1.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
2.
Tama River
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The Tama River is a major river in Yamanashi, Kanagawa and Tokyo Prefectures on Honshū, Japan. It is officially classified as a Class 1 river by the Japanese government and its total length is 138 kilometres, and the total of the rivers basin area spans 1,240 square kilometres. The river flows through Tokyo, on the line between Tokyo and Kanagawa. In the city, its banks are lined with parks and sports fields and its source is located at Mt. Kasadori in Koshu in Yamanashi Prefecture. From there, it flows eastward into mountainous western Tokyo, where the Ogōchi Dam forms Lake Okutama, below the dam, it takes the name Tama and flows eastwards through Chichibu Tama Kai National Park towards Ōme, Tokyo. It then flows southeast between Tama Hills and Musashino Terrace, at Hamura is the source of the historic Tamagawa Aqueduct built by the Tamagawa brothers in 1653 to supply water to Edo. Further downstream, the forms the boundary between Tokyo and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture. Its mouth on the heavily industrialised Tokyo Bay is next to Haneda Airport, Tama River is very prone to flooding, and has wrought havoc on surrounding areas throughout history. On occasions the river changed its course after massive floods. As a result, there are locations where the place names on opposing sides of the river are the same. The current course was set as a result of a 1590 flood, levees have been in place for hundreds of years, but floodwaters have breached them numerous times in history. The levees have not been breached since 1974, projects to further upgrade the levees have been underway since 1990. As with most major rivers in Japan, the levees are some distance away from the river itself to accommodate the extra floodwater. Rapid post-war urbanization of surrounding areas took its toll on Tama River, pollution control measures and the rivers official designation as a wildlife protection zone have now led to the return of many species. Carp, rainbow trout, cherry salmon, iwana, ugui, recent moves to fit weirs with fish ladders have resulted in a steep increase in the numbers of ayu migrating upstream. Other fish such as loach inhabit the river, as do crabs, turtles, Japanese cormorants, kingfishers, white wagtails, spot-billed ducks, grey herons, little egrets, Japanese white-eyes, Mandarin ducks, and black-headed gulls are among birds often seen at the river. Various types of ducks have made a comeback after the 1969 designation of the river as a protection zone. The expanse of greenery between the levees and the river itself attract additional wildlife, in the summer of 2002, Tama-chan, a normally arctic male bearded seal first spotted in Tama River, became a major nationwide celebrity
3.
Kawasaki, Kanagawa
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Kawasaki is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, located between Tokyo and Yokohama. It is the 9th most populated city in Japan and one of the main cities forming the Greater Tokyo Area, Kawasaki is governed by mayor Norihiko Fukuda, an independent elected on 27 October 2013. The city assembly has 63 elected members, Kawasaki mayoral election,2005 Kawasaki Stadium, Located in Kawasaki-ku. Opened in 1952, and was used as a field for professional baseball teams from 1954 to 1991. The stands were taken down in 2001, and is used for American football games. Kawasaki Todoroki Baseball Stadium, Located in Nakahara-ku, used for preliminary rounds of high school baseball and American football games. Todoroki Arena, Seating capacity for 6,500 spectators, Home playing ground of the Toshiba Brave Thunders Kanagawa, Todoroki Athletics Stadium, Located in Nakahara-ku. Opened in 1964, the stadium underwent several renovations before becoming the field for the Kawasaki Frontale. Also used frequently for track & field competitions, Kawasaki Prefectural Gymnasium, Located in Kawasaki-ku. Opened in 1956, and is used for Puroresu matches,20 minutes walking distance from Kawasaki Stations east entrance. Kawasaki Todoroki Arena, Located in Nakahara-ku, international field athletics and volleyball matches are held here, in addition to various musical concerts. Velodrome, Kawasaki Velodrome Kawasaki Keiba Fujitsus Main Branch is located in Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki has several factories and development bases of the companies of heavy industry and high technology. In 1997 it became the first municipality to allow non-Japanese nationals to take civil service employment, Todoroki Ryokuchi, athletic park Fujiko F. Fujio Museum, also known as Doraemon museum, opened on September 3,2011, in Tama-ku Ward. Kawasaki is twinned with the cities in Japan and worldwide
4.
