1.
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria is an independent city in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 139,966, and in 2015, located along the western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately 7 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia, as well as Central Maryland, one of Alexandrias largest employers is the U. S. Department of Defense. Another is the Institute for Defense Analyses, in 2005, the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved to Alexandria. The historic center of Alexandria is known as Old Town, with its concentration of boutiques, restaurants, antique shops and theaters, it is a major draw for all who live in Alexandria as well for visitors. Like Old Town, many Alexandria neighborhoods are compact and walkable and it is the 7th largest and highest-income independent city in Virginia. In 1920, Virginias General Assembly voted to incorporate what had been Alexandria County as Arlington County to minimize confusion, on October 21,1669 a patent granted 6,000 acres to Robert Howsing for transporting 120 people to the Colony of Virginia. That tract would become the City of Alexandria. Virginias comprehensive Tobacco Inspection Law of 1730 mandated that all grown in the colony must be brought to locally designated public warehouses for inspection before sale. One of the sites designated for a warehouse on the upper Potomac River was at the mouth of Hunting Creek, however, the ground proved to be unsuitable, and the warehouse was built half a mile up-river, where the water was deep near the shore. They intended to trade into the interior of America. The best location was Hunting Creek tobacco warehouse, since the water could easily accommodate sailing ships. Many local tobacco planters, however, wanted a new town further up Hunting Creek, around 1746, Captain Philip Alexander II moved to what is south of present Duke Street in Alexandria. His estate, which consisted of 500 acres, was bounded by Hunting Creek, Hooffs Run, the Potomac River, and approximately the line which would become Cameron Street. The petition was introduced by Lawrence Washington, the representative for Fairfax County and, more importantly, the son-in-law of William Fairfax, since the river site was amidst his estate, Philip opposed the idea and strongly favored a site at the head of Hunting Creek. It has been said that in order to avoid a predicament the petitioners offered to name the new town Alexandria, as a result, Philip and his cousin Captain John Alexander gave land to assist in the development of Alexandria, and are thus listed as the founders. This John was the son of Robert Alexander II, on May 2,1749, the House of Burgesses approved the river location and ordered Mr. A Public Vendue was advertised for July, and the county surveyor laid out street lanes and town lots. The auction was conducted on July 13–14,1749, the name Belhaven was used in official lotteries to raise money for a Church and Market House, but it was never approved by the legislature and fell out of favor in the mid-1750s
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria with Washington and Arlington in the distance
Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Map of Alexandria County (1878), including what is now
Arlington County and the City of Alexandria. Map includes the names of property owners at that time. City boundaries roughly correspond with Old Town.
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Map of Alexandria showing the forts that were constructed to defend Washington during the Civil War
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Catherine Keener
–
Catherine Ann Keener is an American actress. She has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Maxine Lund in Being John Malkovich. Keener also appeared in the films Into the Wild and Synecdoche, New York, Keener is also the noted muse of director Nicole Holofcener, having appeared in every work of hers to date. Keener was born in Miami, Florida in 1959, the third of five children of Evelyn and Jim Keener and she is of Irish descent on her fathers side and of Lebanese descent on her mothers. Keener was raised Roman Catholic and attended Catholic schools and she attended Monsignor Edward Pace High School. Keeners sister, Elizabeth Keener, is also an actress, Keener attended Wheaton College, in Norton, Massachusetts. Keener majored in English and history, enrolling in a theater course and her first theatrical production was the Wendy Wasserstein play Uncommon Women and Others, during her junior year at Wheaton. She graduated with her B. A. from Wheaton College in 1983, Keener had a supporting role as Lt. Cricket Sideris in the television series Ohara about an Asian-American detective. The series ran from January 1987 to May 1988 and her first film appearance was one line in About Last Night. She also guest-starred as an artist on an episode of Seinfeld called The Letter and she played Jerrys girlfriend, an artist who painted a famous portrait of Kramer. Keener then earned her first starring role in Johnny Suede with the then unknown Brad Pitt and her performance gained critical acclaim and earned her her first Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead. She went on to work with director Tom Dicillo, again, in Living in Oblivion, two years later, she was once again nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for her performance in Walking and Talking, an independent cult-comedy film directed by Nicole Holofcener. In 2000, Keener earned her first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Being John Malkovich, in 2001, she worked with director Nicole Holofcener in Lovely and Amazing garnering her a third Independent Spirit Award nomination. In 2002, she co-starred with Edward Norton in the revival of Burn This. She also took part in the film Full Frontal, and Simone alongside Al Pacino. In 2005, she starred in the political thriller The Interpreter, The Ballad of Jack and Rose, with Daniel Day-Lewis, keeners performance as writer Harper Lee in Capote earned her several awards and nominations, including her second Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In 2006, she starred in the film Friends with Money, in 2007, Keener played Jan Burres in Sean Penns critically acclaimed film Into the Wild, based on Jon Krakauers best-selling book of the same name. In 2008, her film An American Crime, the story of Gertrude Baniszewski
Catherine Keener
–
Keener at the
Toronto International Film Festival, September 2014
4.
Actor
–
Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
–
The Hero Initiative
Actor
5.
Young Guns (film)
–
Young Guns is a 1988 American western film directed by Christopher Cain and written by John Fusco. The film is the first installment in the Young Gun film series, the film stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Charlie Sheen, Dermot Mulroney, Casey Siemaszko, Terence Stamp, Terry OQuinn, Brian Keith, and Jack Palance. Young Guns is a retelling of the adventures of Billy the Kid during the Lincoln County War and it was filmed in and around New Mexico. Historian Dr. Paul Hutton called Young Guns the most historically accurate of all prior Billy the Kid films and it opened no.1 at the box office, eventually earning $45 million from a moderate $11 million budget. A sequel, Young Guns II, was released in 1990, John Tunstall, an educated Englishman and cattle rancher in Lincoln County, New Mexico, hires wayward young gunmen to live and work on his ranch. Tunstall is in competition with a well-connected Irishman named Lawrence Murphy. Tunstall recruits Billy and advises him to violence saying that He who sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. Tensions escalate between the two camps, resulting in the murder of Tunstall, Billy, Doc Scurlock, Jose Chavez y Chavez, Richard M. Billy quickly challenges Dicks authority as leader, vowing revenge against Murphy and the men responsible for killing Tunstall. The men dub themselves The Regulators and arrest some of the murderers and he guns down unarmed men and goes on to kill one of his fellow Regulators in the paranoid belief that he was still in league with Murphy. The men are stripped of their badges, which they find out about by reading a newspaper and that same paper also confuses Dick for Billy, showing a picture of Dick labeled Billy the Kid, a nickname to which Billy takes an immediate liking. While the local authorities begin their hunt for Billy and the boys, one of the men on their list of warrants, Buckshot Roberts, tracks them down, barricades himself in an outhouse, and Dick dies in an intense shootout. Billy appoints himself as the new leader, the gang becomes famous, the gang eludes attention for some time, and Charlie gets married in Mexico. While attending the wedding, Billy meets Pat Garrett who is not yet a sheriff, thus the gang packs up and heads off to save Alex. Back in Lincoln, Murphys men, led by George W. Peppin, surround Alexs house, trapping the Regulators, a ceasefire is called for the night. In the morning, accompanied by Murphy, the comes in and torches the house. While the house is burning, the men come up with an escape plan and they begin throwing Alexs possessions out the windows of the second floor. Billy places himself inside of a trunk, and when it lands in front of the house, he leaps out. Meanwhile, Doc bursts out of the stairway, followed by Charlie
Young Guns (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
6.
