1.
London Borough of Harrow
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The London Borough of Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a London borough of north-west London, England. It borders Hertfordshire to the north and other London boroughs, Hillingdon to the west, Ealing to the south, Brent to the south-east, the local authority is Harrow London Borough Council. The local authority was Harrow Urban District Council, the urban district gained the status of municipal borough on 4 May 1954 and the urban district council became Harrow Borough Council. The 50th anniversary of the incorporation as a borough was celebrated in April 2004, in 1965 the municipal borough was abolished and its former area was transferred to Greater London from Middlesex under the London Government Act 1963 to form the London Borough of Harrow. It is uniquely the only London borough to replicate exactly the unchanged boundaries of a former district. This was probably because its population was large enough, according to the 1961 census it had a population of 209080, making it the largest local government district in Middlesex. Some may consider it affluent in comparison to similar areas of London. Crime figures are low, the borough had 2,618 notifiable offences in April 2009, Harrow Council is focusing regeneration efforts on areas such as Wealdstone and South Harrow and many new key service workers-type flats are springing up. In the north part of the borough, there is a strip of highly affluent housing in the areas of Northwood, Pinner. Harrow is considered a borough of contrasts, with levels of affluence in such areas as Harrow-on-the-Hill, Pinner. Save the Children reported in 2011 that over 7,000 children are living in poverty in the Borough, location Its site on and near the greenbelt and ease of access to central London makes Harrow a good place to live not only for families but affluent singles as well. Ethnicity Harrow is a borough, having 63. 8% of its population from the BME communities. The borough can also claim to have the largest concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK, census data shows that the majority of Sri Lankan Tamils live in the areas of North Harrow, South Harrow and Rayners Lane. Indians are mostly in the eastern Kenton and Queensbury areas, according to the 2011 census 25. 3% of Harrows population identified themselves as Hindu - the highest in the UK. A large number of Jewish people live in Stanmore and Hatch End, the Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue boasts the largest membership of any single synagogue in the whole of Europe. The first and only contemporary artist-led gallery in Harrow was set up in 2010 by the Usurp Art Collective, the space is called the Usurp Art Gallery & Studios and is based in West Harrow, a bohemian part of Harrow. Usurp Art provides professional support to artists and runs the only public artists studios in the borough and it is a flagship project for Arts Council England. Major employers include Kodak, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital and Ladbrokes, five of the 30 cricket clubs which play in the Middlesex County Cricket League are based in the London Borough of Harrow, Harrow, Harrow St Marys, Harrow Town, Kenton and Stanmore
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Actor
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Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
5.
Indian people
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Indian people are citizens of India, the second most populous nation containing 17. 50% of the worlds population. Indian refers to nationality, but not ethnicity or language, the Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India hosts all major ethnic groups found in the Indian Subcontinent, population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The name Bhārata has been used as a name by people of the Indian subcontinent. The designation Bhārata appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, the name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas, which refer to the land that comprises India as Bhārata varṣam and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents. The Bhāratas were a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings. India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, in early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta was in popular use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti gives the name Āryāvarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern to the Western Sea, while the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία, via Latin India. The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, the next great ancient Empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India, the ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu decimal system during this period. During this period Indian cultural influence spread over parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. During the early period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty dominated the major part of the Indian subcontinent. From the 8th to 10th century and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four kings of the world. The greatest maritime Empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty, under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. The Mughal Empire unified much of Indian sub-continent under one realm, under the Mughals India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. This marked a huge influence in the Indian society, the Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire, the Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north and Bengal, India is one of the worlds oldest civilisations
6.
Anwar Kharral
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Anwar Kharral is a fictional character in the television series Skins portrayed by Dev Patel. Anwar is portrayed as boy with Pakistani origin and his best friend is Maxxie Oliver, although his views on Maxxies sexual orientation sometimes put a strain on their friendship. He does lament that as a Muslim boy, he feels he has no choice in his faith, according to the official website, his favourite things are tequila, dope, pills, Lupe Fiasco, breasts and X Factor. In Tony he is convinced by best friend Maxxie, to go to a big gay night out along with Chris, in Maxxie and Anwar, on a school trip to Russia, he finds himself at odds with Maxxie who views Anwars pick-and-choose approach to Islam as hypocritical. He also loses his virginity to a married Russian girl, Anka, the beginning of the first series finale opens with the celebration of Anwars 17th birthday and his upcoming party on the same day. Maxxie rings him to wish him happy birthday, and asks that Anwars parents know that he is gay or he would not attend. Anwars party turns out to be a complete shambles with his uncle as the DJ, Anwar and Maxxie meet outside the party hall where Mr. Kharral, Anwars father, spots them talking. As Mr. Kharral converses with Maxxie he blurts out that Maxxie is gay, Mr. Kharral seems to be oblivious, until Maxxie tells Mr. Kharral, seconds later. Mr. Maxxie and Anwar seem to have again become best friends. In Chriss brawl later at the party, Anwar displays some apparent knowledge of martial arts, in Sketch, he sleeps with Sketch after Maxxie turns her down. Despite telling Anwar that she liked him, Sketch still has feelings for Maxxie, as she touches. In the next episode it is shown that he and Sketch are continuing their sexual relationship, when the two are caught by Sids Mum, Anwar once again expresses discomfort for his life under a Muslim household, stating that sex hasnt been invented in his house. In series 2s Chris, while at Chris house-warming party Maxxie confronts both Sketch and Anwar about Anwars recent choice of style which disturbingly mirrors that of Maxxie, Anwar, oblivious to Sketchs designs reacts first in disbelief then informs Sketch that she is dumped. Anwar decides to open anyway, and his reaction is one of shock, horror. Unable to go to his friends or his family, Anwar visits Sketch, his ex-girlfriend, and confides to her about them and she then persuades him that his friends will eventually move on, and suggests they get back together. Anwar leaves before the results can be out, and Maxxie reveals that the grades were, in fact. When seeing Maxxie and James off at the bus to London, excited, he boards the bus, while Sketch watching the bus leave in dismay. Anwar was briefly mentioned in the season 3 episode Freddie, cook mentions that he met some skinny Asian kid named Anwar busking and asked if he could join him
7.