Kanagawa Prefecture
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Kanagawa Prefecture is a prefecture located in southern Kantō region of Japan. The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama, Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area. Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone, two highly popular side trip destinations from Tokyo, the prefecture has some archaeological sites going back to the Jōmon period. About 3,000 years ago, Mount Hakone produced an explosion which resulted in Lake Ashi on the western area of the prefecture. It is believed that the Yamato dynasty ruled this area from the 5th century onwards, in the ancient era, its plains were very sparsely inhabited. In medieval Japan, Kanagawa was part of the provinces of Sagami, Kamakura in central Sagami was the capital of Japan during the Kamakura period. During the Edo period, the part of Sagami Province was governed by the daimyō of Odawara Castle, while the eastern part was directly governed by the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo. Commodore Matthew Perry landed in Kanagawa in 1853 and 1854 and signed the Convention of Kanagawa to force open Japanese ports to the United States. Nearby Yokosuka, closer to the mouth of Tokyo Bay, developed as a port and now serves as headquarters for the U. S. 7th Fleet. After the Meiji period, many lived in Yokohama City. The Meiji Government developed the first railways in Japan, from Shinbashi to Yokohama in 1872, the epicenter of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. It devastated Tokyo, the city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. The sea receded as much as 400 metres from the shore at Manazuru Point, at Kamakura, the total death toll from earthquake, tsunami, and fire exceeded 2,000 victims. At Odawara, ninety percent of the buildings collapsed immediately, Yokohama, Kawasaki and other major cities were heavily damaged by the U. S. bombing in 1945. Casualties amounted to more than several thousand, after the war, General Douglas MacArthur, the chief commander of Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers for the Occupation of Japan, landed in Kanagawa, before moving to other areas. U. S. military bases remain in Kanagawa, including Camp Zama, Yokosuka Naval Base. In 1945, Kanagawa was the 15th most populous prefecture in Japan, in the years after the war, the prefecture underwent rapid urbanization as a part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The population as of September 1,2014, is estimated to be 9.1 million, Kanagawa became the second most populous prefecture in 2006
5.
Edwardian era
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The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of an elite that set a style influenced by the art. The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms, below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, the Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressells popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is an example of the eras social critique. Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians, the British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States. There was a political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices, the Conservatives – at the time called Unionists – were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There was a powerful leadership base in the aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts and they had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain, there was a bitter split on tariff reform, that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was an issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the class, and in lower middle class weakened. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, the Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906
6.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
7.
Garden city movement
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The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, containing areas of residences, industry. Inspired by the utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry Georges work Progress and Poverty, Howard published his book To-morrow, the garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road. Howard’s To-morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform sold enough copies to result in a second edition and this success provided him the support necessary to pursue the chance to bring his vision into reality. Howard believed that all agreed the overcrowding and deterioration of cities was one of the troubling issues of their time. He quotes a number of respected thinkers and their disdain of cities, Howard’s garden city concept combined the town and country in order to provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or ‘crowded, unhealthy cities’. To build a city, Howard needed money to buy land. He decided to get funding from gentlemen of responsible position and undoubted probity and he founded the Garden City Association, which created First Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the garden city of Letchworth. However, these donors would collect interest on their investment if the city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process. Howard tried to include working class cooperative organisations, which included over two members, but could not win their financial support. In 1904, Raymond Unwin, an architect and town planner, along with his partner Barry Parker, won the competition run by First Garden City Ltd. to plan Letchworth. However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’ design, Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. Despite Howard’s best efforts, the prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for blue-collar workers to live in. The populations comprised mostly skilled middle class workers, after a decade, the First Garden City became profitable and started paying dividends to its investors. Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the line of garden cities. Likely in frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the garden city in 1919. The purchase was at auction, with money Howard desperately and successfully borrowed from friends, the Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction
8.