Where the Day Takes You
–
Where the Day Takes You is a 1992 drama film directed by Marc Rocco. The film tells the story of teenage runaways trying to survive on the streets of Los Angeles, the film was nominated for the Critics Award at the Deauville Film Festival and won the Golden Space Needle Award at the Seattle International Film Festival. It stars Dermot Mulroney, Sean Astin, Balthazar Getty, Lara Flynn Boyle, Ricki Lake, James LeGros, Laura San Giacomo, David Arquette, Christian Slater, and Will Smith. The film was shot on location in Los Angeles and Venice, California. Fleeing abusive families, a group of teenage runaways form a family on their own. King is a man in his twenties who has been living on the street for more than six years. In and out of jail, he spends most of his nights with Little J, having spent two months in jail for being falsely accused of murder, he feels that the group fell apart in his absence. His friend Brenda, a lot of the time bullied by Little J because of her weight, introduces him to Heather and he soon takes her under his protection and includes her in his revenge on Tommy, the man responsible for the death of his former girlfriend Devon. One night, Greg and Little J get into a fight while stealing stereos out of cars, Greg, mad that the group always takes Little Js side, seeks refuge with his drug dealer Ted and his girlfriend Vikki. He sends him away, however, because he doesnt have any money, Greg, not knowing what to do, goes home, but his father has him arrested for grand theft. Meanwhile, King and Heather have trouble earning money, but he insists that they wont get into prostitution, unlike Little Js friend Kimmy. Little J is lured into prostitution by his friend Rob, but while servicing his client Charles, in jail, Greg admits to being addicted to drugs and a social worker gets him into a rehabilitation center, which will grant him parole. Meanwhile, Tommy, after threatening and beating up his crippled friend Manny and he beats him up and almost stabs him, when Little J shoots Tommy in the back. The group decides to run away, leaving Tommy to die, King and Heather get away, but their friend Crasher is soon arrested. King advises Heather to return to Chicago, but she refuses to go without him, after a day begging for money, they decide to go to a hotel and spend the night making love. She later admits to him that she ran away from home because her brother raped her, Little J, meanwhile, takes refuge at Kimmys for a while, but he is kicked out by Rob and decides to contact Charles again. Greg runs away from the center in the meantime. He goes to Ted, who is worried about him because he hasnt slept for four days, when Crasher is out of jail, he tries to convince King and Heather to go with him to Dallas, announcing that the police are looking for them
Where the Day Takes You
–
Video release poster
7.
The Last Outlaw (TV film)
–
The Last Outlaw is a western starring Mickey Rourke, Dermot Mulroney, Ted Levine, Daniel Quinn, Gavan OHerlihy, Keith David, John C. McGinley, and Steve Buscemi, along with a variety of known actors. It was directed by Geoff Murphy and written by Eric Red and it was initially broadcast on HBO on October 30,1993. The story follows a band of former Confederate soldiers who were part of a unit that had fought during the American Civil War. Their commander, Graff had once been a heroic and staunch supporter of the southern cause, when the war ends, the cavalry unit commanded by Graff makes the decision to stay together, and turn outlaw. They begin committing bank robberies, and are due to their experience. Local citizens and lawmen are no match for them, Graff makes the command decision to kill the injured Loomis so that he wont delay their escape. Eustis objects, and when Graff slaps Eustis then moves to shoot Loomis, Eustis instead shoots Graff. Graff falls out of his saddle and rolls down a hillside, Potts initially challenges Eustis as a commander, but Eustis beats him in a fist fight. Marshal Sharp and his posse come upon the slightly wounded Graff, with Graff in chains, the posse continues their pursuit. Eustis sets up an ambush and several members are killed. During the chaos Graff kills Marshal Sharp, now leaderless, the posse decides to return home, but banker McClintock demands they continue the chase. Graff makes the members an offer of part of the loot taken by his former gang. They accept this more generous offer, with Graff now leading the posse, the posse sets up an ambush. Graff shoots and kills Philo and wounds Loomis, then parts of Loomis body off, until Eustis shoots. Later, Graff encounters members of the gang, almost like a ghost, keeping them nervous, Wills steals the stolen money and leaves it in front of the posse, hoping they will stop the chase. Graff kills McClintock, throwing his body and the money off a cliff and he stages a shootout with the outlaws, and tells the posse it had been a trap. Wills loses his horse, and Eustis decides it is necessary to leave him behind, on foot, Wills waits for the posse, killing a couple of them before being killed
The Last Outlaw (TV film)
–
The Last Outlaw
8.
About Schmidt
–
The film also stars Hope Davis, Dermot Mulroney and Kathy Bates. It is very loosely based on the 1996 novel of the title by Louis Begley. About Schmidt was theatrically released on December 13,2002 by New Line Cinema, the film was both a commercial and a critical success and it earned $105,834,556 on a $30 million budget. About Schmidt was released on DVD and VHS formats and it was released on Blu-ray for the first time on February 3,2015. Warren Schmidt is retiring from his position as an actuary with Woodmen of the World, after a retirement dinner, Schmidt finds it hard to adjust to his new life, feeling useless. He sees an advertisement about a foster program for African children, Plan USA. He soon receives a package with a photo of his foster child. Schmidt visits his young successor to offer his help, but the offer is politely declined, as he leaves the building, Schmidt sees the contents and files of his office, the sum of his entire career, set out for garbage collectors. He describes to Ndugu his longtime alienation from Helen, his wife, Jeannie, his only daughter, and her fiancé Randall Hertzel arrive from Denver. They console him at the funeral, but Jeannie later berates him for taking his wife for granted, such as by refusing to pay for the Winnebago. He asks her to back to take care of him. Meanwhile, Randall tries to him into a pyramid scheme. Schmidt feels his daughter could do better than Randall, a waterbed salesman, after the couple leaves, Schmidt is overcome by loneliness. He stops showering, sleeps in front of the television, in his wifes closet he discovers some hidden love letters disclosing her long-ago affair with Ray, a mutual friend, whom Schmidt angrily confronts. He decides to take a journey alone in his new Winnebago to visit his daughter and he tells Jeannie hes leaving early for the wedding, but she makes it clear she doesnt want him there until right before the ceremony. Schmidt decides to visit places from his past, including his college campus and fraternity at University of Kansas and his childhood home has been replaced by a tire shop. While at a campground, he is invited to dinner by a friendly. When the man leaves to buy beer, Schmidt makes a pass at the wife
About Schmidt
–
Theatrical release poster
About Schmidt
–
Warren Schmidt's house, located at 5402 Izard St. in Omaha's Dundee neighborhood.
