1.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
2.
Peter Hain
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In 2007, he ran for the Deputy Leadership of the Labour Party, coming fifth out of six candidates, although his failure to declare donations during this contest led to his resignation in 2008. In 2014 he announced he would stand down as the MP for Neath at the 2015 general election and he was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. Writing in the Guardian, he outlined his views on House of Lords reform. He came to the UK from South Africa as a teenager and he was also Honorary Vice-President of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality. Hain was born in Nairobi in what was then Kenya Colony, Hains father, later to become an architect, was born there on 29 December 1924. Hains maternal grandparents were of notable 1820 Settler British South African stock and his 4th great-grandfather was George Southey who hailed from Devonshire. A brother of Sophia and George Southey was Sir Richard Southey a British colonial administrator, Hain is a fifth cousin six times removed of the Poet Laureate Robert Southey. When Hain was 10, he was awoken in the hours by police officers searching his bedroom for incriminating documents. Mrs Rhyss grand daughter suffered severe burns, as a result of security police harassment, Hains father was unable to continue his work as an architect, and the family decided to leave for the United Kingdom in 1966. After university, Hain worked as a researcher for the Union of Communication Workers, Hain became chairman of the Stop The Seventy Tour campaign which disrupted tours by the South African rugby union and cricket teams in 1969 and 1970. In 1971 director John Goldschmidt produced a film for Granadas World in Action programme featuring Peter Hain debating Apartheid in South Africa at the Oxford Union, the film was transmitted on the ITV network. In 1972 Hain was convicted of conspiracy in a trial at the Old Bailey. In 1972 he was sent a letter bomb that failed to explode because of faulty wiring, in 1976 Hain was tried for, and acquitted of, a 1974 bank robbery, allegedly having been framed by the South African Bureau of State Security. He joined the Liberal Party and was elected chairperson and then president of the Young Liberals, the same year, he was a founder of the Anti-Nazi League and he remains a prominent supporter of Unite Against Fascism today. He contested Putney in the 1983 and 1987 general elections but was defeated on both occasions by Conservative David Mellor and he was elected to the House of Commons at the by-election in April 1991 for the Neath constituency that followed the death of the sitting member, Donald Coleman. In 1995 he became a Labour whip and in 1996 became a shadow employment minister, after Labours victory in the 1997 general election he joined the government, first at the Welsh Office 1997–1999, then as minister of state at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 1999–2001. In October 2000 he set up a war avoidance team to carry messages back, team members who travelled repeatedly to Iraq on behalf of Hain variously included William Morris, Burhan Chalabi, and Nasser al-Khalifa. He voted for the invasion of Iraq in 2003, later calling it a fringe issue, in 2001 Hain moved briefly to the Department of Trade and Industry before returning to the Foreign Office as Minister for Europe, being sworn of the Privy Council the same year
3.
Douglas Alexander
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Douglas Garven Alexander is a British Labour politician who was the Shadow Foreign Secretary and former Member of Parliament for Paisley and Renfrewshire South. Alexander was first elected to Parliament in the Paisley South by-election in 1997, in 2003, he became a minister, and held several positions including Minister of State for Europe from 2005-06. At the 2005 election, Alexanders constituency was abolished, and he was elected to represent its successor seat of Paisley. In 2006 he was appointed to the Cabinet by Tony Blair, becoming the Secretary of State for Scotland, when Gordon Brown replaced Blair as Prime Minister in 2007, Alexander became the Secretary of State for International Development. In 2010, following the election of Ed Miliband as Labour Leader, Alexander was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and he held this position until a 2011 reshuffle, when he was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary. In October 2013, he was appointed by Miliband as the partys Chair of General Election Strategy, in 2015, he failed to be re-elected to the Paisley and Renfrewshire South seat in the House of Commons when it was won by Mhairi Black of the Scottish National Party. Alexander was born in Glasgow, the son of a Church of Scotland minister, Douglas N. Alexander, much of his childhood was spent in Bishopton in Renfrewshire. A prominent member of the 1st Bishopton Company of the Boys Brigade, Alexander attended Park Mains High School in Erskine, also in Renfrewshire, from where he joined the Labour Party as a schoolboy in 1982. In 1984 he won a Scottish scholarship to attend Lester B and he spent 1988/89, the third of his four undergraduate years, at the University of Pennsylvania as part of the exchange scheme between Edinburgh and Penn. Whilst studying in America, he worked for Michael Dukakis during the 1988 American presidential election campaign and he graduated from Edinburgh with a first-class degree in 1990. His sister, Wendy Alexander, was involved in politics as an MSP until 2011. His father, a Church of Scotland minister, conducted the funeral of the inaugural First Minister of Scotland and he is married to Jacqueline Christian and they have two children. He is the great-nephew of Cecil Frances Alexander, in 1990 he worked as a speech-writer and parliamentary researcher for Shadow Trade and Industry Secretary, Gordon Brown. He returned to Edinburgh to study for an LL. B. at Edinburgh University and he then qualified as a solicitor. On qualifying as a solicitor he worked for a firm of solicitors in Edinburgh, when the Perth and Kinross constituency was abolished, Alexander was chosen to be the Labour candidate in the newly drawn Perth constituency at the 1997 general election. This time, he was pushed into place behind the SNP. On 28 July 1997, Gordon McMaster, the Labour Member of Parliament for Paisley South, Alexander, who grew up in Renfrewshire, was chosen to contest the by-election and he was duly elected to serve as the Member of Parliament for Paisley South on 6 November 1997. He lost his seat to 20-year-old Mhairi Black of the Scottish National Party at the General Election on 8 May 2015, Alexander took a successful co-ordinating role in his partys campaign for the 2001 general election
4.