Ebenezer Howard
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The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the First Garden City, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, Howard is believed by many to be one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden city principles being used in modern town planning. Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of Ebenezer Howard, a baker and he was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire. Howard left school at 15 and began working as a stenographer in London, Howard subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple. In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle and he went to Nebraska, and after his farming efforts failed, discovered he did not wish to be a farmer. He then relocated to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts, in the US he became acquainted with, and admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to ponder ways to improve the quality of life, by 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard company, which produces the official verbatim record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Howards time in parliament exposed him to ideas about social reform, in August 1879 he married Eliza Ann Bills. Howard has been described as a humble and practical inventor who used his time to create outlines of new cities. It was the milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and socialists, whose revolutionary, following the death of his wife Eliza Ann Bills in 1907 he married Edith Annie Hayward, who ended her days as Edith, Lady Howard, and with whom he is buried in Letchworth Cemetery. Howard read widely, including Edward Bellamys 1888 utopian novel, Looking Backward, and Henry Georges economic treatise, Progress and Poverty, and thought much about social issues. He disliked the way cities were being developed and thought people should live in places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and the countryside. The only publication he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. This book offered a vision of free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town and country. He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram, which addressed the question Where will the people go, the choices being Town, Country or Town-Country. Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism. It proposed the creation of new towns of limited size, planned in advance
9.
Den-en-chofu station
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Den-en-chōfu Station is a railway station in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tokyu Corporation. Den-en-chōfu Station is served by the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Tokyu Meguro Line and it is roughly a 15-minute train journey from Shibuya Station. This station consists of two platforms serving four tracks. The station opened on 28 August 1927, the station is situated in Den-en-chōfu, within the Ōta ward of suburban Tokyo. This was one of the garden suburbs of Tokyo, running along the Tama River. The design of the town was influenced by Sir Ebenezer Howards Garden Cities of To-morrow. The original 1920s station building was torn down in the late 1980s to make way for the new station building
10.
Shibusawa Eiichi
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Shibusawa Eiichi, 1st Viscount Shibusawa was a Japanese industrialist widely known today as the father of Japanese capitalism. He spearheaded the introduction of Western capitalism to Japan after the Meiji Restoration and he introduced many economic reforms including use of double entry accounting, joint stock corporations and modern note-issuing banks. He founded the first modern bank based on joint stock ownership in Japan, the bank was aptly named The First National Bank and had the power to issue its own notes. Through this bank, he founded hundreds of joint stock corporations in Japan. Many of these still survive to this day as quoted companies in the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry was founded by him as well and he was also involved in the foundation of many hospitals, schools, universities, the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo and charitable organizations including the Japan Red Cross. What is known as the Shibusawa zaibatsu was a company to look after his estate for his family. The Shibusawa Zaibatsu did not hold any controlling stake in any companies, despite his lowly origin as a farmer, he was granted the title of Viscount, while all other zaibatsu founders were awarded the title of Baron. He was also awarded Shōnii, Second Honour under the rank system. Shibusawa was born on March 16,1840 in a farmhouse in Chiaraijima, as a boy, he learned reading and writing from his father. Under the influence of sonnō jōi sentiment, he formulated a plan along with cousins and friends to capture Takasaki Castle, ultimately, however, this plan was canceled and he moved on to Kyoto. Shibusawa left his hometown at the age of twenty-three, and entered the service of Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu and he distinguished himself by his work in strengthening the household finances of the Hitotsubashi family. When he was years old, he visited France and other European countries as a member of Tokugawa Akitakes delegation to the Paris World Exposition,1867. On this trip Shibusawa observed modern European societies and cultures for the first time, in 1873 Shibusawa resigned from the Ministry of Finance and became the president of the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank. This was Japans first modern bank, established under his own guidance while still employed by the Ministry of Finance, with this bank as a base, Shibusawa devoted himself to founding and encouraging businesses of all sorts. Shibusawa was an advocate throughout his life of the idea that good ethics, the number of enterprises in which he was involved as founder or supporter is said to exceed five hundred, and includes Mizuho Financial Group, The 77 Bank, Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co. Imperial Hotel, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Tokyo Gas, Toyobo, Keihan Electric Railway, Taiheiyo Cement, Oji Paper Company, Sapporo Breweries, Shibusawa involved himself in some 600 projects related to education, social welfare and others. In addition, Shibusawa made efforts to promote the exchange of goods, numerous guests from overseas visited the Shibusawa residence in Asukayama, where they talked candidly with him
11.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
12.
