1.
William Wyler
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William Wyler, born as Willy Wyler was an American film director, producer and screenwriter of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing Dodsworth in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, Film historian Ian Freer calls Wyler a bona fide perfectionist, whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, became the stuff of legend. Through his talent for staging, editing, and camera movement and he helped propel a number of actors to stardom, finding and directing Audrey Hepburn in her Hollywood debut film, Roman Holiday, and directing Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl. He directed Olivia de Havilland to her second Oscar in The Heiress and Laurence Olivier in Wuthering Heights, Olivier credited Wyler with teaching him how to act for the screen. And Bette Davis, who received three Oscar nominations under his direction and won her second Oscar in Jezebel, said Wyler made her a far, far better actress than she had ever been. Other popular Wyler films include, Hells Heroes, Dodsworth, The Westerner, The Letter, Friendly Persuasion, The Big Country, The Childrens Hour, Wyler was born to a Jewish family in Mulhouse, Alsace. His Swiss father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman which he turned into a thriving haberdashery business in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie, was German, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, during Wylers childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed a reputation as something of a hellraiser, being expelled more than once for misbehavior. His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment. Wyler was supposed to take over the family business in Mulhouse. After World War I, he spent a year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts. He was so poor that he spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the business, his mother, Melanie, contacted her distant cousin, Carl Laemmle who owned Universal Studios. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, in 1921, Wyler, while traveling as a Swiss citizen, met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As Wyler said, America seemed as far away as the moon, booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner, aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived, however, after working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York Army National Guard for a year, Wyler moved to Hollywood to become a director. Around 1923, Wyler arrived in Los Angeles and began work on the Universal Studios lot in the gang, cleaning the stages. His break came when he was hired as an assistant editor
2.
Philip Yordan
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Philip Yordan was an American screenwriter of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s who also produced several films. He was also known as a highly regarded script doctor, born to Polish immigrants, he earned a bachelors degree at the University of Illinois and a law degree at Chicago-Kent College of Law. Philip Yordan was born to Polish Jewish immigrants on April 1,1914 in Chicago, from a young age he had taken an interest in writing. As a teenager, he ran a beauty supply business out of the family basement. Yordan was an fan of detective stories, he contemplated a career as a writer. After graduating from school, he earned a law degree but became dissuaded and pursued writing. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing, Screenplay for Detective Story, mankiewicz who declined to share a co-writing credit. Won a 1952 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay, for Detective Story, upon his death he was survived by his fourth wife, five children, and two grandchildren. Philip Yordan at the Internet Movie Database Philip Yordan Papers, MSS1789, 20th Century Western & Mormon Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
3.
Sidney Kingsley
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Sidney Kingsley was an American dramatist. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Men in White in 1934, Kingsley was born Sidney Kirschner in New York. He studied at Cornell University, where he began his career writing plays for the dramatic club. He joined the Group Theater for the production of his first major work, in 1933 the company performed his play Men in White. The play was a box-office smash, Kingsley followed this success with the play Dead End in 1935. A story about slum housing and its connection to crime, the piece was also fairly successful, the two plays which followed, the anti-war Ten Million Ghosts of 1936 and The World We Make of 1939, were flops and had short runs. But in 1943 Kingsley returned to his previous success with the historical drama The Patriots and this play, which told the story of Thomas Jefferson and his activities in the young American republic, won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. In addition to his work for the stage, Kingsley wrote a number of scripts for Hollywood productions, Kingsley hired Korda as an assistant to do research for a screenplay he was writing for CBS on the Hungarian Revolution which was eventually canceled. In 1965 Kingsley was elected president of the American Dramatists Guild and in 1983, Kingsley died of a stroke on March 20,1995, in his home in Oakland, New Jersey
4.
Kirk Douglas
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Kirk Douglas is an American actor, producer, director, and author. He is one of the last living people of the film industrys Golden Age, after an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for dramas, including westerns. During a 64-year acting career, he has appeared in more than 90 movies, other early films include Young Man with a Horn, playing opposite Lauren Bacall and Doris Day, Ace in the Hole opposite Jan Sterling, and Detective Story. He received a second Oscar nomination for his role in The Bad and the Beautiful, opposite Lana Turner. In 1955, he established Bryna Productions, which began producing films as varied as Paths of Glory, in those two films, he starred and collaborated with the then relatively unknown director, Stanley Kubrick. Douglas helped break the Hollywood blacklist by having Dalton Trumbo write Spartacus with an official on-screen credit and he produced and starred in Lonely Are the Brave, considered a cult classic, and Seven Days in May, opposite Burt Lancaster, with whom he made seven films. In 1963, he starred in the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, a story he purchased, which he gave to his son Michael Douglas. As an actor and philanthropist, Douglas has received three Academy Award nominations, an Oscar for Lifetime Achievement, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, as an author, he has written ten novels and memoirs. Currently, he is No.17 on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest male screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema, after barely surviving a helicopter crash in 1991 and then suffering a stroke in 1996, he has focused on renewing his spiritual and religious life. He lives with his wife, Anne, a producer. He turned 100 on December 9,2016, Douglas was born Issur Danielovitch in Amsterdam, New York, the son of Bryna Bertha and Herschel Harry Danielovitch. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Chavusy, Mogilev Region, in the Russian Empire, and his fathers brother, who emigrated earlier, used the surname Demsky, which Douglass family adopted in the United States. Douglas grew up as Izzy Demsky and legally changed his name to Kirk Douglas before entering the United States Navy during World War II. Even on Eagle Street, in the poorest section of town, where all the families were struggling, and I was the ragmans son. Growing up, Douglas sold snacks to mill workers to earn enough to buy milk, later, he delivered newspapers and during his youth worked at more than forty different jobs before getting a job acting. He found living in a family with six sisters to be stifling, in a sense, it lit a fire under me. In high school, after acting in plays, he knew he wanted to become a professional actor
5.
