1.
2009 Toronto International Film Festival
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The 34th annual Toronto International Film Festival was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 10 and September 19,2009. The opening night gala presented the Charles Darwin biography Creation, the Young Victoria, based on the early years of Queen Victoria, closed the festival on September 19. TIFF is an organization whose goal is to change the way people look at the world through film. The festival is Canadas largest film festival, receiving 4,209 submissions in 2008, of this total,312 films were screened coming from 64 different countries. TIFF creates an economic impact of $135 million CAD. Aided by over 2,000 volunteers,100 full-time staff members and 500 seasonal or part-time staff are responsible for organizing the festival, two screenings of each of the invited films are presented to the public and at least one screening is provided for press and industry. The 2009 festival contained 19 different Programmes, or categories of films, after the ten days of film, the Awards reception was held at Intercontinental Hotel on Front Street in Toronto. Perhaps the most prestigious of the awards was bestowed to Lee Danielss Precious and this award was the 2009 Cadillac Peoples Choice Award and is based solely on votes by Festival audiences. This award carries a $15,000 cash prize and also comes with a custom made award from Cadillac and it is widely considered to be the most prestigious because it has had the greatest impact on audiences and inspires film distributors to sign the winning film for larger international releases. Last years winner Slumdog Millionaire directed by Danny Boyle, went on to huge international spotlight which culminated at the 2009 Academy Awards where it won Best Picture. Lee Daniels Precious was also a big Oscar contender as it was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director, however it lost to The Hurt Locker, the First runner-up was Bruce Beresfords Maos Last Dancer and the second runner-up was Jean-Pierre Jeunets Micmacs. The City of Toronto and Astral Medias The Movie Network Award for Best Canadian Feature Film went to Cairo Time directed by Ruba Nadda, sponsored by Astral Medias the Movie Network and the City of Toronto, this award came with a cash prize of $30,000. Future endeavors by the TIFF will be aided by the construction of TIFF Bell Lightbox. Complete with 5 cinemas, learning studios, galleries and a rooftop lounge, the protest leaders emphasized that it is not a call for a boycott. We protest that TIFF, whether intentionally or not, has become complicit in the Israeli propaganda machine, jacobovici asked Why does want to align himself with Holocaust deniers. Others accused those who signed the protest letter as engaging in a boycott of Israel films, rabbi Marvin Hier, the founder of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, has stated that it is clear that the script are reading from might as well have been written by Hamas. History long ago proved him right, the same openness should apply to a film festival. In response to the protest, a number of Hollywood stars circulated a counter-protest letter on September 15,2009, blacklisting them only stifles the exchange of cultural knowledge that artists should be the first to defend and protect
2009 Toronto International Film Festival
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Festival poster
2.
Lemont, Illinois
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Lemont is a village located in Cook, DuPage, and Will counties in the U. S. state of Illinois, and is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 16,000 as of the 2010 census, Lemont has a substantial immigrant population. Lemont is home to the CITGO Refinery, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont was originally known as Keepataw and a post office was established in 1840 as Keepatau. After that, it was named Athens and then Palmyra, the name Lemont was chosen in 1850 at the suggestion of Lemuel Brown, the postmaster and justice of the peace, or perhaps by his brother Nathaniel Brown. Even before white settlers came to Lemont, Native Americans traveled the Des Plaines River in birch bark canoes on trading trips between the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan. The native Potawatomi lived off the land in area, directly using natural resources for food, shelter, clothing. In the 18th century, French voyageurs traveled down the Des Plaines River, trading Native Americans metal, beads and cloth for animal furs, established in 1836, the village of Lemont stands as one of the oldest American communities in northeastern Illinois. Lemont is also unique in boasting an authentic historic district remains intact and has been continually used since the 19th century. Both Lemonts history and architectural uniqueness connect to the Illinois and Michigan Canal, construction of the I&M Canal began in 1837 and stands as one of the last major canal undertakings in the United States. When it was completed in 1848, it provided a continuous waterway stretching from New York to the Gulf of Mexico. Immigrant workers, mostly Irish, settled in Lemont to work on the canal and later moved along the corridor of the canal and they also were for the most part responsible for the many Lemont brothels during that time. In digging, workers discovered Lemont yellow dolomite, a harder and finer grained version of limestone and this delayed digging of the canal, but was the start of the areas second industry, quarrying. By the mid-19th century, limestone quarrying took over as the economic factor in Lemont. The towns important major buildings were faced with the Lemont limestone, today,38 of those buildings remain as the Lemont downtown district. Lemont limestone was used to build the Chicago Water Tower, a building that gained significance as one of the few buildings to survive the destructive path of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In the early years, this stone was known as Athens Marble as a nod to its place of origin and this stone has a high reputation for color, durability and beauty, which renders it quite an article of commerce”. Cargo and passengers were transported on the I&M until the early 20th century, the Sanitary Canal is still used today as part of the Illinois Waterway system. Lemonts motto is Village of Faith, and its church spires reflect the ethnic groups who came here to quarry stone, dig the Sanitary and Ship Canal
Lemont, Illinois
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The clock in the center of downtown Lemont
Lemont, Illinois
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Major city
3.
