1.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
2.
Dominoes
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Dominoes or dominos is a family of games played with rectangular domino tiles. Each domino is a tile with a line dividing its face into two square ends. Each end is marked with a number of spots or is blank, the backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable, either blank or having some common design. The domino gaming pieces make up a set, sometimes called a deck or pack. The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes, featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six, a domino set is a generic gaming device, similar to playing cards or dice, in that a variety of games can be played with a set. The earliest mention of dominoes is from Song dynasty China found in the text Former Events in Wulin by Zhou Mi, modern dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, but how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game is unknown. Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe, the name domino is most likely from the resemblance to a kind of carnival costume worn during the Venetian Carnival, often consisting of a black-hooded robe and a white mask. Contrary to the coinage of the word polyomino as a generalization, european-style dominoes are traditionally made of bone or ivory, or a dark hardwood such as ebony, with contrasting black or white pips. Alternatively, domino sets have made from many different natural materials, stone, other hardwoods, metals, ceramic clay. Modern sets also use a different color for the dots of each different end value to facilitate finding matching ends. Occasionally, one may find a set made of card stock like that for playing cards. Such sets are lightweight, compact, and inexpensive, and like cards are more susceptible to disturbances such as a sudden breeze. Sometimes, dominoes have a pin in the middle. Each progressively larger set increases the number of pips on an end by three, so the common extended sets are double-nine, double-12, double-15, and double-18. Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai, the earliest known manual written about dominoes is the 《宣和牌譜》 written by Qu You, but some Chinese scholars believe this manual is a forgery from a later time. In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures, Zhang Pu described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai, although the character for pu had changed, traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow, Pai Gow, Che Deng, and others. Chinese dominoes with blank faces were known during the 17th century, many different domino sets have been used for centuries in various parts of the world to play a variety of domino games. Each domino originally represented one of the 21 results of throwing two six-sided dice, one half of each domino is set with the pips from one die and the other half contains the pips from the second die
3.
Close-up
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A close-up or closeup in filmmaking, television production, still photography and the comic strip medium is a type of shot, which tightly frames a person or an object. Close-ups are one of the shots used regularly with medium shots. Close-ups display the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene, moving in to a close-up or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming. Most early filmmakers—such as Thomas Edison, Auguste and Louis Lumière and Georges Méliès—tended not to use close-ups and preferred to frame their subjects in long shots, film historians disagree as to which filmmaker first used a close-up. In 1901, James Williamson, also working in Hove, made perhaps the most extreme close-up of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. D. W. Griffith, who pioneered screen cinematographic techniques, for example, one of Griffiths short films, The Lonedale Operator, makes significant use of a close-up of a wrench that a character pretends is a gun. Lillian Gish remarked on Griffiths pioneering use of the close-up, The people in the front office got very upset and they came down and said, The public doesn’t pay for the head or the arms or the shoulders of the actor. Let’s give them their money’s worth. ’ Griffith stood very close to them and said, ‘Can you see my feet. ’ When they said no, he replied, I am using what the eyes can see. Close-ups are used in ways and for many reasons. They are often employed as cutaways from a distant shot to show detail, such as characters emotions. Close cuts to characters faces are used far more often in television than in movies, for a director to deliberately avoid close-ups may create in the audience an emotional distance from the subject matter. Close-ups are used for distinguishing main characters, major characters are often given a close-up when they are introduced as a way of indicating their importance. Leading characters will have multiple close-ups, there is a long-standing stereotype of insecure actors desiring a close-up at every opportunity and counting the number of close-ups they received. Close-up shots do not show the subject in the context of its surroundings. If overused, they may leave viewers uncertain as to what they are seeing, Close-ups are rarely done with wide-angle lenses, because perspective causes objects in the center of the picture to be unnaturally enlarged. Certain times, different directors will use wide-angle lenses, because they can convey the message of confusion, there are various degrees of close-up depending on how tight the shot is. The terminology varies between countries and even different companies, but in general these are, Medium Close Up, usually covers the subjects head and shoulders. Close Up, A certain feature, such as someones head, extreme Close Up, The shot is so tight that only a detail of the subject, such as someones eyes, can be seen
4.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
5.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
6.