Eleanor Parker
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Eleanor Jean Parker was an American actress who appeared in some 80 movies and television series. An actress of notable versatility, she was called Woman of a Thousand Faces by Doug McClelland, at the age of 18, Parker was signed by Warner Brothers in 1941. She was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress in the 1950s, for Caged, Detective Story and her role in Caged also won her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival. One of her most memorable roles was that of the Baroness in The Sound of Music, Parker was born on June 26,1922, in Cedarville, Ohio, the daughter of Lola and Lester Day Parker. She moved with her family to East Cleveland, Ohio, where she attended public schools, ever since I can remember all I wanted to do is act, she said. But I didnt just dream about it, I worked at it and she appeared in a number of school plays. After graduation she went to Marthas Vineyard to work on her acting and she got a job as a waitress and was offered a screen test by 20th Century Fox but turned it down. Wanting to focus on films, she moved to California and started appearing at the Pasadena Playhouse and she was in the audience one night at Pasadena Playhouse when spotted by a Warners Bros talent scout, Irving Kumin. He offered her a test and she accepted, the studio signed her to a contract in June 1941. She was cast that year in the film They Died with Their Boots On and her actual film debut was as Nurse Ryan in Soldiers in White in 1942. She was given some decent roles in B films, Busses Roar and The Mysterious Doctor and she stayed in support roles for Crime by Night and The Last Ride, then was given the starring role opposite Dennis Morgan in The Very Thought of You, replacing Ida Lupino. She was considered enough of a name to be given a cameo in Hollywood Canteen, however in 1953 she called it her favourite role. Parker later said the big break of her career was when she was cast opposite John Garfield in Pride of the Marines and it was a great part and who wouldnt look good with John Garfield, she late said. However two films that followed with Errol Flynn, the romantic comedy Never Say Goodbye and the drama Escape Me Never, were box office disappointments. Parker was suspended twice by Warners for refusing parts in films – in Stallion Road, where she was replaced by Alexis Smith and she made the comedy Voice of the Turtle with Ronald Reagan and was in an adaptation of The Woman in White. She refused to appear in Somewhere in the City so Warners suspended her again, Parker then had two years off, during which time she married and had a baby. She turned down a role in The Hasty Heart which she wanted to do, I probably received my salary for only six months during 1947 and 1948 but I cant regret that, she said. All my life I wanted a child and anything that might happen to me professionally on that account would hardly seem a loss and she returned in Chain Lightning with Humphrey Bogart
6.
William Bendix
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William Bendix was an American film, radio, and television actor, who typically played rough, blue-collar characters. He is best remembered in films for the role in The Babe Ruth Story. He also memorably portrayed the clumsily-earnest aircraft plant worker Chester A. Riley in radio and he received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for Wake Island. Bendix, named William after his grandfather, was born in Manhattan. His uncle was composer, conductor, and violinist Max Bendix, in the early 1920s, Bendix was a batboy for the New York Yankees and said he saw Babe Ruth hit more than a hundred home runs at Yankee Stadium. However, he was fired after fulfilling Ruths request for an order of hot dogs and soda before a game. In 1927, Bendix married Theresa Stefanotti and he worked as a grocer until the Great Depression. Bendix began his career at age 30 in the New Jersey Federal Theatre Project. He made his debut in 1942. He played in supporting roles in dozens of Hollywood films, usually as a gangster, detective. He began with appearances in film noir, including a performance in The Glass Key and he soon gained attention after appearing in Alfred Hitchcocks Lifeboat as Gus, a wounded and dying American sailor. He played Nick the bartender in the version of William Saroyans The Time of Your Life starring James Cagney. Bendix had appeared in the version, but in the role of Officer Krupp. He was also cast in The Blue Dahlia, starring for the time alongside Ladd. In 1949, Bendix starred in an adaptation of his radio program The Life of Riley. It was Bendixs appearance in The McGuerins of Brooklyn, playing a rugged blue-collar man, the show began as a proposed Groucho Marx radio series, The Flotsam Family, but the sponsor balked at what would have been essentially a straight head-of-household role for the comedian. Then creator and producer Irving Brecher saw Bendix as taxicab company owner Tim McGuerin in Hal Roachs The McGuerins from Brooklyn, Brecher stated, He was a Brooklyn guy and there was something about him. I thought, This guy could play it, hed made a few films, like Lifeboat, but he was not a name
7.
Cathy O'Donnell
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Cathy ODonnell was an American actress, best remembered for her roles in films-noir. She was born Ann Steely in Siluria in Shelby County in central Alabama and she attended Oklahoma City University and studied drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts before beginning her career on stage, followed by motion pictures. While under contract with Samuel Goldwyn, ODonnell made her début in a role as a nightclub extra in Wonder Man. The film was directed by Nicholas Ray, the two actors later re-teamed for another film, Side Street. Later ODonnell starred in The Miniver Story, as Judy Miniver and she appeared as Barbara Waggoman, the love interest of James Stewarts character in the western The Man from Laramie. Her final film role was the characters sister Tirzah in William Wylers 1959 Academy Award winning Best Picture Ben-Hur. In the 1960s, she appeared in TV shows, appearing on such as Perry Mason, The Rebel. Her last screen appearance was in 1964, in an episode of Bonanza, at the age of 46, ODonnell died of a cancer-related cerebral hemorrhage, on her 22nd wedding anniversary. She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, Cathy ODonnell at the Internet Movie Database Cathy ODonnell at AllMovie Cathy ODonnell at Find a Grave Cathy ODonnell at Reel Classics
8.
Lee Garmes
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Lee Garmes, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer. He also co-directed two films with legendary screenwriter Ben Hecht, Angels Over Broadway and Actors and Sin, born in Peoria, Illinois, Garmes first came to Hollywood in 1916. His first job was as an assistant in the paint department at Thomas H. Ince Studios and his earliest films were comedy shorts, and his career did not fully take off until the introduction of sound. Garmes was married to film actress Ruth Hall from 1933 until his death in 1978 and he is interred in the Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Garmes was one of the earliest proponents of video technology, which he advocated as early as 1972 and that year, he had been hired by Technicolor to photograph the short film Why, which was intended to test whether video was a viable technology for shooting feature films. According to American Cinematographer magazine, Although officially unaccredited, Lee Garmes photographed a considerable portion of Gone with the Wind, many consider the famous railroad yard sequence among his finest cinematic efforts. Garmes was one of many Hollywood veterans from the silent era interviewed by Kevin Brownlow for the television series Hollywood, wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Shanghai Express,1933. Twice received the Eastman Kodak Award, nominations Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Morocco,1931. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Since You Went Away,1945, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for The Big Fisherman,1960
9.