9.
August: Osage County (film)
–
August, Osage County is a 2013 American comedy-drama film written by Tracy Letts and based on his Pulitzer Prize–winning play of the same name, and directed by John Wells. It is produced by George Clooney, Grant Heslov, Jean Doumanian, a modest commercial success, August, Osage County received mixed to positive reviews from critics. While much praise was given to the cast, the screenplay was praised by some and seen by others as too dark, for their performances in the film, Streep and Roberts received Academy Award nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively. The title designates time and location, an unusually hot August in an area outside Pawhuska. Shortly after this, he disappears from the house, and Violet calls her sister and her sister Mattie Fae arrives with husband Charles Aiken. Barbara and Bill are separated, but they put up a front for Violet. After five days, the sheriff arrives with the news that Beverly took his out on the lake and has drowned. Youngest daughter Karen arrives with the latest in a string of boyfriends, Steve Huberbrecht, Mattie Fae and Charless shy, awkward son Little Charles misses the funeral because he overslept and is met at the bus station by his father. Charles loves his son, whereas Mattie constantly belittles him, Ivy confides to Barbara that she is in love with her cousin, Little Charles, who plans to move to New York, and she cannot have children because she had a hysterectomy. She feels this is her chance to finally marry. The family sits down to dinner after the funeral, fueled by Violets brutal truth telling and she decides she has had enough of her mothers drug addiction and confiscates all her several kinds of pills. As Little Charles sings Ivy a song he has written for her, Mattie Fae walks in and this exhausts Charless patience with his wifes lack of love and compassion for her son, and he threatens to leave her if she keeps it up. That evening, Steve and Jean are playfully sharing a joint of marijuana, Johnna sees this and, sensing that he intends on molesting her, goes after him with a shovel. Barbara confronts Jean and slaps her and this impels Bill to take Jean back to Colorado, leaving Barbara. Later, Ivy tries to tell her mother about her love for Little Charles, Barbara tries to deflect the admission. Violet tells Ivy Charles is actually her brother, something she knew all along, Ivy leaves and promises to never come back. By this time he had already drowned and this revelation leads Barbara to depart, realizing that her mother has slipped beyond help. Violet is left with only Johnna, Barbara is driving through the plains, stops, gets out of the car, cries then gets back in the car and follows signage showing highways and number of miles to Wichita, Salina and Denver
August: Osage County (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
10.
Crisis (TV series)
–
Crisis is an American drama series that was broadcast as part of the 2013–14 United States network television schedule on NBC as a mid-season entry. The series was created by Rand Ravich for 20th Century Fox Television, the series stars Dermot Mulroney, Rachael Taylor, Lance Gross, James Lafferty, Max Martini, Michael Beach, Stevie Lynn Jones, Halston Sage, Max Schneider, Joshua Erenberg, and Gillian Anderson. Crisis premiered on March 16,2014, on May 9,2014, midway through its first season, NBC canceled Crisis. The network broadcast the episodes starting May 25, with the two-hour series finale airing on June 22. During a school trip, students of Ballard High School, attended by the children of Washington, D. C. s elite, a national crisis begins and Secret Service agent Marcus Finley finds himself at the center of it on his first day on the job. FBI agent Susie Dunn also discovers her niece, the daughter of CEO Meg Fitch, is among the kidnapped children and he was working for Gibson under duress, until being shot and killed by Kyle DeVore, who believed that Hurst had betrayed him. In January 2013, NBC green-lit the production of a pilot episode, scenes of Ballard High School were filmed at Northside College Prep in Chicago. On May 12,2013, the series was placed on the networks 2013–14 schedule and it premiered on March 16,2014. On November 1,2013, after filming was completed for the episode, production of the series was put on an unscheduled. The pause in production was attributed to fears that subsequent episodes were veering too far away from the tone of the pilot, the break was supposed to be used to give writers time to re-work scripts and to re-shoot certain scenes for previously finished episodes. Crisis scored 63 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 28 generally favorable reviews, on another review aggregation website, Rotten Tomatoes, it was given a score of 61% with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10, based on 31 reviews. Official website Crisis at the Internet Movie Database
Crisis (TV series)
–
Crisis
11.
Manchester, Iowa
–
Manchester is a city in Delaware County, Iowa, United States. The population was 5,179 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Delaware County. Manchester is located at the intersection of State Highway 20 and State Highway 13, Manchester was founded in the 1850s. It was originally called Burrington after its founder, Levings Burrington, the name was subsequently changed to Manchester. The county courthouse was built in 1894 for $38,000, the clock in the tower was paid for with contributions from 700 county citizens. Bell designed the Romanesque Revival building, which is constructed of red pressed brick, the main body of the building measures 76 by 100 feet. The tower and spire are 135 feet high, and the walls of the building are 18 inches thick, the decorative metal ceilings on the first floor and the elaborate woodwork are original to the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource, manchesters longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 42.486046, -91.457227 along the Maquoketa River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.70 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,179 people,2,199 households, the population density was 1,106.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,341 housing units at a density of 500.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 7% White,0. 6% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 41.1 years. 24. 9% of residents were under the age of 18, 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 8% were from 25 to 44,25. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 4% male and 52. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,257 people,2,167 households, and 1,397 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,274.0 people per square mile, there were 2,315 housing units at an average density of 561.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 99% White,0. 10% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 06% from other races, and 0. 40% from two or more races
Manchester, Iowa
–
Location of Manchester, Iowa
12.
