1.
Forecastle Festival
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The Forecastle Festival is a three-day music, art, and environmental activism festival held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, since 2002. Forecastle was selected in 2012 as one of Rolling Stones Coolest Festivals and has an attendance of over 75,000 fans at Louisville Waterfront Park. In 2014, the festival attracted attendees from 49 states,2,192 cities, structured as an equal representation of music, arts, and activism, the event grew quickly and audience expanded regionally. The festivals name, format, and concept were trademarked in 2007, Forecastle was named one of Outside Magazines Top 15 Festivals in the Country in 2009. AC Entertainment became a co-producer of Forecastle in 2011, Forecastle has showcased over 500 bands and a diverse number of musical genres, from rock to hip-hop, bluegrass to electronica. The event has multiple stages, all with maritime themes, the lineup included such acts as Wilco, Bassnectar, Girl Talk, Sleigh Bells, Beach House, Andrew Bird, Sleeper Agent, Neko Case and many more. Forecastle has featured over 100 local, regional, and national artists, contributing a variety of work, as well as 2-D, 3-D. Each years exhibition is centered on a theme of sustainability. A panel of curators designs the exhibition from artist submissions, Forecastle has showcased over 150 environmental non-profits and outdoor recreational organizations. Previous participants include chapters of The Sierra Club, Earth First, previous speakers include Robert F. Kennedy Jr. In 2011, Forecastle founder JK McKnight created the Forecastle Foundation - a 501 environmental non-profit dedicated to re-building the worlds natural awesome, the organization focuses on global hot spots, the most critically threatened, biologically diverse habitats left on earth. Hot spots cover just 2. 3% of the Earths land surface, yet account for 77% of all vertebrate species and 50% of the worlds plant life. As of 2015, the Forecastle Foundation has contributed over $150,000 to its partners, including The Guayaki Foundation, The Nature Conservancy, other projects include the Mangueirinha Indigenous Reserve in Parana, Brazil, and the Coral Triangle in Indonesia. In addition, the Lodge features Fireside Chats with master distillers, celebrity mixology sessions, culinary pairings, in 2013, acclaimed Bourbon writer Fred Minnick labeled Forecastle Bourbons Most Important Festival. In honor of Louisville native and Kentucky Bourbon aficionado Hunter S. Thompson and it debuted on Hunters posthumous 77th birthday, which was the same weekend as Forecastle 2014. The Official Hotel & Headquarters for the festival is the Galt House, other nearby options include 21c Museum Hotel, Courtyard Marriott, and Ramada Downtown. American Turners has been used as a campground the past three years, the riverfront property includes a bar, pool, showers, outdoor sports, and other amenities for campers. During the festival, a bus is usually provided to
2.
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
3.
Gerald Casale
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Gerald Vincent Jerry Casale is an American singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and music video director. Casales music career more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as co-founder and bass player of the new wave band Devo and he is one of only two members who have been with Devo throughout its entire history. Casale began his career in 2005 while still a member of Devo with the project Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers. The project received little promotion beyond a music video for the single Army Girls Gone Wild, Jihad Jerry performed at several shows near the end of Devos 2006 tour, performing the song Beautiful World. He has also performed occasionally with other bands, Casale has also directed music videos for other recording artists, including The Cars, Rush, A Perfect Circle, Foo Fighters, Soundgarden, and Silverchair, among others. Gerald Vincent Pizzute was born on July 28,1948, in Ravenna and he was born with the last name Pizzute because his father, Bob, had legally changed his name to that of his foster parents. Four years after Geralds birth, his changed his name back to his birth name. Gerald Casale grew up in Kent, Ohio and graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1966, prior to Devo, Casale had played bass guitar with The Numbers Band in his native Kent, Ohio. He caused friction in the band by suggesting that they should incorporate advertising jingles and he was forced out of the band after slipping on a monkey mask during a performance. After leaving the Numbers Band and graduation, Casale attended Kent State University, in the late 1960s, he was a self-described hippie until the May 4,1970 shootings. Being involved with Freshman orientation at the KSU Honors College, he knew two of the victims, Jeffrey Miller and Allison Krause, and was near Krause when she was shot. Casale described that day in multiple interviews as being the day I stopped being a hippie, together with Bob Lewis, Casale used the shooting as a catalyst to develop the concept of Devolution, forming the band Devo in 1973. According to Casale, the album Oh, No and its Devos sound was inspired by reviewers alternately describing them as both fascists and clowns. Following the commercial failure of their studio album Shout, on which Casale sang the majority of the tracks. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, Alan Myers left the band, causing the band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP. In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers and their first project was a soundtrack for the flop horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil and they released the albums Total Devo and Smooth Noodle Maps, on Enigma. Devo had an out and played two shows in 1991 before breaking up
4.
Mark Mothersbaugh
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Mark Allen Mothersbaugh is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, author and visual artist. Mothersbaughs music career more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as co-founder, lead singer and keyboardist of the new wave band Devo, the band has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Mothersbaugh is one of the composers of Devos music and made major lyrical contributions to the bands songs. He is one of two members who have been with Devo throughout its entire history. He also has had a career which has included four studio albums, Muzik for Insomniaks, Muzik for the Gallery, Joyeux Mutato. In 2004, he was honored with the Richard Kirk award at the BMI Film and TV Awards for his significant contributions to film, additionally, Mothersbaugh was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters from Kent State University in 2008. He has married twice and is the father of two adopted children, Mark Allen Mothersbaugh was born on May 18,1950, in Akron, Ohio. He is the son of Mary Margaret and Robert Mothersbaugh, Sr and he grew up with two younger brothers, Bob and Jim, and two sisters, Amy and Susan. His father appeared in early Devo films and fan events as the character General Boy and his brothers participated in the band, although Jims tenure was brief, Mothersbaugh attended Kent State University as an art student, where he met Devo co-founders Gerald Casale and Bob Lewis. This association culminated in 1973, when the trio started to play music as Devo, following the commercial failure of their sixth studio album Shout, Warner Bros. dropped Devo. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, drummer Alan Myers left the band, causing the band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP. In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers and their first project was a soundtrack for the flop horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil and they released the albums Total Devo and Smooth Noodle Maps, on Enigma. Devo had an out and played two shows in 1991 before breaking up. Around this time, members of Devo appeared in the film The Spirit of 76, following the split, Mark Mothersbaugh established Mutato Muzika, a commercial music production studio, along with Bob Mothersbaugh and Bob Casale. Mothersbaugh meant to further a career as a composer, Mothersbaugh gained considerable success in writing and producing music for television programs, video games cartoons, and movies. In 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0, a band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14,2006
5.