Bill Rammell
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In August 2012 he took up his new role as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire. Rammell went to Burnt Mill Comprehensive on First Avenue in Harlow, at the University of Wales, Cardiff he studied for a BA in French, gaining a degree in 1982. He was president of Cardiff University Students Union from 1982 to 1983 and he was a management trainee at British Rail from 1983 to 1984. From 1984 to 1987, he was a Regional Officer at the NUS, from 1987 to 1989 he was head of youth services for Basildon Borough Council. He was the manager of Kings College London Students Union from 1990 to 1994. He was a member of Harlow District Council from 1985 to 1997 and he married Beryl Jarhall on 1 January 1983. They have a son and a daughter, the result was so close that the final declaration had to be delayed 2 days after voting, to give exhausted counting officials time to rest. As Higher Education Minister, Rammell was strongly supportive of top-up fees claiming in 2005 that without such fees it would be necessary to put 3p or 4p on the rate of tax. He elsewhere provided a different estimate stating that to replace the income from top-up fees, would necessitate a requirement to put up income tax by 3% The amount raised by the UK in income tax in 2003–2004 was £120 billion. In September 2007 he withdrew funding from some adult and continuing education in UK universities, Rammell is a Pro-European, who is supportive of joining the Single European Currency, as verified by his time as Chair of Labour Movement for Europe. He was the first British government minister to visit North Korea, in February 2008, Bill Rammell announced plans to create a national database of childrens school records and exam results which will make up a publicly owned CV. The CV and Learner Number will stay with the child throughout adult life until retirement, the plan will, however, only apply to English children as education is a devolved matter. Rammell worked for Plymouth University as Deputy Vice-Chancellor with responsibility for the student experience, in October 2009 following criticism in Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses, Rammell was ordered to repay £2,782 of wrongful claims. On 13 April 2012 it was announced that Rammell was to become the new vice-chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire, taking up his post in August 2012 for the start of the new academic year. Rammell replaced Les Ebdon, who retired from the VC post at Bedfordshire, in September 2009, Rammell confirmed he had told Libya that the Prime Minister did not want to see the Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi die in prison. How Rammell voted on key issues since 2001, Has never voted on a transparent Parliament, voted for introducing a smoking ban. Voted for introducing student top-up fees, voted against investigating the Iraq war. Ministerial responsibilities – DIUS Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle, Bill Rammell MP TheyWorkForYou
5.
Rotherham (UK Parliament constituency)
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Rotherham is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2012 by Sarah Champion, a member of the Labour Party. This constituency was created in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, rotherham has returned Labour MPs since 1933 following the earlier period before 1923 dominated by the Liberal and Conservative parties. In every example the majority has been large in this period. Rotherham constituency is one of three constituencies in the borough. The current boundary configuration was confirmed in 2005, at the end of 2012 the unemployment rate in the constituency stood at 7% and 9. 6% male unemployment of the population claiming jobseekers allowance, compared to the regional average of 4. 7%. This was considerably higher also than the constituencies that share the borough, the borough contributing to the seat has a relatively high 26. 6% of its population without a car compared to 20. 1% in Bassetlaw and 30. 3% in Sheffield. In terms of extremes of education 29. 8% of the population in 2011 were without qualifications, in terms of tenure 65. 2% of homes are owned outright or on a mortgage as at the 2011 census across the borough. In the 10 years to the April 2011 Census the social rented sector saw a 4. 9% reduction and the private rented sector a 5. 3% increase, outright ownership saw a 3. 8% increase
6.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
7.
Lanarkshire
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Lanarkshire, also called the County of Lanark is a historic county in the central Lowlands of Scotland. Historically, Lanarkshire was the most populous county in Scotland and, in times, had considerably greater boundaries. Lanarkshire was historically divided between two administrative areas, other significant settlements include Coatbridge, East Kilbride, Motherwell, Airdrie, Blantyre, Cambuslang, Rutherglen, Wishaw and Carluke. In 1975, the county council was abolished and the area absorbed into the larger Strathclyde region, there is also a joint health board, which does not cover Rutherglen and the surrounding area in South Lanarkshire. Without the northern portion of North Lanarkshire, this is also a Lieutenancy area, from the mid-eighteenth century to the early twentieth century Lanarkshire profited from its rich seams of coal in places such as Glenboig. Unfortunately, as the industry developed around Glasgow in the 1700s the price of coal to the city rose under the control of a cartel of coal owners. The solution was to out a canal to take advantage of the good coal deposits of the Monklands area. By 1793, the Monklands canal was completed and the Lanarkshire coal industry thrived, the resulting boom lasted for over 100 years but reached its peak by the second decade of the twentieth century and even two world wars failed to halt the contraction. Output in the county continued to fall and the National Coal Board concentrated investment in Ayrshire, Fife, by 1970 there were only four collieries left in Lanarkshire and the closure of Cardowan in 1983 brought the long decline to an end. Lanarkshire hosted the International Childrens Games in August 2011, a total of 1,300 competitors and coaches, along with administrators and delegates, representing 77 cities from 33 countries worldwide attended
8.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
9.
Joan Smith
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The daughter of a park superintendent, Smith was educated at a state school before reading Latin at the University of Reading in the early 1970s. She has had a column in the The Guardians Weekend supplement, also freelancing for the newspaper and has contributed to The Independent, the Independent on Sunday. In her non-fiction Smith displays a commitment to atheism, feminism and republicanism, she has travelled extensively and she is scornful of popular culture and once gave away her television set to her ex-husband, although she acquired a new set almost a decade later. On 15 September 2010, Smith, along with 54 other public figures, signed a letter published in The Guardian. In November 2011, she gave evidence to the Leveson Inquiry into press and she testified that she considered celebrities thought they could control press content if they put themselves into the public domain when, in reality the opposite was more likely. She repeated a claim that she has persistently adhered to in her writings that the press is misogynistic, as a consequence of the Syrian refugee crisis, and the 2013 Ghouta attacks using chemical weapons, she has called for military invention. Outside the UK, Smith is probably best known for the Loretta Lawson series of novels which were published between 1987 and 1995. What Will Survive is a set in Lebanon in 1997 concerning a journalists investigation into the death of a model. Her work of non-fiction, Down with the Royals appeared in 2015 and she is a keen supporter of Classics in state schools, describing the 1997-2010 Labour governments failure to act on the matter as hardly their finest hour and is a patron of The Iris Project. Smith is a supporter of the pressure group Republic and a Patron of the British Humanist Association, in 2015, she was elected chair of Labour Humanists, a group promoting secularist policies and humanist values within the Labour party. Joan Smith was appointed the Executive Director of Hacked Off in late May 2014 in succession to Brian Cathcart, Smith assumed the position in June, but stood down in late June 2015 to return to her writing career full-time. Smith was married to journalist Francis Wheen between 1985 and 1993 and she had a relationship with Denis MacShane, a British Labour Party politician at the time. The couple subsequently split up in 2010 after seven years together, in 2003 she was offered the MBE for her services to PEN, but refused the award. Clouds of Deceit, Deadly Legacy of Britains Bomb Tests, misogynies, Reflections on Myths and Malice. Hungry for You, From Cannibalism to Seduction - A Book of Food, different for Girls, How Culture Creates Women. Moralities, How to End the Abuse of Money and Power in the 21st Century, Smith, Joan, ed. Femmes De Siècle. List of newspaper columnists LibraryThing author profile Republic Joan Smith on Twitter
10.