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state, the University of Iowa is organized into eleven colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. The university was the developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree. The Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000, and the university budgeted revenues and expenses of $3.513 billion for 2015, the University of Iowas athletic teams, the Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hawkeyes field 24 varsity teams and have won 27 national championships, the University of Iowa was founded on February 25,1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City without branches at any other place. The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, the first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women, the first president of the university was Amos Dean. The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres of land on which it stood, until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, in 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. The university offered its first doctorate in 1898, the university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of vice president. A shooting took place on campus on November 1,1991, in the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million, later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the worlds third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan, in 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. In July 2016, the university took over the former AIB College of Business in Des Moines, Four bachelors programs are offered in Des Moines, an additional four masters-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the universitys site in the citys Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowas main campus, located in Iowa City, was designed by architect D. Elwood Cook
University of Iowa
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Old Capitol Building of the
Pentacrest in February 2005
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa
University of Iowa
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Schaeffer Hall, Home of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences
University of Iowa
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Art Building West,
University of Iowa School of Art and Art History
4.
Memoirist
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A memoir is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private, that took place in the subjects life. The assertions made in the work are understood to be factual, while memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiography since the late 20th century, the genre is differentiated in form, presenting a narrowed focus. A biography or autobiography tells the story of a life, while a memoir often tells a story from a life, such as touchstone events, the author of a memoir may be referred to as a memoirist or a memorialist. Memoirs have been written since the ancient times, as shown by Julius Caesars Commentarii de Bello Gallico, in the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the Gallic Wars. His second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili is an account of the events took place between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate. Over the latter half of the 18th through the mid-20th century and these authors wrote as a way to record and publish their own account of their public exploits. Authors included politicians or people in society and were later joined by military leaders. An exception to these models is Henry David Thoreaus 1854 memoir Walden, twentieth-century war memoirs became a genre of their own, including, from the First World War, Ernst Jünger and Frederic Mannings Her Privates We. With the advent of inexpensive digital book production in the first decade of the 21st century, memoirs written as a way to pass down a personal legacy, rather than as a literary work of art or historical document, are emerging as a personal and family responsibility. With the expressed interest of preserving history through the eyes of those who lived it, the Veterans History Project, for example, compiles the memoirs of those who have served in a branch of the United States Armed Forces – especially those who have seen active combat. Association of Personal Historians Diary Fake memoirs Histoire de ma vie Journal Last will and testament
Memoirist
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Title page of
Henry Thoreau 's memoir,
Walden (1854)
5.
Stripper
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A stripper or exotic dancer is a person whose occupation involves performing striptease in a public adult entertainment venue such as a strip club. At times, a stripper may be hired to perform at a party or other private event. Modern Americanized forms of stripping minimize interaction by strippers with customers, not every stripper will end a performance completely nude, though full nudity is common where not prohibited by law. Most strippers work in strip clubs, a house dancer works for a particular club or franchise, while a feature dancer tends to have her own celebrity, touring a club circuit making appearances. Entertainers are often not actual employees of the club itself but perform as independent contractors, until the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences. Since then, male strippers have become common. Certain male and female strippers also perform for LGBT audiences as well as for both sexes in pansexual contexts, before the 1970s, dancers of both sexes appeared largely in underground clubs or as part of a theatre experience, but the practice eventually became common enough on its own. Performances are usually choreographed, involve dance routines and a costume of some sort. The term male stripper has gone down in use in books in the 21st century, Strippers perform striptease for a number of reasons, predominantly to make money. The physical attractiveness and sex appeal of the dancer determines the business she tends to generate, there are no job prerequisites, formal training is minimal, primarily on the job and provided by more senior dancers. Dancers learn a set of rules, such as, never leave money unattended, never leave the club with a customer, as long as she can sell herself, she is capable of becoming an exotic dancer. The image of strippers as known today evolved through the late 1960s and 1970s in the U. S. by the 1980s, the pole dancing and highly-explicit imagery associated with todays performers was widely accepted and frequently portrayed in film, television, and theater. In a bikini performance, both breasts and genital areas typically remain covered by revealing attire while dancers provide services and entertainment, go-go dancers will retain their tops and bottoms for the duration of their performance. A stripper whose upper body is exposed but the genital areas remain obscured during a performance is said to be topless, touching of strippers is not permitted in many localities. However, some dancers and clubs allow touching of dancers during private dances, if permitted, during a lap dance the dancer grinds against the customers crotch while he or she remains clothed in an attempt to arouse or bring the recipient to climax. In parts of the USA, there are laws forbidding the exposure of female nipples, Research suggests that exotic dancing can pay well, but often at a significant cost to the stripper. This precarious employment is accepted because of the associated with exotic dancing. Dancers use props such as make-up, clothing, costumes, and appealing fragrances to complete their character, Strippers, when working, are most likely to be found at strip clubs
Stripper
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Strippers at a strip club in
Zona Rosa, Mexico City
Stripper
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Historical marker at the original
Condor Club site. Full text: "The Condor; Where it all began; The birthplace of the world's first topless & bottomless entertainment; Topless – June 19, 1964 Bottomless – September 3, 1969 Starring Ms. Carol Doda;
San Francisco,
California "
Stripper
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Stripper
archetype represented in
graffiti on a street in
London, England
Stripper
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Performers
backstage tending to their props away from the audience
6.