Bob Casale
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Robert Edward Bob Casale, Jr. or Bob 2, was an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, record producer and audio engineer. Casales music career spanned more than 40 years and he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the keyboardist and rhythm guitarist of the new wave band Devo, which released a Top 20 hit in 1980 with the single Whip It. The band has maintained a following throughout its existence. He was the brother of their co-founder and bass guitarist Gerald Casale. Robert Edward Pizzute Jr. was born on July 14,1952, in Kent and he was born with the last name Pizzute because his father had legally changed his name from Robert Edward Casale to that of his foster parents. In the same year as Bobs birth, his changed his name back to his birth name. Casale graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1970 and originally trained as a radiographer, Casale joined Devo in 1973, after being recruited by his brother Gerald. Casale later claimed that it was an immediate way of self-expression that required less money. In 1981, Casale with Devo served as Toni Basils backing band on Word of Mouth, her debut album, following the commercial failure of their sixth studio album Shout, Warner Bros. dropped Devo. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, Alan Myers left the band, causing the band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP. In the interim, Casale began a career as an audio engineer, in 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers. Their first project was a soundtrack for the horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil. The band stopped performing in 1991, but reformed as an act in 1995. Around this time, members of Devo appeared in the film The Spirit of 76, in 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0. A band of performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14,2006. The lyrics of some of the songs were changed for family-friendly airplay, the album, Something for Everybody was eventually released in June 2010, preceded by a 12 single of Fresh/What We Do. In Devo concerts, Casale played the lead and rhythm guitar and he also sang backing vocals, both on albums and at live shows
6.
Bob Mothersbaugh
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Robert Leroy Bob Mothersbaugh, Jr. or Bob 1, is an American singer, songwriter, composer and musician. Mothersbaughs music career more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead guitarist and occasional singer of the new wave band Devo. The band has maintained a following throughout its existence. He is the brother of co-founder and lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh. Robert Leroy Mothersbaugh Jr. was born in Akron, Ohio and he is the son of Mary Margaret and Robert Mothersbaugh, Sr. He grew up with one brother, Mark, and one younger brother, Jim. In high school, he played in the cover band Jitters with his brother Jim Mothersbaugh and Greg Brosch on guitar and Greg Kaiser on bass. His father appeared in early Devo films and fan events as the character General Boy, in 1981, Mothersbaugh with Devo served as Toni Basils backing band on Word of Mouth, her debut album, which included versions of three Devo songs, recorded with Basil singing lead. Following the commercial failure of their studio album Shout, Warner Bros. dropped Devo. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, Alan Myers left the band, causing the band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP. In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers and their first project was a soundtrack for the flop horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil, and they released the albums Total Devo and Smooth Noodle Maps, on Enigma. The band stopped performing again in 1991, but reformed as an act in 1995. In 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0, a band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14,2006. The lyrics of some of the songs were changed for family-friendly airplay, the album, Something for Everybody was eventually released in June 2010, preceded by a 12 single of Fresh/What We Do. In 1989, Bob Mothersbaugh and other members of Devo were involved in the project Visiting Kids, the group featured Mark Mothersbaughs then-wife Nancye Ferguson, as well as David Kendrick, Bob Mothersbaugh and Bobs daughter Alex Mothersbaugh. Their record was produced by Bob Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh, Visiting Kids appeared on the soundtrack to the film Rockula, as well as on the Late Show with David Letterman
7.
Kent, Ohio
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Kent is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the largest city in Portage County. It is located along the Cuyahoga River in Northeast Ohio on the edge of the county. The population was 28,904 in the 2010 Census and 29,810 in the 2015 estimate, the city is counted as part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area. Part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, Kent was settled in 1805 and was known for years as Franklin Mills. Settlers were attracted to the due to its location along the Cuyahoga River as a place for water-powered mills. Later development came in the 1830s and 1840s as a result of the position along the route of the Pennsylvania. Leading up to the American Civil War, Franklin Mills was noted for its activity in the Underground Railroad. With the decline of the canal and the emergence of the railroad, in 1864 the town was renamed Kent in honor of and in gratitude for Marvin Kents efforts. It was incorporated as a village in 1867 and became a city after the 1920 Census, today Kent is a college town best known as the home of the main campus of Kent State University, founded in 1910, and as the site of the 1970 Kent State shootings. Historically a manufacturing center, education is the citys largest economic sector with Kent State University the citys, the Kent City School District and the Kent Free Library provide additional education opportunities and resources. Many of Kents demographic elements are influenced by the presence of the university, particularly the median age, median income, the city is governed by a council-manager system with a city manager, a nine-member city council, and a mayor. Kent has nearly 20 parks and preserves and hosts a number of festivals including ones related to Earth Day, folk music. In addition to the Kent State athletic teams, the city hosts a number of amateur. Local transportation infrastructure includes a bus service and hike-and-bike trails. As the home of the Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent is known as The Tree City while residents are referred to as Kentites, the city has produced a number of notable individuals, particularly in politics, athletics, and the entertainment industry. The region was inhabited by various tribes of American Indians. The site, known as Bradys Leap, is now a city park, settlement by Europeans began in the late 1790s and early 19th century. Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy Connecticut merchant, had purchased the 16, 000-acre township, Franklin Township was surveyed in 1803 and settled in November 1805 when John Haymaker and his family moved west from Warren to the banks of the Cuyahoga River
8.