Clapham
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Clapham is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth but with some areas stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth. The present day Clapham High Street is an ancient diversion of the Roman military road Stane Street and this followed the line of Clapham Road and then onward along the line of Abbeville Road. Erected by Vitus Ticinius Ascanius according to its inscription, it is estimated to date from the 1st century. The family remained in possession of the land until Jonass great-great grandson Arthur sided against William the Conqueror during the Norman invasion of 1066 and, losing the land, Clapham appears in Domesday Book as Clopeham. It was held by Goisfrid de Mandeville and its assets were 3 hides,6 ploughs,5 acres of meadow. It rendered £7 10s 0d, and was located in Brixton hundred, the parish comprised 4.99 square kilometres. The benefice remains to this day a rectory and in the 19th century was in the patronage of the Atkins family,14. in the early 19th century and so the remaining glebe comprised only 11 acres in 1848. Samuel Pepys spent the last two years of his life in Clapham, living with his friend, protégé at the Admiralty and former servant William Hewer, Clapham Common was also home to Elizabeth Cook, the widow of Captain James Cook the explorer. She lived in a house on the common for years following the death of her husband. Other notable residents of Clapham Common include Palace of Westminster architect Sir Charles Barry, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, john Francis Bentley, architect of Westminster Cathedral, lived in the adjacent Old Town. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class social reformers who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton and Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian Thomas Macaulay, as well as William Smith, M. P. the Dissenter and they were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery and child labour, and for prison reform. They also promoted missionary activities in Britains colonies, by contrast, an opponent of Wilberforce, merchant and slave-trader George Hibbert also lived at Clapham Common, worshipping in the same church, Holy Trinity. After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for commuters into central London, and by 1900 it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Todays Clapham is an area of varied housing, from the large Queen Anne, Regency and Georgian era homes of the Old Town and Clapham Common, to the grids of Victorian housing in the Abbeville area. As in much of London, the area also has its share of council-owned social housing on estates dating from the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, Clapham was seen as a commuter suburb, often cited as representing ordinary people. By the 1980s, the area had undergone a further transformation, today the area is generally an affluent place, although its professional residents often live relatively close to significant pockets of social housing
11.
Rotherham
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Iron Age and Roman settlements dot the area covered by the district, including a small Roman fort to the south-west in the upper flood meadow of the Don. Rotherham was founded in the very early Middle Ages and its name is from Old English hām homestead, estate, meaning homestead on the Rother. The river name was carried into Old English from Brittonic branch of Celtic words, ro- over, chief and duβr water, thus main river and it established itself as a Saxon market town, on a Roman road near a forded part of the River Don. By the late Saxon period, Rotherham was at the centre of a parish on the Dons banks. Following the Norman Conquest an absentee lord held the most inhabited manor, the manors other resources were a church, four loosely called acres of meadow, and seven of woodland. Rotherham had a mill valued at a half of one pound sterling. His successors, the De Vesci family, rarely visited the town and did not build a castle but maintained a Friday market and a fair. In the mid 13th century, John de Vesci and Ralph de Tili gave all their possessions in Rotherham to Rufford Abbey, the monks collected tithes from the town and gained rights to an extra market day on Monday and to extend the annual fair from two to three days. The townsmen of Rotherham formed the Greaves of Our Ladys Light and it was suppressed in 1547 but revived in 1584 as the feoffees of the common lands of Rotherham, and remains in existence. In the 1480s the Rotherham-born Archbishop of York, Thomas Rotherham, instigated the building of a College of Jesus or Jesus College, Rotherham to rival the colleges of Cambridge and Oxford. It was the first brick building in what is now South Yorkshire and taught theology, religious chant and hymns, grammar, the College and new parish church of All Saints made Rotherham an enviable and modern town at the turn of the 16th century. The college was dissolved in 1547 in the reign of Edward VI, very little remains of the original building in College Street. Walls of part of the College of Jesus are encased within number 23 and Nos 2 and its fragments of walls are the earliest surviving brick structure in South Yorkshire and are remains of the key institution to Rotherhams growth into a town of regional significance. Sixty years after the Colleges dissolution Rotherham was described by a visitor as falling from a fashionable college town to having admitted gambling. The history of Thomas Rotherham and education in the town are remembered in the name of Thomas Rotherham College, the region had been exploited for iron since Roman times, but it was coal that first brought the Industrial Revolution to Rotherham. In the early Industrial Revolution major uses of iron demanded good local ore and established processing skills for iron strength, qualities found in Rotherhams smelting plants, Iron, and later steel, became the principal industry in Rotherham, surviving into the 20th century. Rotherhams cast iron industry expanded rapidly in the early 19th century, perrot, W. H. Micklethwait and John and Richard Corker of the Ferham Works. The Parkgate Ironworks was established in 1823 by Sanderson and Watson, in 1854, Samuel Beal & Co produced wrought iron plates for Isambard Kingdom Brunels famous steamship the SS Great Eastern
12.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
13.
Merton College, Oxford
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Merton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The important feature of Walters foundation was that this college was to be self-governing, the hall and the chapel and the rest of the front quad were complete before the end of the 13th century. Notable alumni and academics past and present include four Nobel Laureates and writer J. R. R. Tolkien who was Merton Professor of English Language, Merton is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford and had a financial endowment of £212.8 million as of July 2014. Merton has a reputation for academic success, having regularly ranked first in the Norrington Table in recent years. Merton College was founded in 1264 by Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor and it has a claim to be the oldest college in Oxford, although this claim is disputed between Merton College, Balliol College and University College. The substance of Mertons claim is that it was the first college to be provided with statutes, Mertons statutes date back to 1264, whereas neither Balliol nor University College had statutes until the 1280s. Merton was also the first college to be conceived as a community working to achieve academic ends, Merton has an unbroken line of wardens dating back to 1264. Of these, many had great influences over the development of the college, Henry Savile was one notable leader whose vision led the college to flourish in the early 17th century. St Alban Hall was an independent academic hall owned by the convent of Littlemore until it was purchased by Merton College in 1548 following the dissolution of the convent and it continued as a separate institution until it was finally annexed by the college in 1881. During the English Civil War, Merton was the only Oxford college to side with Parliament, the reason for this was Mertons annoyance with the interference of their Visitor William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This included the Kings French wife, Queen Henrietta Maria, who was housed in or near what is now the Queens Room, the room above the arch between Front and Fellows Quads. Differences were quickly settled after the war, however, and a portrait of Charles I hangs near the Queens Room as a reminder of the role it played in his court. The college was consolidated on this site by 1274, when Walter made his final revisions to the college statutes, the initial acquisition included the parish church of St John and three houses to the east of the church which now form the north range of Front Quad. Walter also obtained permission from the king to extend from these properties south to the old city wall to form a square site. The college continued to other properties as they became available on both sides of Merton Street. At one time, the college owned all the land from the site that is now Christ Church to the eastern corner of the city. The land to the east eventually became the current Fellows garden, by the late 1280s the old church of St John the Baptist had fallen into a ruinous condition, and the college accounts show that work on a new church began in about 1290. The present choir, with its enormous east window, was complete by 1294, the window is an important example of how the strict geometrical conventions of the Early English Period of architecture were beginning to be relaxed at the end of the 13th century
14.