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
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Rowan & Martins Laugh-In is an American sketch comedy television program that ran for 140 episodes from January 22,1968, to March 12,1973, on the NBC television network. Laugh-In originally aired as a special on September 9,1967. In 2002, Rowan & Martins Laugh-In was ranked number 42 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the show was characterized by a rapid-fire series of gags and sketches, many of which conveyed sexual innuendo or were politically charged. The co-hosts continued the exasperated straight man and dumb guy act which they had established as nightclub comics, each episode followed a somewhat similar format, often including recurring sketches. The show started with a dialogue between Rowan and Martin. Shortly afterward, Rowan would intone, Cmon Dick, lets go to the party, the show then proceeded through rapid-fire comedy bits, taped segments, and recurring sketches. The Rompus Room cocktail party was similar in format to the Word Dance segments of A Thurber Carnival, at the end of every show, Rowan turned to his co-host and said, Say good night, Dick, to which Martin replied, Good night, Dick. The show then featured cast members opening panels in a psychedelically painted joke wall, although most episodes include most of the above segments, the arrangement of the segments was often interchanged. The show often featured guest stars, Ruth Buzzi, Judy Carne, Henry Gibson, Larry Hovis, Arte Johnson, and Jo Anne Worley appeared in the pilot special from 1967. Only the two hosts, announcer Gary Owens, and Buzzi, Carne, Gibson, and Johnson, were in all 14 episodes of season one, eileen Brennan, Hovis, and Roddy Maude-Roxby left after the first season. The second season had a handful of new people, including Alan Sues, Dave Madden, All of the new cast members from season two left at the end of that season, except Alan Sues, who stayed on until 1972. At the end of the 1968–69 season, Carne chose not to renew her contract, the third season had several new people who only stayed on for that season, Teresa Graves, Jeremy Lloyd, Pamela Rodgers, and Byron Gilliam. Lily Tomlin joined in the middle of the season, Jo Anne Worley, Goldie Hawn, and Judy Carne left after the season. Arte Johnson, who created many characters, insisted on star billing. The producer mollified him, but had announcer Gary Owens read Johnsons credit as a sentence, Starring Dan Rowan. This maneuver gave Johnson star billing, but made it sound like he was part of the ensemble cast. Johnson left the show after the 1970–71 season, Henry Gibson also departed after the 1970–71 season. Johnson and he were replaced by former Hogans Heroes stars Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis, however, the loss of Johnsons many popular characters caused ratings to drop further
7.
The Carol Burnett Show
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The Carol Burnett Show is an American variety/sketch comedy television show starring Carol Burnett, Harvey Korman, Vicki Lawrence, and Lyle Waggoner. In 1975, frequent guest star Tim Conway became a regular when Waggoner left the show due to an agreement with the producer about the series not having reruns. In 1977, Dick Van Dyke replaced Korman for much of its final season, the show originally ran on CBS from September 11,1967, to March 29,1978, for 279 episodes, and again with nine episodes in the fall of 1991. In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Carol Burnett Show number 17 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time, in 1959, she became a regular supporting cast member on the CBS-TV variety series The Garry Moore Show. Departing the Moore Show in the spring of 1962, she pursued other projects in film, Broadway productions, Burnett signed a contract with CBS for 10 years which required her to do two guest appearances and a special a year. Within the first five years of contract, she had the option to push the button and be put on the air in 30 one-hour variety shows. After discussion with her husband Joe Hamilton, in the last week of that year of the contract, Burnett decided to call the head of CBS Michael Dann. Dann, explaining that variety is a genre, offered Burnett a sitcom called Heres Agnes. Burnett had no interest in doing a sitcom, and because of the contract, in addition to Carol Burnett, the cast consisted of, Vicki Lawrence Harvey Korman Lyle Waggoner Tim Conway Dick Van Dyke Comedic actor Harvey Korman had done many guest shots in TV sitcoms. From 1963 to 1967, he had been a semi-regular on the CBS variety series The Danny Kaye Show, when Kayes program ended in the spring of 1967, Korman was immediately hired for The Carol Burnett Show. Lyle Waggoner, who played a self-absorbed Adonis and often performed skit narration, was also signed for the series. Vicki Lawrence, a singer from The Young Americans wrote a letter to Burnett when she was 17. This led to her audition and getting hired to play Burnetts kid sister in numerous Carol, jim Nabors was the guest star on every season premier of the show. Burnett considered Nabors to be her good luck charm, in addition, several notable actors were used in the comedy sketches in featured roles, especially in the first season, such as William Schallert and Reta Shaw. Carol & Sis, Mrs. Wiggins, and The Family, Nora Desmond, a frequent repeated segment was Kitchen Commercials, in which cast members parodied TV commercials that drove a woman crazy. The long-running show was nominated for Emmys for best variety series. A favorite feature consisted of an unrehearsed question-and-answer segment with the audience in CBS Studio 33 lasting about three to four minutes at the start of most shows. Burnett stated that she borrowed the concept from Garry Moore, who did the same on his variety show, Burnett asked for the lights to be turned up and then randomly picked audience members who raised their hands
8.