Akron, Ohio
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Akron /ˈækrən/ is the fifth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located on the edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. As of the 2015 Census Estimate, the city proper had a population of 197,542. The Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area covers Summit and Portage counties and it is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, which in 2013 had a population of 3,501,538, ranking 15th. Co-founded along the Little Cuyahoga River in 1825 by Simon Perkins and Paul Williams, it was done so being a point at the summit of the developing Ohio. The name derived from the Greek word ἄκρον signifying a summit or high point, due to Eliakim Crosby founding North Akron in 1833, South was added to its name until the two merged into an incorporated village in 1836. Neighboring settlements Kenmore and Ellet became annexed in 1929 and it is a setting for several movie films, television shows and novel stories, and is the origin of fictional characters. Residents of the city are called Akronites and it has had many nicknames, three of which are Rubber Capital of the World, Rubber City and City of Invention. Akron became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the canal, as well as being connected to numerous others and railroad lines. The city is home to the All-American Soapbox Derby, WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens, Akron City Hospital, the Goodyear Polymer Center, and Alcoholics Anonymous. Listed by Newsweek as one of ten Information Age high tech havens, it was awarded by the National Civic League, residents Frank and Charles Menches have a disputed claim of inventing the hamburger thus the annual national festival is hosted in the city. A creature often referred to as the Kenmore Grassman is reported through history, Notable historical events that occurred in the city includes the Akron School Law of 1847 creating the K-12 system, and Sojourner Truth giving her Aint I A Woman. Resident Ferdinand Schumacher supplied the Union Army with quaker oats during the American Civil War. Akron is known for the rubber, tire, and airship industries among others, including the trucking, stoneware, sewer pipe, fishing tackle, farming equipment, mining, match, zipper, and toy industries. With a population increase of 201. 8% during the 1910s, three major civil unrest events took place during the riot of 1900, rubber strike of 1936, and the Wooster Avenue riots of 1968. Du Bois and President Bill Clinton gave speeches on race relations in the city, while visiting during August 1914, Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In 1971, James R. Williams founded Alpha Phi Alpha Homes Inc. to build the Channelwood Village area of Akron. During a 2016 march on West Market Street, purple heart Vietnam War veteran, Notable criminal history includes mobster Rosario Borgio headquartering the areas black hand operations, and Pretty Boy Floyds Walker-Mitchell mobs activities
9.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
10.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
11.
Synth-pop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
12.
Art pop
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Art pop is a loosely defined style of pop music influenced by pop art and postmodernisms integration of high and low culture. Art pop artists have explored ideas such as status as commercial art, notions of artifice, the self as a construction. Starting in the mid 1960s, British and American pop musicians began incorporating the ideas of the pop art movement, English art pop musicians drew from their art school studies, while in America the style intersected with the Beat Generation and folk musics subsequent singer-songwriter movement. The genre further developed with artists who rejected conventional rock instrumentation and structure in favor of dance styles, the 2010s saw new art pop trends develop, such as hip hop artists drawing on visual art and vaporwave artists exploring elements of contemporary capitalism. Sociomusicologist Simon Frith has distinguished the appropriation of art pop music as having a particular concern with style, gesture. Central to particular purveyors of the style were notions of the self as a work of construction and artifice, as well as a preoccupation with the invention of terms, imagery, process, and affect. Cultural theorist Mark Fisher wrote that the development of art pop evolved out of the triangulation of pop, art, Frith states that it was more or less directly inspired by Pop art. Writers for The Independent and the Financial Times have noted the attempts of art pop music to distance its audiences from the public at large, the Independents Nick Coleman wrote, Art-pop is partly about attitude and style, but its essentially about art. It is, if you like, a way of making pure formalism socially acceptable in a pop context, the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. In the 1960s, pop musicians such as John Lennon, Syd Barrett, Pete Townshend, Brian Eno, and Bryan Ferry began to take inspiration from their previous art school studies. Frith states that in Britain, art school represented an escape route for the bright working class kids. In North America, art pop was influenced by Bob Dylan and the Beat Generation, another chief influence on the development of art pop was the Pop art movement. The term Pop art, first coined to describe the value of mass-produced goods, was directly applicable to the contemporary phenomenon of rock. According to Frith, turned out to signal the end of Romanticism, progressive rock was the bohemians last bet. In this context the key Pop art theorist was not Hamilton or any of the other British artists who, for all their interest in the market, remained its academic admirers only. For Warhol the significant issue wasnt the relative merits of high and low art, in the words of author Matthew Bannister, Wilson and Spector were both known as eremitic studio obsessives. Habitually absented themselves from their own work, and like Warhol, Spector existed not as presence, both vastly successful commercial artists, and both simultaneously absent and present in their own creations. The Beach Boys singles California Girls, God Only Knows, as the dominant format of pop music transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, where art rock would flourish
13.
Industrial music
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Industrial music is a genre of experimental/electronic music that draws on transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. In general, the style is harsh and challenging, allMusic defines industrial as the most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music, initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments and punk provocation. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, musically and visually, such as fascism, serial killers and their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms. Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences. These artists expanded the genre by pushing it into noisier and more electronic directions, over time, its influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient and rock, all of which now fall under the post-industrial music label. Electro-industrial music is a subgenre that developed in the 1980s. These three distinct genres are often referred to as simply industrial, Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. Industrial music was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery, monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of the industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include The Velvet Underground, Joy Division, genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had a cassette library including recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Manson, and William S. Burroughs. P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as The Doors, Pearls Before Swine, The Fugs, Captain Beefheart, chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream. Boyd Rice was influenced by the music of 60s girl groups, Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express. Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick, Nurse with Wound cited a long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Daviss On the Corner, many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten, took inspiration from world music. Many of the industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians. Simon Reynolds declares that Being a Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism, John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, and Tristan Tzara. Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to the Marquis de Sade, another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork Music cites this album as inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, the album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrials use of non-musical sounds
14.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
15.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
16.
Enigma Records
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Enigma Records was a popular rock and alternative American record label in the 1980s. Enigma Records launched as a division of Greenworld Distribution, an independent music importer/distributor, four years later, in 1985, Enigma severed ties with its former parent Greenworld and became its own company. Enigma was initially located in Torrance, California, then El Segundo, California and finally Culver City, Enigma was founded and run by brothers William and Wesley Hein. Jim Martone joined the company in 1984, Enigma focused on punk rock, alternative, and heavy metal music though it also released techno, jazz and classical music through subsidiary labels. The labels first release was Motley Crues Too Fast For Love, the album was initially released under the bands own Leathür Records imprint but manufactured, marketed and distributed by what would become the Enigma Records team. After the band moved on to Elektra Records, the Enigma Records name was adopted, Enigmas next major success was with the techo pop band Berlin. Enigma Records was initially distributed through independent record importers/distributors such as JEM Records, in 1984, Enigma entered into a joint venture with EMI America to sign and develop new artists. Among the artists signed under the venture were the Red Hot Chili Peppers, in 1986, Enigma moved its distribution to Capitol/EMI, a major record label, while leaving its Restless Records division with the independent distributors who had previously distributed Enigma. Poison, a rock band, and The Smithereens were two of the first artists released under the joint Enigma / Capitol relationship, both of which had significant success. That same year it launched a video line, which was also distributed by Capitol. One of Enigmas biggest commercial successes was with the Christian rock band Stryper, in addition to the primary Enigma Records label, the company had two smaller subsidiary labels as well as a music publishing company. Enigma Retro focused on re-issues of material licensed from other such as Straight Records, Bizarre Records. The Restless Records division focused on alternative artists not intended for major label distribution, Enigma also released film soundtracks including The Terminator and Rivers Edge. Enigma released an album, Enigma Variations, with various artists. Enigma had a joint venture with Mute Records and released certain Mute titles in the United States, sonic Youths landmark 1988 album Daydream Nation was originally released on Enigma Records, in association with Blast First Records. Enigma was formerly acquired by Capitol/EMI in 1989, some of its catalog and operations were merged into the still independent Restless Records in 1991. Enigmas Canadian division was closed in 1992 and was reorganized into FRE Records before shuttering in 1999, the U-Krew Untouchables The Vandals Vinnie Vincent Invasion Voivod Wall of Voodoo Wednesday Week Wild Dogs Ike Willis Wire XYZ List of record labels
17.
