1.
United States Army
–
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
2.
George S. Patton
–
General George Smith Patton Jr. was a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U. S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European theaters of World War II, Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. Born in 1885 to a family with a military background, Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more known as the Patton Sword. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, in the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U. S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II, Seventh Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily, where he was the first Allied commander to reach Messina. Patton returned to command the Third Army following the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and he led the relief of beleaguered American troops at Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, and advanced his Third Army into Nazi Germany by the end of the war. After the war, Patton became the governor of Bavaria. He commanded the United States Fifteenth Army for slightly more than two months, Patton died in Germany on December 21,1945, as a result of injuries from an automobile accident twelve days earlier. Pattons colorful image, hard-driving personality and success as a commander were at times overshadowed by his public statements. His philosophy of leading from the front and his ability to inspire troops with vulgarity-ridden speeches, such as an address to the Third Army. His strong emphasis on rapid and aggressive offensive action proved effective, while Allied leaders held sharply differing opinions on Patton, he was regarded highly by his opponents in the German High Command. A popular, award-winning biographical film released in 1970 helped transform Patton into an American hero, George Smith Patton Jr. was born on November 11,1885 in San Gabriel, California, to George Smith Patton Sr. and his wife Ruth Wilson. Patton had a sister, Anne, who was nicknamed Nita. The family was of Irish, Scots-Irish, English, and Welsh ancestry and his great grandmother came from an aristocratic Welsh family, descended from many Welsh lords of Glamorgan, which had an extensive military background. Patton believed he had former lives as a soldier and took pride in mystical ties with his ancestors, though not directly descended from George Washington, Patton traced some of his English colonial roots to George Washingtons great-grandfather. He was also descended from Englands King Edward I through Edwards son Edmund of Woodstock, family belief held the Pattons were descended from sixteen barons who had signed the Magna Carta. Patton believed in reincarnation, and his ancestry was very important to him, the first Patton in America was Robert Patton, born in Ayr, Scotland
3.
Mojave Desert
–
The Mojave Desert is an arid rain-shadow desert and the driest desert in North America. It is located in the southwestern United States, primarily within southeastern California and southern Nevada, very small areas also extend into Utah and Arizona. The central part of the desert is sparsely populated, while its peripheries support large communities such as Las Vegas, Lancaster, Palmdale, Victorville, the Mojave Desert is bordered by the Great Basin Desert to its north and the Sonoran Desert to its south and east. Topographical boundaries include the Tehachapi Mountains to the west, and the San Gabriel Mountains, the mountain boundaries are distinct because they are outlined by the two largest faults in California – the San Andreas and Garlock faults. The Mojave Desert displays typical basin and range topography and it occupies less than 50,000 sq mi, making it the smallest of the North American deserts. The Mojave Desert is often referred to as the desert, in contrast to the low desert. However, the Mojave Desert is generally lower than the Great Basin Desert to the north, the spelling Mojave originates from the Spanish language while the spelling Mohave comes from modern English. The Mojave Desert receives less than 13 in of rain a year and is generally between 2,000 and 5,000 feet in elevation, zion National Park in Utah lies at the junction of the Mojave, the Great Basin Desert, and the Colorado Plateau. Despite its aridity, the Mojave has long been a center of production, fed by irrigation coming from groundwater. The Mojave is a desert of temperature extremes and two distinct seasons, winter months bring comfortable daytime temperatures, which dip precipitously to around 20 °F on valley floors, and below 0 °F at higher elevations. Storms moving from the Pacific Northwest can bring rain and in places even snow. More often, the shadow created by the Sierra Nevada as well as mountain ranges within the desert such as the Spring Mountains, bring only clouds. By early June, it is rare for another Pacific storm to have a significant impact on the regions weather, summer weather is dominated by heat. Temperatures on valley floors can soar above 120 °F and above 130 °F at the lowest elevations, low humidity, high temperatures, and low pressure, draw in moisture from the Gulf of Mexico creating thunderstorms across the desert southwest known as the North American monsoon. Autumn is generally pleasant, with one to two Pacific storm systems creating regional rain events, october is one of the driest and sunniest months in the Mojave, and temperatures usually remain between 70 °F and 90 °F on the valley floors. After temperature, wind is the most significant weather phenomenon in the Mojave, during the June Gloom, cooler air can be pushed out into the desert from Southern California. In Santa Ana wind events, hot air from the desert blows out into the Los Angeles basin, wind farms in these areas generate power from these winds. The other major factor in the region is elevation
4.
Sonoran Desert
–
It is the hottest desert in Mexico. It has an area of 260,000 square kilometers, the western portion of the United States–Mexico border passes through the Sonoran Desert. In phytogeography, the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America, the desert contains a variety of unique and endemic plants and animals, such as the saguaro and organ pipe cactus. It is bounded on the west by the Peninsular Ranges, which separate it from the California chaparral and woodlands, to the north in California and northwest Arizona, the Sonoran Desert transitions to the colder-winter, higher-elevation Mojave, Great Basin, and Colorado Plateau deserts. To the east and southeast, the transition to the coniferous Arizona Mountains forests and Sierra Madre. To the south the Sonoran–Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest is the zone from the Sonoran Desert to the tropical dry forests of the Mexican state of Sinaloa. The deserts sub-regions include the Colorado Desert of southeastern California, many ecologists now consider Shreves Vizcaíno and Magdalena regions, which lie on the western side of the Baja California Peninsula, to be a separate ecoregion, the Baja California Desert. The Pinacate National Park includes the only active Erg dune region in North America, the nearest city to the Reserva de la Biosfera el Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar is Puerto Peñasco in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The Sonoran Desert area southeast of Tucson and near the Mexican border is vital habitat for the population of jaguars living within the United States. Many plants not only survive, but thrive in the conditions of the Sonoran Desert. Many have evolved to have specialized adaptations to the desert climate, the Sonoran Deserts biseasonal rainfall pattern results in more plant species than any other desert in the world. The Sonoran Desert includes plant genera and species from the family, palm family, cactus family, legume family. The Sonoran is the place in the world where the famous saguaro cactus grows in the wild. Cholla, beavertail, hedgehog, fishhook, prickly pear, nightblooming cereus, creosote bush and bur sage dominate valley floors. Indigo bush and Mormon tea are other shrubs that may be found, wildflowers of the Sonoran Desert include desert sand verbena, desert sunflower, and evening primroses. Ascending from the valley up bajadas, various such as velvet mesquite, palo verde, desert ironwood, desert willow. Shrubs found at higher elevations include whitethorn acacia, fairy duster, in the desert subdivisions found on Baja California, cardon cactus, elephant tree, and boojum tree occur. The California fan palm is found in the Colorado Desert section of the Sonoran Desert and it is found at spring-fed oases, such as in Anza Borrego Desert State Park, Joshua Tree National Park, and the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge
5.
Arizona
–
Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
6.
United States Army Air Forces
–
Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff. S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel, the peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By V-E Day, the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas, in its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service and this contrast between theory and fact is. fundamental to an understanding of the AAF. Gen. Billy Mitchell that led to his later court-martial, a strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. Since 1920, control of units had resided with commanders of the corps areas. Both were created in 1933 when a conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup détat. Activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a force of three wings deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts but was small in comparison to European air forces. Corps area commanders continued to control over airfields and administration of personnel. The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to request a study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend Hawaii. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with an organization of 54 groups. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a simpler system, Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war
7.
North African Campaign
–
The North African Campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco, the campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German-occupied Europe, the United States entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942. Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940, on 14 June, the British Armys 11th Hussars crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. Information gleaned via British Ultra code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa, victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian Campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of a German ally. On 10 May 1940, the Wehrmacht had started the Battle of France, one month later, it was plain to see that France would have to surrender within two weeks. On 10 June 1940, the Kingdom of Italy aligned itself with Nazi Germany and declared war upon France, British forces based in Egypt were ordered to undertake defensive measures, but to act as non-provocatively as possible. However, on 11 June they began a series of raids against Italian positions in Libya, following the defeat of France on 25 June, Italian forces in Tripolitania—facing French troops based in Tunisia—redeployed to Cyrenaica to reinforce the Italian Tenth Army. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini ordered the Tenth Army to invade Egypt by 8 August, two days later, no invasion having been launched, Mussolini ordered Marshal Graziani that, the moment German forces launched Operation Sea Lion, he was to attack. The battle plan was to advance along the road, while limited armoured forces operated on the desert flank. To counter the Italian advance, Wavell ordered his forces to harass the advancing Italians, falling back towards Mersa Matruh. Positioned on the flank was the 7th Armoured Division, which would strike the flank of the Italian force. By 16 September, the Italian force had advanced to Maktila, around 80 mi west of Mersa Matruh, in response to the dispersed Italian camps, the British planned a limited five-day attack, Operation Compass, to strike at these fortified camps one by one. The British Commonwealth force, totalling 36,000 men, attacked the forward elements of the 10-division-strong Italian army on 9 December, following their initial success, the forces of Operation Compass pursued the retreating Italian forces. In January, the port at Bardia was taken, soon followed by the seizure of the fortified port of Tobruk. Some 40,000 Italians were captured in and around the two ports, with the remainder of the Tenth Army retreating along the coast road back to El Agheila. Richard OConnor sent the 7th Armoured Division across the desert, with a reconnaissance group reaching Beda Fomm some ninety minutes before the Italians. Although desperate attempts were made to overcome the British force at the Battle of Beda Fomm, the Italians were unable to break through, and the remnants of the retreating army surrendered
8.