Your Hit Parade
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Your Hit Parade is an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1955 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. It was sponsored by American Tobaccos Lucky Strike cigarettes, during this 24-year run, the show had 19 orchestra leaders and 52 singers or groups. Many listeners and viewers casually referred to the show with the incorrect title The Hit Parade, when the show debuted, there was no agreement as to what it should be called. The press referred to it in a variety of ways, with the most common being Hit Parade, The Hit Parade, and even The Lucky Strike Hit Parade. The programs title was not officially changed to Your Hit Parade until November 9,1935 Each Saturday evening, the earliest format involved a presentation of the top 15 songs. Later, a countdown with fanfares led to the top three finalists, with the one song for the finale. Occasional performances of standards and other songs from the past were known as Lucky Strike Extras. However, the procedure of this authentic tabulation remained a secret. Some believe song choices were often due to various performance. The shows ad agencies—initially Lord and Thomas and later Batten, Barton, the origins of the format can be traced back to the Lucky Strike Dance Orchestra, which aired from 1928 to 1931, sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. Led by Benjamin A. Rolfe the show was heard on the NBC Red network for an hour at 10 p. m. on Saturdays, the program introduced the slogan, Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet. In a cross-promotion, Rolfe made recordings for Edison Records as B. A. Rolfe and your Hit Parade began on NBC April 20,1935, as a 60-minute program with 15 songs played in a random format. Initially, the songs were more important than the singers, so a stable of vocalists went uncredited and were paid only $100 per episode, in 1936-37, it was carried on both NBC and CBS. Script continuity in the late 1930s and early 1940s was written by Alan Jay Lerner before he found fame as a lyricist, the first number one song on the first episode was Soon by Bing Crosby. Some years passed before the format was introduced, with the number of songs varying from seven to 15. Vocalists in the 1930s included Buddy Clark, Lanny Ross, Kay Thompson and Bea Wain, who was married to the shows announcer, French-born André Baruch. Frank Sinatra joined the show in 1943, and was fired for messing up the No.1 song, Dont Fence Me In by interjecting a mumble to the effect that the song had too many words, an AFRS transcription survives of this show. One source says his contract was not renewed due to demanding a raise, as he zoomed in popularity he was rehired, returning to co-star with Doris Day
9.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
10.
The Dick Cavett Show
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The Dick Cavett Show most often refers to the shows on ABC-TV that Dick Cavett hosted between 1968 and 1975 in New York. The first daytime show featured Gore Vidal, Muhammad Ali, ABC pressured Cavett to get big names, although subsequent shows without them got higher ratings and more critical acclaim. The late-night talk show that ran from December 29,1969 to January 1,1975 ran opposite NBCs The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Cavett took the time slot over from The Joey Bishop Show. In addition to the monologue, Cavett opened each show reading selected questions written by audience members. The late-night shows 45-minute midpoint would always be signaled by the musical piece Glitter and Be Gay from Leonard Bernsteins Candide. The Candide snippet became Cavetts theme song, being used as the introduction to his later PBS series, typically each show had several guests, but occasionally Cavett would devote an entire show to a single guest. In January 1973, despite a letter campaign, ratings forced the show to be cut back to occasional status. Jack Paar, who ABC had tried to recruit as Cavetts successor, by the end of 1974, it was airing only twice a month. The show remained on the PBS lineup until affiliates voted it off the schedule in 1982, on all three of the early ABC shows, the bandleader was Bobby Rosengarden and the announcer was Fred Foy of The Lone Ranger fame. The morning show was produced by Woody Fraser, tony Converse was the producer of the ABC Prime Time show and the original producer of the ABC late-night show, succeeded by John Gilroy. The Dick Cavett Show was also the name of a radio show. In the first broadcast of his 90-minute morning show, Cavett had as his first guest, engineer/designer/futurist Buckminster Fuller, later on in the program, Cavett chatted with actress Patricia Neal, who discussed her long rehabilitation from a near-fatal stroke in 1965. At 11,50, Cavetts show returned for its final 10 minutes, the assassination was the lone topic discussed during the entire 30 minutes the show was presented. On the following two mornings, the show began at its time of 10,30 a. m. and was once again devoted exclusively to assassination coverage. Due to conflicting network broadcasts, Dick Cavett pre-taped a one-man, in this interview, rock star Jimi Hendrix modestly downplays his abilities and displays his sense of humor. So, therefore you have to rely on more of a substance like music or the arts, theater, acting, painting. So, therefore the belief comes through electricity to people, that’s why we play so loud. Because it doesn’t actually hit through the eardrums like most groups do nowadays and they say ‘Well, we’re going to play loud too, because they’re playing loud. ’ And they’ve got this real shrill sound that’s really hard
11.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
12.
Display device
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A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form. When the input information is supplied has a signal, the display is called an electronic display. Common applications for visual displays are televisions or computer monitors. Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters and they are called segment displays, because they are composed of several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually single LEDs or liquid crystals and they are mostly used in digital watches and pocket calculators. There are several types, Seven-segment display Fourteen-segment display Sixteen-segment display HD44780 LCD controller a widely accepted protocol for LCDs and they use electro-mechanical parts to dynamically update a tactile image so that the image may be felt by the fingers. Optacon, using metal rods instead of light in order to convey images to blind people by tactile sensation, in the history of display technology, a variety of display devices and technologies have been used