Rykodisc
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Rykodisc was an American record label. Its catalog is owned by Warner Music Group, operating as a unit of WMGs Independent Label Group and is distributed through Alternative Distribution Alliance. Claiming to be the first CD-only independent record label in the United States, Rykodisc was founded in 1983 in Salem, Massachusetts, by Arthur Mann, Rob Simonds, Doug Lexa and Don Rose. The name Ryko, which the label claimed was a Japanese word meaning sound from a flash of light, was chosen to reflect the companys CD-only policy. In the late 1980s, however, the label began to issue high-quality cassette. Rykodisc also re-released the SST Records-era recordings by the Meat Puppets and it also was responsible for the first release of the I Am the Cosmos LP by the late Chris Bell of Big Star, another band on the label. Over the years the label acquired Hannibal Records, Tradition Records, Gramavision, Emperor Norton Records, Restless Records, Rykodisc also founded a distribution company, Ryko Distribution, and a music publishing company, Rykomusic. The labels catalog exceeds 1,200 titles, in 1999, one year after the Blackwell buy-out, the office in Salem, Massachusetts, was closed, and many industry veterans were laid off. In 2001 Blackwell parted ways with Rykodisc, the label was then located in New York City with offices in Los Angeles and in Beverly, Massachusetts. On March 23,2006, it was announced that Warner Music Group acquired the Ryko Corporation for $67.5 million, also in 2006, the independent publishing company EverGreen Copyrights purchased the Rykomusic publishing catalogue, among others. In 2009, Ryko Distribution was folded into Alternative Distribution Alliance, currently, ADA acts as the distributor for all Rykodisc releases in the United States
18.
Rhino Entertainment
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Rhino Entertainment Company is an American specialty record label and production company founded in 1978. It is currently the division for the Warner Music Group. Founded in 1978, Rhino was originally a novelty and reissue label during the 1970s and 1980s, one of Rhinos early artists was The Twisters, whose Los Angeles popularity far exceeded their album sales. The labels on early Rhino records featured the mascot character. Some of the labels earliest successes with reissues were achieved by acquiring the rights to the White Whale Records catalog that included the Turtles, by the mid-1980s, most of Rhinos releases were reissues of previously released recordings licensed from other companies. Rhino was quick to get into the disc market, releasing dozens of oldies CDs at the dawn of the CD age in 1984. Their retrospective compact disc releases, such as those in the Billboard Top Hits series, are often remastered to restore or improve upon the original analog audio quality. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the company continued to sign artists and release new music, on the main Rhino label and on subsidiary labels such as RNA. In 1985, Rhino signed a distribution agreement with Capitol Records. During 1989 Rhino and Capitol’s parent EMI made a deal to jointly acquire Roulette Records, Rhino received the US rights to Roulettes catalog, excluding jazz. When the distribution deal with Capitol ended in 1992, Rhino signed a new deal with Atlantic Records. In 1998, Time Warner bought the other half of Rhino, the Rhino Records retail store, which was not part of the sale, closed in 2005. Periods, in addition to WBs own post-1949 period, Rhinos soundtrack releases include Gone with the Wind, The Wizard of Oz, Easter Parade, North by Northwest, Casablanca, King Kong, Doctor Zhivago, Superman, and Finians Rainbow. The Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. film soundtrack libraries are managed by Warner Bros. in-house label subsidiary. In 1999, Rhino started the Rhino Handmade division of limited-edition releases available primarily from their website, all Handmade deluxe editions were limited to about 3,000 copies or less, and once sold out were not re-pressed. In 2003, co-founders and longtime executives Richard Foos and Harold Bronson left Rhino, soon after, Foos inaugurated a new label, Shout. Factory, which began releasing dozens of CDs and videos mirroring the original early-1990s Rhino philosophy, in 2004, Time Warner spun off its music divisions and today Rhino is part of the newly organized Warner Music Group. In June 2006, Warner Strategic Marketing in the U. K. was dissolved, the division has two main factions, TV-advertised compilations and catalog material from the Warner vaults
19.
Stiff Records
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Stiff Records is a British independent record label formed in London, England, by Dave Robinson and Jake Riviera. Originally active from 1976 to 1986, the label was reactivated in 2007, Robinson and Riviera were well-known London music business characters. The label was started with a loan of £400 from Lee Brilleaux of Dr. Feelgood and its first release, on 14 August 1976, was a single by Nick Lowe, So It Goes, B-side Heart Of The City, with the striking catalogue number BUY1. That record sold 10,000 copies, but Stiffs next release, Between The Lines by Pink Fairies, november 1976 also saw the release of a single by Nottingham-based band Plummet Airlines Silver Shirt/This is the World. Plummet Airlines then went on to be featured on the John Peel show in May and August 1977, early in 1977, Stiff Records picked up speed, signing Wreckless Eric, Ian Dury, and Elvis Costello. Bigger sales followed, and a deal with Island Records. A similar deal with CBS Records was set up for Stiff releases in the United States, rivieras departure coincided with the end of the 5 Live Stiffs Tour, which showcased emerging star Ian Dury. Durys album New Boots & Panties had raced up the charts and its sales kept the label in business over the following months, in 1979, Robinson signed Madness, whose considerable commercial success, both in Britain and abroad, would keep Stiff afloat for several years. Stiff expanded rapidly and moved its premises twice and it also continued to release dozens of obscure and uncommercial releases. At the end of 1983, Island Records bought 50% of Stiff, Island was very short of money at the time and Robinson had to lend it £1,000,000 to fund the share purchase and pay the payroll. Nonetheless, Robinson led Island through their best year ever, with, among others releases by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Legend by Bob Marley, Stiff signed The Pogues, but then Madness left under a cloud. The Island deal failed and Dave Robinson regained control of the independent label in 1985. Warner Music Group holds the currently to Stiffs masters and most are reissued through Rhino Entertainment. In 2007, ZTT and its parent company SPZ Group reactivated the label, Stiff quickly broke one of the UKs hottest new indie acts, The Enemy. It then released a string of well-received albums of new work from legacy Stiff artists, including as Wreckless Eric, Henry Priestman, Any Trouble, brand new acts signed to the label included The Tranzmitors and Eskimo Disco. Swedish designer Tobbe Stuhre was appointed official Stiff Records designer, in 2008, Union Square Music released The Big Stiff Box Set. This detailed catalogue release contained 98 tracks across four CDs and the 100-page The Big Stiff Book by music journalist and Stiff expert, Robinson and Riviera had arranged package tours ‒ such as the 1975 Naughty Rhythms tour ‒ for acts they managed before forming Stiff. Having signed all the artists as individuals, bands had to be formed in order to tour
20.
