third busiest airport in the world by aircraft movements and it is the busiest airport in the State of Texas by both passenger enplanements and by aircraft movements. It is the tenth busiest international gateway in the United States, with nearly 900 daily flights, American Airlines at DFW is the second largest airline hub in the world and the United States, only behind Deltas Atlanta hub. DFW Airport is larger than the island of Manhattan and is the second largest in acreage (18,076.297 among US airports, after Denver. It has its own post office ZIP code and United States Postal Service city designation, as well as its own police, fire protection, airports Council International named DFW Airport the best large airport in North America for passenger satisfaction. DFW Airport earned top marks among airports with more than 40 million passengers, beating out the likes of Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, as of March 2017, DFW Airport has service to 217 destinations, including 56 international and 161 domestic destinations within the U. S. As early as 1927, before the area had an airport, Fort Worth declined the offer and thus each city opened its own airport, Love Field and Meacham Field, each of which had scheduled airline service. In 1940 the Civil Aeronautics Administration earmarked $1.9 million for the construction of a Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport, after World War II, Fort Worth annexed the site and developed it into Amon Carter Field with the help of American Airlines. In 1953 Fort Worth transferred its flights from Meacham Field to the new airport. By the mid-1960s Fort Worth was getting 1% of Texas air traffic while Dallas was getting 49%, the joint airport proposal was revisited in 1961 after the Federal Aviation Administration refused to invest more money in separate Dallas and Fort Worth airports. Although the Fort Worth airport was abandoned, Dallas Love Field became congested and had no more room to expand. The land was purchased by the cities in 1966 and construction began in 1969, the North Texas Commission formed the North Texas Airport Commission to oversee the planning and construction of the giant airport. Area voters unanimously approved the referendum and the new North Texas Regional Airport would become a reality. Under the original 1967 airport design, DFW was to have pier-shaped terminals perpendicular to a central highway, the plan proposed thirteen such terminals, but only four were built initially. The attendees at the dedication included former Texas Governor John Connally, Transportation Secretary Claude Brinegar. Senator Lloyd Bentsen and Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe, the airport opened for commercial service as Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport on January 13,1974, at a cost of $700 million. The name change to Dallas/Fort Worth International did not occur until 1985, when it opened, DFW had four terminals, numbered 2W, 2E, 3E and 4E
28.
Ransome Airlines
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Ransome Airlines was a regional airline from the United States, headquartered at Northeast Philadelphia Airport near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The company was founded by J. Dawson Ransome in 1967, the initial network spanned along the East Coast from Philadelphia to Norfolk, and was served using a fleet of Volpar Model 18 11-seat airliners. In August 1970, Ransome Airlines started one of its first branding partnerships with Allegheny Airlines and this airline co-operation is seen as one of the earliest examples for a true codeshare agreement. Following the Airline Deregulation Act, Allegheny Airlines was renamed USAir in 1979, the Allegheny Commuter name was kept for some years, though, so that Ransome Airlines never operated as USAir Express. Between 1982 and 1984, Ransome returned to operating its point-to-point route network under its own brand name, which then spanned from Boston to Washington, D. C. In 1986, Pan American World Airways announced its intention to buy Ransome Airlines, Pan Am also recognized the ground breaking work done by Hank Ransome with regards to operating into Washington National Airport by utilizing the DHC-7s unique capabilities. Until Hank Ransoms efforts were approved, only one runway was capable of being utilized at a time, the DHC-7 would, normally, land and hold short until crossing permission was received by ground control. This unique STUB operation was an addition to Pan Ams route structure as it did not require a landing slot from ATC due to the aircrafts ability to operate on non-active crossing runways. When the acquisition was finalized in June 1987, Ransome was renamed Pan Am Express, though, operating a fleet of newly delivered ATR42s, henceforth, the airline codes PA and PXX were used. To meet the demands of Pan Am, the structure of the network saw a number of profound changes. In November 1987, a number of two ATRs was used to open up a regional network at Tegel Airport in West Berlin. Pan Am maintained a hub there because, due to the status of the city, only airlines from the United States. By 1990, Pan Am Express operated scheduled flights to 12 destinations in northern and central Europe from Tegel, New York was linked to 14 airports in the northeastern United States, also, feeder flights into Miami International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport were maintained. Throughout its history, the base at Northeast Philadelphia Airport was kept. The European and Miami centered networks were subsequently discontinued, with John F. Kennedy International Airport becoming the hub for TWE. From there,20 destinations throughout the northeastern US were served by 1993, by then, the airline had gotten rid of its Dash 7s, with the ATR42 remaining the only aircraft type in the fleet. The route network at JFK Airport was taken over by Trans States Airlines, over the years, Ransome Airlines operated the following aircraft types
29.