John F. Seitz
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John Francis Seitz, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer and inventor. He was nominated for seven Academy Awards and his Hollywood career began in 1909 as a lab assistant with the Essanay Film Manufacturing Company in Chicago. He went to work as a lab technician for the American Film Manufacturing Company, in 1916 during the silent era he established himself, achieving great successes with the Rudolph Valentino film, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Highly regarded by director Billy Wilder, Seitz worked with him on the film noirs Double Indemnity, The Lost Weekend, during his career he received seven nominations for Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In 1929 he served as president of the American Society of Cinematographers for a year, the A. S. C. named the 2002 Heritage Award after Seitz. Seitz retired in 1960 and devoted himself to photographic inventions for which he held 18 patents. An example of a Seitz invention is the shot, a large painting is photographed separately and later added to a scene to expand it, add effects. He was also noted for his innovations with low-key lighting, which enhanced the film noir style, a widower, he married screenwriter Marie Boyle in 1934 who raised his daughter Margaret Alice Marhoefer and later gave birth to a son, John Lawrence Seitz. Source, Look Magazine Award, Cinematography The Lost Weekend,1946 ASC Monthly Film Award, august 1950 George Eastman House Medal of Honor,1955 Nominations Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, The Divine Lady,1930. Note, No official nominees had been announced this year, Academy Awards, Oscar, Cinematography, Black-and-White, Five Graves to Cairo,1944. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Double Indemnity,1945, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, The Lost Weekend,1946. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Sunset Blvd, Golden Globes, Golden Globe Award, Best Cinematography, Black and White, Sunset Blvd. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, When Worlds Collide, shared with, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Rogue Cop,1955
10.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
11.
Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
12.
George Macready
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George Macready, was an American stage, film, and television actor often cast in roles as polished villains. While in college, Macready was injured in an accident in a Model T Ford and he sustained a permanent scar on his right cheek, having been thrust through the windshield while traveling on an icy road when the vehicle skidded and hit a telephone pole. The injury, along with his high brow and perfect diction and he was stitched up by a veterinarian, but he caught scarlet fever during the ordeal. Macready first worked in a bank in Providence and was briefly a newspaperman in New York City before he turned to stage acting. He claimed to have descended from the 19th century Shakespearean actor William Macready. He made his Broadway debut in 1926 in an adaptation of The Scarlet Letter. Through 1958, he appeared in fifteen plays, both drama and comedy, including The Barretts of Wimpole Street, based on the family of the English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Macreadys penchant for acting was spurred in part by the director Richard Boleslawski. His Shakespearean stage credits include Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, Malcolm in Macbeth, on film, he played Marallus in the 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar. He also played Prince Ernst in the stage version of Victoria Regina. His first film was Commandos Strike at Dawn, which also features Paul Muni, as Ballin Mundson in Gilda, Macready was part of a deadly love triangle with the characters played by co-stars Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford. He would again play opposite Ford several years later in the post-war adventure The Green Glove, Macready made four guest appearances on Raymond Burrs Perry Mason, including the role of murder victim Milo Girard in the 1958 episode, The Case of the Purple Woman. On December 5,1961, he played a Colonel John Barrington in the episode Handful of Fire of NBCs Laramie western series, the characters prototype is presumably John Chivington of the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 in Colorado. Barrington escapes while facing a court martial at Fort Laramie for his role in the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota in 1890, the episode reveals that series character Slim Sherman was present at Wounded Knee and hence testified against Barrington. Then his daughter, Madge, played by Karen Sharpe, takes Slim hostage and she has papers which she contends justify her fathers harsh policies against the Indians. Slim escapes but is trapped by Sioux in the area and must negotiate with the Indians to save the party from massacre. In addition to westerns, Macready appeared on The Outer Limits, Boris Karloffs Thriller, Get Smart with Don Adams and he played a rare comedy role as General Kuhster in Blake Edwards film The Great Race. One of Macreadys last film roles was as United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull in Tora, a depiction of the events leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. An art collector, Macready was a partner with colleague Vincent Price in a Beverly Hills art gallery called The Little Gallery which they opened in 1943, Macready died of emphysema in 1973 and had his body donated to a medical school
13.
Lee Grant
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Lee Grant is an American actress and film director. In her debut film in 1951, she played the role of a shoplifter in Detective Story, co-starring Kirk Douglas. It gave her an Oscar nomination along with the Best Actress Award at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival. In 1952, because she refused to testify against her husband at the HUAC hearings, she was blacklisted from most acting jobs for the next 12 years and she was then only able to find occasional work on the stage or as a teacher during that period. It also contributed to her divorce, in 1964, she won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her performance in The Maids. During her career, she was nominated for the Emmy Award seven times between 1966 and 1993, winning twice. Lee Grant was born Lyova Haskell Rosenthal in Manhattan, the child of Witia, an actress and teacher, and Abraham W. Rosenthal. Her father was born in New York City, to Polish Jewish immigrants, the family resided at 706 Riverside Drive in the Hamilton Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. Her date of birth is October 31, but different sources cite dates between 1925 and 1928 and she debuted in LOracolo at the Metropolitan Opera in 1931 at age four, and later joined the American Ballet as an adolescent. She attended Art Students League of New York, Juilliard School of Music, The High School of Music & Art, Grant graduated from high school and won a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, and studied under Sanford Meisner. She subsequently enrolled in Actors Studio in New York, Grant had her first stage ballet performance in 1933 at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1938, in her teens, she was made a member of the American Ballet. As an actress, Grant had her stage debut as understudy in Oklahoma in 1944. In 1948, she had her Broadway acting debut in Joy to the World, Grant established herself as a dramatic method actress on and off Broadway, earning praise for her role as a shoplifter in Detective Story in 1949. She said she enjoyed working under director William Wyler, who helped guide her, after her eulogy was published, she was summoned by the same committee to testify against her husband, playwright Arnold Manoff, but refused. As a result, for the dozen years, her prime years, as she put it, she was blacklisted. She was so good that she earned a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her very first film role, but because Eddie Dmytryk named her husband, Lee Grant was blacklisted before her film career even had a chance to begin. Of course, she refused to testify about the man to whom she was married, Grant appeared in a limited number of stage and television shows during these years
14.