Metro-land
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The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide. It promoted a dream of a home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London until the Met was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933. When, in 1871 plans were presented for a railway in Paris. The modern word metro is a form of the French word. The railway was extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone, Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating services between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the Metropolitan Railway purchased electric locomotives, to improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the 4-mile long Stanmore branch from Wembley Park was completed in 1932. Initially, the land was managed by the Land Committee. Similar developments followed at Cecil Park, near Pinner and, after the failure of the tower at Wembley, however, World War I delayed these plans and it was 1919, with expectation of a housing boom, before the MRCE was formed. Concerned that Parliament might reconsider the position the Met held. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, the visitor and later the house-hunter. The dream promoted was of a home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London. From about 1914 the company had promoted itself as The Met, inter-war suburban development and ‘Metroland’ A few large houses had been built on parts of Wembley Park, south-west of the Metropolitan station, as early as the 1890s. In 1906, when Watkin’s Tower closed, the Tower Company had become the Wembley Park Estate Company, unlike other railways, from an early date the Metropolitan Railway had bought land alongside its line and then developed housing on it. In 1915 by the Metropolitan Railway’s publicity department created the term ‘Metro-land’ and it was used as the new name for the company’s annual guide to the places it served. It was published annually until 1932, but when the Metropolitan became part of London Transport in 1933 the term, by then North-West London was well on the road to it reputation for suburbanisation
13.
Meguro
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Meguro is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Meguro City, the ward was founded on March 15,1947. Residential neighborhoods include, Jiyugaoka, Kakinokizaka, and Nakameguro, as of May 1,2015, the ward has an estimated population of 277,171 and a population density of 18,890 persons per km2. The total area is 14.67 km2, the Higashiyama shell mound in the north of the ward contains remains from the paleolithic, Jōmon, Yayoi, and Kofun periods. The area now known as Meguro was formerly two towns, Meguro proper and Hibusuma, all parts of the former Ebara District of Musashi Province. The two were merged into a Meguro ward for Tokyo City in 1932 and since then the ward has remained with no alterations to its territory, the name Meguro, meaning black eyes, derives from the Meguro Fudō of Ryūsenji. Each statue had eyes of a different color, four other special wards surround Meguro. They are Shibuya, Setagaya, Ōta, and Shinagawa, Meguro ward government is led by the city assembly with 36 elected members with current terms from May 1,2011 to April 30,2015. The chairman of the council is Yoshiaki Ito, the mayor is Eiji Aoki, an independent. His term lasts until April 24,2016, michaels Catholic Church Himonya Hachiman Shrine Ōtori Shrine Ryūsenji Yūten-ji Temple St. Route 3 Shibuya radial route Central Circular Route C2 Under construction. Public elementary and junior schools are operated by the Meguro City Board of Education. Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education, halca & Yucali of the hip-hop duo Halcali Sato Shori, singer and actor in male idol group Sexy Zone Official website
14.