Birkbeck, University of London
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Birkbeck, University of London, is a public research university located in Bloomsbury, London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is regarded as one of the leading universities for excellence in research. Birkbecks historic and main building is based in the Bloomsbury zone of Camden, in Central London, in partnership with University of East London, Birkbeck has an additional large campus in Stratford, next to the Theatre Royal. Birkbeck offers over 200 undergraduate and postgraduate programmes that can be studied either part-time or full-time and its staff members have optimal research reputation. Birkbecks academic activities are organised into five constituent faculties which are subdivided into nineteen departments and it also offers many continuing education courses leading to certificates and diplomas, foundation degrees, and short courses. Research at Birkbeck in 11 subject areas is rated as ‘internationally excellent’, Birkbeck, being part of the University of London, shares the University’s academic standards and awards University of London degrees. In common with the other University of London colleges, Birkbeck has also secured its own independent degree awarding powers, the quality of degrees awarded by Birkbeck was confirmed by the UK Quality Assurance Agency following institutional audits in 2005 and 2010. Birkbeck has been acknowledged as a ‘global elite‘ university and it is often shortlisted by the Times Higher Education Awards as University of the Year, the university was awarded The Queen’s Anniversary Prize for excellence in higher education research in 2006. Birkbeck has produced notable alumni in the fields of science, law, politics, economics, literature, media, art. Alumni include four Nobel laureates, numerous political leaders, members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, however the idea was not universally popular and some accused Birkbeck of scattering the seeds of evil. Two years later, the moved to the Southampton Buildings on Chancery Lane. In 1830, the first female students were admitted, in 1858, changes to the University of Londons structure resulting in an opening up of access to the examinations for its degree. The Institute became the provider of part-time university education. The early twentieth century saw further developments, with Birkbeck Students Union being established in 1904, in 1913, a review of the University of London successfully recommended that Birkbeck become a constituent college, although the outbreak of the First World War delayed this until 1920. The Royal Charter for the college was granted in 1926, the colleges first female professor, Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan began teaching botany in 1921. Among the other distinguished faculty in the years were Nikolaus Pevsner, J. D. Bernal. During the Second World War, Birkbeck was the only central University of London college not to out of the capital. In 1941, the library suffered a hit during The Blitz
15.
British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
16.
Rotherham by-election, 2012
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The Rotherham by-election was a by-election for the Parliament of the United Kingdoms House of Commons constituency of Rotherham. MacShane accepted the office of Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds on 5 November 2012, the election took place on 29 November 2012, at the same time as by-elections in Croydon North and Middlesbrough which were caused by the deaths of the sitting MPs. Rotherham Borough Council released the statement of persons nominated on 14 November 2012, the Liberal Democrats candidate, Michael Beckett, was announced by BBC Look North on 13 November 2012. The Labour candidate Sarah Champion is chief executive of Bluebell Wood Childrens Hospice in Rotherham, ex-miner Ralph Dyson was confirmed as the candidate for the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition on 9 November 2011. Clint Bristow stood with no party description, but is an organiser for the English Defence League. Marlene Guest had stood for the BNP in Rotherham previously, Respect confirmed their selection of Yvonne Ridley on 12 November. Ms Ridley is a broadcaster, known for being kidnapped by Taliban forces while she was working in Afghanistan for the Sunday Express newspaper. Subsequent to being freed, she converted to Islam and has adopted a strong anti-Zionist position, saying any Zionism in Respect would be hunted down and kicked out. English Democrats candidate David Wildgoose stood in the 1994 Rotherham by-election as a Liberal Democrat when Denis MacShane was first elected, at the previous General Election, he stood for the English Democrats in Sheffield Hallam against the Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg. Simon Copley, a charity fundraiser and church leader, stood as an Independent candidate saying he offered a moderate alternative. During the election campaign, social workers removed three children from foster care on behalf of the council on the grounds that the foster parents were members of UKIP. The local council said that the children were not indigenous white British, the decision attracted widespread criticism from across the political spectrum, including from the Labour leader Ed Miliband and Conservative Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove. The Labour Leader of Rotherham Council has also launched an inquiry, Leader of UKIP, Nigel Farage said that he was appalled and upset by the decision. He said that his party is officially constituted as a non-racist, non-sectarian, libertarian party, in May 2013, Rotherham council apologized saying that communication about the decision gave the incorrect impression that it related solely to the couples UKIP membership. This was incorrect, the children were removed because it was in their best interests though full details couldnt be given for legal reasons, the council said it had taken action to strengthen the way it made decisions and how it communicated information. Their candidate Jane Collins had previously been the only UKIP candidate to come second in any UK parliamentary election at Barnsley Central in 2011, UKIP also came second in the Middlesbrough by-election held on the same day as Rotherham. The UKIP vote share was, at 21. 7%, the highest ever recorded for that party in any parliamentary election. The British National Partys third place was the highest ever placing for that party in a by-election, although they had polled more votes and a higher share elsewhere
17.
Blair ministry
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He would serve as the Prime Minister for three successive parliamentary terms until his resignation on 27 June 2007. His Cabinet was reshuffled for each new parliament along with a few changes during each term. After 18 years in opposition, Labour ousted the Tories in the May 1997 election with a 179-seat majority, the Prime Minister Tony Blair, who turned 44 just days after leading Labour to power, was the youngest Prime Minister of the 20th century. Blair quickly wiped away memories of the troubled Labour governments led by Harold Wilson and James Callaghan as the recovery continued. While other developed countries, notably Japan, were hit by a crisis during Blairs first term in office. This sparked a brief Tory lead in the opinion polls – the first in eight years – but once the protests and consequent fuel shortages ended, Labour led the opinion polls once more. Blair was so confident of re-election that he called an election for 3 May. Tory leader William Hague, whose party barely improved on their disastrous election result of 1997, by the time the next general election was on the horizon, Blair and Labour were looking well positioned for a record third successive term in government. Unemployment remained low and the economy remained strong with more than a decade of unbroken growth, soon after the invasion of Iraq, Labour support in the opinion polls fell and the Tories drew level with them in at least one poll during 2003. Blair had already declared that the new term in parliament would be his last and these are the cabinets under Prime Minister Tony Blair. The first Blair ministry lasted from May 1997 to June 2001, Baroness Jay of Paddington becomes Lord Privy Seal, Leader of the House of Lords and Minister for Women. Stephen Byers becomes Chief Secretary to the Treasury, ann Taylor becomes Chief Whip, which is now a cabinet position. Jack Cunningham becomes Cabinet Office Minister and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, alistair Darling becomes Social Security Secretary. Peter Mandelson enters the cabinet as Trade & Industry Secretary, John Reid becomes Transport Minister, which is no longer a cabinet position. Lord Richard, Harriet Harman, David G. Clark and Gavin Strang leave the cabinet, the President of the Board of Trade is no longer a title used by the Trade Secretary. October 1998 – Alun Michael becomes Welsh Secretary, december 1998 – Peter Mandelson is sacked from the cabinet over a secret home loan he received from Geoffrey Robinson. Stephen Byers becomes Trade & Industry Secretary, Alan Milburn becomes Chief Secretary to the Treasury. May 1999 – John Reid becomes Scottish Secretary, july 1999 – Paul Murphy becomes Welsh Secretary
18.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
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Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
20.