Exotic dancer
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A striptease is an erotic or exotic dance in which the performer gradually undresses, either partly or completely, in a seductive and sexually suggestive manner. The person who performs a striptease is commonly known as a stripper or exotic dancer. In Western countries, the venues where stripteases are performed on a regular basis are now usually called strip clubs, though they may be performed in such as pubs, theaters. At times, a stripper may be hired to perform at a bachelor or bachelorette party, in addition to providing adult entertainment, stripping can be a form of sexual play between partners. Striptease involves a slow, sensuous undressing, the emphasis is on the act of undressing along with sexually suggestive movement, rather than the state of being undressed. In the past, the performance often finished as soon as the undressing was finished, the costume the stripper wears before disrobing can form part of the act. In some cases, audience interaction can form part of the act, with audience urging the stripper to remove more clothing, Striptease and public nudity have been subject to legal and cultural prohibitions and other aesthetic considerations and taboos. Restrictions on venues may be through venue licensing requirements and constraints and these laws vary considerably around the world, and even between different parts of the same country. H. L. Gypsy Rose Lee, one of the most famous artists of all time. The origins of striptease as a performance art are disputed and various dates, the term striptease was first recorded in 1932, though stripping, in the sense of women removing clothing to sexually excite men, seems to go back to at least the late 19th century. There is an aspect in the ancient Sumerian myth of the descent of the goddess Inanna into the Underworld. At each of the seven gates, she removed an article of clothing or a piece of jewelry, as long as she remained in hell, the earth was barren. Some believe this myth was embodied in the dance of the seven veils of Salome, however, although the Bible records Salomes dance, the first mention of her removing seven veils occurs in Oscar Wildes play of Salome, in 1893. In ancient Greece, the lawgiver Solon established several classes of prostitutes in the late 6th century BC, among these classes of prostitutes were the auletrides, female dancers, acrobats, and musicians, noted for dancing naked in an alluring fashion in front of audiences of men. In ancient Rome, dance featuring stripping was part of the entertainments at the Floralia and she was famous for her striptease performance of Leda and the Swan. From these accounts, it appears that the practice was hardly exceptional nor new and it was, however, actively opposed by the Christian Church, which succeeded in obtaining statutes banning it in the following century. The degree to which these statutes were subsequently enforced is, of course, what is certain is that no practice of the sort is reported in texts of the European Middle Ages. An early version of strip-tease became popular in England at the time of the Restoration, a strip tease was incorporated into the Restoration comedy The Rover, written by Aphra Behn in 1677
Exotic dancer
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American burlesque dancer Lola Bel Aire performing a traditional striptease.
Exotic dancer
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La Fontaine plate
Exotic dancer
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Mata Hari. The most celebrated segment of her stage act was the progressive shedding of her clothing until she wore just a jeweled
bra and some ornaments over her arms and head
Exotic dancer
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A
Neo-burlesque stripper at the
Miss Exotic World Pageant of 2006
7.
Blogger
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A blog is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries. Posts are typically displayed in chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of an individual, occasionally of a small group. In the 2010s, multi-author blogs have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors, MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other microblogging systems helps integrate MABs, Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. In the 2010s, the majority are interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, in that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, however, there are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments. Many blogs provide commentary on a subject or topic, ranging from politics to sports. Others function as more personal online diaries, and others function more as online brand advertising of an individual or company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to blogs, web pages. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs, however, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although focus on art, photographs, videos, music. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources and these blogs are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts, on 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 20 February 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide, according to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics, Technorati lists 1.3 million blogs as of February 22,2014. The term weblog was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997, the short form, blog, was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme. com in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used blog as both a noun and verb and devised the term blogger in connection with Pyra Labs Blogger product, in the 1990s, Internet forum software, created running conversations with threads
Blogger
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Journalism
8.