Pomona, California
–
Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley, between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley, as of the 2010 United States Census, the citys population was 149,058. The area was occupied by the Tongva or Gabrielino Native Americans. The city is named for Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruit, the first Anglo-Americans arrived in prior to 1848 when the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in California becoming part of the United States. By the 1880s, the arrival of railroads and Coachella Valley water had made it the anchor of the citrus-growing region. Pomona was officially incorporated on January 6,1888, in the 1920s Pomona was known as the Queen of the Citrus Belt, with one of the highest per-capita levels of income in the United States. In the 1940s it was used as a location for major motion picture studios to see how their films would play to modally middle class audiences around the country. Religious institutions are deeply embedded in the history of Pomona, there are now more than 120 churches, representing most religions in todays society. The historical architecture of these churches provide glimpses of the European church design, in 2005, Pomona citizens elected Norma Torres, the first woman of Guatemalan heritage to be elected to a mayoral post outside of Guatemala. Pomona is an area of Los Angeles County in the Pomona Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.964 square miles. Pomona is approximately 27 miles east of downtown Los Angeles,25 miles north of Santa Ana,31 miles west of Riverside, the Los Angeles/San Bernardino county line forms most of the citys southern and eastern boundaries. Pomona has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters, august is the warmest month with an average daytime high temperature of 92 °F. Summers are characterized by days and very little rainfall during the months of June through September. Fall brings cooler temperatures and occasional showers, as well as seasonal Santa Ana winds originating from the northeast, december is the coolest month with an average high temperature of 68 °F. Winter also brings the majority of annual precipitation, snowfall is virtually unheard of, but frost can occur once or twice a year. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pomona had a population of 149,058, the population density was 6,491.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pomona was 71,564 White,10,924 African American,1,763 Native American,12,688 Asian,282 Pacific Islander,45,171 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 105,135 persons
9.
Phoenix, Arizona
–
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
10.
Yuma, Arizona
–
Yuma is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. It is located in the corner of the state. Yuma is the city of the Yuma, Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 2014 estimated population of the Yuma MSA is 203,247, more than 85,000 retirees make Yuma their winter residence. The areas first settlers for thousands of years were Native American cultures and their descendants now occupy the Cocopah and Quechan reservations. In 1540, Spanish colonial expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area, the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1,000 feet wide in one area. Military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza, the Mormon Battalion, during and after the California Gold Rush to the late 1870s, the Yuma Crossing was known for its ferry crossings for the Southern Emigrant Trail. This was considered the gateway to California, as it was one of the few spots where travelers could cross the otherwise very wide Colorado River. Following the United States establishing Fort Yuma, two towns developed one mile down river, the one on the California side was called Jaeger City, named after the owner of Jaegers Ferry, which crossed the river there. It was for a time the larger of the two, with the Butterfield Overland Mail office and station, two blacksmiths, a hotel, two stores, and other dwellings, the other was called Colorado City. Developed on the side of the river in what is now Arizona by speculator Charles Poston. When started, it was just north of the border between Mexican-ruled Sonora, Mexico and California, after the Gadsden Purchase by the United States, the town bordered on the Territory of New Mexico. This area was designated as the Territory of Arizona in 1863, the county of San Diego collected taxes from there for many years. From 1853 a smaller settlement, Arizona City, grew up on the ground across from the fort and was organized under the name of its post office in 1858. It had adobe dwellings, two stores and two saloons, Colorado City and Jaeger City were almost completely destroyed by the Great Flood of 1862 and had to be rebuilt on higher ground. At that time Colorado City became part of Arizona City and it took the name Yuma in 1873. From 1854, Colorado City was the major stop for traffic up. After the 1862 flood, it part of Arizona City
11.
Nevada
–
Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
12.
Chiriaco Summit, California
–
Chiriaco Summit is a small unincorporated community and travel stop located along Interstate 10 in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It lies 19 miles west of Desert Center on the divide between the Chuckwalla Valley and the Salton Sea basin at an elevation of 1,706 feet, the ZIP Code is 92201, and the community is inside area codes 442 and 760. The town has a general aviation airport, Chiriaco Summit Airport, a California Department of Transportation rest stop on Interstate 10, west of Chiriaco Summit, is called Cactus City, an ironic name referring to a non-existent city. Originally known as Shaver Summit, Chiriaco Summit is the point of Box Canyon Road. The land was purchased by Joe Chiriaco, an entrepreneur from Alabama, after traveling west to attend a college football game in the Rose Bowl in 1925, he decided to stay and found employment with the Los Angeles Bureau of Water and Power. He heard of plans to pave Box Canyon Road, so he purchased Shaver Summit and broke ground on a service station and general store. The hearsay proved true, and on August 15,1933, even more bustle came to the area when construction began on the Colorado River Aqueduct in the mid-1930s. This project of epic scale, which brought water to Riverside from Lake Havasu, Joe worked on the project as a surveyor. Around this time, he met his wife, Ruth, a nurse from the Coachella Valley, in 1942, Joe had an unlikely visitor – General George S. Patton. The area would be known as the California/Arizona Maneuver Area, Patton chose a site a mile east of Shaver Summit to establish the headquarters of his operation, Camp Young. During the time the base was active, Joe was visited by soldiers who were drawn “like bees to blossoms” to his well-stocked general store. Operations were conducted until 1944, when the Allies declared victory in the Sahara, in 1945, after Patton died in a freak automobile accident in Germany, the Chiriacos established a memorial to him at the Summit. In 1958, a post office was established, and the town was renamed Chiriaco Summit, a new post office supply depot opened in the 2000s and the zip codes 92201 and 9-2-0-1 designations went to represent Chiriaco Summit. The centerpiece of the museum is “The Big Map, ” a 5-ton jigsaw relief map created by LADWP depicting the area traversed by the Colorado River Aqueduct. The map, later used by Pattons staff, also illustrates the locations of the 11 training camps that comprised Patton’s mammoth operation, also located at the museum is a statue of Patton, which can be seen from Interstate 10. The Chiriacos both died in 1996, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to them in 2015. The businesses at Chiriaco Summit, which include a gas station, store, motel and airport, are now tended to by their son, Robert, Chiriaco Summit Airport has a 4, 600-foot runway. In 1999, electricity from the electrical grid finally reached Chiriaco Summit, freeing the town from its dependence on Diesel generators
13.
Indio, California
–
Indio is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, located in the Coachella Valley of Southern Californias Colorado Desert region. It lies 23 miles east of Palm Springs,77 miles east of Riverside and it is about 98 miles north of Mexicali, Baja California on the U. S. -Mexican border. The word Indio is Spanish for Indian, the population was 76,036 in the 2010 United States Census, up from 49,116 at the 2000 census, an increase of 55%. Railroad line construction east out of Los Angeles began in 1873, trains were operated to Colton on July 16,1875, and to Indio on May 29,1876. Moving on eastward from Indio, the reached the west bank of the Colorado River opposite Yuma on May 23,1877. There was delay in getting military authority to lay tracks across the Yuma Indian reservation, but the rail-head of the T & P was at a standstill far off in Texas, so Southern Pacific continued building eastward. The City of Indio came about because of the need of a point for the Southern Pacific Railroad between Yuma, Arizona and Los Angeles. The engines needed to be re-filled with water, at first, the-would-be city was called Indian Wells, but because of so many other areas already called that, Indio – after a Spanish variation of the word Indian – was chosen. After the railroads arrival in 1876, Indio really started to grow, the first permanent building was the craftsman style Southern Pacific Depot station and hotel. Southern Pacific tried to make life as comfortable as it could for their workers in order to them from leaving such a difficult area to live in at the time. It was at the center of all life in the desert with a fancy dining room. While Indio started as a town, it soon became agricultural. However, water also was a problem for Indio and the city was flooded several times until the storm water canals were created throughout the Coachella Valley. Businessmen and women found this last frontier land of the continental United States as a place to start fresh. Dr. Harry Smiley and his wife Nell were early residents and stayed in Indio after their car broke down on the way to Los Angeles and became people of influence and helped shape the area. A. G. Tingman was an early storeowner and first Postmaster of Indio, later Dr. June Robertson McCarroll became a leading philanthropist as well as successful doctor in Indio. But even though these early founders of the city are considered pioneers, Indio established itself quickly and kept up with all the trends as they were brought in by the railroads. By the turn of the 20th century, Indio was already more than a railroad town
14.
