Aleut
The Aleuts, who are known in the Aleut language by the endonyms Unangan, Unangas, Унаңан, are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands. Both the Aleut people and the islands are divided between the U. S. state of Alaska and the Russian administrative division of Kamchatka Krai. Aleut people speak Unangam, the Aleut language, as well as English and Russian in the United States and Russia respectively. An estimated 150 people in the United States and five people in Russia speak Aleut; the language belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut language family and includes three dialects: Eastern Aleut, spoken on the Eastern Aleutian, Shumagin and Pribilof Islands. The Pribilof Islands boast the highest number of active speakers of Aleutian. Most of the Native elders speak Aleut, but it is rare for an everyday person to speak the language fluently. Beginning in 1829, Aleut was written in the Cyrillic script. From 1870, the language has been written in the Latin script. An Aleut dictionary and grammar have been published, portions of the Bible were translated into Aleut.
The Aleut dialects and tribes: Attuan dialect and speaking tribes: Sasignan / Sasxinan / Sasxinas or Near Islanders: in the Near Islands. Kasakam Unangangis or Copper Island Aleut: in the Commander Islands of Russian Federation.? Qax̂un or Rat Islanders: in the Buldir Island and Rat Islands. Atkan dialect or Western Aleut or Aliguutax̂ and speaking tribes: Naahmiĝus or Delarof Islanders: in the Delarof Islands and Andreanof Islands. Niiĝuĝis or Andreanof Islanders: in the Andreanof Islands. Eastern Aleut dialect and speaking tribes: Akuuĝun or Uniiĝun or Islanders of the Four Mountains: in the Islands of Four Mountains. Qawalangin or Fox Islanders: in the Fox Islands. Qigiiĝun or Krenitzen Islanders: in the Krenitzin Islands. Qagaan Tayaĝungin or Sanak Islanders: in the Sanak Islands. Taxtamam Tunuu dialect of Belkofski. Qaĝiiĝun or Shumigan Islanders: in the Shumagin Islands; the Aleut people lived throughout the Aleutian Islands, the Shumagin Islands, the far western part of the Alaska Peninsula, with an estimated population of around 25,000 prior to European contact.
In the 1820s, the Russian-American Company administered a large portion of the North Pacific during a Russian-led expansion of the fur trade. They resettled many Aleut families to the Pribilof Islands; these continue to have majority-Aleut communities. According to the 2000 Census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut, while 17,000 identified as having partial Aleut ancestry. Prior to sustained European contact 25,000 Aleut lived in the archipelago; the Encyclopædia Britannica Online says more than 15,000 people have Aleut ancestry in the early 21st century. The Aleut suffered high fatalities in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Eurasian infectious diseases to which they had no immunity. In addition, the population suffered. Russian traders and Europeans married Aleut women and had families with them. After the arrival of Russian Orthodox missionaries in the late 18th century, many Aleuts became Christian. Of the numerous Russian Orthodox congregations in Alaska, most are majority Alaska Native in ethnicity.
One of the earliest Christian martyrs in North America was Saint Peter the Aleut. ` In the 18th century, Russia promyshlenniki traders established settlements on the islands. There was high demand for the furs. In May 1784, local Aleuts revolted on Amchitka against the Russian traders. According to what Aleut people said, in an account recorded by Japanese castaways and published in 2004, otters were decreasing year by year; the Russians paid the Aleuts less in goods in return for the furs they made. The Japanese learned; the leading Aleuts negotiated with the Russians, saying they had failed to deliver enough supplies in return for furs. Nezimov, leader of the Russians, ordered two of his men and Kazhimov to kill his mistress Oniishin, the Aleut chief's daughter, because he doubted that Oniishin had tried to dissuade her father and other leaders from pushing for more goods; that evening, hundreds of Aleut men marched to the Russians' houses. When five Russians opened fire, the Aleuts ran away; the next day the Aleut escaped again when the Russians started firing.