Villanova University
–
Villanova University is a private research university located in Radnor Township, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in the United States. Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova, the school is the oldest Catholic university in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, U. S. News & World Report ranks Villanova as tied for the 50th best National University in the U. S. for 2017. The university is a member of the Augustinian Secondary Education Association, in October 1841, two Augustinian friars from Saint Augustines Church in Philadelphia purchased the 200-acre Belle Air estate in Radnor Township with the intention of starting a school. The school, which was called the Augustinian College of Vilanova, however, the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of 1844 that burned Saint Augustines Church in Philadelphia caused financial difficulties for the Augustinians, and the college was closed in February 1845. The college reopened in 1846 and graduated its first class in 1847, in March 1848, the governor of Pennsylvania incorporated the school and gave it the power to grant degrees. In 1859, the first masters degree was conferred on a student, in 1857, the school closed again as the demand for priests in Philadelphia prevented adequate staffing, and the crisis of the Panic of 1857 strained the school financially. The school remained closed throughout the Civil War and reopened in September 1865 and its prep department later moved to Malvern, a town along the Main Line, and is still run by the order. The School of Technology was established in 1905, in 1915, a two-year pre-medical program was established to help students meet medical schools new requirements. This led to a four-year pre-medical program, the B. S. in biology, Villanova was all-male until 1918, when the college began evening classes to educate nuns to teach in parochial schools. In 1938, a laywoman received a Villanova degree for the first time and it was not until the nursing school opened in 1953 that women permanently began attending Villanova full-time. In 1958, the College of Engineering admitted its first female student, Villanova University became fully coeducational in 1968. During World War II, Villanova was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission, after World War II, Villanova expanded, returning veterans swelling enrollments and the faculty growing fourfold. Additional facilities were built, and in 1953, the College of Nursing, Villanova achieved university status on November 18,1953. Between 1954 and 1963,10 new buildings were built or bought on land adjacent to the campus, including Bartley, Mendel, during the 1970s and 1980s, Villanova worked to become a nationally recognized university. The quality of faculty and students improved dramatically and international studies programs were introduced, additional residential and recreational facilities were constructed, and efforts to increase the endowment were undertaken. In the 1980s, endowed chairs were established in theology, philosophy, engineering, and business, scholarship funding was increased, and the curriculum expanded and improved. An extensive building campaign created facilities for the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Commerce, and Finance, as well as student residences on the south, in 1985, the school also won the Mens NCAA basketball tournament, giving the school increased national exposure. Augustine High School in San Diego, which was established in 1922 with teaching staff dispatched from Villanova, Villanova University sits on 254 acres just 12 miles from Center City Philadelphia
Villanova University
–
Villanova College in 1849
Villanova University
–
Villanova University
Villanova University
–
Corr Hall from The Grotto
Villanova University
–
St. Thomas of Villanova Chapel, on the Villanova University campus.
13.
Elkader, Iowa
–
Elkader is a city in Clayton County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,273 at the 2010 census, down from 1,465 in 2000 and it is the county seat of Clayton County. The city is named after Algerian leader Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi, the town is known for its bridge over the Turkey River, said to be the largest stone arch bridge west of the Mississippi. It, and many of the buildings, are made from locally quarried sandstone. The towns grocery store, Wilkes, is the oldest continuously operated grocery store west of the Mississippi, Elkader also features a renovated Victorian-era opera house, and the Turkey River Mall, a 29-room hotel converted into antique stores. The town featured in a WAMU World View documentary, Couscous and it is a documentary which focuses on an openly gay couple, who settled in Elkader, and opened an Algerian-American restaurant. One of the couple is Algerian, the city was one of many in Iowa affected by the Iowa Flood of 2008, with flood waters from the Turkey River reaching historic levels. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.39 square miles. The lowest ever temperature of Iowa, −47 °F was recorded here on February 3,1996, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,273 people,577 households, and 342 families residing in the city. The population density was 915.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 627 housing units at an average density of 451.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 7% White,0. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 2% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 3% of the population. 35. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.73. The median age in the city was 49.8 years. 18. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 19% were from 25 to 44,32. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 2% male and 53. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,465 people,645 households, and 403 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,049.0 people per square mile, there were 693 housing units at an average density of 496.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 25% White,0. 20% African American,0. 07% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 07% of the population. 35. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.77
Elkader, Iowa
–
Elkader, Iowa
Elkader, Iowa
–
Elkader Keystone Bridge is listed on the
NRHP
Elkader, Iowa
–
19th-century view of the original Saint Joseph's Church
14.
County Donegal
–
County Donegal is a county of Ireland. It is part of the Border Region of the Republic of Ireland and is in the province of Ulster and it is named after the town of Donegal in the south of the county. Donegal County Council is the council for the county and Lifford serves as the county town. The population of the county is 158,755 according to the 2016 census and it has also been known as Tyrconnell, after the historic territory of the same name. In terms of size and area, it is the largest county in Ulster, uniquely, County Donegal shares a small border with only one other county in the Republic of Ireland – County Leitrim. The greater part of its border is shared with three counties of Northern Ireland, County Londonderry, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh. While Lifford is the county town, Letterkenny is by far the largest town in the county with a population of 19,588, Letterkenny and the nearby city of Derry form the main economic axis of the northwest of Ireland. Indeed, what became the City of Derry was officially part of County Donegal up until 1610, there are two Gaeltacht districts in the west, The Rosses, centred on the town of Dungloe, and Gweedore. Another Gaeltacht district is located in the north-west, Cloughaneely, centred on the town of Falcarragh, the most northerly part of the island of Ireland is the location for three peninsulas of outstanding natural beauty, Inishowen, Fanad and Rosguill. The main population centre of Inishowen, Irelands largest peninsula, is Buncrana, in the east of the county lies the Finn Valley. The Laggan district is centred on the town of Raphoe, according to the 1841 Census, County Donegal had a population of 296,000 people. As a result of famine and emigration, the population had reduced by 41,000 by 1851, by the time of the 1951 Census the population was only 44% of what it had been in 1841. The 2006 Census, undertaken by the States Central Statistics Office, had County Donegals population standing at 147,264, according to the 2011 Census, the countys population had grown to 161,137. It has an indented coastline forming natural sea loughs, of which both Lough Swilly and Lough Foyle are the most notable. The Slieve League cliffs are the sixth-highest sea cliffs in Europe, the climate is temperate and dominated by the Gulf Stream, with warm, damp summers and mild wet winters. Two permanently inhabited islands, Arranmore and Tory Island, lie off the coast, Irelands second longest river, the Erne, enters Donegal Bay near the town of Ballyshannon. The River Erne, along with other Donegal waterways, has been dammed to produce hydroelectric power, the River Foyle separates part of County Donegal from parts of both counties Londonderry and Tyrone. A survey of the marine algae of County Donegal was published in 2003
County Donegal
–
Poison Glen (Gleann Nimhe), in North West Donegal.
County Donegal
–
Seen from Space: County Donegal with the Ulster coastline with
Lough Swilly and
Inishowen west of
Derry and
County Londonderry with
Lough Foyle east thereof.
County Donegal
–
Horse riding on Tramore Beach in
Downings
15.
County Mayo
–
County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, it is part of the province of Connacht and is named after the village of Mayo, Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 130,638 at the 2011 census, the boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by County Galway, the east by County Roscommon, Mayo is the third-largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and population. There is a distinct difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog. Agricultural land is more productive in the east than in the west. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001, the County is divided into four municipal areas Castlebar, Ballina, Claremorris and West. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, the county town is at Áras an Contae in Castlebar the main population centre located in the centre of the county. For national elections half of the Claremorris Municipal District is in Galway West, murrisk south west containing Westport, Louisburgh, Croagh Patrick etc. These are followed by Westport, which has 5,543 residents and Claremorris, a survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of Gunnera tinctoria is also noted, consultants working for the Corrib gas project have carried out extensive surveys of wildlife flora and fauna in Kilcommon Parish, Erris between 2002 and 2009. This information is published in the Corrib Gas Proposal Environmental impact statements 2009 and 2010, County Mayo has a long history and prehistory. At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic communities around 4500 cal, BC. while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic period, particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles. The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age. Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden-remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones and they are usually found a metre below the surface
County Mayo
–
Glengad Stone circle,
Kilcommon,
Erris
County Mayo
–
Mweelrea
County Mayo
–
Near Roonagh Quay looking towards Croagh Patrick
16.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
Ireland
–
Satellite image of Ireland on 11 October 2010
Ireland
–
The
Gowran Ogham Stone,
Christianised c.6th Century. On display in
St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran.