Joseph Wiseman
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He was once called the spookiest actor in the American theatre. Born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to Orthodox Jewish parents, Louis and Pearl Rubin, at age 16, he began performing in summer stock and became professional, which displeased his parents. Wiseman was an alumnus of John Adams High School, Queens, New York, Wiseman made his Broadway debut in 1938, playing a small part in Robert E. Sherwoods Abe Lincoln in Illinois. Wiseman appeared in films in the 1950s. He made his first major appearance in 1951s Detective Story. Soon after, he played Marlon Brandos archenemy in Viva Zapata, Wisemans most famous role as the titular Dr. No in the first James Bond film by Eon Productions came from producer Harry Saltzman and it was Wisemans performance in Detective Story that won him the part. In 1967, he was cast as Billy Minskys father in The Night They Raided Minskys, buck Rogers in the 25th Century, and Night Gallery. His last film was made in 1988, though he appeared in TV shows such as MacGyver, L. A. Law, Wisemans last appearance on television was the supporting role of Seymour Bergreen on a 1996 episode of Law & Order titled Family Business. His last Broadway appearance was in Judgment at Nuremberg in 2001, following the death of Charles Gray in 2000, Wiseman was the last surviving main villain of the James Bond films which Sean Connery made for United Artists. Wiseman married Nell Kinard on August 28,1943, but they eventually divorced and he was married to dancer, teacher, and choreographer Pearl Lang from 1964 until her death in February 2009. Wiseman died on October 19,2009 at his home in Manhattan aged 91 and he is survived by his daughter, Martha Graham Wiseman, and his sister, Ruth Wiseman. Episode, Birdman of Budapest as Dr
15.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
16.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
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Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
18.
Shoplifting
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Shoplifting is a popular term used for the unnoticed theft of goods from an open retail establishment. Shoplifting typically involves a person concealing a store item on their person, in pockets or under clothes, with clothing, shoplifters may put on items from the store and leave the store wearing the clothes. The terms shoplifting and shoplifter are not usually defined in law, the crime of shoplifting generally falls under the legal classification of larceny. Shoplifting is distinct from burglary, robbery or armed robbery, shoplifters range from amateurs acting on impulse to career criminals who habitually engage in shoplifting as a form of income. Career criminals may use several individuals to shoplift, with some participants distracting store employees while another participant steals items, amateurs typically steal products for personal use, while career criminals generally steal items to resell them in the underground economy. Other forms of shoplifting include swapping price labels of different items, commonly shoplifted items are those with a high price in proportion to their size, such as disposable razor blades, vitamins, alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. Retailers have reported that 0. 6% of their inventory is lost to shoplifting, some stores have security guards at the exit, who search backpacks and bags and check receipts. Stores also combat shoplifting by training employees how to detect potential shoplifters, Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from an establishment in which they are displayed for sale, without paying for them. Shoplifting usually involves concealing items on the person or an accomplice, however, shoplifting can also include price switching, refund fraud, wardrobing and grazing. Price switching is now an almost extinct form of shoplifting for two reasons, the labels will split apart if you try to remove them, and virtually all retail cashiers now scan items at the register, rather than relying on price stickers. Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, in several countries, criminal flash mobs primarily of teenagers and young adults enter stores with the intention of stealing merchandise by distracting staff. However, there are people and groups who make their living from shoplifting, generally, criminal theft involves taking possession of property illegally. In self-service shops, customers are allowed by the property owner to take possession of the property by holding or moving it. This leaves areas of ambiguity that could criminalize some people for simple mistakes, for this reason penalties for shoplifting are often lower than those for general theft. Few jurisdictions have specific shoplifting legislation with which to differentiate it from other forms of theft, most retailers are aware of the serious consequences of making a false arrest, and will only attempt to apprehend a person if their guilt is beyond a reasonable doubt. Depending on local laws, arrests made by other than law enforcement officers may also be illegal. The first documented shoplifting started to place in 16th-century London. By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity, in the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
20.