Ayumi Hamasaki
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Ayumi Hamasaki is a Japanese recording artist, lyricist, model, and actress. Through her entire career, she has all her lyrical content, produced her own music and has sometimes co-composed her music. Born and raised in Fukuoka, she moved to Tokyo at fourteen in 1993 to pursue a career in singing and acting, in 1998, under the tutelage of Avex CEO Max Matsuura, Hamasaki released her debut single Poker Face and debut major-label album A Song for XX. The album debuted at the top of the Oricon charts and remained there for four weeks, selling over a million copies and her next five albums shipped over a million copies in Japan, with her third, Duty, selling nearly three million and becoming her best-selling studio album. A Best, her first compilation album, is her best-selling album, in 2009, after her album Next Level was released, album and single sales declined due to competition from upcoming artists. Throughout her career, Hamasaki has had all her albums within the top five position in Japan and has five million-selling singles, including Boys & Girls, A, Seasons, M and H. Called Ayu by her fans, Hamasaki has been dubbed the Empress of J-pop because of her popularity and influence in Japan and she has appeared in or lent her songs to many advertisements and television commercials. Though she originally supported the exploitation of her popularity for commercial purposes, she later reconsidered, Hamasaki has sold over 50 million records, making her best-selling Japanese solo artist of all time. From 1999 to 2010, Hamasaki had at least one each year topping the charts. Hamasaki is the first female recording artist to have ten studio albums since her debut to top the Oricon, Born in Fukuoka Prefecture, Hamasaki was raised as an only child by her mother and grandmother. Her father had left the family when she was three and never came into contact with her. Hamasakis mother worked to support the family, so Hamasaki was primarily taken care of by her grandmother and she described herself as a tomboy when she was a teenager, and as a “strange kid” who “liked to be alone”. At age seven, Hamasaki began modeling for local institutions, such as banks and she continued this career path by leaving her family at fourteen and moving to Tokyo as a model under SOS, a talent agency. Her modeling career did not last long, SOS eventually deemed her too short for a model and transferred her to Sun Music, under the name of Ayumi, Hamasaki released a rap EP, Nothing from Nothing, on the Nippon Columbia label in 1995. She was dismissed from the label when the failed to chart on the Oricon. After this failure, Hamasaki took up acting and starred in B-movies such as Ladys Ladys, sōcho Saigo no Hi and television dramas such as Miseinen, which were poorly received by the public. From August 1995 to March 1996, Hamasaki also co-hosted the SoundLink magazine Hōkago no Ōsama for the Nintendo Satellaview once a week with Shigeru Izumiya, growing dissatisfied with her job, Hamasaki quit acting and moved in with her mother, who had recently moved to Tokyo. Hamasaki was initially a student, earning good grades in junior high school
15.
Yukio Hatoyama
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Yukio Hatoyama is a former Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 16 September 2009 to 2 June 2010. He was the first Prime Minister from the modern Democratic Party of Japan, first elected to the House of Representatives in 1986, Hatoyama became President of the DPJ, the main opposition party, in May 2009. He then led the party to victory in the August 2009 general election, defeating the long-governing Liberal Democratic Party and he represented the Hokkaido 9th district in the House of Representatives from 1986 to 2012. Hatoyama comes from a prominent Japanese political family which has been likened to the Kennedy family of the United States, Hatoyama, who was born in Bunkyō, Tokyo, is a fourth generation politician. His paternal great-grandfather, Kazuo Hatoyama, was speaker of the House of Representatives of the Diet of Japan from 1896 to 1897 during the Meiji era, Kazuo later served as the president of Waseda University. His paternal great-grandmother, Haruko Hatoyama, was a co-founder of what is today as Kyoritsu Womens University. His paternal grandfather, Ichirō Hatoyama, was a politician, he served as Prime Minister and was a founder. As Prime Minister, he restored diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, Hatoyama is the son of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Foreign Minister for a time. His mother, Yasuko Hatoyama, is a daughter of Shojiro Ishibashi, Yasuko Hatoyama is known as the Godmother within the Japanese political world for her financial contributions to both of her sons political ambitions. In particular, Yasuko donated billions of yen when Kunio and Yukio