Ireland
–
The Uragh Stone Circle a
Neolithic stone circle in Gleninchaquin Park,
County Kerry
17.
Irish Potato Famine
–
The Great Famine or the Great Hunger was a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the Irish Potato Famine, during the famine, approximately one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the islands population to fall by between 20% and 25%. The proximate cause of famine was potato blight, which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the famine was a watershed in the history of Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The famine and its effects permanently changed the demographic, political. For both the native Irish and those in the diaspora, the famine entered folk memory. Ireland sent 105 members of parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, between 1832 and 1859, 70% of Irish representatives were landowners or the sons of landowners. The laws had largely been reformed by 1793, and the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 allowed Irish Catholics to again sit in parliament, during the 18th century, the middleman system for managing landed property was introduced. Rent collection was left in the hands of the landlords agents and this assured the landlord of a regular income, and relieved them of direct responsibility, while leaving tenants open to exploitation by the middlemen. Catholics, the bulk of whom lived in conditions of poverty and insecurity despite Catholic emancipation in 1829, made up 80% of the population. At the top of the pyramid was the ascendancy class, the English and Anglo-Irish families who owned most of the land. Some of their estates were vast, for example, the Earl of Lucan owned over 60,000 acres, many of these landlords lived in England and were known as absentee landlords. The rent revenue—collected from impoverished tenants who were paid wages to raise crops. In 1843, the British Government considered that the question in Ireland was the root cause of disaffection in the country. They established a Royal Commission, chaired by the Earl of Devon, Daniel OConnell described this commission as perfectly one-sided, being composed of landlords, with no tenant representation. In February 1845, Devon reported, It would be impossible adequately to describe the privations which they habitually and silently endure, in many districts their only food is the potato, their only beverage water. Their cabins are seldom a protection against the weather, a bed or a blanket is a rare luxury. And nearly in all their pig and a manure heap constitute their only property, the Commission stated that bad relations between landlord and tenant were principally responsible. There was no loyalty, feudal tie, or mitigating tradition of paternalism as existed in England
Irish Potato Famine
–
Scene at
Skibbereen during the Great Famine, by
Cork artist James Mahony (1810–1879), commissioned by
The Illustrated London News, 1847.
Irish Potato Famine
–
Suggested paths of migration and diversification of P. infestans lineages HERB-1 and US-1
Irish Potato Famine
–
John Mitchel
Irish Potato Famine
–
An 1849 depiction of Bridget O'Donnell and her two children during the famine.
18.
German American
–
The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
German American
–
Dr. Seuss
German American
–
John Jacob Astor, in an oil painting by
Gilbert Stuart, 1794, was the first of the
Astor family dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.
German American
–
A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census.
German American
–
Carl Schurz was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior
19.
Interlochen Arts Camp
–
Interlochen Center for the Arts is a tax exempt,501 non-profit corporation, operating an arts education institution in northwest Michigan. The center is situated on a 1, 200-acre campus in Interlochen, Michigan, Interlochen draws young people from around the world to study music, theater, dance, visual arts, creative writing, motion picture arts, and comparative arts. Interlochen Center for the Arts comprises five major divisions, an annual summer camp attended by young artists from around the world. Programs are offered to students in grades three through twelve, providing an opportunity to learn, create and perform alongside leading artists, a fine arts boarding high school offering arts training combined with comprehensive, college-preparatory academics. An adult artist learning program offering programs in a variety of arts disciplines. Two listener-supported stations that broadcast to northwest Michigan, Classical Music 88.7,88.5,94.7 and 100.9 FM, broadcasts include arts, news and culture from around the world, as well as local and regional news, information and artists. IPR was a member of National Public Radio. An ongoing series of performances by students, faculty and dozens of world-renowned guest artists, the series presents more than 600 events each year, making Interlochen one of the nations largest arts presenters. The Interlochen Arts Academy, the highest profile pre-professional arts boarding school worldwide, was founded in 1962 by Joseph E. Maddy, as of 2016, it had 350 faculty and staff, and approximately 500 students. While more than half the major in Music Performance, IAA offers majors in Comparative Arts, Creative Writing, Dance, Theatre, Motion Picture Arts. Newer majors include Motion Picture Arts beginning in 2005, Comparative Arts in 2011, the vast majority of students at Interlochen Arts Academy are boarding students, including many international students, some are day students who live in the vicinity. This was due to the schools boarding feature and competitive entrance auditions, with the addition of new majors, IAA has attempted to increase the number of students attending all four years. IAA also offers a year for further pre-professional study. Upon graduation, most IAA graduates continue to universities or conservatories for further study in the arts or academics, Interlochen Arts Academy graduates also matriculate at colleges and universities that do not have a primary focus on the arts. From the State of Michigan historical marker on Interlochens Osterlin Mall, in the late 1800s white men came and cut the pines, leaving only a small forest between the lakes. This virgin pine was purchased in 1917 by the state and became part of one of the first state parks, when the lumber era ended, the Wylie Cooperage mill occupied the Indian village site, making barrels until the hardwood ran out. Willis Penningtons summer hotel, opened in 1909, was popular with fishermen until automobiles, then in 1918, Camp Interlochen, one of Michigans first girls recreation camps, was opened, followed in 1922 by Camp Penn Loch for boys. In 1928, by arrangement with Willis Pennington, Joseph E. Maddy and it grew rapidly in scope, size, and reputation, becoming the National Music Camp in 1931, and affiliating with the University of Michigan in 1942
Interlochen Arts Camp
–
Interlochen in the 1940s
Interlochen Arts Camp
–
Dedicated to the Promotion of World Friendship Through the Universal Language of the Arts
20.
Northwestern University
–
Composed of twelve schools and colleges, Northwestern offers 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees. Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named and its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855, women were admitted in 1869, today, the main campus is a 240-acre parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The universitys law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre campus in Chicagos Streeterville neighborhood, in 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication. In 2016, Northwestern opened its San Francisco space at 44 Montgomery St. which hosts journalism, engineering, Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program and it attracts over $650 million in sponsored research each year. Northwestern has the tenth largest university endowment in the United States, in 2017, the university accepted 9. 0% of undergraduate applicants from a pool of 37,255. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Conference and remains the only private university in the conference. The Northwestern Wildcats compete in 19 intercollegiate sports in the NCAAs Division I Big Ten Conference, on January 28,1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The schools nine founders, all of whom were Methodists, knelt in prayer, John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5,1855, to raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 perpetual scholarships entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Willard Residential College is named in her honor, Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874. Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917, in 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps in the 1920s, after the golden years of the 1920s, the Great Depression in the United States hit Northwestern hard. Its annual income dropped 25 percent from $4.8 million in 1930-31 to $3.6 million in 1933-34. Investment income shrank, fewer parents could pay full tuition, and annual giving from alumni, the university responded with two salary cuts of 10 percent each for all employees. It imposed a freeze, a building freeze, and slashed appropriations for maintenance, books
Northwestern University
–
University Hall (1869), the second building constructed on campus, and the oldest building still standing.