Skins (UK TV series)
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Skins is a British teen drama that follows the lives of a group of teenagers in Bristol, South West England, through the two years of sixth form. Its controversial story-lines have explored issues such as families, mental illness, adolescent sexuality, gender, substance abuse, death. Each episode generally focuses on a character and the struggles they face in their life. The episodes are named after the featured character, the show was created by father-and-son television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain for Company Pictures, and premiered on E4 on 25 January 2007. The show went on to be a success as well as a ratings winner within its target demographic. Over its initial run, Skins proved to be atypical of ongoing drama series in that it replaced its primary cast every two years. Plans for a film spin-off were first discussed in 2009, instead, a specially-commissioned seventh and final series of the show was broadcast in 2013, featuring some of the cast from its 2007–10 run. The shows name comes from the rolling papers known as skins. Tony Stonem is an attractive, intelligent and popular boy and his manipulative ways often go unnoticed by many, and are a catalyst for the majority of the events in the series. Sid Jenkins is Tonys best friend, but has an entirely opposite personality and he lacks confidence, is socially uneasy and struggles with school work. Tonys girlfriend is Michelle Richardson, a girl who can never stay angry at his mischievous behaviour for long, outwardly, Michelle appears shallow, vain and conceited, but she works hard, has a strong interest in French and Spanish, and is very emotionally mature. She is friends with Cassie Ainsworth, a girl who suffers from an eating disorder. Cassie attempts to hide her own struggles with mental health while her flamboyant parents ignore her in favour of their new baby, Chris Miles is the party animal of the group. He has a home life, he lost his brother to a hereditary subarachnoid haemorrhage at a young age. He has a crush on his psychology teacher Angie, Jal Fazer is a sensible girl with a talent for playing the clarinet. Her runaway mother has left Jal with her famous musician father and she is best friends with Michelle. Maxxie Oliver is openly gay and has a passion for dance and he is portrayed as attractive, seductive and talented, and is well accepted by most of his friends and family. His best friend Anwar Kharral has a slightly off-the-wall personality, and is known for his silly antics, appearing only in the second series, Lucy, better known as Sketch, is a quiet and scheming Welsh girl who is polite yet unnerving
8.
Jamal Malik (character)
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Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a adaptation of the novel Q & A by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to each question. Regarded as a hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director and it won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics Choice Awards and four Golden Globes. 18-year-old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and is one question away from the grand prize. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer, as they flee the riot, they meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the third musketeer, the three are found by Maman—a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand and this resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. At Jamals insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to him soon a high price. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death, Salim then manages to get a job with Javed—Mamans rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him, when Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away. Years later, Jamal, now a tea-boy in an Indian call centre, searches the database for Salim. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javeds residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five oclock at the VT station. Latika attempts to him there, but is recaptured by Javeds men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai
9.
Danny Boyle
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His debut film Shallow Grave won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Boyles 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won eight and he also won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director. Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival, in 2012, Boyle was the Artistic Director for Isles of Wonder, the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Summer Olympic Games. He was subsequently offered a knighthood as part of the New Year Honours, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. Danny Boyle was born on 20 October 1956 in Radcliffe, Lancashire, although he now describes himself as a spiritual atheist, he was brought up in a working class Catholic family. Boyle was a boy for eight years and his mother had the priesthood in mind for him. Whether he was saving me from the priesthood or the priesthood from me, but quite soon after, I started doing drama. And theres a connection, I think. All these directors — Martin Scorsese, John Woo, M. Night Shyamalan — they were all meant to be priests, Theres something very theatrical about it. It’s basically the same job — poncing around, telling people what to think and he later studied at Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton, and studied English and Drama at Bangor University. While at university, Boyle dated the actress Frances Barber, Boyle is the patron of North West-based young peoples substance misuse charity, Early Break, which was founded and based in his home town of Radcliffe. Boyle is also a trustee of the UK-based African arts charity Dramatic Need, upon leaving school he began his career at the Joint Stock Theatre Company, before moving onto the Royal Court Theatre in 1982 where he directed The Genius by Howard Brenton and Saved by Edward Bond. He also directed five productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in 2011 he directed Frankenstein for the National Theatre. This production was broadcast to cinemas as a part of National Theatre Live on 17 March 2011, Boyle was Artistic Director for the 2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in London. The ceremony, entitled Isles of Wonder, charted aspects of British culture, including the Industrial Revolution and British contributions to literature, music, film, reception to the ceremony was generally positive, both nationally in the United Kingdom and internationally. In December 2012 it was reported that Boyle turned down a knighthood in the New Year Honours list. He told BBC Radio 4 Im very proud to be an equal citizen, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. These were Masonic Mysteries and Cherubim and Seraphim and he was also responsible for the BBC2 series Mr. Wroes Virgins
10.
Slumdog Millionaire
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Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a adaptation of the novel Q & A by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to each question. Regarded as a hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director and it won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics Choice Awards and four Golden Globes. 18-year-old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and is one question away from the grand prize. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer, as they flee the riot, they meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the third musketeer, the three are found by Maman—a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand and this resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. At Jamals insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to him soon a high price. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death, Salim then manages to get a job with Javed—Mamans rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him, when Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away. Years later, Jamal, now a tea-boy in an Indian call centre, searches the database for Salim. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javeds residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five oclock at the VT station. Latika attempts to him there, but is recaptured by Javeds men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai
11.