False accounting
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False accounting is a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Section 17 replaces sections 82 and 83 of the Larceny Act 1861, the words dishonestly with a view to gain for himself or another or with intent to cause loss to another are substituted in section 17 for the words intent to defraud in the former provisions. Gain and loss Gain and loss are defined by section 34 of the Theft Act 1968, mode of trial and sentence This offence is triable either way. Visiting forces This offence is an offence against property for the purposes of section 3 of the Visiting Forces Act 1952, jurisdiction This offence is a Group A offence for the purposes of Part I of the Criminal Justice Act 1993. This offence is created by section 17 of the Theft Act 1969, Visiting forces This offence is an offence against property for the purposes of section 3 of the Visiting Forces Act 1952. Mode of trial This offence is an offence which may be tried summarily upon consent of the accused. This offence is created by section 10 of the Criminal Justice Act,2001 and this offence is a relevant offence for the purposes of the Criminal Justice Act 2011
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Old Bailey
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The Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, commonly known as the Old Bailey from the street on which it stands, is a court in London and one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court. The Old Bailey has been housed in several structures near this location since the 16th century, the Crown Court sitting at the Central Criminal Court deals with major criminal cases from within Greater London and in exceptional cases, from other parts of England and Wales. Trials at the Old Bailey, as at other courts, are open to the public, however, the court originated as the sessions house of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of the City of London and of Middlesex. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and rebuilt in 1674, with the court open to the weather to prevent the spread of disease. In 1734 it was refronted, enclosing the court and reducing the influence of spectators and it was rebuilt again in 1774 and a second courtroom was added in 1824. Over 100,000 criminal trials were carried out at the Old Bailey between 1674 and 1834, in 1834, it was renamed as the Central Criminal Court and its jurisdiction extended beyond that of London and Middlesex to the whole of the English jurisdiction for trials of major cases. The court was intended as the site where only criminals accused of crimes committed in the City. However, in 1856, there was public revulsion at the accusations against the doctor William Palmer that he was a poisoner and murderer and this led to fears that he could not receive a fair trial in his native Staffordshire. The Central Criminal Court Act 1856 was passed to enable his trial to be held at the Old Bailey, in the 19th century, the Old Bailey was a small court adjacent to Newgate gaol. Hangings were a spectacle in the street outside until May 1868. The condemned would be led along Dead Mans Walk between the prison and the court, and many were buried in the walk itself, large, riotous crowds would gather and pelt the condemned with rotten fruit and vegetables and stones. In 1807,28 people were crushed to death after a pie-sellers stall overturned, the present Old Bailey building dates from 1902 but it was officially opened on 27 February 1907. It was designed by E. W. Mountford and built on the site of the infamous Newgate gaol, above the main entrance is inscribed the admonition, Defend the Children of the Poor & Punish the Wrongdoer. King Edward VII opened the courthouse, on the dome above the court stands a bronze statue of Lady Justice, executed by the British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy. She holds a sword in her hand and the scales of justice in her left. During the Blitz of World War II, the Old Bailey was bombed and severely damaged, in 1952, the restored interior of the Grand Hall of the Central Criminal Court was once again open. The interior of the Great Hall is decorated with paintings commemorating the Blitz, running around the entire hall are a series of axioms, some of biblical reference. This part of the building houses the shorthand-writers offices
22.
HM Prison Belmarsh
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Her Majestys Prison Belmarsh is a Category A mens prison in Thamesmead, south-east London, England. It is run by Her Majestys Prison Service, Belmarsh Prison was built on part of the East site of the former Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, and became operational on 2 April 1991. Belmarsh is adjacent and adjoined to Woolwich Crown Court, as such the prison is used in high-profile cases, the law lords later ruled in A v Secretary of State for the Home Dept that such imprisonment was discriminatory and against the Human Rights Act. It is often used for the detention of prisoners for terrorist related offences, in September 2006 the number of such prisoners was 51. In May 2007, there was a violent disturbance in the prison, at least four prison officers were injured. In November 2009, a report from Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons criticised the extremely high amount of force used to control inmates at the prison. The report also stated that a high number of prisoners had reported being intimidated or victimised by staff at Belmarsh. In 2010, HMP Isis Young Offenders Institution was opened within the wall of Belmarsh Prison. Belmarsh is a Category A Prison holding prisoners from all over the United Kingdom, in addition Belmarsh is a local prison, accepting different categories of prisoners from primarily the Central Criminal Court and Magistrates Courts in South East London. In addition the establishment serves Crown and Magistrates Courts in South West Essex, accommodation at the prison is a mixture of approximately 60% multi-occupancy cells and 40% single cells, distributed mainly across 4 residential units. Inmates at Belmarsh are offered access to education, workshops, two gyms, one focusing on Physical Education courses and one recreational, with use of a sports hall and a fitness room. The gym staff also have a partnership with Charlton Athletic F. C. to deliver F. A. accredited coaching courses for prisoners, a listener scheme for prisoners at risk from suicide or self-harm is in operation at Belmarsh. There is also a group for foreign national prisoners, providing advice on immigration law. Ian Huntley - Psychopathic paedophile and child killer who was there during his trial involving the Soham Murders. Dhiren Barot Ronnie Biggs Andy Coulson - Former editor of News of the World and press secretary to Prime Minister David Cameron, will return to Jersey in December 2015 for sentencing. Momcilo Krajisnik - political leader of Bosnian Serb in period of Bosnian war Ministry of Justice pages on HMP Belmarsh HMP Belmarsh - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
23.