Pan American World Airways
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It was also a founding member of the International Air Transport Association, the global airline industry association. Identified by its blue logo, the use of the word Clipper in aircraft names and call signs, and the white pilot uniform caps. In an era dominated by flag carriers that were wholly or majority government-owned, during most of the jet era, Pan Ams flagship terminal was the Worldport located at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. Arnold and Spaatz drew up the prospectus for Pan American when SCADTA hired a company in Delaware to obtain air mail contracts from the U. S. government. Pan American was able to obtain the U. S. mail delivery contract to Cuba and their operation had the all-important landing rights for Havana, having acquired American International Airways, a small airline established in 1926 by John K. Bevier as a service from Key West, Florida, to Havana. ACA met its deadline of having an air service operating by October 19,1927 by chartering a Fairchild FC-2 floatplane from a small Dominican Republic carrier. The Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways company was established on October 11,1927 by New York City investment banker Richard Hoyt and this company merged with PAA and ACA on June 23,1928. Richard Hoyt was named as president of the new Aviation Corporation of the Americas, Trippe became operational head of Pan American Airways, the new companys principal operating subsidiary. The government further helped Pan Am by insulating it from its U. S. competitors, the airline expanded internationally, benefiting from a virtual monopoly on foreign routes. Trippe and his associates planned to extend Pan Ams network through all of Central, by the end of the year, Pan Am offered flights along the west coast of South America to Peru. Its Brazilian subsidiary NYRBA do Brasil was later renamed as Panair do Brasil, Pan Am also partnered with Grace Shipping Company in 1929 to form Pan American-Grace Airways, better known as Panagra, to gain a foothold to destinations in South America. The Aviation Corporation of the Americas changed its name to Pan American Airways Corporation in 1931, during the day, use of the compass while judging drift from sea currents was normal procedure, at night, all flight crews were trained to use celestial navigation. In bad weather, pilots used dead reckoning and timed turns, making landings at fogged-in harbors by landing out to sea. Many pilots had merchant marine certifications and radio licenses as well as pilot certificates, before World War II it was not unusual for a captain to make engine repairs at remote locations. Pan Ams mechanics and support staff were similarly trained, newly hired applicants were frequently paired with experienced flight mechanics in several areas of the company until they had achieved proficiency in all aircraft types. Many crews supported repair operations by flying in spare parts to planes stranded overseas, Pan Am started its South American routes with Consolidated Commodore and Sikorsky S-38 flying boats. The S-40, larger than the eight-passenger S-38, began flying for Pan Am in 1931, carrying the nicknames American Clipper, Southern Clipper, and Caribbean Clipper, they were the first of the series of 28 Clippers that symbolized Pan Am between 1931 and 1946
30.
Rio Airways
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Rio Airways was a regional passenger airline headquartered in Killeen, Texas, United States, which was operational from 1967 to 1987. Rio Airways operated briefly in an arrangement with Delta Air Lines whereby Rio flights were booked. Prior to the Delta Connection, Rio Airways operated independently but shared terminal gates at the DFW airport first with Texas International Airlines, prior to operations at DFW it operated at Dallas Love Field, having its roots in two smaller commuter air carriers, Dal Airways and Hood Airways. The company hired replacement pilots from across the country, many of whom arrived to discover the airline under a labor dispute, Rio acquired competitor Davis Airlines of College Station, Texas in 1979 and began service to that city. On February 15,1983 an Iranian man, Hussein Shey Kholya, the plane landed in Nuevo Laredo. Ted C Connell Chairman Of Board, Mark S Connell Vice Chairman of Board, Pete Howe, only in print media were Rios aircraft ever illustrated in TranStar SkyLink brandings
31.