George S. Patton Jr.
–
General George Smith Patton Jr. was a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U. S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European theaters of World War II, Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. Born in 1885 to a family with a military background, Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute. He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber, more known as the Patton Sword. Patton first saw combat during the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916, in the interwar period, Patton remained a central figure in the development of armored warfare doctrine in the U. S. Army, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, he commanded the 2nd Armored Division at the time of the American entry into World War II, Seventh Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily, where he was the first Allied commander to reach Messina. Patton returned to command the Third Army following the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and he led the relief of beleaguered American troops at Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, and advanced his Third Army into Nazi Germany by the end of the war. After the war, Patton became the governor of Bavaria. He commanded the United States Fifteenth Army for slightly more than two months, Patton died in Germany on December 21,1945, as a result of injuries from an automobile accident twelve days earlier. Pattons colorful image, hard-driving personality and success as a commander were at times overshadowed by his public statements. His philosophy of leading from the front and his ability to inspire troops with vulgarity-ridden speeches, such as an address to the Third Army. His strong emphasis on rapid and aggressive offensive action proved effective, while Allied leaders held sharply differing opinions on Patton, he was regarded highly by his opponents in the German High Command. A popular, award-winning biographical film released in 1970 helped transform Patton into an American hero, George Smith Patton Jr. was born on November 11,1885 in San Gabriel, California, to George Smith Patton Sr. and his wife Ruth Wilson. Patton had a sister, Anne, who was nicknamed Nita. The family was of Irish, Scots-Irish, English, and Welsh ancestry and his great grandmother came from an aristocratic Welsh family, descended from many Welsh lords of Glamorgan, which had an extensive military background. Patton believed he had former lives as a soldier and took pride in mystical ties with his ancestors, though not directly descended from George Washington, Patton traced some of his English colonial roots to George Washingtons great-grandfather. He was also descended from Englands King Edward I through Edwards son Edmund of Woodstock, family belief held the Pattons were descended from sixteen barons who had signed the Magna Carta. Patton believed in reincarnation, and his ancestry was very important to him, the first Patton in America was Robert Patton, born in Ayr, Scotland
15.
Afrika Korps
–
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. The units best known commander was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, the Afrika Korps formed on 11 January 1941 and one of Hitlers favorite generals, Erwin Rommel, was designated as commander on 11 February. Originally Hans von Funck was to have commanded it, but Hitler loathed von Funck, the German Armed Forces High Command had decided to send a blocking force to Libya to support the Italian army. The Italian army group had been routed by the British Commonwealth Western Desert Force in Operation Compass. The German blocking force, commanded by Rommel, at first consisted of a force based only on Panzer Regiment 5 and these elements were organized into the 5th Light Division when they arrived in Africa from 10 February –12 March 1941. In late April and into May, the 5th Light Division was joined by elements of 15th Panzer Division, at this time, the Afrika Korps consisted of the two divisions, and was subordinated to the Italian chain of command in Africa. On 15 August 1941, the German 5th Light Division was redesignated 21st Panzer Division, during the summer of 1941, the OKW increased the presence in Africa and created a new headquarters called Panzer Group Africa. On 15 August, the Panzer Group was activated with Rommel in command, the Panzer Group comprised the Afrika Korps, with some additional German units now in North Africa, plus two corps of Italian units. The Panzer Group was, in turn, redesignated as Panzer Army Africa on 30 January 1942, Rommel, meanwhile, was placed in command of a new Army Group Africa, created to control both the Italian 1st Army and the 5th Panzer Army. The remnants of the Afrika Korps and surviving units of the 1st Italian Army retreated into Tunisia, Command of the Army Group was turned over to Arnim in March. On 13 May, the Afrika Korps surrendered, along all other remaining Axis forces in North Africa. Most Afrika Korps POWs were transported to the United States and held in Camp Shelby in Mississippi, when Rommel was promoted to the newly formed Panzerarmee Afrika, his command included a number of Italian units, including four infantry divisions. Two Italian armoured divisions, Ariete and Trieste initially remained under Italian control as the Italian XX Motorized Corps under the command of General Gastone Gambara, the Afrika Korps was restructured and renamed in August 1941. Afrikakorps was the name of the force for less than six months but the officers
16.
Palen Mountains
–
The Palen Mountains are located in the southern Mojave Desert – northern Colorado Desert in eastern Riverside County, California, USA. The range lies southeast of the Coxcomb Mountains, and northeast of the Chuckwalla Mountains near Interstate 10, the mountains lie in a southwest-northeasterly direction, and are approximately 15 miles long and nine miles wide at their widest point. Palen Pass, at 1,472 feet above sea level, lies at the end of the chain, with Palen Dry Lake. Jaeger Nature Sanctuary to the west of the range in the southern Palen Valley and it preserves the beautiful Desert Lily, many other native desert plants, and an important undeveloped land bridge wildlife corridor. The Palen Mountains are in the Palen/McCoy Wilderness Area, managed by the Bureau of Land Management, within the Palen-McCoy Wilderness are the Palen, Granite, Arica, Little Maria, and McCoy Mountains, which are five distinct mountain ranges separated by broad sloping alluvial fans-bajadas. Because this large area incorporates so many major features, the diversity of vegetation. The desert wash woodland found here provides food and cover for burro deer, coyote, bobcat, gray fox, Desert pavement, bajadas, interior valleys, canyons, dense ironwood forests, canyons and rugged peaks form a constantly changing landscape pattern
17.
Desert Training Center
–
It was a key training facility for units engaged in combat during the 1942–1943 North African campaign. It stretched from the outskirts of Pomona, California eastward to within 50 miles of Phoenix, Arizona, southward to the suburbs of Yuma, Arizona and this simulated theater of operation was the largest military training ground in the history of military maneuvers. A site near Shavers Summit between Indio and Desert Center, was selected as the headquarters of the DTC, the site, called Camp Young, was the worlds largest army post. Major General George S. Patton Jr. came to Camp Young as the first commanding general of the DTC, as a native of southern California, Patton knew the area well from his youth and from having participated in army maneuvers in the Mojave Desert in the 1930s. Patton and his advanced team designated various locations within the area where tent camps would be built, the camps were situated so that each unit could train individually without interfering with the other. Airfields, hospitals, supply depots and sites for other services were selected as was a corps maneuvering area. Upon completion of the exercise, the trained units would leave the DTC, and new units would arrive to begin their training. By March 1943, the North African campaign was in its final stages, by the middle of 1943, the troops who originally came for desert training maneuvers, were now deployed worldwide. Therefore, to reflect that change in mission, the name of the center was changed to the California-Arizona Maneuver Area, the CAMA was to serve as a theater of operations to train combat troops, service units and staffs under conditions similar to those which might be encountered overseas. The CAMA was enlarged to include both a communications zone and combat zone, approximately 350 miles wide and 250 miles long, activated 1 April 1942 Radio message Headquarters, War Department, Washington, D. C. In most cases the only things that remain at the sites are streets, sidewalks, building foundations, patterns of hand-laid rocks for various purposes. Monuments have been erected at some of the sites and there are areas within CAMA that are fenced off with danger signs warning of unexploded ordnance. The General George S. Patton Memorial Museum is located near the entrance of Camp Young. American Theater of World War II Military history of California Henley, the Land That God Forgot, The Saga of Gen. George Pattons Desert Training Camp. Fallon, NV, Western Military History Association, lynch, John S. Pattons Desert Training Center. Ft. Meyer, VA, Council on Americas Military Past. p.56, meller, Sidney L. Army Ground Forces, Washington, DC, Historical Section. History of the Army Ground Forces, the Desert Training Center and C-AMA. Ft. Belvoir, MD, Defense Technical Information Center, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list The Army Almanac, A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U. S. Government Printing Office,1950 reproduced at CMH
18.