The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
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The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel is a 2011 British comedy-drama film, directed by John Madden. The movie was produced by Participant Media and Blueprint Pictures on a budget of $10 million, with the assistance of screenwriter Ol Parker, they came up with a script in which they take the older characters completely out of their element and involve them in a romantic comedy. Principal photography began on 10 October 2010 in India, and most of the filming took place in the Indian state of Rajasthan, including the cities of Jaipur and Udaipur. Ravla Khempur, a hotel which was originally the palace of a tribal chieftain in the village of Khempur, was chosen as the site for the film hotel. It became a surprise box-office hit following its release, eventually grossing nearly $137 million worldwide. It was ranked among the highest-grossing 2012 releases in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, a sequel, The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, began production in India in January 2014, and was released on 26 February 2015. Recently widowed housewife Evelyn must sell her home to huge debts left by her late husband. Graham, a judge who had spent his first eighteen years in India, abruptly decides to retire. Jean and Douglas seek a retirement they can afford, having lost most of their savings through investing in their daughters internet business, Muriel, a retired housekeeper prejudiced against Indians, needs a hip replacement operation which can be done far more quickly and inexpensively in India. Madge is hunting for another husband, and Norman, an aging Lothario, is trying to recapture his youth and they each decide on a retirement hotel in India, based on pictures on its website. When the group arrives at the hotel, they find an energetic young manager Sonny but a dilapidated facility. Overwhelmed by the changes, Jean often stays inside at the hotel. Graham finds that the area has changed since his youth. Muriel, despite her xenophobia, starts to appreciate her doctor for his skill, Evelyn gets a job advising the staff of a call centre on how to interact with older British customers. Sonny struggles to raise funds to renovate the hotel and sees his girlfriend Sunaina, Madge joins the Viceroy Club seeking a spouse, where she is surprised to find Norman. He admits he is lonely and seeking a companion, and the two begin an affair, Graham confides in Evelyn that he is trying to find the Indian lover he was forced to abandon as a youth. Social-climber Jean is attracted to Graham, and makes an excursion to follow him. Graham reunites with his lover, who is in an arranged marriage of mutual trust
12.
The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
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The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel is a 2015 comedy-drama film directed by John Madden and written by Ol Parker. They are told that a company inspector will anonymously visit India to evaluate the project, back in Jaipur, Evelyn Greenslade is offered a job as a fabric buyer. She is concerned that at age 79, the job will require many responsibilities, Douglas Ainslie, who is in love with Evelyn, is worried about losing time with her as well, and also eager to introduce her to his daughter. Sonnys life becomes complicated by plans for his wedding to Sunaina, plus a possible rival for her affections. He also is desperate to impress American visitor Guy Chambers, whom he identifies as the American hotel chains anonymous inspector. Madge Hardcastles dilemma is deciding between two suitors from India and which to wed, and Douglas daughter arrives for a visit with his estranged wife Jean seeking a divorce so that she can remarry. Muriel, while having received bad news from an appointment, struggles to keep Sonny from ruining his wedding, his business and his future. Decisions come to a head for all during the wedding of Sonny. Most of the cast agreed to come back, on 28 October 2013, Radio Times revealed that the cast would be flying to India to shoot the sequel film in January 2014. On 2 December 2012, Showbiz411 stated that Colin Firth and Helen Mirren may join the ensemble cast of the film, on 30 October, Deadline reported that Richard Gere was in talks to join the ensemble cast of the sequel. Later on 10 January 2014, Gere confirmed his new role in the film, other newcomers added to the film include Tamsin Greig, principal photography began on 10 January 2014 in Jaipur, India. The first trailer was released on 7 August 2014, with the title The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel announced, the film was released in the United States on 6 March 2015. After the success of the first part, Thomas Newman returned to music for the sequel. The Soundtrack Album consisting of 28 tracks was released on 20 February 2015, the Soundtrack included various songs by Indian Artists including Pritam, Himesh Reshammiya and Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. All tracks written by Thomas Newman, the Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel grossed $33.1 million in North America and $52.9 million in other territories for a total gross of $86 million, against a budget of $10 million. The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel topped the UK box office during its first week, in the United States, the India-set comedy opened strong at number three at the US box office with an estimated $8.6 million in its first weekend of release. India-themed films rarely climb this high on the US box office charts, even Hollywood studio films such as The Hundred Foot Journey, and Million Dollar Arm never made it to the top three at any time during their runs despite playing in more theaters than Marigold. During its opening weekend, the film scored the highest average gross of any film in wide release
13.
The Last Airbender (film)
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The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written, produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It is based on the first season of the 2000s Nickelodeon animated series Avatar, the film stars Noah Ringer as Aang, with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko, Nicola Peltz as Katara, and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka. Development for the film began in 2007 and it was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Premiering in New York City on June 30,2010, it opened the day in the rest of the country. However, some praised the style, James Newton Howards soundtrack, and the performances from Dev Patel, Aasif Mandvi. The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 2010, with five wins including Worst Picture, despite the negative reviews, The Last Airbender opened in second place at the box office behind The Twilight Saga, Eclipse. Produced on a $150 million budget, the film grossed $131 million domestically and it is currently the fourth highest grossing Nickelodeon film, behind The SpongeBob Movie, Sponge Out of Water, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and The Adventures of Tintin. 15-year-old Sokka and his 14-year-old sister, Katara, are near a river at the Southern Water Tribe, while hunting, they discover an iceberg that when broken open shoots a beam of light into the sky. Inside of the iceberg is a 12-year-old boy named Aang and a giant flying bison named Appa, unknown to them, Aang is the long-lost Avatar — the only person capable of bending all 4 elements of Air, Water, Earth and Fire. A century has passed since the Fire Nation has declared war on the other 3 nations of Air, Water, and Earth in their attempt to conquer the world. Zuko is the scarred 16-year-old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father, Fire Lord Ozai, so he can regain his honor. Seeing the light that appeared from Aangs release, Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the hand over the Avatar. Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone, on the ship, Aang is tested by Zukos paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar. After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test, Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka. Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur, Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads, including his guardian, Monk Gyatso. In despair, he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit, Kataras pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State. They incite a rebellion by reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that Earth was given to them, Aang tells Katara and Sokka that he only knows airbending and must master the other three elements. During the prison break, Zhao realizes that Zuko is the masked vigilante, with the cloud covering their escape, Aang escapes with an unconscious Zuko into a nearby forest and watches over Zuko until morning, when he leaves to reunite with Sokka and Katara
14.