Business Express Airlines
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Business Express Airlines, often referred to as Business Express or BizEX, was an American regional airline founded as Atlantic Air in 1982. In an effort to appeal to its predominantly business commuter clientele, in 1986 Pilgrim Airlines, which itself had acquired NewAir about a year prior, was acquired by the airline. This opened the valuable New York and Washington, D. C. markets, shortly thereafter, Business Express became one of Delta Air Liness first Delta Connection carriers, along with Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Comair and SkyWest Airlines. Business Express utilized the FAA designator of GAA and the code of HQ. At one point, it was headquartered in Westport, Connecticut, in 1995, BizEx was headquartered in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Later in its life, BizEX was headquartered in Dover, New Hampshire, in 1998, the airline tried to relocate its headquarters and maintenance facility to the south side of Portland International Jetport. The airline ultimately did not move its headquarters and maintenance facility, in the mid-1990s, the airline negotiated an unconventional second code share agreement with Northwest Airlines, becoming the Northwest Airlink regional affiliate in New England and Eastern Canada. These new affiliations were part of an expansion scheme that included longer-range flying beyond the Northeast. The jet age arrived at Business Express through acquisition of Pilgrim Airlines in 1986, through this transaction, the growing airline acquired a single Fokker F28 Fellowship twin jet aircraft, but chose not to operate it due to concerns of profitability. The Avro RJ-70 was a version of the BAe 146. Jet routes included international feeder service to Deltas transatlantic hub at JFK, with service to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, boston-based jet service included service along the Eastern Seaboard to Baltimore, Norfolk, and Richmond. In an effort to establish a regional identity, Business Express launched the Fly BEX Jets program in 1994 on the Boston-Baltimore-Washington sector. The aggressive marketing scheme offered free round-trip flight vouchers for every round-trip flown on BAe-146 aircraft, the program was popular and heightened awareness, however failed to generate significant revenue. Using its radial approach to development, Business Express launched service to Milwaukees General Mitchell International Airport in 1994. Apart from its independent Northwest Airlink codeshare on Minneapolis-Aspen/Snowmass service, Milwaukee was the westernmost destination of the fully integrated BEX system and its severely weather-affected market in the Northeast, Canada, and Upper Midwest made Southern routes both attractive and potentially feasible. Nevertheless, Business Express was unable to penetrate Southern vacation travel markets due to overlap with other Delta Connection carriers in Cincinnati, the airline lacked true feed into one of Deltas largest mainline hubs. Constricted by a fierce operating culture in the Northeast and lack of viable markets, the airline never took full delivery of the Avro RJ-70 order. BAe146-200s were replaced by five Avro RJ70s that operated primarily in the New York to Cleveland and Detroit markets, with the jet program launch, a new and fully integrated interior overhaul was undertaken beginning in 1993
32.
AMR Corporation
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AMR filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 2011, and merged with US Airways Group on December 9,2013 to form American Airlines Group, Inc. On November 29,2011, AMR Corporation filed for Chapter 11 reorganization bankruptcy with $4 billion of cash, American Airlines stated that despite the filing it was continuing normal operations. Chairman and CEO Gerard Arpey stepped down and was replaced by company president Thomas W. Horton, American was the last of the remaining legacy airlines in the US to file for bankruptcy, and thus there are no remaining legacy carriers that have not taken advantage of Chapter 11. The Air Transport Association group said that unofficial research states that AMR was the 100th airline company to go into bankruptcy protection since 1990, on December 2,2011, AMR Corporation was replaced by Alaska Air Group in the Dow Jones Transportation Average. In February 2012 the company announced that in order to cut operating costs and boost revenue, it would eliminate 13,000 jobs and this was projected to cut 20 percent—$2 billion—of operating costs and raise revenue by $1 billion. Since 2001, accumultive losses of the company was $11 billion, the new CEO said there would probably be job cuts due to reduction to the flight schedule. On February 1,2012, Horton announced that they would be cutting 13,000 jobs and restructuring pension benefits, after losing $884M in the first nine months of 2011 and $904M in December 2011 alone. In January 2012, US Airways Group expressed interest to take over American Airlines and the AMR CEO said in March, US Airways has told some American Airlines creditors that merging the two carriers could yield more than $1.5 billion a year in added revenue and cost savings. On 20 April 2012, American Airlines three unions said they support a merger between American and US Airways. In July 2012, American announced capacity cuts due to the grounding of several associated with its bankruptcy. Americans regional airline, American Eagle, will retire 35 to 40 regional jets as well as its Saab turboprop fleet, as of September 2012, Americans unions are looking to merge with another airline. Reports are the possible merger partners AMR is looking at are, US Airways, JetBlue, Alaska Airlines, Frontier, on February 14,2013, AMR and US Airways Group officially announced that the two companies would merge to form the largest airline in the world. In the deal, which is expected to close in the quarter of 2013, bondholders of AMR will own 72% of the new company. The combined airline would carry the American Airlines name and branding, while the US Airways management team, including CEO Doug Parker, headquarters for the new airline were consolidated at Americans current headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. AMR president and CEO Thomas W. Horton was replaced as CEO by the current CEO of US Airways, Horton remained as chairman of the merged business, while US Airways president Scott Kirby became president of the merged company. American Airlines Marketing Services LLC American Airlines Realty Holdings, Inc, American Airlines Vacations LLC American Aviation Supply LLC Packcall Limited AA Real Estate Holding GP LLC AA Real Estate Holding L. P. American Airlines IP Licensing Holding, LLC Texas Aero Engine Services, L. L. C, dba TAESL * Americas Ground Services, aerodespachos de Colombia, SA Caribbean Dispatch Services, Ltd. American Airlines, Division de Servicios Aeroportuarios, S. A, international Ground Services, S. A. de C. V
33.