Blythe Airport
–
Blythe Airport is seven miles west of Blythe, in Riverside County, California. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as an aviation facility. Blythe Airport was established by the Civil Aeronautics Administration in the late 1930s as a landing field on the Los Angeles to Phoenix airway. A commercial airport opened in April 1940, the airport was leased by the United States Army in 1942 and between 1942 and 1944, the U. S. The Army encroached on another 20.18 acres, increasing the total acquisition for Blythe Army Air Field to 4,560.06 acres, the base was advertised as the Worlds Healthiest Air Base. In addition to the facility at Blythe, several auxiliary airfields were built. The use of the site began on May 14,1942, Patton shortly after the outbreak of the war, Blythe was the only air field with construction already under way. For six months, the air field served as the air support base for the Army maneuvers under way at the DTC. The 46th Bombardment Group and later the 85th Bombardment Group occupied the field during the CAMA days and flew a variety of planes including A-31 Vengeances, once air fields were established at three new locations within the DTC, Blythe field was no longer required for the Armys desert exercises. After General Patton was sent to North Africa, the name of the center was changed to the California-Arizona Maneuver Area. The 46th and 85th Bomb Groups were reassigned, the Army Air Forces then used Blythe as a heavy bombardment crew training base for the Second Air Force 16th Bombardment Training Wing 358th Combat Crew Training School. The fields mission was changed to the training of air crews prior to shipment overseas. The 85th Bombardment Group and the 390th Bombardment Group were active at Blythe AAF in 1942 and 1943, up to 75 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses were flown and maintained at the base. A-20 Havoc 85th Bombardment Group 23 May 1942 – November 1942, a-20 Havoc 85th Bombardment Group 2 November –11 December 1942 A-24 Dauntlesses 34th Bombardment Group 15 December 1942 – April 1944. B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators 398th Bombardment Group April 1943–, B-17 Flying Fortresses At its peak in December,1943 the base had a population just short of 8000 uniformed and civilian personnel. This was twice the population of the city of Blythe, the community within a one hundred mile radius. By April 1944 only a force was assigned to the base. By July 1944 the field was abandoned by the Army and declared surplus,126 airmen were killed in Blythe Army Air Base-related accidents
19.
Desert Center Airport
–
Desert Center Airport is a private-use airport located five nautical miles northeast of the central business district of Desert Center, in Riverside County, California, United States. The airport located at the end of a road, one mile east of CA Route 177,127 miles northeast of San Diego. Desert Center Army Air Field was built in the early 1940s was a subbase of Thermal Army Air Field, the airfield was located within the Desert Center Division Camp, which encompassed over 34,000 acres. Desert Center AAF was first known as the Desert Center Airdrome and it was described as having 5,500 runways. The field also had taxiways & a parking apron, more than 40 buildings were constructed at the airfield, including an operations building, power house, Link Trainer building, hangar and various supply buildings. The 74th Reconnaissance Group was the first flying unit at the field, Desert Center AAF was officially opened in April 1943. When the training area closed in 1944, the airfield was assigned to the Fourth Air Force, the airfield remained open, however, and was used by B-24 Liberator crews flying training missions from March Field. In 1946, following the end of World War II, the airfield was turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers, and it was listed as Desert Center CAA Site 17 in the Aerodromes table on the 1955 San Diego Sectional Aeronautical Chart. It described the field as having two 5,000 bituminous runways, the airfield was listed among active airports in the 1962 AOPA Airport Directory, under the name of FAA Site 17. It was described as having two 5,000 ft bituminous runways, 13/31 & 4/22, and the operator was listed as the FAA and it was closed in the mid-1960s, but listed as an emergency airfield. The airport was reopened as an airport at some point between 1966-2002. However, as of 2002 it was all but abandoned, there were no aircraft based at the field, and the Airport Facility Directory data listed a mere 150 takeoffs & landings per year. The sole remaining maintained runway is 5/23, which consists of a 4,200 ft asphalt strip which was overlaid over remains of the military runway. The abandoned Runway 13/31 is barely discernible, covered with sand & bushes, there are no historic buildings left, although there are numerous foundations & a concrete parking ramp. In 2003, the airfield was being used to fly unmanned aircraft, the hangar had been converted to a workshop & an inclined launching ramp was constructed. In 2004 the airfield was put up for sale by Riverside County and bought by Chuckwalla Valley Associates, LLC. Desert Center Airport covers an area of 1,129 acres at an elevation of 559 feet above sea level. It has one runway designated 5/23 with a surface measuring 4,200 by 50 feet
20.
Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport
–
Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport is a county owned, public use airport in Riverside County, California, United States. It is located in the southeastern Coachella Valley,20 nautical miles southeast of the business district of Palm Springs, in Thermal. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, built during World War II and used by both the US Army and US Navy, Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport has had several name changes. As a civilian facility, it was called Thermal Airport from 1948 to 1998, to better reflect its regional function, the name was then changed to Desert Resorts Regional Airport. The most recent name change, to honor the pioneering aviator and Indio resident Jacqueline Cochran, the communities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Rancho Mirage, Cathedral City, Coachella, Indio and Thermal surround the airport. The facility hosts an air show in late November, showcasing both full-scale aircraft and radio controlled models as flown by members of the Coachella Valley Radio Control Club. Due to that proximity to the facility, both the club and the airport work closely in mid-January to establish no-fly zones for the clubs Best In The West national jet rally. A temporary model operational ceiling of 2000 is established during that time due to the size, the mission of the training center was to prepare United States Army ground forces in preparation for Operation Torch—the invasion of North Africa. The center was commanded by General George Patton, the airfield was known as Thermal Ground Support Base or Thermal Army Air Field. The 2, 553-acre facility had two 5,000 ft runways and assigned the installation to Fourth Air Force. Between March 1943 and May 1944, the U. S. Army Air Forces assigned the 76th Reconnaissance Group along with several liaison, in December 1943, Thermal AAF was reassigned to the California-Arizona Maneuver Area under control of the Third Air Force. Located in the Coachella Valley 115 feet below sea level, the place was named Thermal for a reason, daily summer temperatures reached 120 °F in the shade soaring much higher on the concrete ramp. Conducting training here was not easy and summer flight operations took place from 0300 to 1300, in the heat of the day, the ground crews simply could not service the aircraft. In addition to flying operations, the served as a pre-embarkation training center for aviation, construction, ordnance. Initially known as Naval Air Bases Detachment Thermal, the facilities were in rather poor condition. During the first few months of the Navys occupancy, the ACORNS, the airfield had a maximum capacity of 2,424 enlisted men and 264 officers. A hospital was located at the facility and had a capacity of 119 patients,68 nurses,13 officers. There were approximately 254 buildings consisting of 237 military buildings built by DoD and 17 non-military buildings, the airfield was improved with approximately 250 buildings, heating, lighting, telephone, sewer, water and power systems
21.
Rice Army Airfield
–
Rice Army Air Field is an abandoned World War II airfield in Rice Valley of the southern Mojave Desert, located 1-mile east-southeast of the community of Rice. The airfield is located in Riverside County just south of the San Bernardino county line, Rice AAF was acquired 29 September 1942 and was part of the World War II Desert Training Center in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. It apparently was a civil airfield before the war, known as Rice Municipal Airport, the mission of the training center was to prepare United States Army ground forces in preparation for Operation Torch — the invasion of North Africa. The center was commanded by then Brigadier General George Patton, the facility was assigned to United States Army Air Forces Fourth Air Force. The airfield consisted of two 5, 000-foot runways with numerous dispersal pads extending off the runways to the south, Military operations at Rice Army Air Field ended in August 1944, and the field was declared surplus in October. The facility was inactivated and turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers on 1 January 1946, the War Assets Administration turned the military airfield to civil control, and was reused starting at some point in 1949 as a civilian airport. Rice was depicted as an active airfield on the March 1952 San Diego Sectional Chart. The chart depicted Rice as having a 5,000 paved runway, the status of the Rice airfield evidently changed to a private airfield at some point between 1952–55, as that is how it was depicted on the September 1955 San Diego Sectional Chart. The Rice Airport was evidently abandoned at some point between 1955–58, today no standing structures remain of Rice Army Air Field and little but deteriorating concrete and bituminous runways remain in the desert. Two runways, one oriented NW/SE, the other NE/SW are faintly visible in aerial photography along with numerous dispersal pads. A concrete parking area still exists about 0.5 miles south of California Highway 62, dirt bike and dune buggy trails in the area obscure any evidence of roads or building foundations in what probably was the ground station. Generally, the area has reverted to its natural state. As of January 2013 it was proposed that the Rice AAF site be used for the Rice Solar Energy Project. California World War II Army Airfields Desert Training Center This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama, Office of Air Force History, Maurer, Maurer, ed. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II. Washington, DC, Office of Air Force History, shaw, Frederick J. Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC,2004. The California State Military Museum Historic California Posts, Rice Army Air Field
22.
Chiriaco Summit Airport
–
Chiriaco Summit Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile northeast of the central business district of Chiriaco Summit, in Riverside County, California, United States. The airport is maintained as an airport for emergency purposes. Some west coast aero clubs use the airport as a site for annual week-end competitions. The airport was opened in April 1943 as Shavers Summit Army Airfield and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Fourth Air Force as a base during World War II. At the end of the war the airfield was determined to be excess by the military, Chiriaco Summit Airport covers an area of 570 acres at an elevation of 1,713 feet above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 6/24 with a surface measuring 4,600 by 50 feet. For the 12-month period ending November 30,2006, the airport had 6,000 general aviation aircraft operations, California World War II Army Airfields This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, //www. afhra. af. mil/
23.