HM Prison Brixton
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HM Prison Brixton is a local mens prison, located in Brixton area of the London Borough of Lambeth, in inner-South London. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, the prison was originally built in 1820 and opened as the Surrey House of Correction, Brixton Prison was intended to house 175 prisoners. There is an illustration of prisoners on the 1821 treadmill used to mill corn in Surrey House of Correction, female inmates were allowed over time to earn privileges, which included limited conversation, payment for labor, the right to receive letters and visitation rights. Brixton eventually became a prison from 1882 until 1898 and remained a trial-and-remand prison for London. The footings for the treadmill remain and are visible and the former hanging i. e. execution suite is now an enlarged cell with six beds, on 7 July 1991 two Provisional IRA prisoners, Pearse McAuley and Nessan Quinlivan, escaped from the prison by subduing a guard. They managed to scale the walls, hijack the car of a member of the public before reaching the Baker Street Underground station. They managed to flee to the Republic of Ireland, in October 1999, Prisons Minister, Paul Boateng had to make an emergency visit to Brixton Prison after a spate of multiple suicide attempts by inmates being held in the medical wards of the jail. The minister subsequently promised more nurses and staff for the healthcare unit. A month later, Boateng threatened to privatise Brixton Prison if improvements were not made by management to the regime, the Governor was removed the same day, only to be reappointed to run HM Prison Downview a few weeks later. In August 2000, prison officers from all over the UK staged a strike after the government released proposals confirming intentions to privatise Brixton Prison. The privatisation plans were dropped, and Brixton Prison has remained in the public sector. In January 2001, a report from Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons severely criticised conditions at Brixton Prison. The report claimed that staff had falsified records and tried to sabotage the inspection, standards of healthcare and race relations within the prison were also criticised. In June 2004, an inspection report praised Brixton Prison for improving standards. The report highlighted the prisons good staff-prisoner relations and improved support for new prisoners, however, inspectors highlighted overcrowding as a major issue that was hampering further improvements at the jail. Another inspection report in July 2006 stated that poor facilities were holding back improvements being made to Brixton Prison, the prisons kitchens, healthcare and sports facilities were highlighted as being particularly inadequate. In October 2008, the Chief Inspector of Prisons warned that many inmates held at Brixton Prison were taking drugs, the inspector also claimed that the prison was infested with vermin. A further inspection was carried out in 2014, the report stated that conditions had improved although there were still concerns regarding levels of violence, incidents of self-harm, overcrowding and offender management
24.
Electronic tagging
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Electronic tagging is a form of surveillance which uses an electronic device fitted to the person. It is commonly used as a form of electronically monitored punishment for people who have been sentenced to electronic monitoring by a court, however, electronic tagging and monitoring is also used in healthcare settings with people with dementia and in immigration contexts in some jurisdictions. The combination of electronic monitoring with a curfew usually relies on radio frequency technology, the use of home detention as a means of confinement and control within the home can be traced back to biblical times when the Romans placed Paul the Apostle, under house arrest. In the 18th century, the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham designed the Panopticon, inside the Panopticon, the prisoners are arranged in a ring of cells surrounding their guard, who is concealed in a tower in the center. The idea is that the controls the prisoners through his presumed observation, they constantly imagine his eyes on them. It is worth remembering that when the modern prison emerged, it, early prison reformers—many of them Quakers bent on repentance and redemption—suggested that cutting people off from the rest of the world would bring them closer to God. Whereas the guard in Benthams day had two eyes, however, todays watcher can be virtually all-seeing, thanks to GPS monitoring technology. The modern prisoner, in words, need not wonder whether he is being observed, he can be sure that he is. The technologies of electronic monitoring have their roots in the work of Dr. Ralph Schwitzgebel of the Science Committee on Psychological Experimentation at Harvard University, in 1964, Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel headed a research team that experimented with prototype electronic monitoring devices. Schwitzgebel and William S. Hurd were granted patent #3,478,344 and he developed a one-kilogram Radio Telemetry Device that could be worn by a person. The device transmitted signals to a modified missile-tracking unit up to 400 metres away, the Harvard researchers invented and assessed a prototype monitoring system to use upon juvenile offenders. The public responded unfavorably on the whole, fearing that the devices were overly intrusive, twenty years later, in 1983, a New Mexico district court judge first sentenced offenders to electronic monitoring by home. It could also be adapted to serve as a listening device or two-way radio. The system was tested on volunteers who included students, parolees and mental patients, Schwitzgebel was granted a patent in relation to the system in 1969. A diversion from its criminal justice application, in 1978, a company called BI Incorporated began selling systems that allowed farmers to dispense feed to their cows automatically. The company fitted a radio-frequency tag on each cows ear so that when the cow approached the feed dispenser, a sensor in the latter caused it to drop a ration of fodder. If the same cow returned, the sensor recognized the unique signal of the tag, in 1981 writer Tom Stacey took to the British Home Office a proposal for the electronic tagging of offenders to track their movements, or fix a home curfew, using cellular radio telephone technology. Stacey had been briefly imprisoned abroad in his role as a foreign correspondent and had for several years served as a Prison Visitor in England
25.
European Parliament
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The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union. Together with the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, the Parliament is composed of 751 members, who represent the second-largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world. It has been elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, voter turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, voter turnout in 2014 stood at 42. 54% of all European voters. The Parliament is the first institution of the EU, and shares equal legislative and it likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Finally, the European Commission, the body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and it can subsequently force the Commission as a body to resign by adopting a motion of censure. The President of the European Parliament is Antonio Tajani, elected in January 2017 and he presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the Group of the European Peoples Party and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. The last union-wide elections were the 2014 elections, the European Parliament has three places of work – Brussels, the city of Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices, meetings of the whole Parliament take place in Strasbourg and in Brussels. Committee meetings are held in Brussels, the Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and it was a consultative assembly of 78 appointed parliamentarians drawn from the national parliaments of member states, having no legislative powers. Its development since its foundation shows how the European Unions structures have evolved without a master plan. Some, such as Tom Reid of the Washington Post, said of the union, nobody would have designed a government as complex. Even the Parliaments two seats, which have switched several times, are a result of various agreements or lack of agreements, the body was not mentioned in the original Schuman Declaration. It was assumed or hoped that difficulties with the British would be resolved to allow the Council of Europes Assembly to perform the task, a separate Assembly was introduced during negotiations on the Treaty as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy. The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term representatives of the people. Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the treaty to establish a European Political Community
26.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
27.