co-created their previous Democratic Party of Japan in 1996 to help establish her sons fledgling political party. His younger brother, Kunio Hatoyama, served as Minister of Internal Affairs and his younger sister-in-law Emily Hatoyama who is Kunios wife, an Australian Japanese, was a TV personality in Japan. Hatoyama graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1969 and he met his wife, Miyuki Hatoyama, while studying at Stanford. The couple married in 1975 after Miyuki divorced her ex-husband, the couples son, Kiichirō, graduated from the urban engineering department of the University of Tokyo, is a visiting engineering researcher at Moscow State University. Hatoyama worked as assistant professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology and later transferred to Senshu University as associate professor, Hatoyamas son Kiichiro Hatoyama is married and has given Hatoyama senior two grandchildren. Hatoyama ran for a seat in the Hokkaido 9th District and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1986 representing the ruling LDP, in 1993 he left the LDP to form the New Party Sakigake with Naoto Kan, Masayoshi Takemura and Shūsei Tanaka. He and Kan then left to join the newly formed Democratic Party of Japan, Hatoyama and his younger brother, Kunio Hatoyama, co-created the party, using billions of yen donated by their mother, Yasuko. Kunio Hatoyama eventually left the DPJ, saying the party had drifted too far to the left from its original centrist roots, Yukio remained with the party through its merger with several other opposition parties in 1998. He was Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Japan before he succeeded Ozawa as party leader following Ozawas resignation on 11 May 2009, Hatoyama was chosen by fellow party representatives on 16 May 2009, winning 124 of the 219 votes and defeating rival Katsuya Okada
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Shintaro Ishihara
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Shintaro Ishihara is a Japanese politician and author who was Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. His arts career included a novel, best-sellers and work also in theater, film. His 1989 book, The Japan That Can Say No, co-authored with Sony chairman Akio Morita, after an early career in the arts, he served for more than 25 years in Parliament, leaving after the Tokyo subway attack in 1995. He subsequently served as Governor of Tokyo from April 1999 to October 2012, resigning to briefly co-lead the Sunrise Party and he was elected to the Japanese lower house in the 2012 general election and unsuccessfully sought re-election in November 2014, he officially left politics the following month. Shintaro Ishihara was born in Suma-ku, Kobe and his father Kiyoshi was an employee, later a general manager, of a shipping company. Shintaro grew up in Zushi, Kanagawa, in 1952, he entered Hitotsubashi University, and he graduated in 1956. Just two months before graduation, Ishihara won the Akutagawa Prize for the novel Season of the Sun and his brother Yujiro played a supporting role in the movie adaptation of the novel, and the two soon became the center of a youth-oriented cult. Ishihara had dabbled in directing a couple of films starring his brother, in the early 1960s, he concentrated on writing, including plays, novels, and a musical version of Treasure Island. One of his novels, Lost Country, speculated about Japan under the control of the Soviet Union. He also ran a company, and found time to visit the North Pole, race his yacht The Contessa. He wrote a memoir of his journey, Nanbei Odan Ichiman Kiro, from 1966 to 1967, he covered the Vietnam War at the request of Yomiuri Shimbun. The experience influenced his decision to enter politics, in 1968, Ishihara ran as a candidate on the Liberal Democratic Party national slate for the House of Councillors. He placed first on the LDP list with an unprecedented 3 million votes, after four years in the upper house, Ishihara ran for the House of Representatives representing the second district of Tokyo, and again won election. In 1973, he joined with thirty other LDP lawmakers in the anti-communist Seirankai or Blue Storm Group, Ishihara ran for Governor of Tokyo in 1975 but lost to the popular Socialist incumbent Ryokichi Minobe. Minobe was 71 at the time, and Ishihara criticized him as being too old, during the 1980s, Ishihara was a highly visible and popular LDP figure, but unable to win enough internal support to form a true faction and move up the national political ladder. In 1983 his campaign manager put up stickers throughout Tokyo stating that Ishiharas political opponent was an immigrant from North Korea, Ishihara denied that this was discrimination, saying that the public had a right to know. The book called on his countrymen to stand up to the United States. Immediately after the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, Ishihara dropped out of national politics, in 1999, he ran on an independent platform and was elected as Governor of Tokyo