Northwestern University
–
Northwestern University
Northwestern University
–
Deering Library (1933)
Northwestern University
–
Technological Institute in 1942, after the relocation of Patten Gymnasium but before the construction of the
Lakefill
21.
Evanston, Illinois
–
It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan and is the home of Northwestern University. The boundaries of the city of Evanston are coterminous with those of the former Evanston Township, prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Indians used trails along higher lying ridges that ran in a general direction through the area. French explorers referred to the area as Grosse Pointe after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles north of the mouth of the Chicago River. The area remained sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground. The 1850 census shows a few hundred settlers in this township, in 1851, a group of Methodist business leaders founded Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. They chose a bluffed and wooded site along the lake as Northwesterns home, purchasing several hundred acres of land from Dr. John Foster, a Chicago farm owner. In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for a city to be named Evanston after John Evans, in 1857, the request was granted. The township of Evanston was split off from Ridgeville Township, at approximately the same time, the nine founders, including John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and Andrew Brown, hoped their university would attain high standards of intellectual excellence. Today these hopes have been fulfilled, as Northwestern consistently ranks with the best of the nations universities, Evanston was formally incorporated as a town on December 29,1863, but declined in 1869 to become a city despite the Illinois legislature passing a bill for that purpose. Evanston expanded after the Civil War with the annexation of the village of North Evanston, finally, in early 1892, following the annexation of the village of South Evanston, voters elected to organize as a city. The 1892 boundaries are largely those that exist today, during the 1960s, Northwestern University changed the citys shoreline by adding a 74-acre lakefill. In 1939, Evanston hosted the first NCAA basketball championship final at Northwestern Universitys Patten Gymnasium, in August 1954, Evanston hosted the second assembly of the World Council of Churches, still the only WCC assembly to have been held in the United States. President Dwight Eisenhower welcomed the delegates, and Dag Hammarskjöld, secretary-general of the United Nations, Evanston first received power in April 1893. Many people lined the streets on Emerson St. where the first appearance of lights were lined and turned on. Evanston is the birthplace of Tinkertoys, and Evanston, along with Ithaca, New York, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Evanston was the home of the Clayton Mark and Company, which for many years supplied the most jobs. Evanston was a dry community from 1858 until 1972, when the City Council voted to allow restaurants, in 1984, the Council voted to allow retail liquor outlets within the city limits. According to the 2010 census, Evanston has an area of 7.802 square miles
Evanston, Illinois
–
A part of downtown Evanston, as seen in October 2005
Evanston, Illinois
–
Location in
Cook County and the state of
Illinois.
Evanston, Illinois
–
Evanston Public Library - main branch
Evanston, Illinois
–
Shops along Davis Street, looking west, August 2006. The Davis Street
Metra stop is visible in the lower half of the photograph.
22.
Phi Gamma Delta
–
Phi Gamma Delta is a social fraternity with more than 158 active chapters and 13 colonies across the United States and Canada. It was founded at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848, along with Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Gamma Delta forms a half of the Jefferson Duo. Since its founding in 1848, the fraternity has initiated more than 170,000 brothers, the nickname FIJI is used commonly by the fraternity due to Phi Gamma Delta bylaws that limit the use of the Greek letters. The organization was founded on April 22,1848, at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Six college students gathered in a dormitory room to establish a secret society. The society they formed was initially called The Delta Association, the founders, referred to by members as the Immortal Six, were John Templeton McCarty, Samuel Beatty Wilson, James Elliott Jr. Ellis Bailey Gregg, Daniel Webster Crofts, and Naaman Fletcher. The first regular meeting of Phi Gamma Delta and the adoption of the Fraternitys Constitution took place on May 1,1848. Consequently, May 1 was chosen to be Founders Day at the 43rd Convention held in 1891 and has traditionally celebrated as the founding date of the Fraternity. Contrary to popular belief, the Immortal six were not Freemasons when they entered Jefferson College, similarly, one of the mottoes used by the organization is, Not For College Days Alone. Phi Gamma Deltas mission statement lists five core values for its members, friendship, knowledge, service, morality, in addition, members are encouraged to live by three priorities in a specific order, first, scholarship, second, fraternity, and third, self. This ordering is because members attend university with the foremost goal of receiving an education, Phi Gamma Delta limits the written display of its Greek letters. Whereas other fraternities often display their letters on clothing or other items, in place of the actual Greek letters, Fiji, Phi Gam, or the English spelling Phi Gamma Delta is used in their place. The Fiji nickname started at New York University as a name for the Fraternity magazine. It was officially adopted by the fraternity at the 1894 convention in the belief that the term would be distinctive. The fraternity is composed of chapters of two types, most chapters serve primarily undergraduate students and are established at a single college or university. There are also chapters to serve members of the fraternity who have graduated from college and are established to serve a city or larger region, the chapters are governed by the fraternitys international headquarters in Lexington, Kentucky. Each year the Phi Gamma Delta organization gives out a number of awards, the Frank Norris Pig Dinner is an annual graduate dinner held by all Phi Gamma Delta chapters. The dinner is named for author Frank Norris, a member of the Fiji chapter at the University of California, Pig Dinner is sanctioned by the International Fraternity and it serves to welcome graduate brothers back to their undergraduate chapters. It is the longest continually running, chapter-based, annual Graduate event in the world of fraternities and sororities, the International Fraternity stores a list of annual Pig Dinners
Phi Gamma Delta
–
Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at
University of California, Berkeley
Phi Gamma Delta
–
Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at
Ohio University.
23.