Chappie (film)
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Chappie is a 2015 American science fiction film directed by Neill Blomkamp and written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell. The film, set and shot in Johannesburg, is about an artificially intelligent law enforcement robot captured and taught by gangsters, Chappie was produced and distributed by US-based companies and is classified as an American film. It premiered in New York City on March 4,2015, the film grossed $102 million worldwide against a $49 million budget. A competing project is the remotely controlled MOOSE, developed by soldier-turned-engineer Vincent Moore, Deon is praised for Tetravaals success but Vincent grows jealous when the police are unwilling to give his heavy weapons platform equal attention. I. Undeterred, Deon steals a recently damaged robot before it is destroyed and puts it in his van, along with the guard key needed to update the robots software. On his way home, he is kidnapped by a group of gangsters, Ninja, Yolandi, and Amerika, Deon installs the new software into the damaged robot, which responds with childlike terror upon powering up. Deon and Yolandi calm the robot, teaching it words and naming it Chappie, despite Deon wanting to stay with the robot, Ninja forces him out of their hideout. Ninjas gang only has a few days to pay a debt of 20 million rand to Hippo, Ninja tries to train Chappie to be a gangster by leaving him to fend for himself in a dangerous neighborhood. After being wounded by thugs, he is followed by Vincent, Vincent successfully extracts the guard key for his own use, but the traumatised Chappie escapes and returns to the hideout. Yolandi scolds Ninja for this mistreatment, but he manages to earn Chappies forgiveness by training him in martial arts, Ninja and Amerika trick Chappie into stealing cars for them, and lie about needing the money to replace his dying body. At Tetravaal, Vincent uses the key to upload a virus shutting down all police robots including Chappie. Johannesburgs criminals immediately start rioting in the streets, and Deon brings Chappie to the Tetravaal factory to fix him, after being restarted, Chappie notices a helmet used to control MOOSE. At the hideout, he re-engineers it to him to transfer his consciousness into a computer. Ninjas gang uses Chappie to raid a police van and steal money, when Chappie learns that Ninjas plan to acquire the body was a lie, he prepares to kill Ninja for betrayal. However, Deon arrives to them that Michelle Bradley has ordered that Chappie be destroyed. At that moment, the MOOSE robot is launched to assassinate Deon and Chappie at the hideout, Amerika and Hippo are killed in the ensuing battle, while Deon is mortally wounded. When Ninja is about to be killed, Yolandi sacrifices herself to save him, enraged by Yolandis death, Chappie drives Deon to the factory, storms into an office, and fiercely beats Vincent close to death. He then transfers the dying Deons consciousness into a robot through the modified MOOSE helmet
15.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
16.
The Newsroom (U.S. TV series)
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The series chronicles the behind-the-scenes events at the fictional Atlantis Cable News channel. Other cast members include Emily Mortimer, John Gallagher Jr. Alison Pill, Thomas Sadoski, Dev Patel, Olivia Munn, Sorkin, who created the Emmy Award–winning political drama The West Wing, had reportedly been developing a cable-news-centered TV drama since 2009. After months of negotiations, premium cable network HBO ordered a pilot in January 2011, Sorkin did his research for the series by observing several real-world cable news programs first-hand. He served as producer, along with Scott Rudin and Alan Poul. Jeff Daniels as Will McAvoy, the anchor and managing editor of News Night, a moderate Republican news anchor whose broadcast persona is characterized as unwilling to offend anyone. Known for being difficult to work with, his world is turned upside down when his ex-girlfriend MacKenzie re-enters his life with a plan to revamp his news broadcast, MacKenzie had an affair with her ex-boyfriend Brian Brenner during her relationship with Will. John Gallagher Jr. as James Jim Harper, Senior Producer who follows MacKenzie to News Night, at his new job, he develops feelings for Maggie. Alison Pill as Margaret Maggie Jordan, an eager, young associate producer of News Night, formerly Wills somewhat inept personal assistant, she is appointed an assistant producer by MacKenzie. She has complicated personal relationships with Don and Jim, plain-speaking and straightforward, but also quite insecure, Don begins to doubt his feelings for Maggie Jordan. Ultimately, he breaks up with her, encouraging her to go after Jim and he subsequently goes on to date Sloan. Dev Patel as Neal Sampat, writer of Wills blog and electronic media expert who covered the London Underground bombings with a camera phone, Neal works with the team to develop the use of electronic media as part of the new format. Olivia Munn as Sloan Sabbith, an economist with two Ph. D. s, she presents a news segment on Wills show. Sloan is good at her job, but also socially inept and prone to creating uncomfortable situations for herself. Sam Waterston as Charlie Skinner, Atlantis Cable News president and retired US Marine, charlies role is to joust with Atlantis World Media owner Leona Lansing and her son, AWM president Reese Lansing while defending the new News Night format. Jane Fonda as Leona Lansing, CEO of Atlantis World Media, adina Porter as Kendra James, a booker for News Night. Chris Chalk as Gary Cooper, a producer for News Night. Chris Messina as Reese Lansing, president of AWM, and Leonas son, Terry Crews as Lonny Church, Wills bodyguard assigned to him after Will receives death threats. Kelen Coleman as Lisa Lambert, Maggies roommate who dates Jim, david Harbour as Elliot Hirsch, the anchor of Right Now, Dons new program on the network
17.