While the men attempted another attack the next day, they yelled and moved more towards the house. As Russians opened fire, they started to run away again. After they ran, the Russians noticed; the Russians took around children hostage, forcing the Aleuts to surrender. The Russians killed four Aleut leaders. After the four leaders had been killed, the Aleuts began to move from Amchitka to neighboring islands. Nezimov, leader of the Russian group, was jailed after the whole incident was reported to Russian officials. In 1811, in
Lime Village, Alaska
Lime Village is a census-designated place in Bethel Census Area, United States. The 2010 census found a population of 29, up from 6 in 2000, it has been known as Hungry Village and Hek'dichen Hdakaq. In July 2008, Lime Village gained notoriety when it was reported that their gasoline prices were more than double of the already-high national average of over $4/gallon with Lime Village selling regular unleaded gasoline at $8.55/gallon. The high prices were considered ironic considering that Alaska is one of the main suppliers of oil in the United States, but have the highest state average due to scattered villages throughout Alaska such as Lime Village making it difficult to transport oil and other goods. Lime Village is located at 61°20′29″N 155°29′27″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 82.5 square miles, of which, 80.3 square miles of it is land and 2.2 square miles of it is water. Lime Village first appeared on the 1940 U. S. Census as the unincorporated village of Hungry.
It did not appear on the 1960 census. It returned in 1970 as Lime Village, it was made a census-designated place in 1980. As of the census of 2000, there were 6 people, 5 households, 0 families residing in the CDP; the population density was 0.1 people per square mile. There were 24 housing units at an average density of 0.3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.33% White, 16.67% from two or more races. There were 5 households out of which none were married couples living together, 100.0% were non-families. 80.0% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.20 and the average family size was 0.00. In the CDP the population was spread out with 66.7% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 200.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 200.0 males. As of the census of 2010, there were 11 households; the population density was 0.1 people per square mile.
There were 24 housing units at an average density of 0.3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.4% White, 93.1% Native American, 3.4% from two or more races. The Lime Village School operated by the Iditarod Area School District, closed in 2007, when the enrollment of six students failed to meet the state-mandated minimum of ten students; as of Fall 2008 the school remained closed. The lack of access to local schooling has increased urban migration, though many migrants continue to spend summers in the village
Iñupiat
The Iñupiat are native Alaskan people, whose traditional territory spans Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the Canada–United States border. Their current communities include seven Alaskan villages in the North Slope Borough, affiliated with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation. Iñupiat Inyupik, is the plural form of the name for the people and the name of their language; the singular form is Iñupiaq, which sometimes refers to the language. Iñupiak is the dual form; the roots are iñuk "person" and -piaq "real", i.e. an endonym meaning "real people". The Iñupiat people are made up of the following communities, To equitably manage natural resources, Iñupiat people belong to several of the Alaskan Native Regional Corporations; these are the following. Arctic Slope Regional Corporation Bering Straits Native Corporation NANA Regional Corporation. Inupiat now speak only two native languages: Northwest Alaskan Inupiat. Many more dialects of these languages flourished prior to contact with European cultures.
English is spoken by the Iñupiat because in Native American boarding schools, Iñupiaq children were punished for speaking their own languages. Several Inupiat people developed pictographic writing systems in the early twentieth century, it is known as Alaskan Picture Writing. The University of Alaska Fairbanks offers an online course called Beginning Inupiaq Eskimo, an introductory course to the Inupiaq language open to both speakers and non-speakers of Inupiaq. Along with other Inuit groups, the Iñupiaq originate from the Thule culture. Circa 1000 B. C. the Thule migrated from islands in the Bering Sea to. Iñupiaq groups, in common with Inuit-speaking groups have a name ending in "miut," which means'a people of'. One example is a generic term for inland Iñupiaq caribou hunters. During a period of starvation and an influenza epidemic most of these people moved to the coast or other parts of Alaska between 1890 and 1910. A number of Nunamiut returned to the mountains in the 1930s. By 1950, most Nunamiut groups, such as the Killikmiut, had coalesced in Anaktuvuk Pass, a village in north-central Alaska.
Some of the Nunamiut remained nomadic until the 1950s. The Iditarod Trail's antecedents were the native trails of the Dena'ina and Deg Hit'an Athabaskan Indians and the Inupiaq Eskimos. Iñupiat people are hunter-gatherers. Iñupiat people continue to rely on subsistence hunting and fishing. Depending on their location, they harvest walrus, whale, polar bears and fish. Both the inland and coastal Iñupiat depend on fish. Throughout the seasons when they are available food staples include ducks, rabbits, berries and shoots; the inland Iñupiat hunt caribou, dall sheep, grizzly bear, moose. The coastal Iñupiat hunt walrus, beluga whales, bowhead whales. Cautiously, polar bear is hunted; the capture of a whale benefits each member of an Iñupiat community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber are allocated according to a traditional formula. City-dwelling relatives, thousands of miles away, are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village. Maktak, the skin and blubber of Bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C.