Devo 2.0
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For the proposed deepening of Scottish devolution, see Calman Plus. Devo 2.0 was a quintet, created for Walt Disney Records, of actors who sing, dance. Jerry Casale directed all nine of the videos, actress Jacqueline Emerson, who later appeared in The Hunger Games, was a member. The band split up in 2007 when lead singer Nicole Stoehr, while the music on the album was written and recorded by DEVO and merely dubbed in over footage in which the four dancing children appear to be performing, some of the members are musicians. Devo 2.0 band member Nathan Norman states they do play their own instruments with mild help from sequencers, mark Mothersbaugh said that the band re-recorded their own music due to budgetary restraints. An eponymous DVD and CD combo was released March 14,2006, two new songs, Cyclops and The Winner, were written by Devo for the album. In the summer of 2006 the band began a series of live performances. The lyrics to some of the songs they perform have been edited to make them more friendly and remove much of the innuendo. In Through Being Cool, for instance, the line Eliminate the ninnies, the innuendo-filled Girl U Want is perhaps the most-changed song with all lyrics modified, and is sung by Devo 2. 0s singer Nicole Stoehr as Boy U Want. The song Beautiful World remains mostly unchanged until the end, where the words, in Big Mess the line Im a boy with a gun became Im a girl havin fun. The song The Winner is a re-recording with new lyrics of If the Shoe Fits by Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers, the anti-George W. Bush sentiment was replaced by a song about perseverance and thinking for oneself. We thought it was really funny
21.
Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers
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Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers is the solo project of Devo bassist and chief strategist Gerald Casale. It also includes contributions from Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, and it also adds drummer Josh Freese, who had previously only worked with them when Devo was on tour. The band released a three-song EP through the iTunes Music Store, a full-length album, Mine Is Not A Holy War was released in stores by Cordless Recordings on 12 September 2006. The album was released on iTunes on 22 August 2006, Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers play in a hard, blues-influenced style. Their debut album includes versions of songs from the Hardcore Devo-era of Devos recordings. The project received little promotion, beyond a music video for the song Army Girls Gone Wild, Jihad Jerry performed at several shows near the end of Devos 2006 tour, performing the song Beautiful World, and occasionally with other bands. Casale is quoted as saying People are kind of freaked out by the Jihad Jerry stuff, I thought they’d all think it was really funny and get off on it but people are really offended and scared. I think that’s it. I don’t want them to have Jihad Jerry to kick around anymore, Jihad Jerry was born in Tehran, Iran while the Shah of Iran was still in power. His father was an Iranian barber and his mother was an Irish-American midwife and he attended a private co-ed school in the region where he earned good grades. Even foreigners took attention to young Jihad and he received a scholarship to the University of North Pittsburgh. However, he was not able to leave Iran to attend due to the recent revolution in 1979 led by the Ayatollah Khomeini and he then found work as a rug salesman. Unable to finish his education and trapped in a theocracy which he thought of as narrow-minded and sexually segregated, eventually, he earned enough money to flee from Iran and settle in Yonkers, New York. There he had little success putting together a band, after the terrorist attacks on September 11, Jihad Jerry found new meaning to his message, the enemy is not the Muslim, the Christian, or the Jew, but stupidity itself. His band Jihad Jerry and the Evildoers was soon formed, First released November 8,2005, the album and its content was available only by download. It contained early mixes of three songs that would later be put in the full album. After the full release in 2006, Army Girls Gone Wild was discontinued. Army Girls Gone Wild Beehive The Owl First released on August 22,2006 via download through iTunes, on September 12,2006 it was released by Cordless Recordings on CD. Featuring remixed version of the three songs, the album also included four reworked Devo songs, Beehive, I Been Refused, Find Out
22.
Josh Freese
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Josh Freese is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and composer. He is a permanent member of the Vandals and Devo, having played drums for Nine Inch Nails from 2005 until 2008, A Perfect Circle from 1999 to 2012. He has appeared on nearly 400 records and he is currently performing live with Devo, The Vandals, Weezer and Sublime with Rome. Josh Freese was born on December 25,1972, in Orlando and his father, Stan Freese, conducted the Disney World and Disneyland band, and his mother was a classical pianist. Freese began playing the drums when he was 8 years old and he started playing professionally at the age of 12. He played electronic drums in the rock band named Polo. Polo already had a drummer before joining the Magic Kingdom, band founder Jimmy Keegan, other bands on the same stage were limited to performing Top 40 hits, but such constraints did not apply to Polo. The band recorded and released an eponymous EP that received airplay on KROQ. The young Freeses familial connections and corresponding exposure led to an endorsement deal with the Simmons electronic drum company, there is an old Simmons commercial, featuring Freese on the additional content section of the Vandals Live at the House of Blues DVD. At the age of 16, he high school and started touring and making records, first with Dweezil Zappa. He has worked with many respected artists in the last 15 years, as a first call session drummer, in 1998, Freese recorded a number of songs that he wrote and performed himself. The result is the lo-fi, 6-song EP Destroy Earth As Soon As Possible, in 2000, the songs Caffeine and Vaseline and Rock N Roll Chicken were revived for the 12-song album The Notorious One Man Orgy, this time released under Freeses own name by Kung Fu Records. Guest appearances include Stone Gossard, Warren Fitzgerald, Michael Ward, Lyle Workman, Josh released his second solo album, Since 1972, via his website on March 24,2009. Since 1972 was distributed similarly to the value-added packages offered by Nine Inch Nailss recent releases, Freeses album was offered as a $7 digital download, and a $15 CD/DVD on his website. As a marketing stunt, the website offers unique incentive packages at prices up to $75,000, publications covering the offer include SuicideGirls, The UKs The Guardian, NPR, and Boston Herald. Freese started his career in a Top-40 cover band at the Tomorrowland Terrace Stage at Disneyland from 1985 to 1988. In 2004, the Vandals released a live DVD as part of Kung Fu Records The Show Must Go Off, Freese played on the Infectious Grooves album Sarsipius Ark and on the Suicidal Tendencies album The Art of Rebellion in 1992. He played on the Korean group Seo Taiji and Boys 1996 album Seo Taiji and he was a member of Guns N Roses from 1997 to 1999, replacing Matt Sorum and signing a 2-year contract
23.