Essex, San Bernardino County, California
–
Essex is a small unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California. Essex lies on Old National Trails Highway – part of the old Route 66 – just south of Interstate 40 in the Mojave Desert. Essex, a former oasis along historic Route 66 in California, was founded when a motorist suffered a flat tire only to discover there were no garages for miles. It also lies along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, over a dozen homes also serviced the small community. The town of Essex had no television reception until 1977, the signal from Los Angeles,150 miles away, was too weak, and the signal from Las Vegas,110 miles away, was blocked by hills. A device called a translator, costing several thousand dollars, could solve this problem, Johnny Carson found the towns lack of television interesting, and invited the entire towns population to attend the taping of the March 25,1977 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He talked to 5 different townspeople about what it was like, all but one said they preferred it that way. Shortly after the Tonight Show appearance, executives at Electronics, Missiles and Communications, Essex Elementary school, which once served the educational needs of both Essex and its neighbor Goffs, has closed. It was once taught by a single teacher and its location remote even with todays technological capabilities, Essex lacks many comforts of modern-day life, and was unable to receive television service until the end of 1977. There are no facilities in town, by 2013, the population had declined to 8-10 people. Essex has only one neighbor, the equally abandoned Goffs, located to the north. Three miles northeast of Essex, just north of Goffs Road and this uniquely configured airfield has two parallel runways and twelve hardstands, where aircraft could be parked
24.
Banning, California
–
Banning is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The population was 29,603 at the 2010 census and it is situated in the San Gorgonio Pass, also known as Banning Pass. It is named for Phineas Banning, stagecoach line owner and the Father of the Port of Los Angeles, Banning has a western neighbor, the city of Beaumont, which shares geographic and regional features. Banning and Beaumont have been growing in size and population since the 1990s. Both cities are about 80 miles east of downtown Los Angeles and 30 miles west of Palm Springs, each connected by freeway and railroad. The area, up to the century, was inhabited by the Cahuilla people, though the region around Banning was originally Maringayam. In 1824 it became part of the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel, the first Anglo to settle in the area was Dr. Isaac Smith in 1853. In 1863 a smallpox epidemic further diminished the Cahuilla, the government created Indian reservations for the Cahuilla in 1877. The development of the settlement that was to become Banning coincided with the start of the Colorado River Gold Rush, the Bradshaw Trail was a wagon road to the gold boomtowns of Arizona Territory that passed through the area in 1862. Gilmans Ranch north of downtown served as a station for the lines on this road. The railroad followed passing through the town in 1876, the Southern Pacific railroad, was a major contributor to the areas growth. U. S. Route 99 was built in 1923, followed by U. S. Route 60/70 in 1936, Banning borders the Morongo Indian Reservation, home to the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Indians. Relations with reservation residents have been stressed by such actions as disputes over water rights, see Dorothy Ramons book Always Believe for a Maringayams views on Banning and reservation life. Prior to the name Banning, the settlement was called Moore City, ransom B. Moore operated a large cattle ranch and was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, settling in the area and nearby San Gorgonio mountains in the early 1860s. The town of Banning was incorporated on February 6,1913, between the years 1880 and 1980, it was the largest city in year-round population between Redlands and the Colorado River. The St. Boniface Indian Industrial School was opened in 1890, providing education to Cahuilla, Serrano, Luiseño, Kumeyaay. Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell authorized the school and Mother Katharine Drexel provided funding to the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions for purchase of the land, construction, over its history, about 8,000 students attended the school which was demolished in 1974. During World War II, Banning was the site of the 1 and it supported training at the Desert Training Center and was later used as a naval convalescent hospital
25.
General George S. Patton Memorial Museum
–
Development of the Colorado River Aqueduct and natural-science exhibits are displayed as well. In addition, a 26-minute video is shown, detailing Pattons military service, though Patton spent less than four months at the Desert Training Center, his establishment of the training grounds directly impacted more than one million troops. The museum is at the Chiriaco Summit exit of Interstate 10,30 miles/48km east of Indio and it is 1000 feet west of the Chiriaco Summit Airport. Patton Memorial Museum Patton Monument General George Patton Museum, Fort Knox, Kentucky General George S. Patton Memorial Museum General Patton Memorial, organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics https, //www. facebook. com/pages/General-Patton-Memorial-Museum/104337032984121
26.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
27.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
Arizona during World War II
–
The history of Arizona during World War II begins in 1940, when the United States government began constructing military bases within the state in preparation for war. Although far removed from the frontlines in Europe and the Pacific, the population of the state also experienced a major increase, many veterans returned to Arizona after the war ended in 1945, laying the foundations for the large metropolises of Phoenix and Tucson. However, the collapse of the Stock Market in 1929 and the depression eventually put the state into a period of decline. According to James E. Sherman, the beginning of the Depression-era created a new string of ghost towns in Arizona as people left to find opportunity elsewhere. The situation went mostly unchanged up until the beginning of the war in 1939, once it seemed as though intervention in Europe was inevitable, the federal government authorized the military to build new bases in Arizona, which would be used mainly for training purposes. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7,1941, although the cattle, cotton, and copper industries began to bustle once again, manufacturing eventually took over. In 1940 the gross income for manufacturing was $17 million, by 1945 the number had grown to $85 million and by the 1960s manufacturing had become the states number one income-producing industry. The population of Arizona, particularly in Phoenix, swelled as result of the war and it was the new military installations and associated manufacturers that provided the impetus for the growth. Many veterans who were stationed in Arizona during the war returned after the fighting was over, having found it to be a place to find work. In 1940, the population of Arizona was less than 500,000, the population of Phoenix in 1940 was 65,000. By 1960 it had become the largest city in the Southwest with a population of 439,000, Construction of military bases in Arizona was undertaken for several reasons. In August 1940, the government announced its intention to turn Tucsons airport, Davis-Monthan, within the next few months, the base was expanded from 300 acres to 1,600 so as to accommodate 3,000 personnel and the largest of the Air Corps bombers. Consolidated Aircraft established a plant at Tucson Municipal Airport to modify bombers flying in from San Diego, Fort Worth, and Detroit. Two other bases were built nearby, Ryan Field, located west of Tucson. In February 1941, the city of Phoenix purchased 1,440 acres of land for $40,000, in March, Del Webb Construction began building what would become the largest fighter-training base in the world. Luke Field, which was named after Arizonas World War I ace, Frank Luke, other manufacturers eventually set up shop as well, including the Allison Steel Company and Alcoa. Thunderbird Field No.1 was another important airbase in Arizona during the war, built by Southwest Airways to resemble an Anasazi Thunderbird from the air, the project cost $500,000 and was completed over a five-week period between January and February 1941. By the wars end in 1945, more than 10,000 American, British, the base also shares a unique connection with Hollywood
29.
Thomas Claw
–
Thomas Claw was an American Navajo Code Talker during World War II. He served with the 1st Marine Division throughout the Pacific theater during the war, Claw was born in Chinle, Arizona, on February 23,1922. Claw served with the 1st Marine Division as a code talker throughout World War II and he was stationed in Australia, New Caledonia, New Britain, the Solomon Islands, Palau and the Ryukyu Islands. Claw moved to Parker, Arizona, with his wife, Barbara, following the end of World War II and he worked as a water master for the Colorado River Indian Irrigation Project, a program run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, for approximately twenty years. Thomas Claw died of cancer at the Northern Arizona VA Health Care Center in Prescott, Arizona, on May 26,2009 and he was survived by his wife, Barbara Claw and their children Carolyn Hammond, Renold Claw, Pauline James, Harold Claw and Gloria Claw. Claws death came less than a week after the death of another Navajo Code Talker, John Brown and it is with deep regret that we learned of the passing of Navajo Code Talker Thomas Claw, another of our distinguished warriors from World War II. Code Talker dies, Thomas Claw, veteran of bloody Pacific campaign, honored
30.
Jack Fujimoto
–
Fujimoto was born in 1928 in National City, California of parents Morizo and Emi. When Fujimoto was 13, he was evacuated from Encinitas, California along with his parents and siblings, Fujimoto and his family were released from Poston in 1945, and they resettled in Encinitas. Following Fujimotos graduation from school, he volunteered in the U. S. Army. Coming from a background, Fujimoto was expected to follow the tradition of oldest son following the patriarch. However, he was released to be the first in his family to pursue an education and he obtained his A. A. degree at Pasadena City College. M. B. A. and Ph. D. at University of California, Fujimotos specialty in the Japanese language carried forth in his life. He taught Japanese language for 12 years at Venice Gakuen, a community school at the Venice Japanese Community Center. Today, that credit recognition continues to persist for all private Japanese language learners who pass a credit test, in 1969, Fujimoto was selected as a dean at Los Angeles Pierce College in Woodland Hills, California. There, he established the Japanese language as an elective for college credit and he also introduced a course in Man and Humanities in East Asia. Subsequently, Fujimoto became president of West Los Angeles College in 1979 and he did the same when he became president at Los Angeles Mission College in the San Fernando Valley in 1989. Today, those courses of study in Japanese continue at these colleges in the Los Angeles Community College District, Fujimoto served as president at Los Angeles Mission College for seven years until 1996. From 2002 to 2003, he served as superintendent-president of Imperial Valley College in Imperial County, while designing the Japanese language curriculum and humanities curriculum, Fujimoto visited various universities as well as the Ministry of Education in Japan. For 30 years, he served as advisor to Kobe Womens University in Kobe, Japan and also taught at the Language Institute of Japan in Odawara, Kanagawa, since 1986, Fujimoto has been connected with the Japanese Institute of Sawtelle in. Today, he serves as advisor to the Institute and Gakuin. In 2007, he authored the book Sawtelle, West Los Angeles JapanTown, order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon,2011. Recipients of Fall 2011 Decorations Fujimoto and Webb Receive Fall Decorations at Rafu Shimpo A Teacher for Intellectual Wellness – Dr. Jack Fujimoto
31.