St Benedict's School, Ealing
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St Benedicts School, usually referred to as St Benedicts, is a British co-educational independent Roman Catholic day school situated in the Greater London suburb of Ealing, West London. Although a Catholic school it accepts pupils of all faiths, St Benedict’s School, Ealing was established following the arrival of Benedictine monks from Downside Abbey into Ealing in 1897 to found the first Benedictine Abbey in London since the Reformation. Under the leadership of Dom Sebastian Cave, Ealing Priory School, as the School was known, opened on 2 October 1902, the School was founded upon a £5 donation, which was later published in the first issue of the Schools Priorian magazine. In 190615 acres, about a mile from the school grounds. By the 1920s Orchard Dene was used for boarders and the school was located in two houses on Eaton Rise, a purpose built school building linking these houses was in use by 1936. During the Second World War pupils were evacuated into the now Junior School – boarding ceased –, the Junior School was spun off as a separate entity with its own headmaster, in 1946. The Junior Schools first lay headmaster, Dennis McSweeny, was appointed in 2000, the present headmaster, appointed in 2005, is Mr Robert Simmons, himself a former pupil of St Benedicts School. Visits to many places of interest in London, and further afield, extend pupils’ knowledge, in Year 5, pupils visit Normandy and in year 6 they visit the Lake District on a PGL style activity. The school has links with the local and wider community through supporting local and international charities, concern for the environment is demonstrated, for example by the purchase of a piece of land in Central America which has been planted with trees. Each year on the official feast of St Benedict, a school charity day takes place at the end of March to support a charity of the pupils choosing. A co-educational Nursery was founded in 2002, in the building on Montpelier Avenue which formerly housed the Middle School, the Governors have approved plans for a three storey development to replace the existing ‘Ark’ in the Junior School. Work on this is scheduled to start in summer 2016 and, when complete, this new building will house the Pre-Preps and also the Nursery, which will be re-located to the main site. Although St Benedicts was founded as a school, girls have been admitted to the Sixth Form of the Senior School since the 1970s. In June 2006 the Monastic Chapter voted to extend co-education across the whole school, the Senior School became fully co-educational in Michaelmas 2008. As of 2014 girls formed 34% of pupils in the School, in 2016, he was arrested in Kosovo and extradited to the UK to face trial. As a result of the made the Independent Schools Inspectorate said in its 2013 inspection report that the pastoral care at St Benedicts was excellent. In October 2011 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ordered its own enquiry into the same matters, to be conducted by Bishop John Arnold. However, it was reiterated by the CPS that there was no evidence that Allott had abused his position of trust within the school, and no offensive material was found within the school
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Ealing
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Ealing is a major suburban district of west London, England and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Ealing. It is one of the metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically a village in the county of Middlesex. Improvement in communications with London, culminating with the opening of the station in 1838. As part of the growth of London in the 20th century, Ealing significantly expanded and increased in population and it now forms a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed night time economy. Ealing has the characteristics of both suburban and inner-city developments, Ealings town centre is often colloquial with Ealing Broadway, the name of both a rail interchange & a shopping centre. Most of Ealing, including the district, South Ealing, Ealing Common, Montpelier, Pitshanger. Areas to the north-west of the centre such as Argyle Road. A small section north-east of the centre, near Hanger Hill. The population of Ealing, comprising the Ealing Broadway, Ealing Common, Cleveland, Walpole, the area of Hanwell is strongly associated with Ealing, however, it is a separate district with its own postcode. Northfields on the hand, despite sharing postcodes with Ealing is generally considered to be a separate area in its own right. The Saxon name for Ealing was recorded c.700 as Gillingas, meaning place of the associated with Gilla, from the personal name Gilla. Over the centuries, the name has changed, and has known as Illing,1130, Gilling,1243. Archaeological evidence shows that parts of Ealing have been occupied for more than 7,000 years Iron Age pots have been discovered in the vicinity on Horsenden Hill. A settlement is recorded here in the 12th century amid a great forest that carpeted the area to the west of London, the earliest surviving English census is that for Ealing in 1599. This list was a tally of all 85 households in Ealing village giving the names of the inhabitants, together with their ages, relationships and occupations. It survives in form at The National Archives, and was transcribed and printed by K J Allison for the Ealing Historical Society in 1961. Settlements were scattered throughout the parish, many of them were along what is now called St. Marys Road, near to the church in the centre of the parish
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BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
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Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
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Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club /ˌwʊlvərˈhæmptən/ is a professional association football club based in the city of Wolverhampton, West Midlands. The club was known as St. Lukes FC and was founded in 1877. They compete in the Championship, the second highest tier of English football, the following season saw two further managers dismissed as the club then suffered a second relegation, ending up in League One. However, in the season they gained promotion back to the Championship where they currently reside. The clubs current head coach is Paul Lambert, who took charge in November 2016, having become professional, the club were nominated to become one of the twelve founder members of the Football League in 1888, in which they played the first Football League match ever staged. They ended the season in third place, as well as reaching their first FA Cup Final, losing 0–3 to the first Double winners. At the conclusion of the campaign the club relocated for a time when they moved to Molineux. Wolves lifted the FA Cup for the first time in 1893 when they beat Everton 1–0, and added a second triumph in 1908, two years after having dropped into the Second Division. After struggling for years to regain their place in the top division, the club suffered a further relegation in 1923, entering the Third Division. Eight years later Wolves regained their status after winning the Second Division title under Major Frank Buckley. This game had been the last in a Wolves shirt for Stan Cullis, the 1950s were by far the most successful period in the clubs history. Captained by Billy Wright, Wolves finally claimed the championship for the first time in 1953–54. This became the final spur for Gabriel Hanot, the editor of LÉquipe, to propose the creation of the European Cup, although the decade opened with a fourth FA Cup victory and almost the first double of the 20th century, the 1960s saw Wolves begin to decline. Cullis was sacked in September 1964 in a season that ended with relegation and this exile would last only two seasons though, as they were promoted in 1967 as runners-up. During the close season in 1967, Wolves played a season in North America as part of the fledgling United Soccer Association league which imported clubs from Europe. Playing as the Los Angeles Wolves, they won the Western Division, the clubs return to the English top flight heralded another period of relative success under Bill McGarry, with a fourth place in 1971 qualifying them for the newly created UEFA Cup. They lifted silverware though two later, when they won the League Cup for the first time by beating Manchester City 2–1 in the final. The club was saved from liquidation at the last minute when it was purchased by a consortium fronted by former player Derek Dougan
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BBC WM
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BBC WM95.6 is the BBC Local Radio service for the West Midlands conurbation, operated by BBC Birmingham. Launched on 9 November 1970 as BBC Radio Birmingham, it broadcasts from central Birmingham on 95.6 FM, DAB, Freeview, until 2004, BBC WM broadcast from the Pebble Mill studios, in Edgbaston. On 4 July of that year, the moved to the new BBC Birmingham city centre offices in The Mailbox. Its facilities include two broadcast studios, a studio, an operations and production area, and a studio shared with the BBC Asian Network. In the 1981, the changed its name to BBC WM and had a studio in the back of a shop in New Street. The shop sold trinkets branded with the Radio WM identity, as a 1990s economy measure, the station took over BBC CWR. On 3 September 2005, CWR resumed the production of programming between 5.00 and 22.00 each weekday. In late 2011, the station using the on air identity of BBC WM95.6 as opposed to BBC WM as it had previously used. When launched, the station had a monopoly of radio in the Birmingham area. The stations low audience since the advent of independent local radio has led to reports of threatened closure on various occasions. In the mid-1980s, a new manager, Tony Inchley, brought in extensive changes with a view to stabilising the audience. According to RAJAR as of April - June 2016 BBC WM95.6 had 241,000 listeners, the majority of the stations programming is produced and broadcast from Birmingham, alongside regional programming for sister stations in the BBC Midlands and BBC East Midlands regions. As with all BBC Local Radio stations, BBC WM also airs the weekday evening shows, originating from BBC Radio Leeds. BBC WM website BBC WM, The first 40 years —58 minute radio documentary by BBC WM BBC WM looks back on its 40 years of broadcasting