Juno (film)
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Juno is a 2007 American comedy-drama independent film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. Ellen Page stars as the character, an independent-minded teenager confronting an unplanned pregnancy. Michael Cera, Jennifer Garner, Jason Bateman, Allison Janney, filming spanned from early February to March 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia. It premiered on September 8 at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival, Juno won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and earned three other Oscar nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actress for Page. Juno earned back its budget of $6.5 million in twenty days. It went on to earn $231 million, Juno received acclaim from critics, many of whom placed the film on their top ten lists for the year. It has received criticism and praise from members of both the pro-life and pro-choice communities regarding its treatment of abortion, sixteen-year-old Minnesota high-schooler Juno MacGuff discovers she is pregnant by her friend and longtime admirer, Paulie Bleeker. Going to a clinic run by a womens group, she encounters a schoolmate outside who is holding a one-person protest for pro-life vigil. Once inside, however, a variety of factors lead Juno to leave and she decides against abortion, and she decides to give the baby up for adoption. With the help of her friend Leah, Juno searches the ads in the Pennysaver and she tells her father, Mac, and stepmother, Bren, who offer their support. With Mac, Juno meets the couple, Mark and Vanessa Loring, in their expensive home, Juno visits Mark a few times, with whom she shares tastes in punk rock and horror films. Mark, who has set aside his rock band youth, works at home composing commercial jingles. Juno and Leah happen to see Vanessa in a mall being completely at ease with a child, and Juno encourages Vanessa to talk to her baby in the womb. As the pregnancy progresses, Juno struggles with the emotions she feels for the father, Paulie. Juno maintains an outwardly indifferent attitude toward Paulie, but when she learns he has asked another girl to the upcoming prom, Paulie reminds Juno that it is at her request they remain distant and tells her that she broke his heart. Not long before her baby is due, Juno is again visiting Mark when their interaction becomes emotional, Mark then tells her he will be leaving Vanessa. Juno is horrified by this revelation, with Mark asking Juno How do you think of me, Vanessa arrives home, and Mark tells her he does not feel ready to be a father and there are still things he wants to do first. Juno watches the Loring marriage fall apart, then drives away, returning to the Lorings home, she leaves a note and disappears as they answer the door
Juno (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Juno (film)
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Diablo Cody wrote the film based on many of her own high school experiences.
Juno (film)
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Jason Reitman pictured
Ellen Page as Juno when he first read the script.
Juno (film)
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Eric Hamber Secondary School stood in for the fictional Dancing Elk High School.
9.
Showtime (TV network)
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The Showtime brand is used by a number of channels and platforms around the world, but primarily refers to the group of eight multiplex channels in the United States. As of July 2015, Showtimes programming is available to approximately 28.693 million television households in the United States, the channel and its corresponding networks are headquartered at Paramount Plaza on the northern end of New York Citys Broadway district. The following week on July 8, Showtime launched on Viacom Cablevisions system in Dublin, California, the first program and television special to be broadcast on Showtime was Celebration, a concert special featuring performances by Rod Stewart, Pink Floyd and ABBA. By the end of its first year on the air, Showtime had a total of 55,000 subscribers nationwide. On March 7,1978, Showtime became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, turning it into a competitor with HBO, in 1979, Viacom sold a 50% ownership interest in Showtime to the TelePrompTer Corporation. On July 4,1981, Showtime adopted a 24-hour programming schedule,1982 saw the premiere of Showtimes first made-for-cable movie Falcons Gold and its first original series and childrens program Faerie Tale Theatre. The three companies announced their agreement in principle to acquire interests in TMC on November 11,1982. Subsequently, in late December of that year, the U. S. Department of Justice launched a preliminary inquiry into the proposed partnership. On January 7,1983, Viacom International added itself as a partner, under the revised proposal, the four studios would each own a 22. 58% stake in the two networks, with American Express owning a 9. 68% minority interest. In addition, the consortium would appoint a management team separate from those employed by the two channels – which would continue to operate as separate services – to operate the joint venture, on August 10,1985, after Time Inc. and cable provider Tele-Communications Inc. The subsidiary was renamed Showtime Networks, Inc. in 1988, also in 1988, the company formed Showtime Event Television as a pay-per-view distributor of special event programming. In 1990, Showtime ventured into acquiring and premiering independent films exclusively for the channel as part of the 30-Minute Movie short film anthology series. One of its first premieres,12,01 PM, was nominated for an Academy Award, in the years that followed, Showtime expanded its acquisitions into the realm of feature-length fare, including the Adrian Lyne-directed 1997 remake of Lolita. In 2000, Showtime launched Showtime Interactive 24.7, a service that provided DVD-style interaction of its entertainment offerings. On June 14,2005, Viacom decided to separate itself into two companies, both of which would be controlled by Viacom parent National Amusements, amid stagnation of the stock price. A new company assumed the Viacom name kept Paramount Pictures, the MTV Networks and BET Networks cable divisions. Showtime broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules and this planned extension to the multiplex did not come to fruition – although a third multiplex service, Showtime 3, would make its debut in 1996. Three additional themed channels made their debut in March 2001, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next and Showtime Women do not have distribution by most pay television providers as extensive as the other Showtime multiplex channels
Showtime (TV network)
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Showtime
10.