Harry K. Fukuhara
–
Colonel Harry Katsuji Fukuhara was a United States Army soldier who was inducted in the United States Military Intelligence Hall of Fame in 1988. Fukuhara was born in Seattle, Washington in 1920 and his father died in 1933, and his mother took the family back to native Japan before the War. In 1938, following graduation from high-school in Japan, Harry returned to the United States, after enlisting in the Army from the Gila River internment camp in 1942, Fukuhara served in the Army in the Pacific as a linguist with the 33rd Infantry Division. He served in the New Guinea and Philippine campaigns, earning a battlefield commission, toward the end of the war he was part of the force preparing to invade Kyushu, Japan. Unknown to him, as he was preparing for the assault of Japan, following the conclusion of the War he was sent to Japanese prisoner camps where he had to tell them of the bombing and the emperors surrender. About a month following the surrender of Japan during the beginning of the occupation he secured authorization to look for his mother and three brothers in Hiroshima. Following World War II, Fukuhara temporarily returned to the United States before he returned with the Army to serve in the US Armys occupation and reconstruction of Japan. His understanding of the language, culture, and tireless efforts were instrumental in developing post World War II United States - Japanese relations and he ended his distinguished career in uniform in 1971 as the military governor of the Yaeyama Islands Group in the Ryukyu Islands. Several of his military decorations include the Legion of Merit, following his military career, Fukuhara served in Federal service, again retiring in 1991. Among many decorations and citations, he earned the Distinguished Federal Civilian Service Medal by the President of the United States and he was inducted in into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame in 1988 and made a Distinguished Member. He resided in San Jose, California and attended the MI Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies when able, Fukuhara died in Honolulu, Hawaii on April 8,2015
32.
Ira Hayes
–
Ira Hamilton Hayes was a Pima Native American and a United States Marine who was one of the six flag raisers immortalized in the iconic photograph of the flag raising on Iwo Jima during World War II. Hayes was an member of the Gila River Pima Indian Reservation located in the Pinal. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on August 26,1942 and, after recruit training and he fought in the Bougainville and Iwo Jima campaigns in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. On February 23,1945, he helped to raise an American flag over Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima, Hayes and the other five flag-raisers became national heroes as a result. In 1946, he was instrumental in revealing the identity of one of the other pictured Marines. However, Hayes was never comfortable with his fame, and after his service in the Marine Corps and he died of exposure to cold and alcohol poisoning after a night of drinking on January 23–24,1955. He was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on February 2,1955. Hayes was often commemorated in art and film, before and after his death, in 1949, he portrayed himself raising the flag in the motion picture movie, Sands of Iwo Jima. A giant Marine figure of Hayes raising the flag on Iwo Jima with the five participants is included on the 1954 Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington. He was the subject of an article by journalist William Bradford Huie, the movie inspired songwriter Peter La Farge to write The Ballad of Ira Hayes, which became popular nationwide in 1964 after being recorded by Johnny Cash. In 2006, Hayes was portrayed by Adam Beach in the World War II movie Flags of Our Fathers, Ira Hayes was born in Sacaton, Arizona, a town in the Gila River Indian Community in Pinal County. He was the eldest of six born to Nancy Hamilton. The Hayes children were, Ira, Harold, Arlene, Leonard, Vernon, Joseph Hayes was a World War I veteran who supported his family by subsistence farming and its cotton harvesting. Nancy Hayes was a devout Presbyterian and a Sunday school teacher at the Assemblies of God church in Sacaton, Ira was remembered by his family and friends as being a shy and sensitive child. Sara Bernal, his first cousin, said, was a quiet man. The other Hayes children would play and tease me, but not Ira and he was quiet, and somewhat distant. Ira didnt speak unless spoken to and he was just like his father. His boyhood friend Dana Norris said, Even though Im from the same culture, Ira had the characteristic of not wanting to talk
33.
Satoshi Hirayama
–
Satoshi Fibber Hirayama is a Japanese-American baseball player who played for the Hiroshima Carp in Japans Central League. Hirayama was an All-Star twice in Japan, during World War II, Hirayama was interned at the Poston War Relocation Center with his father and two brothers. Hirayama was an athlete at Fresno State College, playing both baseball and football, and was voted Nisei Player of the Year in 1951. From 1953 to 1955, Hirayama continued his baseball days as a soldier at Fort Ord, after being discharged, Hirayama signed with the Hiroshima Carp in the Japanese Baseball League. Hirayama and teammate Kenshi Zenimura were the first Japanese Americans to play in Japan, Hirayama won the 2009 Al Radka Award, and is currently the head of the Japanese Baseball Development Program in the Dominican Republic. The nickname Fibber came from his fathers attempts to say February, Nisei Baseball Research Project Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference BR Bullpen
34.
Gordon Hirabayashi
–
Hirabayashi was born in Seattle to a Christian family who were associated with the Mukyōkai Christian Movement. He graduated from Auburn Senior High School in Auburn, Washington, and in 1937 went to the University of Washington, at the University he participated in the YMCA and became a religious pacifist. Although he at first considered accepting internment, he became one of three to openly defy it. He joined the Quaker-run American Friends Service Committee, in 1942 he turned himself in to the FBI, and after being convicted for curfew violation was sentenced to 90 days in prison. He invited prosecution in part to appeal the verdict all the way to the U. S. Supreme Court with the backing of the ACLU, One of his lawyers was the Philadelphia Quaker attorney Harold Evans. Given wartime exigencies, officials would not transport him to prison or even pay his train fare, once there, wardens stated they lacked the sufficient papers as he was two weeks late. They considered letting him just go home, but he feared this would look suspicious, after that they made the suggestion he could go out for dinner and a movie, which would give them time to find his papers. He agreed to this and, by the time he finished doing so, after the war, he went on to earn B. A. M. A. and Ph. D. degrees in sociology from the University of Washington. As a sociologist he did studies of Jordan and the Russian Doukhobors in British Columbia, Egyptian village political awareness, Jordanian social change and he was an active member of Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. After retirement he was active on behalf of human rights, Hirabayashi died on January 2,2012, at age 93, in Edmonton, Alberta. He had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease 11 years earlier, soon after retiring, Hirabayashi received a call that would prove consequential. “It was quite a strong victory—so strong that the side did not appeal. “It was a vindication of all the people had put in for the rights of citizens during crisis periods. ”“There was a time when I felt that the Constitution failed me. “But with the reversal in the courts and in statements from the government. The U. S. government admitted it made a mistake, a country that can do that is a strong country. I have more faith and allegiance to the Constitution than I ever had before, and uh, in other words constant vigilance. Otherwise, its a scrap of paper and we had the Constitution to protect us in 1942. It didnt because the will of the people werent behind it, in 1999, the Coronado National Forest in Arizona renamed the former Catalina Honor Camp in Hirabayashis honor
35.
Philip Johnston (code talker)
–
Philip Johnston proposed the idea of using the Navajo language as a Navajo code to be used in the Pacific during World War II. Johnston was born in Topeka, Kansas on September 17,1892, the elder Johnston brought his family to Flagstaff, Arizona on September 16,1896, to serve Navajos residing on the western part of the Navajo Reservation. For resolving that incident in a manner, local Navajo leaders allowed Reverend Johnston to build a mission 12 miles north of Leupp. On the reservation, young Philip learned to speak Navajo while playing with Navajo children, Philip was the Navajo/English translator between the local Navajo leaders and President Roosevelt. Around 1909–10, Johnston attended the Northern Arizona Normal School, now Northern Arizona University, in March 1918 he enlisted in the U. S. Armys 319th Engineers, where he received a reserve commission. Between March and September 1918 he trained in Camp Fremont at Menlo Park and it is here that he may have heard about Comanches being used as code talkers by U. S. Army units. Johnston attended the University of Southern California, Los Angeles where he earned his civil engineering degree in 1925. Afterwards he took a job with the city of Los Angeles water department, though he worked in Los Angeles he maintained his social connections with the Navajo people with whom he grew up. He was working as a civilian in Los Angeles when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor and he presented this idea to the United States Marine Corps, and he was directed to present his proposal. Johnston recruited four Navajos who were working in the Los Angeles shipyards, initially Philip thought the Navajo language could be used unmodified to transmit military communications, using conversational Navajo. Just before the demonstration started, the Navajos received their samples of common military expressions they were to convey to each other. They informed the personnel that in order to send the military messages they would have to use word. General Vogel was so impressed with the Camp Elliot demonstration that he asked the Commandant of the Marine Corps to recruit 200 Navajos, but Vogel was only given authorization to recruit 30 Navajos, under a pilot program status to investigate the feasibility of this proposed program with actual Navajos. On the morning of May 4,1942, twenty-nine Navajo recruits boarded the bus at Ft. Defiance, shortly after the beginning of this project three additional Navajo Marines were added to the program, and together the 32 Navajos worked to develop the code. Their stay in Camp Elliot ended in the half of August 1942. After training, one group of 13 were assigned to the 1st Marine Division, a group of 16 were assigned to the 6th Marines. Three individuals were retained stateside to recruit and train Navajos to become code talkers, the first group of Navajo code talkers arrived at Guadalcanal on September 18,1942 near Lunga Point. The second group arrived with the 6th Marines on January 4,1943, after the USMC officially instituted the talker program, Johnston asked the USMC for a special dispensation to serve in the Navajo Code Talking Program as a Staff Sergeant
36.