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Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
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Reginald Maudling
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Reginald Maudling was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer. He had been spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader since 1955 and he also held directorships in several British financial firms. As Home Secretary, he was responsible for the British Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972, shortly thereafter, he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group, the family moved to Bexhill, to escape German air raids, he won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College, Oxford. He obtained his degree in Classics with first class honours, Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940. However, he did not practise as a barrister, having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force in World War II, in the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others, although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat. After its defeat in the 1945 general election, the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy, Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on the popularity of Winston Churchill and outdated economic slogans. In November 1945, Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat, later the Conservative Research Department and he persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending. In March 1946, Maudling was chosen as the candidate for Barnet, close to his birthplace in Finchley. Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945, but it was considered to be marginal, in 1950, Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority. Following the 1951 election, Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation, with his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence. When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955, Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply and he supported the invasion of Suez. Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the claims of Butler in 1957. Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power, however, Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it. Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals, Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn, on 14 November 1958, six months after the election of General de Gaulle, Jacques Soustelle, the French Minister of Information, confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan. Two days later, the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations, Maudling later revised his proposals which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association. Meanwhile, Maudling became a member of Lloyds of London in December 1957. Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade and he was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment
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Crime
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In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition. The most popular view is that crime is a created by law, in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act not only to some individual. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law, the notion that acts such as murder, rape and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is an offence is defined by criminal law of each country. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, the state has the power to severely restrict ones liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere, usually, to be classified as a crime, the act of doing something criminal must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the intention to do something criminal. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime, breaches of private law are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to conform to codes, authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate certain behaviors in general. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system, Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity, they may include incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments, legal mutilation, usually a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Conversely, at least under U. S. law, nonpersons such as animals cannot commit crimes, the sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. When Quinney states crime is a phenomenon he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms. The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning I decide, originally the Latin word crīmen meant charge or cry of distress. The Ancient Greek word krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to a mistake or an offense against the community. In 13th century English crime meant sinfulness, according to etymonline. com and it was probably brought to England as Old French crimne, from Latin crimen. In Latin, crimen could have signified any one of the following, charge, indictment, accusation, crime, fault, the word may derive from the Latin cernere – to decide, to sift
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Solidarity (Polish trade union)
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Solidarity is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party and its membership reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 Congress, which constituted one third of the total working-age population of Poland. In the 1980s, Solidarity was a broad social movement, using the methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers rights. In the unions clandestine years, the Pope and the United States provided significant financial support, the round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected President of Poland. Since then Solidarity has become a traditional, liberal trade union. Its membership had dropped to 680,000 by 2010 and 400,000 by 2011, in the 1970s Polands government raised food prices while wage stagnated. This led to the June 1976 protests and subsequent government crackdown on dissent, groups like the KOR and ROPCIO began to form underground networks to monitor and oppose the governments abusive behavior. Labour unions formed an important part of this network, in 1979, the Polish economy shrank for the first time since World War II by 2 percent. The foreign debt reached around $18 billion by 1980, for participation in the illegal trade union, Anna Walentynowicz was fired from work at the Gdańsk Shipyard on 7 August 1980,5 months before she was due to retire. This management decision enraged the workers of the Shipyard, who staged a strike action on 14 August defending Anna Walentynowicz, Anna Waletynowicz and Alina Pienkowska transformed a strike over bread and butter issues into a solidarity strike in sympathy with other striking establishments. Solidarity emerged on 31 August 1980 in Gdańsk at the Lenin Shipyards when the communist government of Poland signed the agreement allowing for its existence, on 17 September 1980, over 20 Inter-factory Founding Committees of free trade unions merged at the congress into one national organization NSZZ Solidarity. It officially registered on 10 November 1980, Wałęsa and others formed a broad anti-Soviet social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-Soviet left. Solidarity advocated non-violence in its members activities, in September 1981 Solidaritys first national congress elected Wałęsa as a president and adopted a republican program, the Self-governing Republic. The government attempted to destroy the union with the law of 1981 and several years of repression. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed, since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action won the election in 1997
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National Union of Journalists
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The National Union of Journalists is a trade union for journalists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded in 1907 and has 38,000 members and it is a member of the International Federation of Journalists. There is a range of national councils below the NEC, covering different sections, there is an industrial council for each of the NUJs industrial sectors – Newspapers and Agencies, Freelance, Magazine and Book, Broadcasting, New Media and Press and PR. There are also national Executive Councils, covering all sectors, for Ireland and Scotland, the Irish Executive Council, which has a higher degree of autonomy, covers Northern Ireland as well as the Republic. The unions structure is democratic and its supreme decision-making body is its Delegate Meeting, between meetings, decisions lie with the NUJs National Executive Council, a committee of 27 people, elected annually by members. The NEC is chaired by a President, elected, along with a Vice-President and Treasurer, the General Secretary is elected every five years by a national ballot of all members. The current GS is Michelle Stanistreet, the General Secretary is responsible for the day-to-day running of the union and directing its staff. However, important decisions such as authorising industrial action must be taken by the NEC
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International Metalworkers' Federation
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The International Metalworkers Federation was a global union federation of metalworkers trade unions, founded in Zürich, Switzerland in August 1893. As of 2009, the IMF had more than 200 member organisations in 100 countries, the federation was founded as the International Metallurgists Bureau of Information, becoming the International Metalworkers Federation in 1904. From 1921, its called for not only international co-operation to improve wages and conditions. Membership of the federation reached 1.9 million in 1930, the organization held a congress every four years, consisting of delegates from the member organisations. The congress established the broad lines of the IMFs policies and actions and elected the President, the international headquarters of IMF was based in Geneva, Switzerland. There were regional offices in Johannesburg, New Delhi, Kuala Lumpur, Santiago, Mexico City, in June 2012, the IMF merged into the new global federation IndustriALL Global Union
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