Romantic comedy film
–
Romantic comedy films are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as that true love is able to surmount most obstacles. One dictionary definition is a movie, play, or television program about a love story that ends happily. Another definition states that its primary distinguishing feature is a plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled. Romantic comedy films are a genre of comedy films as well as of romance films. However a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres not a new genre. Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies, a wedding-bells, fairy-tale-style happy ending is practically mandatory. The basic plot of a comedy is that two characters meet, part ways due to an argument or other obstacle, then ultimately reunite. Sometimes the two meet and become involved initially, then must confront challenges to their union. Sometimes they are hesitant to become involved because they believe that they do not like each other, because one of them already has a partner. However, the screenwriters leave clues that suggest that the characters are, in fact, attracted to each other, the protagonists often separate or seek time apart to sort out their feelings or deal with the external obstacles to their being together. While the two protagonists are separated, one or both of them realizes that they are ideal for each other, or that they are in love with each other. Then, after one of the two makes some effort to find the other person and declare their love, or through an astonishing coincidental encounter. Then, perhaps with some comic friction or awkwardness, they declare their love for each other, the couple does not, however, have to marry, or live together happily ever after. The ending of a comedy is meant to affirm the primary importance of the love relationship in its protagonists lives. There are many variations on this basic plotline, sometimes, instead of the two lead characters ending up in each others arms, another love match will be made between one of the principal characters and a secondary character. Alternatively, the film may be a rumination on the impossibility of love, the basic format of a romantic comedy film can be found in much earlier sources, such as Shakespeare plays like Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Nights Dream. Some comedy films, such as Knocked Up, combine themes of romantic comedies and stoner comedies, often known as bromance, such films usually use sexual elements which bring the two characters together. Films in this genre include American Pie 2 and even Wedding Crashers, romantic comedies have begun to spread out of their conventional and traditional structure into other territory
Romantic comedy film
–
Marilyn Monroe and
Tom Ewell in
The Seven Year Itch trailer.
Romantic comedy film
–
Kathryn Grayson in Seven Sweethearts (1942), a musical romantic comedy film
Romantic comedy film
–
Mary Astor and
Joel McCrea in
The Palm Beach Story, a screwball romantic comedy
24.
Julia Roberts
–
Julia Fiona Roberts is an American actress and producer. She became a Hollywood star after headlining the romantic comedy Pretty Woman and she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination for her performance in the HBO television film The Normal Heart. Roberts was the actress in the world throughout most of the 1990s. Her fee for 1990s Pretty Woman was US$300,000, in 2003, as of 2007 Robertss net worth was estimated to be US$140 million. She has been named one of People magazines 50 Most Beautiful People in the World eleven times, Roberts was born on October 28,1967, in Smyrna, Georgia, to Betty Lou Bredemus and Walter Grady Roberts. She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German and her father was a Baptist, her mother a Roman Catholic, and she was raised Catholic. Her older brother, Eric Roberts, from whom she was estranged until 2004, sister Lisa Roberts Gillan, Robertss parents, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces. They later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta and they ran a childrens acting school in Decatur, Georgia, while they were expecting Julia. The children of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King attended the school, as a thank-you for his service, Mrs. King paid Mrs. Robertss hospital bill when Julia was born. Robertss mother filed for divorce in 1971, the divorce was finalized in early 1972, from 1972, Roberts lived in Smyrna, Georgia, where she attended Fitzhugh Lee Elementary School, Griffin Middle School, and Campbell High School. In 1972, her mother married Michael Motes, who was abusive and often unemployed, the couple had a daughter, Nancy Motes, who died at 37 on February 9,2014, of an apparent drug overdose. The marriage ended in 1983, with Betty Lou divorcing Motes on cruelty grounds, Robertss own father died of cancer when she was ten. Roberts wanted to be a veterinarian as a child and she also played the clarinet in her school band. After graduating from Smyrnas Campbell High School, she attended Georgia State University and she later headed to New York City to pursue a career in acting. Once there, she signed with the Click Modeling Agency and enrolled in acting classes, Roberts made her first big screen appearance in the film Satisfaction, alongside Liam Neeson and Justine Bateman, as a band member looking for a summer gig. She had previously performed a role opposite her brother, Eric, in Blood Red, filmed in 1987. Her first television appearance was as a rape victim in the initial season of the series Crime Story with Dennis Farina, in the episode titled The Survivor. Her first critical success with moviegoers was her performance in the independent film Mystic Pizza in 1988, that same year, she had a role in the fourth-season finale of Miami Vice
Julia Roberts
–
Roberts at the 2011
Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Jesus Henry Christ
Julia Roberts
–
Roberts at the
Deauville American Film Festival in Normandy, France, September 1990.
Julia Roberts
–
Brad Pitt,
George Clooney,
Matt Damon,
Andy García, and Roberts with
Ocean's Eleven director,
Steven Soderbergh in December 2001.
Julia Roberts
–
Deployed troops show Julia Roberts the controls of an
F-15.
25.
Cameron Diaz
–
Cameron Michelle Diaz is an American actress, producer, and former fashion model. She rose to stardom with roles in The Mask, My Best Friends Wedding and Theres Something About Mary, in 2013, Diaz was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood. Diaz was born in San Diego, California and her mother, Billie, was an import/export agent, and her father, Emilio Diaz, worked for the California oil company Unocal as a foreman. Diaz has a sister, Chimene. Her fathers family is Cuban, and Diazs ancestors had moved from Spain to Cuba. Later they settled in Ybor City, Tampa, before moving to California and her mother has English, Scots-Irish, German and Cherokee ancestry. Diaz grew up in Long Beach and attended Los Cerritos Elementary School, and then Long Beach Polytechnic High School and she began her career as a fashion model at the age of 16, and did contract work with a modeling agency, Elite Model Management. For the next months, she worked all over the world on contracts for companies including Calvin Klein, when she was 17, she was featured on the front cover of the July 1990 issue of Seventeen. Diaz also modeled for 2 to 3 months in Australia and shot a commercial for Coca-Cola in Sydney in 1991. Rutter approached Diaz in 2003, ahead of the release of Charlies Angels, Full Throttle, offering to sell the pictures and he stated that he was offering her first right of refusal to them, she saw it as attempted blackmail and sued him. In July 2004, the 30-minute video of the photoshoot, entitled Shes No Angel, was released on a Russian website, on July 26,2005, Rutter was convicted of attempted grand theft, forgery, and perjury. On September 16,2005, Rutter was sentenced to more than three years in prison. At the age of 21, Diaz auditioned for The Mask, based on the recommendation of an agent for Elite, having no previous acting experience, she started acting lessons after being cast. The Mask became one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1994, for the next three years, Diaz played roles in the independent films The Last Supper, Feeling Minnesota, Shes the One, and Head Above Water. She was scheduled to perform in the film Mortal Kombat, but had to resign after breaking her hand while training for the role, Diaz returned to mainstream films with My Best Friends Wedding and A Life Less Ordinary, both released in 1997. The following year, she played the role in Theres Something About Mary. She received critical acclaim for her performance in Being John Malkovich, which earned her Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Golden Globe, BAFTA, and SAG Awards. Between 1998 and 2000, Diaz was featured in movies, such as Very Bad Things, Any Given Sunday, Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her
Cameron Diaz
–
Diaz at a press conference for
Knight and Day, July 2010
Cameron Diaz
–
Diaz at the 2002
Cannes Film Festival with
Martin Scorsese and
Leonardo DiCaprio for the movie
Gangs of New York
Cameron Diaz
–
Diaz at the
Shrek the Third London premiere in June 2007
Cameron Diaz
–
Diaz at the premiere of
The Green Hornet in
Berlin,
Germany, December 2010
26.
Western film
–
Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western film
–
Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western film
–
The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western film
–
Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western film
–
Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
27.