United States of Tara
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United States of Tara is an American television comedy-drama created by Diablo Cody, which aired on Showtime from 2009 to 2011. The series follows the life of Tara, a suburban housewife, the series was based on an idea by Steven Spielberg, who is the executive producer, under his DreamWorks Television label. Other executive producers include writers Darryl Frank, Justin Falvey, director Craig Zisk, former executive producer Alexa Junge quit as showrunner after the first season. Principal photography was filmed in Los Angeles, California, while the setting is located in Overland Park. Collette won the 2009 Primetime Emmy Award and 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series for her role, the shows third and final season premiered on March 28,2011. On May 23,2011, Showtime announced that the series would not be renewed for a season. Tara Gregson is a wife and mother of two children in Overland Park, Kansas, a suburb of Kansas City, who has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. When stressed, Tara often transitions into one of her personalities, wild and flirty teenager T, 1950s style housewife Alice. A fourth personality, Gimme, is introduced later in the first season, during the second season of the series, two further personalities were introduced. The former, called Shoshana, is Taras therapist of sorts, while the sixth name is Chicken. Another personality emerges in Season 3, that of Taras previously unknown half-brother Bryce, Tara is supported by her husband Max, daughter Kate, and son Marshall. The show is a representation of a seemingly typical American family who must cope with the struggles of dissociative identity disorder. The series premiered on the US network Showtime on January 18,2009, Season two premiered on March 22,2010. On March 25, three days after the season 2 premiere, it was announced that it would be picked up for a season which aired in spring 2011. Season 3 officially premiered on March 28,2011, on May 23,2011, it was announced that the series would not be renewed for a fourth season. Initial critical response to the show was positive, with reviewers praising Collettes acting. Episodes 1 and 2 were also available as bonus features on DVD disc 4 of Dexter, Season 3, in Australia, United States of Tara was rated MA 15+, whereas in New Zealand, it was rated R13 for offensive language and sexual references. Official website United States of Tara at the Internet Movie Database United States of Tara at TV. com
United States of Tara
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United States of Tara promotional poster
11.
Young Adult (film)
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Young Adult is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman, from a screenplay written by Diablo Cody, and starring Charlize Theron. Reitman and Cody worked together previously on Juno, Young Adult began a limited release on December 9,2011, before expanding to a wide release on December 16. Mavis Gary is a divorced, alcoholic 37-year-old ghost writer of a series of adult novels. Mavis receives an e-mail with a picture of the daughter of her high school boyfriend Buddy Slade. In the interim, she goes alone to a different bar, there she reconnects with a former classmate she barely remembers, Matt Freehauf, who became disabled after being beaten by jocks who erroneously assumed he was gay. Matt tells Mavis that her plan to destroy Buddys marriage is irrational and selfish, the following day, Mavis meets Buddy at the sports bar, where they run into Matt, the bars bookkeeper. On their way out, Buddy invites Mavis to a performance of Beths mom rock band, in the interim, Mavis spends another night getting drunk with Matt, who distills homemade bourbon in the garage of the house he shares with his sister Sandra. When Mavis attends the concert of Beths band, the other moms are resentful of Mavis, when Beths band performs, the lead singer dedicates their opening song to Buddy from Beth, much to Maviss dismay, it is The Concept. Beth wants to stay out longer, so Mavis offers to drive the drunk Buddy home, on the lawn they share a kiss that is quickly broken up when the babysitter opens the front door to greet them. The next day, after an encounter with her parents. She later goes out drinking with Matt again, during which Matt tells Mavis to grow up, the following day, Mavis attends the party, where she declares her love for Buddy, but he rebuffs her. Everyone at the party is called out to the lawn to await a surprise Buddy has prepared for Beth, Mavis, who has been drinking at the party, collides with Beth, who accidentally spills punch on Maviss dress. Mavis insults her, and in a profanity-laced tirade tearfully reveals she became pregnant with Buddys baby years ago, Buddy, who has been preparing a drum-set gift for Beth in the garage, opens the garage door and belatedly learns what has transpired. Mavis asks him why he invited her and he reveals it was Beths idea, as she feels sorry for Mavis. Humiliated, Mavis leaves the party and visits Matt, where she breaks down in tears and, later, the following morning, while Matt sleeps, Mavis has coffee in the kitchen with Sandra, who still idolizes her. Mavis talks about needing to change herself, but Sandra says Mavis is better than the rest of Mercury, Mavis says she agrees, and prepares to return to Minneapolis. Sandra asks to go with her but Mavis declines and leaves alone, in a diner on her way home, Mavis writes the last chapter of the book, in which the main character graduates high school, quickly leaves her past behind and looks forward to the future. Afterward, in the lot, Mavis contemplates her crumpled car
Young Adult (film)
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Theatrical release poster
12.