The Vitamin C content of meats is destroyed by cooking, so consumption of raw meats and these vitamin-rich foods contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables. Since the 1970s, oil and other resources have been an important revenue source for the Iñupiat; the Alaska Pipeline connects the Prudhoe Bay wells with the port of Valdez in south-central Alaska. Because of the oil drilling in Alaska’s arid north, the traditional way of whaling is coming into conflict with one of the modern world’s most pressing demands: finding more oil; the Inupiat eat Ribes triste raw or cooked, mix them with other berries which are used to make a traditional dessert. They mix the berries with rosehips and highbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup. Traditionally, different Iñupiat people lived in sedentary communities; some villages in the area have been occupied by other indigenous groups for more than 10,000 years. The Nalukataq is a spring whaling festival among Iñupiat.
There is one Iñupiat culture-oriented institute of higher education, Iḷisaġvik College, located in Utqiagvik. Iñupiat people have grown more concerned in recent years that climate change is threatening their traditional lifestyle; the warming trend in the Arctic affects their lifestyle in numerous ways, for example: thinning sea ice makes it more difficult to harvest bowhead whales, seals and other traditional foods. The Inuit Circumpolar Council, a group representing indigenous peoples of the Arctic, has made the case that climate change represents a threat to their human rights; as of the 2000 U. S. Census, the Iñupiat population in the United States numbered more than 19,000. Most of them live in Alaska. North Slope Borough: Anaktuvuk Pass, Utqiagvik, Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright Northwest Arctic Borough: Ambler, Deering, Kian
Yup'ik
The Yup'ik or Yupiaq and Yupiit or Yupiat Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Central Yup'ik, Alaskan Yup'ik, are an Eskimo people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay. They are known as Cup'ik by the Chevak Cup'ik dialect-speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect-speaking Eskimo of Nunivak Island. Both Chevak Cup'ik and Nunivak Cup'ig Eskimos are known as Cup'ik; the Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Cup'ig speakers can converse without difficulty, the regional population is described using the larger term of Yup'ik. They are one of the four Yupik peoples of Alaska and Siberia related to the Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq of south-central Alaska, the Siberian Yupik of St. Lawrence Island and Russian Far East, the Naukan of Russian Far East; the Yupiit speak the Yup'ik language.
Of a total population of about 21,000 people, about 10,000 speak the language. The Yup'ik Eskimo combine a contemporary and a traditional subsistence lifestyle in a blend unique to the Southwest Alaska. Today, the Yup'ik work and live in western style but still hunt and fish in traditional subsistence ways and gather traditional foods. Most Yup'ik people still speak the native language and bilingual education has been in force since the 1970s; the Yupiit are the most numerous of the various Alaska Native groups and speak the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, a member of the Eskimo–Aleut family of languages. As of the 2000 U. S. Census, the Yupiit population in the United States numbered over 24,000, of whom over 22,000 lived in Alaska; the vast majority of these live in the seventy or so communities in the traditional Yup'ik territory of western and southwestern Alaska. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the Yup'ik at 34,000 people is the largest Alaska Native tribal grouping, either alone or in combination followed by the Inupiat.
The Yup'ik had the greatest number of people who identified with one tribal grouping and no other race. In that census, nearly half of American Indians and Alaska Natives identified as being of mixed race; the neighbours of the Yup'ik Eskimos are the Iñupiaq Eskimo to the north, Aleutized Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq Eskimos to the south, Alaskan Athabaskans, such as Yup'ikized Holikachuk and Deg Hit'an, non-Yup'ikized Koyukon and Dena'ina, to the east. The form Yup'ik was used in the northern area while the form Yupiaq was used in the southern area. Certain places had other forms; the form Yup'ik is now used as a common term. Yup'ik comes from the Yup'ik word yuk meaning "person" plus the postbase -pik or -piaq meaning "real" or "genuine"; the ethnographic literature sometimes refers to the Yup ` ik people or their language as Yuit. In the Hooper Bay-Chevak and Nunivak dialects of Yup'ik, both the language and the people are given the name Cup'ik; the use of an apostrophe in the name "Yup'ik", compared to Siberian "Yupik", exemplifies the Central Yup'ik's orthography.
"The apostrophe represents gemination of the'p' sound". The names given to them by their neighbors: Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq: Pamana'rmiu'aq, Pamanirmiuq Deg Xinag Athabaskan: Dodz xit'an, Novogh xit'an Holikachuk Athabaskan: Namagh hit'an Koyukon Athabaskan: Nobaagha hut'aankkaa Dena'ina Athabaskan: Dutna, Naghelghazhna Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan: Dodina sg Dodinayu pl The common ancestors of the Eskimo and the Aleut are believed by archaeologists to have their origin in eastern Siberia. Migrating east, they reached the Bering Sea area about 10,000 years ago. Research on blood types and linguistics suggests that the ancestors of American Indians reached North America in waves of migration before the ancestors of the Eskimo and Aleut; this causeway became exposed between 8,000 years ago during periods of glaciation. By about 3,000 years ago the progenitors of the Yupiit had settled along the coastal areas of what would become western Alaska, with migrations up the coastal rivers—notably the Yukon and Kuskokwim—around 1400 C.