Outlaw
–
In historical legal systems, an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law. In pre-modern societies, the criminal is withdrawn all legal protection, outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. In early Germanic law, the penalty is conspicuously absent. The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of homo sacer, women were declared waived rather than outlawed but it was effectively the same punishment. Among other forms of exile, Roman law included the penalty of interdicere aquae et ignis, people so penalized were required to leave Roman territory and forfeit their property. If they returned, they were effectively outlaws, providing them the use of fire or water was illegal, and they could be killed at will without legal penalty. Interdicere aquae et ignis was traditionally imposed by the tribune of the plebs and it was later also applied by many other officials, such as the Senate, magistrates, and Julius Caesar as a general and provincial governor during the Gallic Wars. It fell out of use during the early Empire, in English common law, an outlaw was a person who had defied the laws of the realm, by such acts as ignoring a summons to court, or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a crime. Outlawry was a principally pre-Magna Carta phenomenon, the most famous English outlaw was Robin Hood, however, his historical existence is not proved. The term outlawry referred to the procedure of declaring someone an outlaw. In the common law of England, a judgment of outlawry was one of the harshest penalties in the system, since the outlaw could not use the legal system for protection. To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of civil or social death, the outlaw was debarred from all civilized society. No one was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any sort of support – to do so was to commit the crime of aiding and abetting. A more recent concept of wanted dead or alive is similar, an outlaw might be killed with impunity, and it was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief fleeing from justice — to do so was not murder. A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay, otherwise the dead man’s kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay weregild as for a true man. By the rules of law, a criminal outlaw did not need to be guilty of the crime for which he was an outlaw. If a man was accused of a treason or felony but failed to appear in court to defend himself, if he was accused of a misdemeanour, then he was guilty of a serious contempt of court which was itself a capital crime. It was obsolete by the time the offence was abolished in 1938, there was also a doctrine of civil outlawry
Outlaw
–
Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, was outlawed in 1597 by a coroner's court for the murder of Henry Long. He went to France and joined the French army; two years later he was pardoned by Queen
Elizabeth and returned to England.
Outlaw
–
Robin Hood statue in
Nottingham
Outlaw
–
A small band of
southern Italian brigands from
Bisaccia, photographed in 1862
Outlaw
–
Juraj Janosik, wood engraving by
Władysław Skoczylas.
28.
Gunfighter
–
Gunman was a more common term used for these individuals in the 19th century. Today, the gunslinger is now more or less used to denote someone who is quick on the draw with a pistol. The gunfighter is also one of the most popular characters in the Western genre and has appeared in associated films, video games, the term gun slinger was used in the Western film Drag Harlan. The word was adopted by other Western writers, such as Zane Grey. Swarthout seems to have been correct about gunslinger, but the term existed in several newspapers in the 1870s. Bat Masterson used the term gunfighter in the articles which he wrote about the lawmen. However, Joseph Rosa noted that, even though Masterson used the term gunfighter, Clay Allison, a notorious New Mexico and Texas gunman and cattleman, originated the term shootist. Often, the term has been applied to men who would hire out for contract killings or at a ranch embroiled in a war where they would earn fighting wages. Others, like Billy the Kid, were notorious bandits, a gunfighter could be an outlaw—a robber or murderer who took advantage of the wilderness of the frontier to hide from genteel society and to make periodic raids on it. The gunfighter could also be an agent of the state, archetypically a lone avenger, there were also a few historical cowboys who were actual gunfighters, such as the Outlaw cowboy gang who participated in the bloody Skeleton Canyon Massacre. Gunslingers frequently appear as characters in Western movies and novels. Often, the hero of a Western meets his opposite double, Western gunslinger heroes are portrayed as local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, nomadic loners, or skilled fast-draw artists. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid, the Western hero usually stands alone and faces danger on his own, commonly against lawlessness, with an expert display of his physical skills. In films, the gunslinger often possesses a superhuman speed. Twirling pistols, lightning draws, and trick shots are standard fare for the gunmen of the big screen, in the real world, however, gunmen who relied on flashy tricks and theatrics died quickly, and most gunslingers took a much more practical approach to their weapons. Real gunslingers did not shoot to disarm or to impress, another classic bit of cinema that is largely a myth is the showdown at high noon, where two well-matched gunslingers agree to meet for a climactic formal duel. Gunfights could be won by simple distraction, or pistols could be emptied as gunmen fought from behind cover without injury, when a gunman did square off, it rarely was with another gunfighter. Gunslingers usually gave each other a wide berth, and it was uncommon for two well-known gunslingers to face off, the gunslingers reputation often was as valuable as any skills possessed
Gunfighter
–
Armed gunfighters in the 19th century
Gunfighter
–
Gunslinger from
The Great Train Robbery
Gunfighter
–
Wild Bill Hickok after killing Davis Tutt in a duel. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1867
Gunfighter
–
A cowboy action shooter brandishing his revolver
29.
Bridget Fonda
–
Bridget Jane Fonda is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in films as The Godfather Part III, Single White Female, Point of No Return, It Could Happen to You. She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and she received an Emmy Award nomination for the 1997 TV film In the Gloaming, and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the 2001 TV film No Ordinary Baby. Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda, father Peter Fonda and her mother, Susan Jane Brewer, is an artist. She is named after actress Margaret Sullavans daughter Bridget Hayward and her maternal grandmother, Mary Sweet, married businessman Noah Dietrich. Bridgets parents divorced and Peter remarried Portia Rebecca Crockett, Peter and Portia raised Bridget, her brother Justin, and older stepbrother Thomas McGuane Jr. in the Coldwater Canyon section of Los Angeles and south of Livingston, Montana. Fonda attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles, in 1986, Bridget met Eric Stoltz and, in 1990, they began dating. The relationship ended after eight years, on February 27,2003, she suffered a serious car crash in Los Angeles which caused a fracture in her vertebra. In March of the year, she became engaged to film/TV composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman. They have a son named Oliver, Fonda became involved with the theatre when she was cast in a school production of Harvey. She studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute as part of New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts acting program and graduated from NYU in 1986. She made her debut at the age of five in the 1969 movie Easy Rider as a child in the hippie commune that Peter Fonda. Her second part was in the 1982 comedy Partners, in 1988, she got her first substantial film role in Scandal. That same year she appeared in You Cant Hurry Love and Shag and her breakthrough role was as a journalist in The Godfather Part III. After gaining additional work experience in a few theater productions she was cast in the lead in Barbet Schroeders Single White Female and she starred in 1993s Point of No Return, an American remake of the 1990 French film Nikita. A review in the New Yorker cited her provocative, taunting assertiveness, in 1997, she was on the same flight as Quentin Tarantino when he offered her the part of Melanie in Jackie Brown. She was also offered the lead, eponymous role in the television series Ally McBeal. She starred with Jet Li in the thriller film Kiss of the Dragon in 2001
Bridget Fonda
–
Bridget Fonda at the
2001 Cannes Film Festival
.jpg)