Paradise (2013 film)
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Paradise is an American comedy-drama film written and directed by Diablo Cody, in her directorial debut. It stars Julianne Hough, Russell Brand, Octavia Spencer, Holly Hunter, Iliza Shlesinger and Kathleen Rose Perkins and was released October 18,2013. The title is a take on the fact that many tourists visit the Las Vegas Strip they are actually spending most of their time in the town of Paradise rather than in the actual city of Las Vegas. This was the last film by Mandate Pictures before it was shut down, lamb Mannerhelm goes to speak at her familys church in Montana one year after surviving a plane crash, which has left her with severe burns all over her body. While everyone is expecting her to some big announcement, she instead publicly denounces her belief in God. Lamb later explains some of the rules she has to live by in her conservative town, like listening only to Christian music. Once there, she goes to a bar in order to have her first drink, where she meets a bartender named William. Cast member Russell Brand was arrested during the shoot for grabbing a photographers iPhone, Paradise received negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 22% based on 37 reviews, metacritic gives the film a score of 35/100, based on reviews from 15 critics. Paradise at the Internet Movie Database Paradise at AllMovie
Paradise (2013 film)
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Theatrical release poster
13.
Benet Academy
–
Benet Academy is a co-educational, college-preparatory, Benedictine high school in Lisle, Illinois, United States, overseen by the Diocese of Joliet. Founded in 1887, the school was established in Chicago as the all-boys St. Procopius College and Academy by Benedictine monks. In 1898, the moved to Lisle, about 25 miles west of Chicago. In 1926 Benedictine nuns constructed the all-girls Sacred Heart Academy near the orphanage, the orphanage closed in 1956 to make room for St. Procopius Academy, which separated from the college in 1957. Due to rising costs and waning enrollment, Sacred Heart merged with St. Procopius Academy in 1967 to form Benet Academy on the St. Procopius campus, since then, numerous building projects have been undertaken to expand Benets athletics, music, and science programs. As of 2016 it is considered the second best Catholic highschool in Illinois, admission is competitive and relies primarily on test scores. All students complete a curriculum and may earn college credit through programs including Advanced Placement. As of 2009, Benets average ACT test score regularly exceeds state and national averages, the schools academic program has been featured in reports by the Chicago Sun-Times and U. S. News & World Report. The athletic program has fielded teams that have placed fourth or higher in state tournaments. The boys basketball team has two state records, including a 102 home-game winning streak. In the 2015-2016 year the basketball team ended up getting second in the state, with the girls taking first. Benets performing arts program is highly praised and competitive and stages an annual winter musical, many performers have been nominated for state-wide awards. Other productions include the play, one-act plays, variety show. The band program performed in events in 1998 and 2002. Notable alumni of the school include NBA player Frank Kaminsky, former Illinois Attorney General Jim Ryan, in the aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire, Chicagos working-class Pilsen neighborhood, a predominantly Czech enclave, expanded quickly. To serve this growing population, St. Procopius parish was founded in the summer of 1875, near the intersection of 18th. The parish was named for Saint Procopius of Sázava, who founded a monastery in Bohemia in the eleventh century, vilém Čoka served as the first pastor. Planning to build a school, Čoka left it to the community to decide if the school would be secular or Catholic and they chose a Catholic school, despite the fact that only 25 percent of Pilsens Czech population was Catholic
Benet Academy
–
Ora et labora (
Latin)
Benet Academy
–
Rev. John Nepomucene Jaeger, born in Kuttenberg, Bohemia (now
Kutná Hora in the western
Czech Republic) in 1844. He championed founding a parochial school for the children of Chicago's Czech immigrants.
Benet Academy
–
Aerial view of the Benet campus, from the South, in 1984. Benet Academy was created from the merger of the St. Procopius Academy for boys and Sacred Heart Academy for girls in 1967.
Benet Academy
–
St. Procopius College under construction on July 23, 1900. The mission of the college was "not only to train candidates for the priesthood, but give young men in general such an education as to prepare them to become leaders of their people in the various walks of life."
14.