Envoy Air
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Envoy Air Inc. is an air carrier headquartered in Irving, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. It is an owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group that, along with several carriers outside the group. With over 1,800 flights a day, serving 159 cities across the United States, Canada, Mexico, Envoy is an affiliate member of the Oneworld airline alliance. Envoy began as a collection of regional carriers with contracts to carry the American Eagle brand name, metroflight utilized Convair 580 turboprop aircraft that had been formerly operated by Frontier Airlines. Other carriers that have flown in American Eagle livery include Executive Airlines, Command Airways, Air Virginia, Simmons Airlines, Chaparral Airlines, until 1987 these third-party carriers flew under contract with American Airlines to provide regional feed to its hubs. During 1987 and 1988 AMR Corp. acquired its regional carriers, aMRs final airline d/b/a American Eagle acquisition was Executive Airlines in 1989. By mid-1991 AMR had consolidated the number of carriers to four, in 2008, AMR said any plans had been put on hold until the airline industry stabilized after the worldwide financial crisis. In July 2011, AMR announced the spin-off of American Eagle Airlines, in 2014 the company changed its name to Envoy Air Inc. but American Eagle continues to live on as a brand, as well as livery for Envoy-operated and third party-operated regional flights. In January 1988, Nashville Eagle became AMR Corp. ’s first and only start-up airline, American Eagle Airlines launched its regional jet service in May 1998 using Embraer ERJ145 aircraft. The headquarters is in Irving, Texas, in two buildings located north of the northeast portion of DFW Airport. It was scheduled to consolidate operations and move 600 employees, from the headquarters, SOC and these services were known as the Trans World Connection. These American Eagle Airlines/Trans World agreements were forged prior to and well in advance of AMR Corporations route, until April 11,2012, the carrier also had a codeshare agreement with Delta Air Lines on California routes. On January 14,2014, American Airlines Group officially announced the rebranding of its American Eagle subsidiary as Envoy and this name change was created to avoid confusion when American Airlines announced that other regional carriers would operate on behalf of American. The term Envoy is a reincarnation of the now deprecated Envoy Class of seating on US Airways aircraft, the deal included options for 90 other aircraft to be operated by the regional carrier. Delivery of the aircraft would begin in the first quarter of 2015 and this deal was voted down by the pilots union, the Air Line Pilots Association. Envoy was awarded 40 new Embraer E175 aircraft with 90 options, deliveries began on November 13,2015. In October 2016, Envoy announced they had taken delivery of two additional Embraer E175 aircraft, currently, no turboprop aircraft are flown on any American Eagle branded passenger services, except Piedmont airlines. Piedmont Airlines is operating a fleet of Bombardier Dash 8 turboprop aircraft as American Eagle, during the incident, in which no one was injured, the autopilot disconnected, the stall alarm/clacker sounded, and the plane rolled sharply left and right, experienced vibration, and pitched down
34.