Bob Lewis (musician)
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Robert Curtis Lewis is an American composer, musician, and basketballer. He is best known as a co-founder of the new wave band Devo and he graduated from Kent State University shortly after the Kent State shootings on May 4,1970. Bob Lewis was born in Akron, Ohio, and played briefly for Bobby Knight at Cuyahoga Falls High School. He was a National Merit Scholar and attended Kent State University, abbot Scholar at the University at Buffalo. In 1970 Lewis and Gerald Casale began working on a theme of de-evolution in response to the Kent State shootings, Lewis and Gerald Casale wrote seminal tracts on de-evolution for the now-defunct LA Staff. In 1973 they formed the band Devo with Mark Mothersbaugh, recommendations from David Bowie and Iggy Pop enabled Devo to secure a recording contract with Warner Bros. in 1978. As musicianship in the improved, Lewis moved to a managerial role. The band refused to negotiate, and sued Lewis in Los Angeles County Superior Court, Lewis then filed an action in United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, alleging theft of intellectual property. The band settled for an undisclosed sum, in the 1980s, when working as a consultant in Damascus, Syria, he was Middle East Correspondent for Rolling Stock magazine, published by Ed and Jennifer Dunbar Dorn. Lewis poetry has been published in Creedences, Shelleys and in the Poetry Review when Eric Mottram was editor, in 1977 he released a book of poetry titled Viscerally, illustrated by Fran Fecko and published by Tom Beckett. Some thoughts on Devo, the first Postmodern Band at the Wayback Machine, archived from the original on 2006-02-07. Lewis in Antiquities, British Museum at the Wayback Machine Lewis, readers vs. Breeders, Didactical Works re De-Evolution at the Wayback Machine. Archived from the republish on 2007-10-14, Devo at MoMA Looking at Music Andrea
24.
Alan Myers (drummer)
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Alan Myers was an American rock drummer whose music career spanned more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the third and most prominent drummer of the new wave band Devo, Myers was known for the precision of his drumming, especially on the complex and often bizarre rhythms Devo used on their albums. He was often referred to as the Human Metronome, Alan Myers was born in 1955, in Akron, Ohio, and came from a jazz background. He graduated from Firestone High School in 1973, in 1976, he met Bob Mothersbaugh in a café in West Akron and went to the house Bob and Gerald Casale were renting for an audition. Alan was Jewish and had been playing percussion since at least junior high school, Myers joined Devo in 1976, replacing Jim Mothersbaugh following his departure and played on a conventional, acoustic drum kit. In 1981, Myers with Devo served as Toni Basils backing band on Word of Mouth, her debut album, which included versions of three Devo songs, recorded with Basil singing lead. Some of the tracks on the album New Traditionalists featured drum machines for the first time on a Devo album and its Devo was created by electronic means, while Shout was made almost entirely using the Fairlight CMI digital sampling synthesizer. He left between 1986 and 1987 following the failure of their sixth studio album Shout. According to the book We Are Devo, Myers cited a lack of creative fulfilment as his reason for leaving the band and he left the band even though Gerald Casale had begged him not to. Among all of Devos drummers, Myers is the one most associated with the band, in 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers. After he had left Devo, Myers went to work as an electrical contractor and he recorded a demo with Babooshka, a band that was his girlfriend Greta Ionitas creation, using live drums as well as electronic percussion similar to his last two albums with Devo. Myers also played drums with the Asian-themed pop band Jean Paul Yamamoto, in 2005, he founded the band Skyline Electric which played monthly shows in art galleries and clubs in Los Angeles. The line-up at the time of Myers death included his wife, Christine Myers, in 2010, Myers began playing in the live ensemble of musical project Swahili Blonde with his daughter, Laena Geronimo. On June 24,2013, Myers died at the age of 58, in Los Angeles, California, Gerald Casale tweeted that Myers was the most incredible drummer I had the privilege to play with for 10 years. Losing him was like losing an arm, and Josh Freese tweeted that Myers was 1 of all time favs. Such an honor playing his parts w/Devo, on June 28,2013, Skyline Electric performed a tribute to Myers at Human Resources Los Angeles in Los Angeless Chinatown. Alan Myers at AllMusic Alan Myers discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Alan Myers at the Internet Movie Database
25.
Josh Mancell
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Josh Mancell is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist who writes music for film, television, and video games. Based in Los Angeles, Mancell is affiliated with Soundtrack Music Associates and he is best known for his work on the Crash Bandicoot and Jak and Daxter series of video games. Mancell has received two Daytime Emmy Award nominations for his work on the television series, Clifford the Big Red Dog. Mancell was born on November 13,1969 in Ann Arbor, as a child, Mancell learned to play the piano, drums, and guitar and was a rabid record geek. The exposure of playing music in different types of bands, combined with fandom in many genres and he was encouraged by his college professors to move to Los Angeles to write music for film and television. Mancells first cousin is Bobby Ritchie, better known as Kid Rock, Mancell has developed a successful career writing musical scores for film and television. In film, he has scored a range of such as Bongwater. Mancells music has been used for the television shows Gary the Rat, Shorty McShorts Shorts, and Clifford the Big Red Dog. Mancell is known for his music in games including Sonys Crash Bandicoot and Jak and Daxter series. This work was done with the assistance of Mutato Muzika, the production company which Mark Mothersbaugh formed with several other former members of Devo including his brother. He has cited their interesting rhythmic elements and said that melodically theyre simple but kind of leftfield too
26.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
27.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
28.