Warner Anderson
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Warner Anderson was an American actor. Anderson was born to a family in Brooklyn, New York. Anderson had a part in a film in 1915. A contemporary newspaper article about the movie Sunbeam, in which Anderson appeared in 1917, noted and he made his adult screen debut in This Is the Army in 1943. He had supporting parts in films through the years. They included The Caine Mutiny, Blackboard Jungle, and Destination Tokyo, andersons work on stage included Broadway appearances in Maytime, Happiness, Medea, Within Four Walls, Broken Journey, and Remains to Be Seen. In the 1940s, Anderson was the announcer for The Bell Telephone Hour, Anderson starred as Lt. Ben Guthrie in the TV series The Lineup, which ran from 1954-60. In syndication, reruns of The Lineup were broadcast under the title San Francisco Beat and his The Lineup costar was Tom Tully. Anderson played the role in the 1958 film The Lineup. He played newspaper publisher Matthew Swain on the TV series Peyton Place and he also served as the narrator at the beginning of each episode. He continued as even after his character was written out of the series. Anderson died August 26,1976, at the age of 65, in a hospital in Santa Monica and he was survived by his wife and a son
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New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
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Horace McMahon
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Horace McMahon was an American actor. McMahon was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut and he became interested in acting when he was a student at Fordham University School of Law. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for this role, in 1964, McMahon played Hank McClure, a police contact in the 13-week CBS drama series, Mr. Broadway, with Craig Stevens. He also did voice-overs for commercials, including those for Close-Up toothpaste, in 1972, a 375-seat theater named in honor of McMahon was created in the McCrory building on Washington Stree in South Norwalk, Connecticut. McMahon was married to actress Louise Campbell from 1938 until his death in 1971 and their daughter, Martha McMahon, also became an actress. Exclusive Quick Millions Another Thin Man as chauffeur Dr
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Michael Strong
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Michael Strong was an American stage, film and television actor. Michael Strong was born in New York City and had stage experience. He was a member of The Actors Studio and the Lincoln Center Repertory Company. Among his film credits are Point Blank, Patton, and The Great Santini and he played Dr. Roger Korby in the Star Trek episode What Are Little Girls Made Of. On May 31,1955, the episode of the CBS-TV series Danger was an adaptation of the Daphne Du Maurier story The Birds starring Strong. He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California on September 17,1980, aged 62
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Gladys George
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Gladys George was an American actress of stage and screen. She was born as Gladys Clare Evans on September 13,1904 in Patten and her father was Sir Arthur Claire, noted Shakespearean actor. George went on the stage at the age of 3 and toured the United States and she starred on stage in the 1920s, although she had made several films in the early part of that decade. She starred in Personal Appearance, a comedy by Lawrence Riley and this role was reprised by Mae West in the classic film, Go West, Young Man, which West adapted from the play. In 1936 George was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for Valiant Is the Word for Carrie, georges Broadway credits include The Distant City, Lady in Waiting, and The Betrothal. Her only other first billed roles were in Madame X and Love is a Headache and she also appeared in The Roaring Twenties, The Way of All Flesh, The Best Years of Our Lives and He Ran All the Way. She played the widow of Miles Archer in The Maltese Falcon, Gladys George was married and divorced four times. On March 31,1922, she and actor Ben Erway eloped and were married by a judge in Oakland and they were remarried in San Luis Obispo August 3 of the same year. The couple divorced in October 1930 and her second husband was millionaire paper manufacturer Edward Fowler, who walked out in 1933 after finding the actress in the arms of her leading man, Leonard Penn. At the time George was playing a star in the Broadway hit Personal Appearance. George and actor Leonard Penn were married in a court in New Haven, Connecticut. Her last husband Kenneth Bradley, whom she married when she was 46, was a hotel bellboy 20 years her junior, George was afflicted with numerous ailments, including throat cancer, heart disease, and cirrhosis of the liver. She died from a hemorrhage in 1954 in Los Angeles, California, aged 50. Gladys George at the Internet Movie Database Gladys George at the Internet Broadway Database Gladys George at Find a Grave
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Luis van Rooten
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Luis van Rooten, was a Mexican-born, American film actor. He was christened Luis dAntin van Rooten, van Rooten earned his BA at the University of Pennsylvania and worked as an architect before deciding to pursue film work in Hollywood during World War II. His facility with languages made van Rooten an in-demand military radio announcer during the war, and he conducted a variety of broadcasts in Italian, Spanish and this led into film work, often in roles requiring an accent or skill with dialects. Known for his villainous roles, he played Nazi ringleader Heinrich Himmler in The Hitler Gang and he provided the voices for both the King and the Grand Duke in Disneys animated Cinderella. He portrayed the evil Roxor in the late 1940s revival of the radio serial Chandu the Magician and portrayed the title characters sidekick, Denny, van Rooten played Emilio in the radio soap opera Valiant Lady. He also performed on Broadway in Eugene ONeills A Touch of the Poet, in 1958 he guest-starred as murderer Samuel D. Carlin in the Perry Mason episode, The Case of the One-Eyed Witness. He is best known for his work in films, but van Rooten was also a skilled artist and designer. Van Rooten is well known in particular for his book Mots DHeures, Gousses, Râmes, ostensibly a collection of poems by an obscure and unsung Frenchman. Van Rooten used French words and phrases which, when spoken aloud with a French accent, produce English Mother Goose rhymes, a work of homophonic translation. The following example, when spoken aloud, sounds like the lines to Humpty Dumpty
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Bellevue Hospital
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NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, formerly Bellevue Hospital Center, was founded on March 31,1736 and is the oldest public hospital in the United States. Located on First Avenue in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, Bellevue Hospital is also home to FDNY EMS Station 08, formerly NYC*EMS Station 13. It handles nearly 670,000 non-ER outpatient clinic visits, nearly 116,000 emergency visits, more than 80 percent of Bellevue’s patients come from the city’s medically underserved populations. The hospital currently occupies a 25-story patient care facility with an ICU, digital radiology communication, the hospital has an attending physician staff of 1,800 and an in-house staff of about 5,500. Bellevue was renamed in November 2015 as a reflection of its parent organizations rebranding, Bellevue traces its origins to the citys first permanent almshouse, a two-story brick building completed in 1736 on the city common, now New York City Hall. When the grid system of streets was established in 1811, the survey had to take the hospital account. The hospital was formally named Bellevue Hospital in 1824, by 1787 Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons had assigned faculty and medical students to Bellevue. Columbia faculty and students would remain at Bellevue for the next 181 years, New