Western Airlines
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The airline also served other international destinations such as London, England and Nassau, Bahamas during its existence. Western had hubs at Los Angeles International Airport, Salt Lake City International Airport, before it merged with Delta Air Lines it was headquartered at Los Angeles International Airport. The companys slogan for years was Western Airlines. The Only Way To Fly. In 1925, the United States Postal Service began to give contracts to carry air mail throughout the country. Western Airlines first incorporated in 1925 as Western Air Express by Harris Hanshue and it applied for, and was awarded, the 650-mile long Contract Air Mail Route #4 from Salt Lake City, Utah to Los Angeles. On 17 April 1926, Westerns first flight took place with a Douglas M-2 airplane and it began offering passenger services a month later, when the first commercial passenger flight took place at Woodward Field. Tomlinson perched atop U. S. mail sacks and flew with pilot C. N, jimmy James on his regular eight-hour mail delivery flight to Los Angeles. The company reincorporated in 1928 as Western Air Express Corp, then, in 1930, purchased Standard Air Lines, subsidiary of Aero Corp. of Ca. founded in 1926 by Paul E. Richter, Jack Frye and Walter Hamilton. WAE with Fokker aircraft merged with Transcontinental Air Transport to form Trans World Airlines, in 1934, Western Air Express was severed from TWA and briefly changed its name to General Air Lines, returning to the name Western Air Express after several months. In a 1934 press release by the company, it called itself the Western Air Division of General Air Lines, in 1941 Western Air Express changed its name to Western Air Lines and later to Western Airlines. The carrier also billed itself as Western Airlines International at one point, Western was later awarded a route between Minneapolis and Salt Lake City via Casper, Wyoming, thus allowing the airline to develop from a large regional airline into a major mainline air carrier. This growth also enabled the airline to introduce Douglas DC-6, Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops, the airlines president was Terrell Terry Drinkwater. Drinkwater got into a dispute with the administration in Washington D. C. that severely hampered WALs growth. Pressured in a phone call by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to buy American made aircraft, Drinkwater reportedly responded, Mr. President, you run your country. Manufacture while their competitors fleets included aircraft that had built in Europe by British or French companies. In August 1953 Western was serving 38 airports, by June 1968, that number had only grown to 42 airports. Western entered the jet age in 1960 when it introduced Boeing 707 jetliners with flights between Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, OR and Seattle, in 1967 WAL acquired Pacific Northern Airlines, which served the state of Alaska from Anchorage and Seattle. In the late 1960s Western aimed for a fleet, adding Boeing 707-320s, 727-200s and 737-200s to their fleet of 720Bs
35.
Trans States Airlines
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Trans States Airlines, along with Compass Airlines and GoJet Airlines, is owned by Trans States Holdings and is headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. As of 2011, Trans States Airlines employed 650 people throughout North America, the airline currently operates over 240 daily flights in 70 cities as United Express for United Airlines and American Eagle for American Airlines. In total, TSA carried 3.6 million passengers in 2015, the company began operations as Resort Air in 1982. In 1985, the company entered into an agreement with Trans World Airlines to operate as Trans World Express serving six cities in Missouri, Resort Air changed its name to Trans States Airlines in 1989. By 1999, Trans States was operating BAe Jetstream 31 flights from LAX as US Airways Express nonstop to just four destinations in California, Fresno, Palm Springs, San Diego and Santa Barbara. On the east coast, in 1995 TSA began operations as a code share feeder airline into New York City JFK Airport as United Express, crew domiciles are located in Chicago-OHare, Denver, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis, and Washington-Dulles. Trans States currently flies as American Eagle and United Express, American Eagle flights are operated from the New York-LaGuardia hub. United Express are operated from the Chicago-OHare, Denver, Houston-Intercontinental, Trans States Holdings holds conversion rights to take the smaller, 76-seat MRJ70 instead of the 92-seat MRJ90 dependent on the scope clause environment by the time the airline takes delivery. It has not been announced what subsidiary these aircraft will operate for, Compass, GoJet, in April 2013, Trans States Airlines began taking delivery of six former Passaredo Linhas Aéreas ERJ-145s. In 2015 Trans States began parking their United Express ERJ-145ERs, in exchange for ERJ-145XRs transferred from ExpressJet Airlines, both pilots and one passenger sustained minor injuries. None of the 29 passengers were injured, september 4,2011 Trans States Airlines Flight 3363 originating from Chicago IL, operated as a United Express flight, left the runway during landing at Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport. The aircraft, with 44 passengers on board, sustained damage to the gear and belly. There were no injuries to passengers or crew, the passengers disembarked via mobile stairs and were bussed to the terminal
36.