Srinivasa Ramanujan
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Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan FRS was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who lived during the British Raj. Though he had almost no training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series. Ramanujan initially developed his own research in isolation, it was quickly recognized by Indian mathematicians. When his skills became obvious and known to the mathematical community, centred in Europe at the time. The Cambridge professor realized that Srinivasa Ramanujan had produced new theorems in addition to rediscovering previously known ones, during his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results. Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct and his original and highly unconventional results, such as the Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function, have inspired a vast amount of further research. The Ramanujan Journal, a scientific journal, was established to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan. Deeply religious, Ramanujan credited his substantial mathematical capacities to divinity, An equation for me has no meaning, he once said, the name Ramanujan means younger brother of the god Rama. Iyengar is a caste of Hindu Brahmins of Tamil origin whose members follow the Visishtadvaita philosophy propounded by Ramanuja, Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family in Erode, Madras Presidency, at the residence of his maternal grandparents. His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar, worked as a clerk in a sari shop and his mother, Komalatammal, was a housewife and also sang at a local temple. They lived in a traditional home on Sarangapani Sannidhi Street in the town of Kumbakonam. The family home is now a museum, when Ramanujan was a year and a half old, his mother gave birth to a son, Sadagopan, who died less than three months later. In December 1889, Ramanujan contracted smallpox, but unlike the thousands in the Thanjavur district who died of the disease that year and he moved with his mother to her parents house in Kanchipuram, near Madras. His mother gave birth to two children, in 1891 and 1894, but both died in infancy. On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school, after his maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram, Ramanujan and his mother moved back to Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School. When his paternal grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal grandparents and he did not like school in Madras, and tried to avoid attending. His family enlisted a local constable to make sure the boy attended school, within six months, Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam. Since Ramanujans father was at work most of the day, his mother took care of the boy as a child and he had a close relationship with her
18.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
19.
Nairobi
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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero, the name Nairobi comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to cool water. The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, however, it is popularly known as the Green City in the Sun, and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the authorities in British East Africa. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907, after independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenyas colonial period, the city became a centre for the coffee, tea. The city lies on the River Athi in the part of the country. With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the area of Nairobi,3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs, the Nairobi Securities Exchange is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africas fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day, Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, which generates about 60% of the entire nations wealth. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi and it was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water, however, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, as the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters, Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the citys suburbs
20.
Rayners Lane
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Rayners Lane is a suburban district in the London Borough of Harrow in Northwest London between Pinner and West Harrow. It takes its name from a road in the area, also called Rayners Lane which runs from Marsh Road in Pinner to Eastcote Lane in Eastcote, during the Middle Ages the Rayners Lane road was used when transporting grain to the mill on Pinner Green. The road was originally called Bourne Lane as it crossed several streams including the Yeading Brook, during the first half of the nineteenth century the area was in the hands of the Rayner family, who owned a farm. The area was built up between 1929 and 1938 by Harrows biggest interwar housebuilder T. F. Nash, who created a parade on Alexandra Avenue. The area to the north of the station was originally named Harrow Garden Village by its developer. Former Cunard officer Commodore Harry Grattidge, one of the last captains of the RMS Queen Elizabeth, lived at number 33 High Worple, Rayners Lane until his death in the 1970s. The area is most widely known as the location of Rayners Lane tube station, first built in 1906, the station links both the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines and therefore has good connections with the rest of London. The other principal point of architectural interest is the former cinema and it is currently occupied by the Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe, and is used as a Zoroastrian centre - the only official temple of its type in the UK. Before this, it was an Odeon cinema, also located in Rayners Lane is the head office of the bookmaking and e-gaming company Ladbrokes. The area has two banks, NatWest and Santander UK, the largest ethnic group in Rayners Lane ward in the 2011 census was Indian, followed by White British and other Asian. The area also has its own club, Rayners Lane F. C. who currently play in the Hellenic Football League. It also has a club called Harrow Town Sports club which has been there since the 1890s. It is the home of the Harrow Town Cricket Club, the Venceremos FC, Rayners Lane Station 398 H9 H10 H12618619 South Harrow North Harrow Pinner Eastcote West Harrow Ruislip Conservation Area Appraisal
21.
Andrew Aguecheek
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Sir Andrew Aguecheek is a comic character in William Shakespeares play Twelfth Night, or What You Will. One of the characters, Sir Andrew is a stereotypical fool, who is goaded into unwisely duelling with Cesario. He is dim-witted, vain and clownish and his role in the play not only provides comedy through his pathetic situation and his long speech, but also by his distinct, long-faced appearance and garish dress sense. The role has been a favorite for noted actors such as Alec Guinness, Christopher Plummer, Paul Scofield, Sir Andrew Aguecheek first appears in the third scene of Act I, as the so-called friend of Sir Toby Belch. Sir Andrew is a guest at the home of Sir Tobys niece Lady Olivia, where Sir Toby, ineptly, Sir Andrew attempts to court Olivia, and her rejection of him, in favour of dashing Cesario, prompts Sir Andrew to challenge Cesario to a duel. Sir Andrew fancies himself a dancer and swordsman, and the scenes where he ineptly engages in these activities are points of physical comedy in the play. Sir Andrews age is not made clear, but it is assumed that he is a number of years younger than Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Malvolio are probably the only characters whose situation at the end of the play is not as favourable as in the beginning. Amongst three happy couples and a humiliated Malvolio in the scene, Sir Andrew has already made his closing exit. Friendless and deep in debt, this ending echoes one of Sir Andrews better known lines, from the scene of the second act. The negative outcome for Sir Andrew, combined with his having been the subject of jokes, as one of the central supporting roles in Twelfth Night, Sir Andrews character speaks a total of 152 lines and appears in seven of the eighteen scenes. The Elizabethan actor John Sinklo has been associated with the role of Sir Andrew, actors who have distinguished themselves in the role of Sir Andrew include Alec Guinness, Paul Scofield, Juan Garibay, and Christopher Plummer. When Maria tricks Malvolio into wearing yellow stockings, she reveals to her fellow conspirators that tis a colour abhors and they then turn to Sir Andrew who is wearing a yellow waistcoat, tie and stockings. Like the others, however, he is allowed some dignity by kissing the hand of Olivia before leaving her estate, but I am a great eater of beef, and I believe that does harm to my wit. Nay, let me alone for swearing Sir Andrews boast that he is an expert at cursing and he does it with a better grace, but I do it more natural Sir Andrew Aguecheek compares his fooling with that of Sir Toby Belch. I was adored once too The reference of this quote is unclear, Sir Andrew Aguecheek is the first part of Hans Werner Henzes Second Sonata on Shakespearean Characters for guitar, known as Royal Winter Music. Twelfth Night, The Critical Edition of Shakespeare
22.