Robert Taylor Jones
–
Robert Taylor Jones was the sixth Governor of the U. S. state of Arizona and served from 1939 to 1941. Born in Rutledge, Tennessee, he was a civil engineer and he owned pharmacies in Phoenix and Tucson. He also owned the Jones Western Store in Phoenix and a ranch near Chandler. Prior to his governor, Jones served as a State Senator from Maricopa County in the 13th Arizona State Legislature during 1937-1938. Jones died in 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona, and is buried in Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery in Phoenix, robert Taylor Jones at Find a Grave
37.
Allen Dale June
–
Allen Dale June was an American veteran of World War II. June was one of the 29 original Navajo code talkers who served in the United States Marine Corps during the war, June was born in Kaibito, Arizona on November 28,1921, to a Navajo family. His mother was Kinłichíiʼnii, born for Tłʼízíłání, and his father was named Yéʼii Dineʼé, June graduated from Tuba City Vocational High School in Tuba City in 1941. Once the United States entered World War II later that year and began recruiting Navajos as code talkers, June hitchhiked to Fort Defiance, June enlisted in 1941 and became one of the 29 original Navajo code talkers in the U. S. Marines. He served until the end of World War II in 1945, June received a bachelors degree in business administration, accounting and economics from New Mexico Highlands University in 1952. He later also obtained a degree in 1975 from the University of Utah. Dale, along with the other original 9 Navajo code talkers, in recent years, residents of Longmont, Colorado, raised money to buy June and his third wife, Virginia June, a home when they learned the couple had no permanent place to live. Allen Dale June died at Presscott Veterans Hospital in Prescott, Arizona, on September 8,2010, June had become ill while on a trip to Arizona from the familys home in Longmont, Colorado. He was survived by his wife, Virginia June, eleven children, four brothers - Adolph June Jr. Floyd June, Jackie June and Keith June, as well as grandchildren, nieces and he was buried at a family cemetery in Kaibeto, Arizona. Navajo Nation President Joe Shirley Jr. ordered all flags to be flown at half staff in Junes honor. With Junes death in 2010, Lloyd Olivers death in 2011, and Chester Nezs death on June 4,2014, none of the original 29 Navajo code talkers are alive
38.
Yosh Kawano
–
Yosh Kawano was the longtime clubhouse manager for the Chicago Cubs who retired in 2008 and was known for his trademark white fishing hat. Kawanos long service and dedication to the team have made him a part of Chicago Cubs team lore, Kawano is honored in the Cubs Walk of Fame, a series of banners hanging in the concourse of Wrigley Field. Reportedly, the contract for the sale of the Cubs from the Wrigley family to the Chicago Tribune in 1981 included a clause to guarantee Kawano a job for life with the Cubs, sandberg also thanked Kawano in his Hall of Fame induction speech. On June 16,2008, Kawano donated his trademark fishing hat to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, on Thursday, June 26,2008, it was announced that Yosh Kawano would be retiring at the conclusion of the 2008 season. On July 14,2009, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that two weeks earlier security guards had ejected Kawano from Wrigley Field, the action was allegedly taken to protect Kawano, who was visiting friends there when he was escorted from the park. According to the Sun-Times, Cubs executives did not know of the incident and said they will contact Kawano directly to let Yosh know he is always welcome, senior vice president Michael Lufrano said. According to the June 3rd,1943, issue of The Sporting News and this assignment brought him reprieve from an internment camp for Japanese citizens. Kawano had been interned at the Poston War Relocation Center in Arizona and his brother, Nobu Kawano, was the equipment manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers for many years
39.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
40.
Yuriko (dancer)
–
Yuriko Kikuchi, known to audiences by her stage name Yuriko, is an American dancer and choreographer. She is best known for her work with the Martha Graham Dance Company, Yuriko was born in San Jose, California in 1920, but her mother sent her to Japan in 1930 in order to escape an influenza epidemic in the United States. She began her training with Konami Ishil in Tokyo. And danced with the Konami Ishii Dance Company from 1930 -1937, in 1937, Yuriko returned to the United States and joined Dorothy Lyndalls Junior Dance Company in Los Angeles. From 1941 to 1943, Yuriko was interned along with other Japanese Americans at the Gila River War Relocation Center in Arizona and she was released in September 1943, whereupon she immediately moved to New York City. Yuriko joined the Martha Graham Dance Company in 1944 and continued with the company for the next 50 years and she danced in the first production of Grahams masterpiece, Clytemnestra, as well as in Appalachian Spring, Cave of the Heart, and Dark Meadow. She has also reconstructed a number of Grahams dances, in addition to her work in modern dance, Yuriko performed on Broadway in the original productions of The King and I and Flower Drum Song. She has also danced and acted on television and in motion pictures and she formed her own modern dance company in 1967, which remained active until 1973. She has also danced to works by Halim El-Dabh and Eugene Lester, in 1967, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in choreography. In 1991, she won a Bessie Award, Yuriko was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Boston Conservatory in 2006. Yuriko received the Martha Hill Dance Fund Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012, Yuriko married in 1946 and had two children. 1956 - The King and I1957 - A Dancers World 1960 - Yuriko, Creation of a Dance Yuriko interview
41.
Peter MacDonald (Navajo leader)
–
Peter MacDonald is a Native American politician and the only four term Chairman of the Navajo Tribe. MacDonald was born in Arizona, U. S. and served the U. S. Marine Corps in World War II as a Navajo Code Talker and he was first elected Navajo Tribal Chairman in 1970. In 1989, MacDonald was removed from office by the Navajo Tribal Council, MacDonald was sent to federal prison in 1990 for violations of US law and subsequently convicted of more U. S. federal crimes, including fraud, extortion, riot, bribery, and corruption. Raised among traditional shepherds and groomed as a man, MacDonald entered the Marine Corps as a Navajo language code talker during World War II. The war ended soon after his training was complete and he was deployed in post-war China to guard surrendered Japanese officers, after the war, MacDonald earned an electrical engineering degree at the University of Oklahoma. Upon graduation, his acumen secured a job at the Hughes Aircraft Company and he returned to the Navajo Nation in 1963 and began a career in tribal politics. MacDonald served as Navajo Nation Tribal Chairman for four terms between the years 1970 to 1986, during his tenure, MacDonald stressed self-sufficiency and tribal enterprise as key components of his political goals. He worked to extend control over education and over mineral leases. CERT favored accelerated development of resources on tribal lands. MacDonald is credited with starting the Navajo Nation Shopping Centers Enterprise, Navajo Engineering and Construction Authority, MacDonald was critical of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and fought against federal encroachments on Tribal sovereignty. During the 1972 presidential campaign, MacDonald was referred to as the most powerful Indian in the USA. He was a member of Richard Nixons Committee to Re-Elect the President, when McGovern pledged to back the Navajo position, MacDonald considered supporting McGoverns presidential bid. As tribal chairman, he could rally a solid block of votes across the reservation, two years later, Goldwaters displeasure increased, when MacDonald delivered 9,006 out of a total 10,274 Navajo votes to help elect Democrat Raul Castro as governor of Arizona. Goldwater supported the Hopi in the land dispute, in the end, thousands of Navajo families lost their homes, cementing the rift between Arizonas senior senator and the leader of Arizonas largest tribe. In 1996, Congress passed a law allowing extended families to stay on their lands for more years. The Navajos agreed to a number of restrictions on the economy, the so-called Bennett Freeze affecting thousands of MacDonalds Navajo was not lifted until 2009 when US President Barack Obama repealed the Freeze. On February 17,1988, a divided Navajo Tribal Council placed MacDonald on administrative leave, Chairman MacDonald refused to step down from his position, leading to a five-month stand-off. By March of that year, the council appointed an interim chairman, remaining MacDonald supporters known as Peters Patrol responded by occupying the leaders offices
42.