Independence Air
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Its route network focused on the East Coast of the United States, but it also extended to the West Coast. The route network was based at Washington Dulles International Airport and it ceased all operations at 8,24 p. m. UTC-5 on January 5,2006. The airline had been in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy since November 7,2005, there had been discussion of a last-minute deal that could save the airline, but that did not happen. Independence Air started life as Atlantic Coast Airlines on December 15,1989, operating feeder services as United Express for United Airlines and Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines. After United withdrew the contract when the ACA labor and management would not agree to the concessions it requested and it was announced on November 19,2003, and operations as Independence Air began on June 16,2004. At its inception, it was unique among low-cost carriers in that its fleet consisted of 50-seat regional jets. The airline was also credited with helping to reduce fares to, from the beginning, the airline faced criticism. Further, industry experts believed that the reasons behind the failure were not problems with the low-cost strategy. Problems, including flights flying far below capacity, were identified in October 2004, on May 20,2004, even prior to its inaugural flight, Independence Air signed a deal with the Washington Redskins to become the official airline sponsor of the team for three years. In the summer of 2005, the offered the GLiDE Summer Travel Pass for college students. Upon paying $250, the customer would be able to fly at no cost from May 1-Aug 31 and this move was meant not to bring in revenue, but to try to fill seats that otherwise would have flown empty. This promotional tool was not enough to prevent trouble, due in part to the airline losing almost $150 million in its two years of operation. They also attracted attention from their partnership with the Laugh Factory, Independence Air also invested in a fleet of 20 promotional vehicles, dubbed Jet Trucks. Modified pickup trucks were painted in the livery and featured an aircraft tail attached to the trucks bed. Jet Trucks were featured at all events and activities, where employees would handout information. Rather than having these vehicles sit in the office parking lot between events,10 trucks were allocated for employee use to increase public exposure. Independence Air had its headquarters in Loudoun Gateway III in the Loudoun Gateway Corporate Center in Dulles, unincorporated Loudoun County, Virginia. The facility is located at the intersection of Virginia Route 28 and Virginia Route 606,1 mile north of the Dulles Toll Road, the three-story,76,557 square feet building has an about 25,000 RSF floor plate
37.
Washington Dulles International Airport
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Washington Dulles International Airport is an international airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia, United States,26 miles west of downtown Washington, D. C. The airport serves the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area, centered on the District of Columbia, the airport is named after John Foster Dulles, the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Dulles main terminal is a landmark designed by Eero Saarinen. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles Airport occupies 13,000 acres straddling the Loudoun-Fairfax line, most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles, in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County. Dulles is the one of the three airports in the larger Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area with more than 21 million passengers a year. On a typical day, more than 60,000 passengers pass through Washington Dulles to, however, Dulles Airport now ranks behind both Baltimore-Washington International Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in total annual passenger boardings. Prior to World War II, Hoover Field was the commercial airport serving Washington. It was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941, after the war, in 1948, the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nations capital. Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region. One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County, while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince Georges County, the civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor. The airport was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on November 17,1962, as originally opened, the airport had three runways. Its original name, Dulles International Airport, was changed in 1984 to Washington Dulles International Airport, the main terminal was designed in 1958 by famed Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen and it is highly regarded for its graceful beauty, suggestive of flight. In the 1990s the main terminal at Dulles was reconfigured to allow space between the front of the building and the ticket counters. Additions at both ends of the main terminal more than doubled the structures length, the original terminal at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Taoyuan, Taiwan was modeled after the Saarinen terminal at Dulles. The design included a landscaped man-made lake to collect rainwater, a hotel. The first scheduled flight at Dulles was an Eastern Air Lines Super Electra turboprop from Newark International Airport in New Jersey on November 19,1962. Airport operations grew along with Virginia suburbs and the Dulles Technology Corridor, perimeter, in 1969, Dulles had 2.01 million passengers while National had 9.9 million. The era of jumbo jets began on January 15,1970, rather than a traditional champagne bottle, red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft
38.
Embraer E-Jet family
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The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body medium-range twin-engine jet airliners produced by Brazilian aerospace conglomerate Embraer. Launched at the Paris Air Show in 1999, and entering production in 2002, the aircraft is used by mainline and regional airlines around the world. As of 30 September 2015, there is a backlog of 263 firm orders for the E-Jets,433 options and 1158 units delivered, the Embraer E-Jets line is composed of two main commercial families and a business jet variant. The smaller E170 and E175 make up the model aircraft. The E190 and E195 are stretched versions, with different engines and larger wing, horizontal stabilizer, the 170 and 175 share 95% commonality, as do the 190 and 195. The two families share near 89% commonality, with identical fuselage cross-sections and avionics, featuring the Honeywell Primus Epic Electronic flight instrument system suite, the E-jets also have winglets to improve efficiency. All E-Jets use four-abreast seating and have a design, which Embraer developed for its commercial passenger jets. The E190/195 series of aircraft have capacities similar to the versions of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 737. The E-Jets have turbofan engines designed to reduce noise, which allows them to operate in airports that have strict noise restrictions, such as London City Airport. Embraer first disclosed that it was studying a new 70-seat aircraft, the EMB170 was to feature a new wing and larger-diameter fuselage mated to the nose and cockpit of the ERJ145. In February 1999, Embraer announced it had abandoned the approach in favour of an all-new design. The E-jet family was launched at the Paris Air Show on 14 June 1999 as ERJ-170 and ERJ-190, designations later changed to EMBRAER170. Production of parts to build the prototype and test airframes began in July 2000, the first prototype rolled out on October 29,2001 at São José dos Campos, Brazil. Its first flight occurred on February 19,2002, marking the beginning of a flight test campaign. Full production began in 2002, at a new factory built by Embraer at its São José dos Campos base, after several delays in the certification process, the E170 received type certification from the aviation authorities of Brazil, Europe and the United States in February 2004. In November 2011, Embraer announced that it would develop revamped versions of the E-Jets family with improved engines, rather than an all-new aircraft. The new variants are to be powered by new more efficient engines with larger diameter fans, and include slightly taller landing gear, the new E-Jet variants are to be better-positioned to compete with the Bombardier CSeries. The new variants are to service in 2018
39.