York University faculty began to conduct clinical instruction at the hospital in 1819. In 1849, an amphitheater for teaching and surgery opened. In 1861, the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, the first medical college in New York with connections to a hospital, was founded, for this reason the name Bellevue is sometimes used as a metonym for psychiatric hospitals. Bellevue initiated a training program in 1883, it is still the model for surgical training worldwide. The Carnegie Laboratory, the nations first pathology and bacteriology laboratory, was founded there a year later, by 1892, Bellevue established a dedicated unit for alcoholics. In 1902, the administrative Bellevue and Allied Hospitals organization were formed by the city, b&AH also included Gouverneur Hospital, Harlem Hospital, and Fordham Hospital. BA&H opened doors to female and black physicians, in the midst of a tuberculosis epidemic a year later, the Bellevue Chest Service was founded. Bellevue opened the nations first ambulatory cardiac clinic in 1911, followed by the Western Hemispheres first ward for metabolic disorders in 1917, New York Citys Office of the Chief Medical Examiner began on the second floor in 1918. German spy and saboteur Fritz Joubert Duquesne escaped the prison ward in 1919 after having feigned paralysis for nearly two years. PS106, the first public school for the emotionally disturbed children located in a public hospital, in 1939, David Margolis began work on nine Work Projects Administration murals in entrance rotunda titled Materials of Relaxation, which were completed in 1941. New York Citys Office of the chief Medical Examiner moved out of the floor and into its new building at 520 First Avenue
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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USS Juneau (CL-52)
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The first USS Juneau was a United States Navy Atlanta-class light cruiser sunk at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 13 November 1942. In total 687 men, including the five Sullivan brothers, were killed in action as a result of its sinking. She was laid down by Federal Shipbuilding Company, Kearny, New Jersey, on 27 May 1940, launched on 25 October 1941, sponsored by Mrs. Harry I. Lucas, wife of the mayor of the city of Juneau, Alaska and she returned to New York to complete alterations and operated in the North Atlantic and Caribbean from 1 June to 12 August on patrol and escort duties. The cruiser departed for the Pacific Theater on 22 August, after stopping briefly at the Tonga Islands and New Caledonia, she rendezvoused on 10 September with Task Force 18 under the command of Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes, flying his flag on Wasp. The following day TF17, which included Hornet, combined with Admiral Noyes unit to form TF61, on 15 September, Wasp took three torpedo hits from the Japanese submarine I-19, and, with fires raging out of control, was sunk at 2100 by Lansdowne. Juneau and screen destroyers rescued 1,910 survivors of Wasp and returned them to Espiritu Santo, the next day, the fast cruiser rejoined TF17. The ships first major action was the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October, on 24 October, Hornets task force had combined with Enterprises group to reform TF61 under the command of Rear Admiral Thomas C. This force positioned itself north of the Santa Cruz Islands in order to intercept enemy units that attempt to close Guadalcanal. Meanwhile, on Guadalcanal, the Japanese achieved a breakthrough along Lunga Ridge on the night of 25 October and that success evidently was a signal for enemy surface units to approach the island. Early on the morning of 26 October, U. S. carrier planes uncovered the enemy force and immediately attacked it, but while American aircraft were locating and engaging the enemy, American ships were also under fire. Shortly after 1000, some 27 enemy aircraft attacked Hornet, though Juneau and other screen ships threw up an effective AA barrage which shot down about 20 of the attackers, Hornet was badly damaged and sank the next day. Just before noon, Juneau left Hornets escort for the beleaguered Enterprise group several miles away, adding her firepower, Juneau assisted in repulsing four enemy attacks on this force and shooting down 18 Japanese planes. That evening the American forces retired to the southeast, although the battle had been costly, it – combined with the Marine victory on Guadalcanal – turned back the attempted Japanese parry in the Solomons. Furthermore, the damaging of two Japanese carriers sharply curtailed the air cover available to the enemy in the subsequent Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. On 8 November, Juneau departed Nouméa, New Caledonia as a unit of TF67 under the command of Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner to escort reinforcements to Guadalcanal. The force arrived there early morning on 12 November, and Juneau took up her station in the screen around the transports. Unloading proceeded unmolested until 1405, when 30 Japanese planes attacked the alerted United States group, the AA fire was effective, and Juneau alone accounted for six enemy torpedo bombers shot down
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Act of Contrition
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An act of contrition is a Christian prayer genre that expresses sorrow for sins. It may be used in a service or be used privately, especially in connection with an examination of conscience. It is used for Reconciliation Special formulae for acts of contrition are in use in the Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, the Catholic Church does not restrict the term act of contrition to any one formula. Its Handbook on Indulgences mentions examples of approved formulas for an act of contrition the Confiteor, the Psalm De Profundis, the Psalm Miserere, the Gradual Psalms and the Penitential Psalms. The Act of Contrition is part of the Sacrament of Penance and is prayed by the penitent after the priest assigns a penance and it is also customarily said especially before one goes to bed at night. It is generally supposed that individuals might have recourse to an Act of Contrition when they find themselves in extremis, fulton Sheen recounts a story told of John Vianney. By this he meant that her husband had time to make an Act of Contrition and this is analogous to the well-known quote, Between the stirrup and the ground, he something sought and something found, indicating that mercy is available when sought. The prayer expresses in words a deeply personal “act” that engages a person’s affections, Catholic teaching holds that imperfect contrition, is also a gift of God. Born of fear of eternal damnation or other penalties, it is sufficient to inspire a valid Act of Contrition. There are different versions of the Act of Contrition, but all include an expression of sorrow, an acknowledgment of wrongdoing. Within the Catholic Church, the act of contrition is often applied to one particular formula. The Catechism of the Catholic Church notes that Among the penitent’s acts, Contrition is sorrow of the soul and detestation for the sin committed together with the resolution not to sin again. When it arises from a love by which God is loved above all else, such contrition remits venial sins, it also obtains forgiveness of mortal sins if it includes the firm resolution to have recourse to sacramental confession as soon as possible. The Latin text and a number of English versions that approximate to the Latin text are given here, ideo firmiter propono, adiuvante gratia tua, de cetero me non peccaturum peccandique occasiones proximas fugiturum. I firmly resolve with the help of thy grace to sin no more and my God, I am sorry for my sins with all my heart. In choosing to do wrong and failing to do good, I have sinned against you, I firmly intend, with your help, to do penance, to sin no more, and to avoid whatever leads me to sin. Our Savior Jesus Christ suffered and died for us, in his name, my God, have mercy. Amen O my God, I am heartily sorry for having offended You, I firmly resolve, with the help of Your grace, to do penance, and to amend my life
30.