Whip It (Devo song)
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Whip It is a song by the American new wave band Devo, written by Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale. It was the single from the bands third studio album. There were two 7 single releases of Whip It, one backed with a remix of the track Snowball, Whip It was Devos biggest hit, peaking at No.14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No.11 on the Canadian Singles chart. As a single it reached No.77 on the Australian Singles chart, but it was also the key selling point of the DEV-O Live EP, which reached number one in that countrys singles charts. It is ranked number 62 on VH1s 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s as well as number 15 on the same channels 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s, Whip It is built on a motorik beat, similar to tracks by Neu. The lead instrument is a Minimoog synthesizer, the bass is performed with a custom six oscillator synthesizer, custom made by Moog Music for Devo. Gerald Casale states that the lyrics were written by him as an imitation of Thomas Pynchons parodies in his book Gravitys Rainbow, the lyrics evoke a working class desire to pull oneself up and to overcome adversity. The song has violent undertones, and Devo has often described it as about then-U. S, president Jimmy Carter, as Mothersbaugh describes in an interview on To the Best of Our Knowledge. According to MusicNotes. com, Whip It is composed in the key of E major, Whip It debuted at a live concert on December 29,1979, in Santa Cruz, California. The first performance included a synthesizer solo taken from the early Devo song Chango and this performance was recorded and is available as a bootleg. A demo version was recorded in 1980 and later released in 2000 on the compilation Recombo DNA released by Rhino Handmade, Devo funded the music video for Whip It with $15,000 USD of their own money. The main visual of the video, Mark Mothersbaugh whipping the clothes off a woman, was inspired by an article in a 1962 issue of Dude magazine. In an interview for Songfacts, Casale explains There was an article on a guy who had been an actor and fell on hard times. He moved with his wife to Arizona, opened a dude ranch, every day at noon in the corral, for entertainment, hed whip his wifes clothes off with a 12-foot bullwhip. She sewed the costumes and put together with Velcro. The story was in the magazine about how good he was and we had such a big laugh about it, we said, OK, thats the basis for the video. Well have these cowboys drinking beer and cheering Mark on as hes in the barnyard whipping this pioneer womans clothes off while the plays in the corral. In the video, Devo wear black, sleeveless turtlenecks, when the video begins, all the members, except for Mark Mothersbaugh, wear the turtlenecks pulled over their faces
29.
Stage (theatre)
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In theatre and performing arts, the stage is a designated space for the performance of productions. The stage serves as a space for actors or performers and a point for the members of the audience. As an architectural feature, the stage may consist of a platform or series of platforms, in some cases, these may be temporary or adjustable but in theaters and other buildings devoted to such productions, the stage is often a permanent feature. There are several types of stages that vary as to the usage, the most common form found in the West is the proscenium stage. In this type, the audience is located on one side of the stage with the remaining sides hidden and used by the performers and technicians. Thrust stages may be similar to proscenium stages but with a platform or performance area that extends into the space so that the audience is located on three sides. In theatre in the round, the audience is located on all four sides of the stage, the fourth type of stage incorporates created and found stages which may be constructed specifically for a performance or may involve a space that is adapted as a stage. Since the Italian Renaissance, the most common used in the West has been the proscenium stage which may also be referred to as a picture frame stage. The primary feature is an opening known as the proscenium arch through which the audience views the performance. The audience directly faces the stage—which is typically raised several feet above front row audience level—and views only one side of the scene and this one side is commonly known as the invisible fourth wall of the scene. The proscenium arch evolved from the proskenium in Ancient Greek theaters and this was the space in front of the skênê or backdrop where the actors actually played. Stage floors were raked upward slightly from front to back in order to contribute to the illusion and also to make actors more visible to audiences. Subsequently, audience seating was raked, and balconies were added to give audiences a fuller view, by the end of the 19th century most stages had level floors, and much of the audience looked down on, rather than up to, the stage. The competition among royals to produce elegant and elaborate entertainments fueled and financed the expansion of European court theatres, the proscenium—which often was extremely decorative in the manner of a triumphal arch—framed the prospective picture. A wood grid above the stage supported pulleys from which wooden battens, the weight of heavy pieces was counterbalanced by sandbags. This system required the creation of a stage house or loft that was usually as high or higher than the proscenium itself. Theatres using these systems, which are manually operated by stage hands, are known as hemp houses. They have been supplanted by counterweight fly systems
30.
Kitsch
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Kitsch is art, objects, or design considered to be in poor taste because of excessive garishness or sentimentality, but sometimes appreciated in an ironic or knowing way. Hence, kitsch art is associated with sentimental art. Kitsch is also related to the concept of camp, because of its humorous, the chocolate box artist Thomas Kinkade, whose idyllic landscape scenes were often lampooned by art critics as maudlin and schmaltzy, is considered a leading example of contemporary kitsch. The term is sometimes applied to music or literature. As a descriptive term, kitsch originated in the art markets of Munich in the 1860s and the 1870s, describing cheap, popular, in Das Buch vom Kitsch, Hans Reimann defines it as a professional expression born in a painters studio. The study of kitsch was done almost exclusively in German until the 1970s, modernist writer Hermann Broch argues that the essence of kitsch is imitation, kitsch mimics its immediate predecessor with no regard to ethics—it aims to copy the beautiful, not the good. Kitsch is less about the thing observed than about the observer, according to Roger Scruton, Kitsch is fake art, expressing fake emotions, whose purpose is to deceive the consumer into thinking he feels something deep and serious. Cliché Lowbrow Museum of Bad Art Poshlost Prolefeed Notable examples Dogs Playing Poker Velvet Elvis Adorno, wabi and Kitsch, Two Japanese Paradigms in Æ, Canadian Aesthetics Journal 15. Faszination und Herausforderung des Banalen und Trivialen, cheetham, Mark A. Kant, Art and Art History, moments of discipline. Kitsch, The World of Bad Taste, Universe Books, the Kitsch Style and the Age of Kitsch, in J. Goudsblom and S. Mennell The Norbert Elias Reader. Vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage München, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer Verlag. Incredible Tretchikoff, Life of an artist and adventurer, ISBN 0-8070-6681-8 Holliday, Ruth and Potts, Tracey Kitsch. Cultural Politics and Taste, Manchester University Press, eine Studie über die Entartung der Kunst. The Modern System of the Arts, psychologie du Kitsch, Lart du Bonheur, Denoël-Gonthier Nerdrum, Odd. The Artificial Kingdom, On the Kitsch Experience, University of Minnesota ISBN 0-8166-4117-X Reimann, Hans. Balsam für Herz und Seele, ISBN 978-3-7630-2493-3, Kitsch in Sync, A Consumers Guide to Bad Taste, Plexus Publishing. In John Walkers Glossary of art, architecture & design since 1945, avant-Garde and Kitsch – essay by Clement Greenberg Kitsch and the Modern Predicament – essay by Roger Scruton Why Dictators Love Kitsch by Eric Gibson, The Wall Street Journal, August 10,2009
31.