Twelfth Night
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Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–02 as a Twelfth Nights entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck, Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with the Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man, the first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the years calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio, Illyria, the setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the plays romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast covered the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and it included the city state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting. Illyria may have suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeares earlier play, Henry VI, the names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the Illyrian lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch and it has been noted that the plays setting also has other English allusions such as Violas use of Westward ho. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain and she loses contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes to be drowned. Disguising herself as a man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino then uses Cesario as an intermediary to profess his love before Olivia. Olivia, however, forgetting about the seven years in his case, falls in love with Cesario, in the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivias pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivias uncle, Sir Toby Belch, another suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek, her servants Maria and Fabian. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disturbing the peace of Olivias house until late into the night, Sir Toby famously retorts, Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale. Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are urged to plan revenge on Malvolio and they convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivias handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, to be rude to the rest of the servants, Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response, Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and leaves him to the contrivances of his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, they lock him up in a dark chamber, Feste visits him to mock his insanity, both disguised as a priest and as himself
23.
Beslan school hostage crisis
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The Beslan school siege started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the capture of over 1,100 people as hostages, and ended with the death of at least 385 people. The crisis began when a group of armed Islamic Groups, mostly Ingush and Chechen, occupied School Number One in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia on 1 September 2004. The hostage-takers were the Riyadus-Salikhin Battalion, sent by the Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, who demanded recognition of the independence of Chechnya, on the third day of the standoff, Russian security forces stormed the building with the use of tanks, incendiary rockets and other heavy weapons. At least 330 hostages were killed, including 186 children, with a significant number of injured and reported missing. Comintern Street SNO was one of seven schools in Beslan, a town of around 35,000 people in the republic of North Ossetia–Alania, the school, located next to the district police station, had around 60 teachers and more than 800 students. Its gymnasium, where most of the hostages were held for 52 hours, was a recent addition, there were reports that men disguised as repairmen had concealed weapons and explosives in the school sometime during July 2004, but this was later officially refuted. However, several witnesses have since testified they were made to help their captors remove the weapons from the hidden in the school. There were also claims that a snipers nest on the hall roof had been set up in advance. According to media reports, SNO was one of buildings in which the Ossetian militants had held hundreds of Ingush hostages. The hostages were all kept in the gymnasium and were deprived of food and water, at least one newborn. Beslan was also the site of a used by the Russian Air Force for combat operations in Chechnya since 1994. The attack on the school took place in 2004 on 1 September—the traditional start of the Russian school year, on this day, the children, accompanied by their parents and other relatives, attend ceremonies hosted by their school. Because of the Knowledge Day festivities, the number of people in the schools was higher than on a normal school day. The terrorists wore green military camouflage and black masks, and in some cases were also wearing explosive belts. On the way to Beslan, on a road near the North Ossetian village of Khurikau, they captured an Ingush police officer. Gurazhev escaped after reaching the town and went to the police department to inform them that his duty handgun. At 09,11 local time, the arrived at Beslan in a GAZelle police van. Many witnesses and independent experts claim there were, in fact
24.
Advanced Level in the United Kingdom
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A number of countries, including Singapore, Kenya, Mauritius and Zimbabwe have developed qualifications with the same name as and a similar format to the British A Levels. Obtaining A Level or equivalent qualifications is generally required for university entrance, a Levels are generally worked towards over two years and split into two parts, with one part studied in each year. The first part is known as the Advanced Subsidiary Level, A1 Level or AS Level, the second part is known as the A2 Level and is more in depth and academically rigorous than the A1 Level. Up to June 2009 a third Special/Advanced Extension Award level was available for the brightest candidates, a number of countries use A Levels as a school-leaving qualification. The A Levels taken by students in some countries often differ significantly from the A Levels taken in the United Kingdom, a Levels are the secondary school leaving qualification offered in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. These are not compulsory, unlike GCSEs, in Scotland, A Levels are also offered by selected schools as an alternative school-leaving qualification in place of the Scottish Advanced Higher. The British variant of A/AS levels are taken in many Commonwealth and former Commonwealth countries. British international schools in foreign countries generally offer the British A Levels as offered through Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations, at select examination centres, the British A Level exams may also be available to private candidates. A-level has become a choice for a number of students in Nepal. A-levels offered in Pakistan by non-governmental, private institutions, along with International Baccalaureate, Examinations are handled by international British boards and the program is equivalent to Higher Secondary School Certificate. Academies are established all around the country which prepare the students to take the examinations as a private candidate, in Brunei, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Brunei or have a format, curriculum, in Malaysia, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Malaysia or have a format, curriculum, for instance, there are two types of A Level in Malaysia, Cambridge A Level and Edexcel International Advanced Level. A number of papers for offered, such as French, are customised to support the national educational standards. Additionally, International A Level qualifications from Edexcel are available, for which exams may be registered through the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate, in Seychelles, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Seychelles or have a format, curriculum, in Sri Lanka, A Level is offered by governmental and non governmental schools. The qualifications are awarded upon completion of examinations called Local A Levels while most of the private schools award them upon London A Levels. Local GCE Advanced Level qualification is offered by the Department of Examinations, passing A Levels is the major requirement for applying local universities
25.