E. reaching as far upriver as Paimiut on the Yukon and Crow Village on the Kuskokwim. The Russian colonization of the Americas lasted from 1732 to 1867; the Russian Empire supported ships traveling from Siberia to America for whaling and fishing expeditions. The crews established hunting and trading posts of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company in the Aleutian Islands and northern Alaska indigenous settlements.. Half of the fur traders were Russians, such as promyshlenniki from various European parts of the Russian Empire or from Siberia. Grigory Shelikhov led attacks on Kodiak Island against the indigenous Alutiiq in 1784, known as the Awa'uq Massacre. According to some estimates, Russian employees of the trading company killed more than 2,000 Alutiiq; the company took over control of the island. By the late 1790s, its trading posts had become the centers of permanent settlements of Russian America
Koyukon
The Koyukon are an Alaska Native Athabaskan people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional territory is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they subsisted by hunting and trapping for thousands of years. Many Koyukon live in a similar manner today; the Koyukon language belongs to a large family called Na-Dené or Athabaskan, traditionally spoken by numerous groups of native people throughout northwestern North America. In addition, due to ancient migrations of related peoples, other Na-Dené languages, such as Navajo and Apachean varieties, are spoken in the American Southwest and in Mexico; the first Europeans to enter Koyukon territory were Russians, who came up the Yukon River to Nulato in 1838. When they arrived they found that items such as iron pots, glass beads, cloth apparel, tobacco had reached the people through their trade with coastal Eskimos, who had long traded with Russians. An epidemic of smallpox had preceded causing high fatalities in the village.
In subsequent years, European infectious diseases drastically reduced the Koyukon population, who had no immunity to them. Relative isolation persisted along the Koyukuk until 1898, when the Yukon Gold Rush brought more than a thousand men to the river, they found little gold, most left the following winter. They freeze the berries of Vaccinium vitis-idaea for winter use. Walter Harper, first man known to reach the summit of Denali, in June 1913 Morris Thompson and leader Kathleen Carlo-Kendall, professional carver artist Poldine Carlo and elder Hunn, E. S. & Williams, N. M... Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers. Westview Press: Colorado. Nelson, R. K. “A Conservation Ethic and Environment: The Koykon of Alaska” p. 211-228 Rohrlich, R & Baruch, E... Naciente, Esperanza. "Indigenous Lifestyles: Lessons for the Industrialized World." Fighting For Freedom Because A Better World Is Possible Eds. Edgey Wildchild and Esperanza Naciente. New York: Planting Seeds Press. 2006. 121-126.
Nelson, Richard K. Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-57163-7 Nelson, Richard K. Kathleen H. Mautner, G. Ray Bane. Tracks in the Wildland: A Portrayal of Koyukon and Nunamiut Subsistence.: Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1982. Peter, Adeline. Iñuksuk: Northern Koyukon, Gwich'in & Lower Tanana, 1800-1901. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Knowledge Network, 2001. ISBN 1-877962-37-6 Media related to Koyukon at Wikimedia Commons
Denaʼina Civic and Convention Center
The Denaʼina Civic and Convention Center is a convention center in downtown Anchorage, Alaska. The $111 million, 200,000-square-foot facility opened in September 2008, early and within budget; the Denaʼina Center increases Anchorage's civic and convention capacity by 300 percent, offers visitors an opportunity to learn about the Denaʼina people who have lived in the Cook Inlet Region since just after the last Ice Age. The meeting rooms and other areas of the Denaʼina Center have Athabascan names, colors throughout the building reflect the colors of the area's changing season and the artwork within the building tells the story of the Denaʼina people — today and in the past; the center is used for conventions, trade shows and other events, including concerts. The Denaʼina Center is used in conjunction with The Egan Civic & Convention Center and the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts; these three facilities are joined by heated sidewalks. The Denaʼina Center's 47,400-square-foot Idlughet Exhibit Hall, in addition to being used for conventions and trade shows doubles as a 5,000-seat theater for concerts, graduation ceremonies and other special events.
Anchorage Civic & Convention District Anchorage Convention & Visitors Bureau