Deadpan
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Deadpan or dry humor/wit describes the act of deliberately displaying a lack of or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness of the subject matter. The delivery is meant to be blunt, sarcastic, laconic, the term deadpan first emerged as an adjective or adverb in the 1920s, as a compound word combining dead and pan. The oldest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary comes from The New York Times, the usage of deadpan as a verb is recorded at least as far back as 1942. Early in his days, Buster Keaton developed his deadpan expression. Keaton realized that audiences responded better to his stony expression than when he smiled, many popular American sitcoms use deadpan expressions to deliver dry humor, including Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, and My Name Is Earl. More recent examples are Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt from the TV show Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett in iCarly, another example is the often-philosophical comedy of Steven Wright. Dry humor is often confused with highbrow or egghead humor, because the humor in dry humor does not exist in the words or delivery, instead, the listener must look for humor in the contradiction between words, delivery and context. Failure to include the context or to identify the contradiction results in the finding the dry humor unfunny. However, the term deadpan itself actually refers only to the method of delivery, other deadpan comedians, Deadpan can vary in subtlety. Obvious deadpan uses a high amount of contrast either with characters or situations and it may also take the role of mirror to characters who are unaware of their folly. More subtle deadpan can test the limits of the audience. Blank expression Dark humor Minimisation Throwaway line
32.
Surreal humour
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Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humorous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
33.
Consonance and dissonance
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In music, consonance and dissonance form a structural dichotomy in which the terms define each other by mutual exclusion, a consonance is what is not dissonant, and reciprocally. However, a finer consideration shows that the forms a gradation. Consonance is associated with sweetness, pleasantness and acceptability and dissonance with harshness, unpleasantness, as Hindemith stressed, The two concepts have never been completely explained, and for a thousand years the definitions have varied. The opposition can be made in different contexts, In acoustics or psychophysiology, in modern times, it usually is based on the perception of harmonic partials of the sounds considered, to such an extent that the distinction really holds only in the case of harmonic sounds. In music, even if the opposition often is founded on the preceding, objective distinction, it often is subjective, conventional, cultural. A major second would be considered dissonant if it occurred in a J. S, Bach prelude from the 1700s, however, the same interval may sound consonant in the context of a Claude Debussy piece from the early 1900s or an atonal contemporary piece. For this reason, consonance and dissonance have been considered particularly in the case of Western polyphonic music, most historical definitions of consonance and dissonance since about the 16th century have stressed their pleasant/unpleasant, or agreeable/disagreeable character. In addition, the oppositions pleasant/unpleasant or agreeable/disagreeable evidence a confusion between the concepts of dissonance and of noise and these include, Frequency ratios, with ratios of lower simple numbers being more consonant than those that are higher. Many of these definitions do not require exact integer tunings, only approximation, coincidence of partials, with consonance being a greater coincidence of partials. By this definition, consonance is dependent not only on the width of the interval between two notes, but also on the spectral distribution and thus sound quality of the notes. Thus, a note and the note one octave higher are highly consonant because the partials of the note are also partials of the lower note. Although Helmholtzs work focused almost exclusively on harmonic timbres and also the tunings, subsequent work has generalized his findings to embrace non-harmonic tunings, fusion, perception of unity or tonal fusion between two notes. A stable tone combination is a consonance, consonances are points of arrival, rest, an unstable tone combination is a dissonance, its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord. Thus dissonant chords are active, traditionally they have been considered harsh and have expressed pain, grief, in Western music, dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems unstable and has an aural need to resolve to a stable consonance. Both consonance and dissonance are words applied to harmony, chords, and intervals and, by extension, to melody, tonality, and even rhythm and metre. Nevertheless, the ideas of dissonance, consonance, and resolution exist in some form in all musical traditions that have a concept of melody, harmony. Dissonance being the complement of consonance it may be defined, as above, as non-coincidence of partials, lack of fusion or pattern matching, or as complexity. For many musicians and composers, the ideas of dissonance
34.
Time signature
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The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar
35.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
36.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
37.
LaserDisc
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LaserDisc is a home video format and the first commercial optical disc storage medium, initially licensed, sold and marketed as MCA DiscoVision in North America in 1978. It was not a format in Europe and Australia when first released but was popular in the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality made it a choice among videophiles. The technologies and concepts behind LaserDisc were the foundation for later optical disc formats including Compact Disc, DVD, Optical video recording technology, using a transparent disc, was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958. The Gregg patents were purchased by MCA in 1968, by 1969, Philips had developed a videodisc in reflective mode, which has advantages over the transparent mode. MCA and Philips then decided to combine their efforts and first publicly demonstrated the video disc in 1972. LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15,1978, Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years, several of the scientists responsible for the early research founded Optical Disc Corporation. In 1979, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago opened its Newspaper exhibit which used interactive LaserDiscs to allow visitors to search for the front page of any Chicago Tribune newspaper and this was a very early example of public access to electronically stored information in a museum. The first LaserDisc title marketed in North America was the MCA DiscoVision release of Jaws in 1978, the last title released in North America was Paramounts Bringing Out the Dead in 2000. The last Japanese released movie was the Hong Kong film Tokyo Raiders from Golden Harvest, a dozen or so more titles continued to be released in Japan, until the end of 2001. Production of LaserDisc players continued until January 14,2009, when Pioneer stopped making them and it was estimated that in 1998, LaserDisc players were in approximately 2% of U. S. households. By comparison, in 1999, players were in 10% of Japanese households, LaserDisc was released on June 10,1981 in Japan, and a total of 3.6 million LaserDisc players were sold there. A total of 16.8 million LaserDisc players were sold worldwide, by the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001, the format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format and it was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents, the standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the domain with analog FM stereo sound
38.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