Taekwondo
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Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. Gyeorugi, a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. The body known for taekwondo in the Olympics is the World Taekwondo Federation, beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of the occupation of Korea by Imperial Japan, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Japan during the Japanese rule, during this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools. After witnessing a martial arts demonstration by the military in 1952, beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified style of Korean martial arts. The name Tae Soo Do was used to describe this notional unified style and this name consists of the hanja 跆 tae to stomp, trample, 手 su hand and 道 do way, discipline. Choi Hong Hi advocated the use of the name Tae Kwon Do, i. e. replacing su hand by 拳 kwon fist, the new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. In 1959 the Korea Taekwondo Association was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts, in 1966, Choi established the International Taekwon-Do Federation as a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing a common style of taekwondo. Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s complicated the adoption of ITF-style taekwondo as a unified style, the South Korean government wished to avoid North Korean influence on the martial art. Conversely, ITF president Choi Hong Hi sought support for the art from all quarters. In response, in 1973 South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF, after Chois retirement the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate federations each of which continues to operate today under the same name. In 1973 the South Korean governments Ministry of Culture, Sports, Kukkiwon now served many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation to promote taekwondo specifically as an international sport, since 2000, taekwondo has been one of only two Asian martial arts that are included in the Olympic Games. It became an event at the 1988 games in Seoul. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport, Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, World Taekwondo Federation sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, to facilitate fast, turning kicks, taekwondo generally adopts stances that are narrower and hence less-stable than the broader, wide stances used by martial arts such as karate. The tradeoff of decreased stability is believed to be worth the increase in agility. The emphasis on speed and agility is a characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong Hi
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Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
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Bronze medal
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The outright winner receives a gold medal and the second place a silver medal. More generally, bronze is traditionally the most common used for all types of high-quality medals. The practice of awarding bronze third place medals began at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, prior to which only first, minting Olympic medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1972–2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek game, winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. In 1995, a study was carried out by social psychologists Victoria Medvec, Scott Madey, the study showed that athletes who won the bronze medal were significantly happier with their winning than those athletes who won the silver medal. The silver medalists were more frustrated because they had missed the gold medal and this is more pronounced in knockout competitions, where the bronze medals are achieved by winning a playoff, whereas silver medals are awarded after a defeat in the final. This psychological phenomenon was parodied in the Jerry Seinfeld special Im Telling You for the Last Time, bronze and brass ornamental work Third place playoff Medal Designs for all Olympic Games
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Red belt (martial arts)
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A Red Belt is one of several colored belts used in some martial arts where each practitioners level is marked by the color of the belt, these are most commonly those of Kodokan style Judo origin. In some schools, a red belt signifies ninth or tenth degree Dan rank, in karate, even though grandmasters and non-black belts may both wear a red belt, the difference is obvious. Also, the red belt is usually darker in color and embroidered with the persons name. In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the 7th and 8th degree belts are black and red, only red and blue belts are to be worn for competition, with foot and fist pads of the corresponding color for kumite competition. In tournaments sanctioned by the Japan Karate Association, red and white belts were previously worn, however, this practice has largely been replaced after the 1980s, with both competitors now wearing black belts and the athlete designated as aka wearing a thin red tassel on his/her belt. Usually in traditional Korean taekwondo, the red belt is just before gaining a first degree black belt, the pattern, or poomsae, which must be learned by the practitioner in order to attain the rank varies between styles and schools. In Tsien Tao Chinese Kempo, the red belt is equivalent to a sixth degree black belt, stripes are added to the red belt to denote second, and third degree master. A fourth degree master is represented by a red and white striped belt, in Seiki Juku Karate, a red belt denotes karate-ka at 10th Kyu. In Muay Thai, red belt or red munkun is highest rank which denotes 9th and 10th Dan, in Vovinam, red belt is highest rank for master rank and have 7 level from zero to six
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Black belt (martial arts)
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In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is a way to describe a graduate of a field where a practitioners level is often marked by the color of the belt. The black belt is commonly the highest belt color used and denotes a degree of competence and it is often associated with a teaching grade though frequently not the highest grade or the expert of public perception. It is also a recent invention rather than an ancient custom. Previously, Japanese Koryu instructors tended to provide certificates, initially the wide obi was used, as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, other martial arts later adopted the custom or a variation of it to denote rank. This includes martial arts that traditionally did not have a rank structure. This kind of ranking is less common in arts that do not claim a far eastern origin, Rank and belts are not equivalent between arts, styles, or even within some organizations. In some arts, a belt is expected in three years, while in others ten years may be common. Testing for black belt is commonly more rigorous and more centralized than for lower grades, in contrast to the black belt as master stereotype, a black belt commonly indicates the wearer is competent in a styles basic technique and principles. In this analogy a graduate degree would represent advancement past the first degree, the shodan black belt is not the end of training but rather as a beginning to advanced learning, the individual now knows how to walk and may thus begin the journey. Some schools place profit ahead of ability when using these tactics and are referred to as McDojos or belt factories. In some Japanese schools, after obtaining a black belt the student also begins to instruct, in Japanese martial arts the further subdivisions of black belt ranks may be linked to dan grades and indicated by stripes on the belt. Yūdansha is often used to describe those who hold a black belt rank, while the belt remains black, stripes or other insignia may be added to denote seniority, in some arts, very senior grades will wear differently colored belts. In judo and some forms of karate, a sixth dan will wear a red, the red and white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions, and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award red, in some schools of Jujutsu, the Shihan rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are still referred to collectively as black belts. Kyū Rank in Judo Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system Origins of the Karate Rank System