Gerald Mohr
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Gerald Mohr was an American radio, film, and television character actor and frequent leading man, who appeared in more than 500 radio plays,73 films, and over 100 television shows. Mohr was born in Manhattan to Henrietta, a singer, and he was educated in Dwight Preparatory School in Manhattan, where he learned to speak fluent French and German and also learned to ride horses and play the piano. Mohr was hired by the station and became a junior reporter. In the mid-1930s, Orson Welles invited him to join his formative Mercury Theatre, during his time with Welles, Mohr gained theatrical experience on Broadway in The Petrified Forest and starred in Jean Christophe. Mohr made more than 500 appearances in roles throughout the 1930s, 40s. He starred as Raymond Chandlers hardboiled detective, Philip Marlowe, 1948–1951, other radio appearances include The Jack Benny Program, Our Miss Brooks, The Shadow of Fu Manchu, Box 13, Escape, and Lux Radio Theatre. Mohr began appearing in films in the late 1930s, playing his first villain role in the 15-part cliffhanger serial Jungle Girl. After three years service in the US Army Air Forces during World War II, he returned to Hollywood and he made cameo appearances in Gilda and Detective Story, and co-starred in The Magnificent Rogue and The Sniper. In 1949, he was co-announcer, along with Fred Foy, studios and Dick Powells Four Star Productions. He had the role of newsman Brad Jackson in My Friend Irma. He played Rickys friend, psychiatrist Dr. Henry Molin, in the February 2,1953 episode of I Love Lucy and his repeated line was, Treatment, Ricky. In 1954-1955, he starred as Christopher Storm in 41 episodes of the series of Foreign Intrigue - Cross Current. Foreign Intrigue was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1954 under the category Best Mystery, Action or Adventure Program, in one of the other Maverick episodes, he portrayed Steve Corbett, a character based on Bogarts in Casablanca. That episode, Escape to Tampico, used the set from the original film, Mohr made four guest appearances on Perry Mason. In his first appearance, he played Joe Medici in The Case of the Unwelcome Bride, in 1963, he played murder victim Austin Lloyd in The Case of the Elusive Element. In 1964, he played the murderer, Alan Durfee, in The Case of a Place Called Midnight, in 1966, he played agent Andy Rubin in the series final episode, The Case of the Final Fadeout. In 1964 Mohr, together with his second wife Mai, planned the formation of a film company, headquartered in Stockholm, with Swedish. The company was to have featured comedy, adventure, crime, by then fluent in Swedish, he also planned to star in a film for TV in which his character, a newspaperman, would speak only Swedish
31.
Frank Faylen
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Frank Faylen was an American film and television actor. Born Frank Ruf in St. Louis, Missouri, he began his career as an infant appearing with his vaudeville-performing parents on stage. The family lived on a showboat, after traveling with his showbisiness parents through his childhood, Faylen became a stage actor at 18, and eventually began working in films in the 1930s. He began playing a number of bit parts for Warner Bros. then freelanced for other studios in gradually larger character roles. He appeared as Walt Disneys musical conductor in The Reluctant Dragon, Faylen and Laurel and Hardy supporting player Charlie Hall were teamed briefly by Monogram Pictures. Faylens breakthrough came in 1945, where he was cast as Bim, in the following year, he played Ernie Bishop, the friendly taxi driver in Frank Capras 1946 film Its a Wonderful Life. Faylens career also stretched to television, playing long-suffering grocer Herbert T. Gillis on the 1950s-60s television sitcom The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, in 1968, he had a small part in the Barbra Streisand film Funny Girl. Faylen appeared in almost 200 films and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Faylen was married to Carol Hughes, an actress and he died from pneumonia in 1985. He was interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles and his two daughters, Catherine and Carol, are retired actresses. Catherine Kay Faylen was Regis Philbins first wife, Frank Faylen at the Internet Movie Database Frank Faylen at Find a Grave
32.
Bert Freed
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Bert Freed was an American character actor, voice-over actor, and the first actor to portray Detective Columbo. Born and raised in the Bronx, New York, Freed began acting while attending Penn State University, following World War II Army service in the European theatre, he appeared in the Broadway musical The Day Before Spring in 1945 and dozens of television shows between 1947 and 1985. His film debut occurred, oddly enough, in a musical Carnegie Hall, Freed played homicide detective Lt. Kildare, Ben Casey, Combat. Petticoat Junction, The Outer Limits, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Route 66, Ironside, The Green Hornet, The Munsters, The Untouchables and he directed one episode of T. H. E. Freed appeared as a racist club owner in No Way Out, Private Slattery in Halls of Montezuma and he retired from acting in 1986, and died of a heart attack in Sechelt, British Columbia, in 1994 while on a fishing trip with his son. Bert Freed at the Internet Movie Database Bert Freed at Find a Grave
33.
Burt Mustin
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Burton Hill Burt Mustin was an American character actor. Over the course of his career, Mustin appeared in over 150 film and he also worked in radio and appeared in stage productions. Mustin began his acting career at the age of 67 after director William Wyler cast him in the 1951 film noir Detective Story. Known for his dependability and versatility, Mustin would go on to establish a career as a character actor and worked extensively in film. Mustin was born in Pittsburgh to William I. and Sadie Mustin and his father worked as a stockbroker. Mustin graduated from Pennsylvania Military College in 1903 with a degree in civil engineering and he also played goaltender for their ice hockey team in 1902. He worked as an engineer but later decided to go into sales, in 1916, Mustin began working as an automobile salesman selling Oakland Sensible Sixes. He later began selling the luxury Franklins, after the Franklin company went out of business, Mustin sold Mercurys and Lincolns until the car industry began to suffer due to World War II. He then worked as a agent for the Better Business Bureau. Before he began a career in show business, Mustin did amateur acting and performing. In 1921, he became the first announcer for a variety show broadcast on Pittsburghs then newly established KDKA radio station and he appeared in productions in the Pittsburgh Savoyards and the Pittsburgh Opera. He was also a member of the Barbershop Harmony Society, making his first trip to California in 1925 to compete in a competition being held in San Francisco. During this trip the group with their wives made a visit to Hollywood as tourists and they used their Lions Club contacts to secure lodging during the trip. After retiring, Mustin moved to Tucson, Arizona, while living in Tucson, director William Wyler saw him in a stage production of Detective Story. Wyler told Mustin to look him up if he decided to pursue a screen career, Mustin contacted Wyler who cast him in the 1951 film version of Detective Story. After appearing in the film, Mustins acting career took off and he began landing roles in films and he later moved to Los Angeles. Mustin made his debut in 1951 with a role in the Western series The Adventures of Kit Carson. Mustin also starred in the TV series pilot episode of The Lone Wolf starring Louis Hayward in 1954, in 1960, Mustin guest starred on The Twilight Zone in the episode The Night of the Meek alongside Art Carney
34.