Shuttle America
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Shuttle America Corporation was an American regional airline based in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Shuttle America also operated two of three Delta Shuttle East Coast routes, serving Washington, D. C. and Chicago from New York-LaGuardia, Shuttle America merged into Republic Airlines on January 31st,2017. Shuttle Americas first route was Hartford, Connecticut to Buffalo, New York, Shuttle America got much publicity for their launch because of their super-low $29 fares. Shuttle Americas first aircraft, registered N801SA, was a 50-seat Bombardier Dash 8-300 with leather seats, Shuttle America had rapid growth in its first year, adding more aircraft and destinations. In 1999, Shuttle America made a move to reach the Boston market. Instead of choosing the busy Logan Airport in East Boston, Shuttle America chose a regional airport. Located in Bedford, Massachusetts, just 12 miles west of Boston, with free parking, rental cars, and convenience to the I-95 highway, it was promoted as Hassle-free Hanscom Field. From Hanscom, Shuttle America served Buffalo, LaGuardia Airport in New York, Trenton, New Jersey, at that time Trenton, New Jersey was acting as a hub because of its central location in their route network. At the peak time of their operation without codeshares, the airline was flying six Dash 8-300 aircraft, additional destinations in their route network during this time period include Albany, New York, Islip, New York, Norfolk, Virginia, and Wilmington, Delaware. Despite the success in quickly expanding throughout the region, the airline attained financial trouble with its growth, in 2001, Shuttle America was purchased by Wexford Holdings LLC. who at the time also owned Chautauqua Airlines. Shuttle America then started flying as US Airways Express in an agreement, adding service to US Airways Philadelphia and Pittsburgh hubs as well as seasonal service to Marthas Vineyard. At the same time, Shuttle America was transitioning to the smaller Dash 8-100, the Dash 8-100s had been leased from Allegheny Airlines and were a temporary stop gap measure to allow for the spool up of the Saab 340 fleet. In 2002, Shuttle America moved its headquarters to Fort Wayne, in spring 2005, it was purchased by Republic Airways Holdings for $1 million. In October 2008, an operating partnership was established with Mokulele Airlines to feed their hub in Honolulu with three aircraft. Republic Airways Holdings merged Shuttle America and Chautauqua Airlines by the end of 2014 to reduce costs, as Republic Airways Holdings entered bankruptcy protection in February 2016, they announced that they would be merging the Shuttle America certificate into Republic Airlines operations. Shuttle America operated its last Embraer ERJ-145 service on September 30,2016, on the evening of January 30th,2017, Shuttle America ceased operations and all remaining aircraft and crew were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc. certificate. Shuttle America had five crew member bases at the time of its merger into Republic, Columbus, Chicago OHare, Indianapolis, Newark and its fleet was made up solely of Embraer 170 jetliners with a two-cabin seating configuration. For United Airlines, Shuttle America operated the E-170 in a configuration of 6 First Class seats
40.