Lisle, Illinois
–
Lisle is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. The population was 21,182 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Chicago metropolitan area and the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. It is also the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region III, in July 2007, Lisle was ranked #20 in Money magazines list of 100 Best Places to Live and #17 on their 2009 list of the Best Places for the Rich and Single. In 1830, Bailey Hobson, a Quaker, was the first settler in what would become DuPage County, Illinois, the town of Lisle was permanently settled in 1832, by brothers James C. Hatch and Luther A. Hatch after the close of the Black Hawk War. The two brothers acquired land near what is now Ogden Avenue and began a farming community named DuPage or East DuPage because. Lisle experienced many firsts in the 1830s, in 1832, James C. Hatch set aside some of his land for the first and only community burial ground in the East DuPage Settlement. Today, Lisle Cemetery is one of the oldest registered cemeteries in the state of Illinois, Hatch operated the first wagon and blacksmith shop and began Lisles infant dairy industry with a creamery. The first post office was managed by John Thompson in 1834, DuPage, Illinois, was within the Webster and Naperville Precincts of the newly formed DuPage County in 1839, the county having been formed from western Cook County. In 1849, DuPage County formed its first townships, and the name Lisle was first proposed by early settler Alonzo B, chatfield of Lisle, New York, the proposal was accepted, creating Lisle Township. The village was incorporated on June 26,1956, and was named after Lisle. Another source says that the town was called DuPage, after the running through it. There was a town in Will County of the same name, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad arrived, in 1864, with the newly constructed depot. In 1874, a fire destroyed the Lisle Station depot, today, commuter rail service is provided by Metra On the July 42006, Lisle celebrated its 50th birthday by hosting the states biggest fireworks display. Lisle is located at 41°47′33″N 88°05′18″W, according to the 2010 census, Lisle has a total area of 7.021 square miles, of which 6.84 square miles is land and 0.181 square miles is water. Most of Lisle lies within the watershed of the east branch of the DuPage river, as of the census of 2010, there were 22,390 people,9,304 households, and 5,444 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,515 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 77. 7% White,5. 6% African American,0. 1% Native American,11. 9% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,2. 5% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 5% of the population, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.05
Lisle, Illinois
–
Opuntia imbricata (in the foreground) at the
Morton Arboretum in Lisle
Lisle, Illinois
–
Lisle is home to
Benet Academy, a private high school
Lisle, Illinois
–
Major city
15.
Arcadia (band)
–
Arcadia were a new wave British group formed in 1985 by Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes, and Roger Taylor of Duran Duran as a side project during a break in that bands schedule. Drummer Roger Taylor appeared in only a few photographs and in none of the music videos. The name of the band was inspired by the Nicolas Poussin painting Et in Arcadia ego. At the same time that So Red the Rose was in production, Asias third album, in production, was tentatively titled Arcadia but renamed to Astra, the group recorded just one album, the platinum-selling So Red the Rose. It peaked at #30 in the UK and #23 in the US and it also contains the single The Flame and the promo-singles Missing, El Diablo, and Keep Me in the Dark. Simon Le Bon described So Red the Rose as the most pretentious album ever made, solemn closing song Lady Ice features a long intro, largely based on samples from background music of Full Metal Jacket movies sniper scene. A video collection was released which featured music videos for the singles directed by Roger Christian, Marcelo Anciano, Russell Mulcahy. The band also recorded and released the standalone single Say the Word for the Playing for Keeps movie soundtrack, EMI re-released the album as a three disc box set in April 2010. This remastering collected all permutations and remixes of tracks released by the band, the third disc comprised the video collection on DVD, but it does not include the video for Say the Word. Arcadia continued the Duran Duran tradition of a slick image, for the Arcadia incarnation of their ever-changing band aesthetic, Le Bon, Rhodes, and Roger Taylor donned an upmarket gothic look of black tuxedos, vintage formal wear, and bow ties. The three also dyed their hair black, as seen when they performed at the 1985 Live Aid concert in Philadelphia. By the time the video for their single The Flame was made in early 1986, Rhodes had changed his colour to golden blond. The group did a variety of appearances on television. When Duran Duran released their Notorious album and toured, Election Day was included as part of the set as well as Some Like it Hot from The Power Station. Drummer Roger Taylor retired from the business for 15 years after the release of the Arcadia album. So Red The Rose Arcadia archive and fansite
Arcadia (band)
–
(L-R): Nick Rhodes, Simon LeBon, and Roger Taylor, 1985
16.
Cody, Wyoming
–
Cody is a city in northwest Wyoming and the county seat of Park County, Wyoming, United States. It is named after Colonel William Frederick Buffalo Bill Cody for his part in the creation of the original town, the population was 9,520 at the 2010 census. Cody is served by Yellowstone Regional Airport, Cody is located at 44°31′24″N 109°3′26″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.43 square miles. Codys elevation is about 5016 ft above sea level, the main part of the city is split across three levels, separated by about 60 feet. The Shoshone River flows through Cody in a deep canyon. The other two are west of town, one access to the East Gate of Yellowstone National Park. Cody is located at the edge of the Bighorn Basin, a depression surrounded by the Big Horn, Owl Creek, Bridger. At the western edge of Cody, a canyon formed by the Shoshone River provides the only passage to Yellowstones Eastern Entrance. At its mouth and rising above Cody are Rattlesnake Mountain on the north side, Cody experiences a semi-arid climate, with highly variable conditions. Relative humidity is usually a fairly dry 30% or less, precipitation averages 10.5 inches or 266.7 millimetres annually, including 42.5 inches or 1.08 metres of snow per season. Due to the aridity, snow cover is highly unreliable, with 27 days per season with 1 inch or 0.025 metres or more on the ground, Cody enjoys about 300 days of sunshine per year. Wind is almost a constant presence in the Cody area and the Big Horn Basin in general, air flow in the Basin is turbulent, but during the winter most storms move in from the north-northwest. During the summer, it is not unusual to see move in from the southwest. Throughout a normal day, winds can be experienced as coming from almost any direction, mostly from the north and west, the Canyon at the west end of Cody funnels rain and wind across the city from the west. The winds can be strong at 30 to 40 miles per hour. Because of the dry climate, the area is laced with irrigation canals, holding ponds, laterals. The Buffalo Bill Dam between Rattlesnake and Cedar mountains forms a reservoir about 10 miles to the west of Cody
Cody, Wyoming
–
Old Cody Post Office in Cody
Cody, Wyoming
–
Near Cody,
Wyoming
Cody, Wyoming
–
"The Scout" by
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney commemorates
Buffalo Bill
Cody, Wyoming
–
The flag waves at the start of the Cody Nite Rodeo, August 6, 2006
17.