Alan Ladd
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Alan Walbridge Ladd was an American actor and film and television producer. Other notable credits include Two Years Before the Mast, Whispering Smith and his popularity diminished in the late 1950s, though he continued to appear in popular films until his accidental death due to a lethal combination of alcohol, a barbiturate, and two tranquilizers. Ladd was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas on 3 September 1913 and he was the only child of Ina Raleigh, and Alan Ladd, a freelance accountant. His mother was English, from County Durham and had migrated to the USA in 1907 when she was nineteen and his father died of a heart attack when Ladd was six. On 3 July 1918 a young Alan accidentally burned down the home while playing with matches. His mother moved to Oklahoma City, where she married Jim Beavers, in the early 1920s an economic downturn led to Ladds family moving to California, a journey which took four months. They lived in a migrant camp in Pasadena at first before moving to the San Fernando Valley where Beavers went to work at FBO Studios as a painter, Ladd enrolled in North Hollywood High School on 18 February 1930. He became a school swimming and diving champion and participated in high school dramatics in his senior year. His diving skills led to his appearance in an aquatic show, Ladds performance in The Mikado was seen by a talent scout. In August 1933 Ladd was one of a group of young discoveries signed to a contract with Universal Pictures. The contract had options which could go for seven years, Ladd appeared unbilled in a film, Once in a Lifetime, but the studio eventually decided Ladd was too blond and too short and dropped him after six months. At 21, Ladd graduated from school on 1 February 1934. He worked in the department of the San Fernando Sun Valley Record. When the paper changed hands Ladd lost his job and he sold cash registers and borrowed $150 to open up his own hamburger and malt shop across from his old high school, which he called Tinys Patio. However he was unable to make a success of the shop. In another attempt to break into the industry, Ladd went to work at Warner Bros. as a grip. He was injured falling off a scaffold and decided to quit, Ladd managed to save and borrow enough money to attend an acting school run by Ben Bard, who had taught him when he was under contract at Universal. Ladd wound up appearing in stage productions for Bard
35.
Motion Picture Production Code
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The Motion Picture Production Code was the set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays. Under Hays leadership, the MPPDA, later known as the Motion Picture Association of America, adopted the Production Code in 1930, the Production Code spelled out what was acceptable and what was unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States. From 1934 to 1954, the code was identified with Joseph Breen. In 1968, after years of minimal enforcement, the Production Code was replaced by the MPAA film rating system. In 1922, after several films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars. Many felt the industry had always been morally questionable. Political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred movie censorship bills in 1921, Hays was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year. Hays, Postmaster General under Warren G, Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film, but many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s, the New York stage—a frequent source of subsequent screen material—had topless shows, performances filled with words, mature subject matters. Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what might be acceptable in New York would not be so in Kansas. Moviemakers were looking at the possibility that many states and cities would adopt their own codes of censorship, in 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship. This list consisted of eleven subjects best avoided and twenty-six to be handled very carefully, the list was approved by the Federal Trade Commission, and Hays created the Studio Relations Committee to oversee its implementation, however, there was still no way to enforce tenets. The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929, the Code enumerated a number of key points known as the Donts and Be Carefuls, In 1929, a Catholic layman, Martin Quigley and the Jesuit priest Father Daniel A. Lord created a code of standards and submitted it to the studios, Lord was particularly concerned with the effects of sound film on children, whom he considered especially susceptible to their allure. In February 1930, several studio heads—including Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer —met with Lord, after some revisions, they agreed to the stipulations of the Code. One of the motivating factors in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government intervention. It was the responsibility of the SRC to supervise film production, on March 31, the MPPDA agreed it would abide by the Code
36.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
37.
Gregg Toland
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Toland was born in Charleston, Illinois on May 29,1904 to Jennie, a housekeeper, and Frank Toland. His mother moved to California several years after his parents divorced in 1910, during the 1930s, Toland became the youngest cameraman in Hollywood but soon one of its most sought-after cinematographers. Over a seven-year span, he was nominated five times for the Best Cinematography Oscar and he worked with many of the top directors of his era, including John Ford, Howard Hawks, Erich von Stroheim, King Vidor, Orson Welles, and William Wyler. He died in Los Angeles, California on September 28,1948 of coronary thrombosis at age 44 and he is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. Just before his death, he was concentrating on the ultimate focus lens, just before he died he had worked out a new lens with which he had made spectacular shots. He carried in his wallet a strip of film taken with this lens and it was a shot of a face three inches from the lens, filling one-third of the left side of the frame. Three feet from the lens, in the center of the foreground, was another face, everything was in focus, from three inches to infinity. Some film historians believe Citizen Kanes visual brilliance was due primarily to the contributions of Toland, however, many Welles scholars maintain that the visual style of Kane is similar to many of Welless other films, and hence should be considered the directors work. Nevertheless, the Welles movies that most resemble Citizen Kane were shot by Toland collaborators Russell Metty, at the time Kane was produced and released, Welles and Toland insisted that Welles gave lighting instructions that fall normally under the director of photographys responsibility. Many of the transitions in the film are done as lighting cues on set, different areas of the frame dissolve at different times, based on the lighting cue. However, the visuals were truly a collaboration, as Toland contributed great amounts of expertise that Welles needed so that he could achieve his vision. Years later, Welles acknowledged, Toland was advising him on camera placement, Tolands techniques were revolutionary in the art of cinematography. According to Toland, this style was more comparable with what the eyes see in real life since vision blurs what is not looked at rather than what is. He continued to develop the technologies that would allow for him to create his images in Citizen Kane and he also modified the Mitchell Camera to allow a wider range of movement, especially from low angles. ″It was Toland who devised a system for focusing his camera lens without having to get in the way of the camera operator who would now be free to pan. The main way to deep focus was closing down the aperture, which required increasing the lighting intensity, lenses with better light transmission. On Citizen Kane, the cameras and coated lenses used were of Tolands own design working in conjunction with engineers from Caltech and his lenses were treated with Vard Opticoat to reduce glare and increase light transmission. He used the Kodak Super XX film stock, which was, at the time, Toland had worked closely with a Kodak representative during the stocks creation before its release in October of 1938, and was one of the first cinematographers using it heavily on set
38.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
39.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
40.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
41.
British Academy Film Awards
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