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Single-elimination tournament
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Where more than two competitors can play in each match, such as in a shootout poker tournament, players are removed when they can no longer play until one player remains from the group. This player moves on to the next round, some competitions are held with a pure single-elimination tournament system. Others have many phases, with the last being a final stage called playoffs. The round before the quarterfinals is sometimes called the round of sixteen, Last Sixteen, or pre-quarterfinals, earlier rounds are typically numbered counting forwards from the first round, or by the number of remaining competitors. If some competitors get a bye, the round at which they enter may be named the first round, with the matches called a preliminary round. Many Olympic single-elimination tournaments feature the bronze medal if they do not award bronze medals to both losing semifinalists. The FIFA World Cup has long featured the third place match, the number of distinct ways of arranging a single-elimination tournament is given by the Wedderburn–Etherington numbers. Brackets are set up so that the top two seeds could not possibly meet until the round, none of the top four can meet prior to the semifinals. If no seeding is used, the tournament is called a random knockout tournament. One version of seeding is where brackets are set up so that the quarterfinal pairings would be the 1 seed vs. the 8 seed,2 vs.7,3 vs.6 and 4 vs. This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals, in American team sports, for example, the MLS, NFL and WNBA employ this tactic, but the NBA does not. MLB does not have teams in its playoff tournament where re-seeding would make a large difference in the matchups. In international fencing competitions, it is common to have a group stage, participants are divided in groups of 6–7 fencers who play a round-robin tournament, and a ranking is calculated from the consolidated group results. Single elimination is seeded from this ranking, the single-elimination format enables a relatively large number of competitors to participate. There are no dead matches, and no matches where one competitor has more to play for than the other, the format is less suited to games where draws are frequent. In chess, each fixture in a single-elimination tournament must be played multiple matches, because draws are common. In association football, games ending in a draw may be settled in extra time, another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the tournament allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory
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Dan (rank)
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The dan ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of ones ability within a certain subject matter. As a ranking system, it was used at a go school during the Edo period. It is now used in modern fine arts and martial arts. The system was applied to arts in Japan by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, in 1883. In the modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt, those of higher rank may also wear red-and-white and red belts. Dan ranks are given for strategic board games such as go, Japanese chess, and renju, as well as for cultural arts such as flower arrangement, Japanese calligraphy and tea ceremony. The Chinese character for the word dan literally means step or stage in Japanese. In Chinese pinyin, however, the character is spelled duàn. Dan is often used together with the word kyū in certain ranking systems, with dan being used for the higher ranks, the dan ranking system in go was devised by Honinbō Dōsaku, a professional go player in the Edo period. Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap, dosaku valued the then highest title holder, Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese go ranking system, Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo. Kanō started the modern system in 1883 when he awarded shodan to two of his senior students. Prior to this, martial arts schools awarded progress with less frequent menkyo licenses or secret scrolls, there was still no external differentiation between yūdansha and mudansha. Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, kano adopted the custom of having his yūdansha wear black obi in 1886. At that time, these obi were not the belts that karateka and jūdōka wear today and they wore the wide obi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kanō invented the modern keikogi, and belts in white for mudansha, traditionally, the level of go players has been defined using kyū and dan ranks. Kyu ranks are considered student ranks, whilst dan ranks are considered master ranks, especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced, in such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results. Dan ranks are for advanced players, although many organizations let players choose their own kyū rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated
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E4 (TV channel)
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E4 is a British terrestrial digital television channel, funded by advertising. The E stands for entertainment, and the channel is aimed at the 16–34 age group. Programming includes US imports such as The Goldbergs, The Cleveland Show, other programming includes British shows such as Skins, My Mad Fat Diary, Misfits, The Inbetweeners, The Ricky Gervais Show, Shameless, Hollyoaks, Coach Trip and Made in Chelsea. Some US imports, such as Desperate Housewives and Ugly Betty, are screened on E4 up to one ahead of their Channel 4 broadcasts. Its most successful broadcast to date was on 11 October 2010 when an episode of The Inbetweeners pulled in over 3.7 million viewers, E4 launched as a pay-TV companion to Channel 4 on 18 January 2001. On 16 December 2004, Channel 4 announced that the channel would become a digital terrestrial television channel. From its launch until the closure of ITV Digital, E4 was available as a subscription channel. E4 was also available as part of the basic Sky satellite subscription channel package and this change happened on 6 May 2008 and the channel joined Freesat along with More4. In May 2005, E4 introduced First Look, showing episodes of popular programmes such as Come Dine with Me, Hollyoaks and drama such as Lost. In October 2005, More4 was launched to complement Channel 4s digital channels, ER and The West Wing subsequently moved from E4 to More4. E4 launched a Republic of Ireland service in June 2002 which has become the second most popular channel in Ireland with 1. 1% of the audience. Since 2006, E4 has sponsored the E4 UdderBELLY venue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the venue took the form of a giant upside cow in the purple colour of E4s logo. In July 2007, it was announced Channel 4 would be launching E4 Radio, the station was planned for launch in July 2008 and aimed at a similar demographic to its sister television channel, however this launch date was later delayed. In October 2008 Channel 4 announced it was abandoning its plans for digital radio, on 14 December 2009, a high-definition simulcast of E4 launched on Sky+ HD channel 215, it was later added to Virgin Media on 1 April 2010. Unlike the other standard definition channels from Channel 4, which are free to air, similar to this, the high-definition simulcast of its sister channel, Film4, is only available to Virgin Medias TV L and XL HD customers. E4 acquired the rights to several new US comedies throughout 2011 and 2012, a few of which were New Girl, Suburgatory,2 Broke Girls, The New Normal, on 31 October 2013, E4 premiered a refreshed look as part of the channels rebranding. This coincided with the debut of the season of E4s most popular show, The Big Bang Theory. On 6 July 2017, E4 will have been on end-of-part programmes going into, in 1994, Channel 4 purchased the broadcast rights to the popular American sitcom Friends