Doris Matsui
–
Doris Okada Matsui /ˌmætˈsuː. i/ is the U. S. Representative for Californias 6th congressional district and she is a member of the Democratic Party. The district, numbered as the 5th District from 2005 to 2013 consists of the city of Sacramento and the surrounding area. Following the death on January 1,2005 of her husband, Bob Matsui, she was elected as his replacement in an election on March 8,2005. Matsui was born in the Poston War Relocation Center internment camp in Poston, Arizona and grew up in Dinuba, while attending the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a B. A. in psychology, she met her husband. The Matsuis moved to Washington DC shortly thereafter where they raised their son Brian, doris Matsui was a volunteer on the Clinton for President campaign. When he was elected, Matsui served on his transition team, following the inauguration, she was appointed deputy special assistant to the president and deputy director of public liaison, working under Alexis Herman. One of her duties was to work with the Asian American community, the President appointed her to the board of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in September 2000. She served in the White House from 1993 to 1998, later she became a lobbyist in Washington where she represented corporate clients until 2005 when she returned to California to run for Congress against a field of local Democrats. Matsuis husband, Congressman Bob Matsui, died from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome on January 1,2005, on January 9,2005, the day after his funeral, Matsui told supporters she was running for his open seat. In the special election she garnered 68% of the vote, press reports said that Matsui won the election before the polls opened as most votes in the election were absentee ballots, which she won overwhelmingly. Congresswoman Matsui was elected to a term in 2006 and has been reelected four more times without serious difficulty. The 6th is the most Democratic district in interior California, it, in her inaugural speech, she spoke of the many people who encouraged her to run and her family. She pledged to continue the work of her husband, especially regarding flood control projects in Sacramento, Matsui is a member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. As a member, she has focused on making the Sacramento area a hub clean technology. In 2007, Speaker Nancy Pelosi appointed Matsui to the Smithsonian Institutions Board of Regents, Matsui was one of only three House Members to sit on the board. In 2007, Matsui was instrumental in developing an overhaul of the oversight, Matsui served as convention parliamentarian of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. She supports full disclosure of campaign finances for politicians and desires more fair elections and she has also expressed support for whistle-blowers protection to promote transparency in both business and government
43.
Pat Morita
–
Additional notable roles include the Emperor of China in the Disney animated film Mulan and Ah Chew in Sanford and Son. Morita was the lead actor in the 1976 television program Mr. T and Tina, regarded as the first American sitcom centered on a person of Asian descent, and Ohara. Both made history for being some of the few TV shows to this day with an Asian American series lead, both television shows were aired on ABC, but they were both short-lived. Morita was born in Isleton, California, Moritas father Tamaru, born in 1897, had emigrated to California from Kumamoto Prefecture on the Japanese island of Kyushu in 1915. Tamarus wife Momoe, born in 1903, had emigrated to California in 1913, Noriyuki, as Pat was named, had a brother named Hideo who was twelve years older. Morita developed spinal tuberculosis at the age of two and spent the bulk of the nine years in Northern Californian hospitals, including the Shriners Hospital in San Francisco. For long periods he was wrapped in a full-body cast and was told he would never walk and it was during his time at a sanitarium near Sacramento that he was given his stage name, Pat. After about a year and a half, he was transferred to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, for a time after the war, the family operated Ariake Chop Suey, a restaurant in Sacramento, California. Morita would entertain customers with jokes and serve as master of ceremonies for group dinners, Moritas first movie role was as a stereotypical henchman in Thoroughly Modern Millie. Followed by The Shakiest Gun In The West starring Don Knotts in yet another role in 1968. Later, a role as South Korean Army Captain Sam Pak on the sitcom M*A*S*H helped advance the comedians acting career. He also was cast as Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka in the 1976 war film Midway and he had a recurring role on the show Happy Days as Matsuo Arnold Takahashi, owner of the diner Arnolds for the shows third season and again in the tenth season. After the seasons end, he left the show to star as inventor Taro Takahashi in his own show Mr. T and Tina, the sitcom was placed on Saturday nights by ABC and was quickly canceled after a month in the fall of 1976. Morita revived the character of Arnold on Blanskys Beauties in 1977, Morita had another notable recurring television role on Sanford and Son as Ah Chew, a good-natured friend of Lamont Sanford, from 1974 to 1976. Morita gained robust fame playing wise karate teacher Keisuke Miyagi, who taught young Daniel-san the art of karate in The Karate Kid, though never a student of karate, he learned all that was required for the films. Although he had been using the name Pat for years, producer Jerry Weintraub suggested that he be billed with his name to sound more ethnic. Morita put this advice into practice and was recognized as Noriyuki Pat Morita at the 57th Academy Awards ceremony, Morita went on to play Tommy Tanaka in the Kirk Douglas-starring television movie Amos, receiving his first Emmy nomination and second Golden Globe nomination for the role. He then starred in the ABC detective show Ohara that aired in 1987 and he then wrote and starred in the World War II romance film Captive Hearts
44.
Joe Morris Sr.
–
Joe Morris Sr. was an American World War II United States Marine veteran and Navajo code talker. Morris was born as one of four children on April 19,1926, in Indian Wells and he took care of his parents horse, sheep and livestock. According to the Los Angeles Times, Morris described the reservation where he was raised as having no electricity, no running water and he began attending a government-run boarding school approximately 70 milies from his home when he was twelve years. Morris was taught English at the school, Morris school was closed at the outbreak of World War II and the building was turned into a Japanese-American internment camp. Morris told the U. S. draft board in 1943 that he was 18 years old and he worked on in an ore mine in Arizona for several months before he was drafted into the United States Marines. In an 1988 interview with the Modesto Bee, Morris said that a Navajo medicine man prayed for him for a day and a half upon his drafting, Morris was sent to Camp Pendleton, where he and approximately 400 other Navajos received communications training to become code talkers. Morris served as a Marine code talker throughout the Pacific Theater, serving with the 2nd Marine Regiment, 6th Marine Division, including Guadalcanal and he was a participant in the Battle of Okinawa, where the Japanese blocked the Navajos messages. In 2004, Morris told a Veterans Days observance in San Bernardino, California, at the end of World War II, Morris was told by his commanders not to speak of the Navajo code talkers with anyone. That included Morris parents and wife, whom he did not tell either, Morris began revealing the details of the Navajo code talkers only the code talkers mission and role in the war was declassified in 1968. Morris was honorable discharged from the Marines in 1946 and married his wife and he was hired at a Marine supply center in Barstow, California, and settled in the small town of Daggett, a small town in the Mojave Desert. He worked as a department supervisor at the same supply center until his 1984 retirement. Joe Morris spoke extensively about the experience of the Navajo code talkers during the 1990s and 2000s, Morris and his fellow Navajo code talkers were honored by in an exhibit at the Pentagon in 1992, which he attended. Morris also attended Congressional Gold Medal ceremony in 2001, in which President George W. Bush presented the award to four or the original twenty-nine Navajo code talkers. He and 200 surviving code talkers were awarded the Congressional Silver Medal on November 25,2001, at a ceremony in Window Rock, Arizona. Joe Morris Sr. died from complications of a stroke on July 17,2011, at Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, California, at the age of 85. President of the Navajo Nation Ben Shelly ordered American flags on the Navajo Nation to be lowered to half staff in Morris honor and he was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California
45.
Michi Weglyn
–
Michiko Nishiura was born into a farming family in Stockton, California in 1926, the eldest of two daughters to Japanese immigrants Tomojiro and Misao Nishiura. The family worked as tenant farmers in Brentwood, and Weglyn attended Liberty Union High School, in May 1942, she was interned with her family at the Turlock Assembly Center, before being transferred to the Gila River War Relocation Center in Arizona three months later. She graduated in 1944 and, after receiving a scholarship to Mount Holyoke College. Weglyn attended Mount Holyoke from 1944 to 1945, majoring in biology and her mother and sister moved to New Jersey to work at Seabrook Farms in January 1945, and Weglyn joined them after finishing her treatment. She later attended Barnard College in 1947 and 1948, in 1949, she suffered another bout of tuberculosis and once again had to seek treatment at a sanatorium. Weglyn then moved to New York City, where she met her husband, Walter Weglyn, a German Jew who had escaped Nazi Germany as a teenager, and the couple married in 1950. During the 1950s and 1960s, Weglyn became a designer and manufacturer of theatrical costumes, during her eight years with the show, she became the first and only Japanese American of the era to achieve national prominence in theatrical costume design. For her work, Weglyn received honorary doctorates from Hunter College, California State University, Weglyn died in 1999 in New York City at the age of 72. Internment of Japanese Americans Japanese American redress and court cases Nash, anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, Michi Weglyn, Years of Infamy, The Untold Story of Americas Concentration Camps. Out of Infamy, Michi Nishiura Weglyn