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Shigeo Nagashima
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Shigeo Nagashima is a Japanese former professional baseball player and manager. Nagashima played baseball at his high school, and on the Rikkyo University baseball team from 1954–1957. He joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1958 and his jersey number is now a retired number for the Yomiuri Giants. After retiring, he became manager of the Yomiuri Giants from 1975–1980 and he was scheduled to manage the Japanese national team for the 2004 Athens Olympics, but he suffered a stroke shortly before and was hospitalized. He recovered from his stroke, appearing at a game in the Tokyo Dome in 2005. His eldest son, Kazushige Nagashima is a professional baseball player. Kazushige was not as successful as his father on the field, but he played on the Yomiuri Giants when his father was manager and his eldest daughter works as a businesswoman, and his younger daughter was a newscaster for TV Asahi. His youngest son is a professional race-car driver, Kazushige had twin daughters in 2004, making Nagashima a grandfather. Shigeo lost his wife, Akiko, on September 18,2007, Nagashima was actually a fan of the Hanshin Tigers, the rival of the Yomiuri Giants, during his childhood. After graduating from his high school in Chiba, he entered Rikkyo University. He won the title for two consecutive years in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League, and was given the Best Nine Award five seasons in a row at third base. By his senior year, scouts from every professional team wanted to sign Nagashima, and it was almost decided that he would sign with the Hawks, but he ended up joining the Yomiuri Giants in November,1957. He signed with the Giants for 18,000,000 yen, Nagashima made his professional debut in April 1958, and struck out in all four of his at-bats against Masaichi Kaneda. Regardless, Nagashima became the teams clean-up hitter by mid-season, Nagashima led the league in HRs and RBIs, and was awarded the rookie of the year award. Nagashima played perhaps his most well-known game on June 25,1959, Nagashima hit the game-winning home run off Minoru Murayama, and rookie Sadaharu Oh also had a home run in the game. The Giants won the championship nine years in a row from 1965–1973. Nagashima won the season MVP award five times, and the Best Nine Award every single year of his career, Nagashima won only two Golden Glove awards, because the title was established in Japan late during his career, in 1972. Nagashima was a flashy fielder, making extravagant leaps and dashes to field even the most routine ground ball, Giants fans were delighted by Nagashimas fielding, even when he made careless errors
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Kiichi Nakai
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Kiichi Nakai is a Japanese actor. His name was given by Yasujirō Ozu and his father, Keiji Sada, also a movie actor, died when Nakai was only two years old. Nakai started his career while he was still in university and was awarded the Rookie of the Year at the Japan Academy Awards in 1981. He won the Japan Academy Best Supporting Actor award in 1994 and he also won the award for best supporting actor at the 19th Hochi Film Award for 47 Ronin. In 2003 he played a Japanese delegate to a Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty in Warriors of Heaven, though a few of his lines are in Japanese, most are in Mandarin. His older sister, Kie Nakai, is also an actress, kiichi Nakai at the Internet Movie Database
19.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
20.
University of California Press
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University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California and its headquarters are located in Oakland, California. It also distributes titles published by the Huntington Library, Watershed Media, each year it publishes approximately 180 new books and 31 journals in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences and keeps about 3,500 book titles in print. The Press commissioned as its corporate typeface University of California Old Style from type designer Frederic Goudy from 1936-8, finley Joan of Arc, The Image of Female Heroism, Marina Warner Strong Democracy, Participatory Politics for a New Age, Benjamin R. These titles were selected for their merit and for their illumination of California history. The Ford by Mary Austin Thieves Market by A. I, by Al Young Official University of California Press website California Digital Library - University of California Libraries Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection Mark Twain Project Online
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