Freedom Airlines
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Freedom Airlines, Inc. was an American FAA Part 121 certificated air carrier operating under air carrier certificate number FDKA087K issued on April 1,2002. The Nevada Corporation was headquartered in Irving, Texas and a subsidiary of Mesa Air Group and it operated flights as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines serving Deltas hub at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Hebron, KY, near Cincinnati, OH using EMB145 aircraft. Freedoms base moved to Cincinnati from New York City in July 2009, a commuter airline flying as Freedom Airlines operated independent passenger service during the 1980s with Convair 580 and Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprops. This earlier version of Freedom Airlines served the eastern U. S. including destinations in Massachusetts, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, the airline was established in March 2002 and started operations in October 2002. It was the customer for the Bombardier CRJ-900. The airline was started so that Mesa Air Group could fulfill its obligations to operate the CRJ-900 as America West Express for America West Airlines. Establishing Freedom was necessary as Mesa Airlines was also operating as US Airways Express under a share agreement for US Airways. Mesa Airlines, therefore, could not operate as US Airways Express, initially Freedom operated the Bombardier CRJ-700 and CRJ-900 on behalf of America West Airlines. Once US Airways pilot scope limitation was relaxed, Mesa transferred the operation of all of Freedoms regional jets to Mesa Airlines, once this transfer was complete Freedom placed 1 Beech 1900D turboprop on its certificate in order to keep the certificate active. In October 2005, Freedom Airlines began operations as Delta Connection, on April 7,2008, Mesa Air Group, the parent company of Freedom Airlines, entered litigation about contractual obligations with Delta Air Lines. Delta attempted to terminate the ERJ-145 contract due to supposed failures to meet completion in 3 of the last 6 months, since then, the ERJ-145 fleet has been reduced to 22 operating aircraft along with 5 spares. In August 2008, Mesa announced that Delta was terminating Freedoms contract to operate CRJ-900 aircraft, however, unlike the ERJ-145 contract, Deltas attempt to cancel the contract was successful. The seven CRJ-900s were returned to Delta with no financial obligation to Mesa. They were being operated by Pinnacle Airlines until they receive the last of their CRJ-900s orders, after that,5 are operated by Mesaba Airlines. The other 2 are operated by Atlanta-based Atlantic Southeast Airlines, in May 2010, a federal judge ruled against regional carrier Mesa Air Group in the long-running dispute with Delta Air Lines over the larger carriers right to cancel a regional jet service contract. Mesa said in a statement that it may now have to lay off 500 workers at its Freedom Airline subsidiary because 22 of its regional jets will be without work, on August 31,2010, the last flight for Freedom Airlines operated. The Freedom Airlines fleet at the time it ceased operations consisted of the following aircraft, Mesa Air Group Website
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Bombardier CRJ200
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The Bombardier CRJ100 and CRJ200 are a family of regional airliners manufactured by Bombardier, and based on the Canadair Challenger business jet. These regional jet models were known as the Canadair CRJ100 and CRJ200. The aircraft was based on the Canadair Challenger design, which was purchased by Canadair from Bill Lear in 1976 and that lengthening did not occur, the effort being canceled in 1981, but the idea did not disappear. In 1987, studies began for a more ambitious stretched configuration. The Canadair name was retained despite the fact that Bombardier had bought out the company, the type obtained certification in late 1992, with initial delivery to customers late in that year. The CL-600 design was stretched 5.92 meters to create the CRJ100, with fuselage plugs fore and aft of the wing, typical seating was 50 passengers, the maximum load being 52 passengers. It was followed by the CRJ100 ER subvariant with 20% more range, the CRJ100 SE sub-variant was produced to more closely meet the needs of corporate and executive operators. The CRJ200 is identical to the 100 model except for more efficient engines, Pinnacle Airlines had operated some with 44 seats, designated as CRJ440, with closets in the forward areas of the passenger cabin though these were converted to 50 seat airplanes. S. Similarly, Comairs fleet of 40-seat CRJ200s were sold at a price to discourage Comair from purchasing the less expensive. There is also a CRJ200 freighter version which is designated CRJ200 PF which was developed in cooperation with Cascade Aerospace on the request of West Air Sweden, several models of the CRJ have been produced, ranging in capacity from 40 to 50 passengers. The Regional Jet designations are marketing names and the designation is CL-600-2B19. CRJ100 The CRJ100 is the original 50-seat version and it is equipped with General Electric CF34-3A1 engines. Operators include Air Georgian and RwandAir, among others, CRJ200 The CRJ200 is identical to the CRJ100 except for its engines, which were upgraded to the CF34-3B1 model, offering improved efficiency. CRJ200PF Package freighter version of CRJ200, CRJ440 Certified up to 44-seat, this version was designed with fewer seats in order to meet the needs of some major United States airlines. Challenger 800/850 A business jet variant of the CRJ200 CRJ500 Proposed 50-seat version with wing, since the project was terminated and production stopped, no new CRJ-200/100s have been produced, but over the years maintenance and newer technologies have added to the planes. Some of the larger versions such as the CRJ700 have begun the processes of adding Wi-Fi access on board the aircraft, but no project has begun for the CRJ200/100 to implement Wi-Fi compatibility. U. S. airlines are accelerating retirement of these 50-seat regional jets because rising fuel prices were making them uneconomical to operate, the retirements are also reducing the value of their parts. Airlines are slowly replacing the jet with more modern aircraft like the Embraer E-175, the aircrafts captain was the sole fatality
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