Media studies
–
Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media, in particular, the mass media. Media is studied as a subject in most states in Australia. Media studies in Australia was first developed as an area of study in Victorian universities in the early 1960s, today, almost all Australian universities teach media studies. In secondary schools, a film studies course first began being taught as part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s. And, by the early 1970s, a media studies course was being taught. The course became part of the secondary curriculum in the 1980s. It has since become, and continues to be, a component of the VCE. Notable figures in the development of the Victorian secondary school curriculum were the long time Rusden College media teacher Peter Greenaway, Trevor Barr, Media studies does not appear to be taught in the state of New South Wales at a secondary level. Media studies also form a part of the primary and junior secondary curriculum. Victoria also hosts the peak media teaching body known as ATOM which publishes Metro, there are two universities in China that specialize in media studies. Communication University of China, formerly known as the Beijing Broadcasting Institute, CUC has 15,307 full-time students, including 9264 undergraduates,3512 candidates for doctor and masters degrees and 16780 students in programs of continuing education. The other university known for studies in China is Zhejiang University of Media and Communications which has campuses in Hangzhou. Almost 10,000 full-time students are studying in over 50 programs at the 13 Colleges. Both institutions have produced some of Chinas brightest broadcasting talents for television as well as leading journalists at magazines, one prominent French media critic is the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu who wrote among other books On Television. Bourdieus analysis is that television provides far less autonomy, or freedom, in his view, the market not only imposes uniformity and banality, but also a form of invisible censorship. In Germany two main branches of theory or media studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies and German language and this branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself
Media studies
–
Topics and terminology
Media studies
–
MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing
18.
Minneapolis-St. Paul
–
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is a major metropolitan area built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers in east central Minnesota. The area is known as the Twin Cities after its two largest cities, Minneapolis, the city with the largest population in the state, and Saint Paul. It is an example of twin cities in the sense of geographical proximity, Minnesotans living outside of Minneapolis and Saint Paul often refer to the two together as The Cities. There are several different definitions of the region, many refer to the Twin Cities as the seven-county region which is governed under the Metropolitan Council regional governmental agency and planning organization. The Office of Management and Budget officially designates 16 counties as the Minneapolis–St, paul–Bloomington MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, the 16th largest in the United States. The entire region known as the Minneapolis–St, Paul MN-WI Combined Statistical Area, has a population of 3,866,768, the 14th largest, according to 2015 Census estimates. Despite the Twin moniker, both cities are independent municipalities with defined borders, Minneapolis was influenced by its early Scandinavian and Lutheran heritage and hosts the largest Somali population in North America. St. Paul was influenced by its early French, Irish, the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area includes 16 counties, of which 14 are in Minnesota and two in Wisconsin. Note, Counties that are bolded are under jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Council, numbers in parentheses are 2013 census estimates. Counties that are italicized were added to the area when the Office of Management. There are approximately 218 incorporated municipalities within the Twin Cities metropolitan region and this includes census-designated places along with villages in Wisconsin, but excludes unincorporated towns in Wisconsin, known as civil townships in other states. Estimates are as of 2013 for cities with 25,000 or more inhabitants, Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area is made up of 19 counties in Minnesota and two counties in Wisconsin. The statistical area includes two areas and three micropolitan areas. As of the 2010 Census, the CSA had a population of 3,684,928, the CSA definition encompasses 11,132.44 sq mi of area. After St. Paul completed its elaborate Cathedral in 1915, Minneapolis quickly followed up with the equally ornate Basilica of St. Mary in 1926. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the rivalry became so intense that an architect practicing in one city was often refused business in the other. The 1890 United States Census even led to the two cities arresting and/or kidnapping each others census takers, in an attempt to either city from outgrowing the other. The rivalry could occasionally erupt into inter-city violence, as happened at a 1923 game between the Minneapolis Millers and the St. Paul Saints, both teams of the American Association
Minneapolis-St. Paul
–
Downtown Minneapolis
Minneapolis-St. Paul
–
Downtown Saint Paul
Minneapolis-St. Paul
–
The 1905
Minneapolis Millers baseball team
Minneapolis-St. Paul
–
A Saint Paul Bouncing Team aerialist exhibition in
St. Paul
19.
Parody
–
A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
Parody
–
Comedian
Charlie Chaplin impersonating
Hitler for comic effect in the satirical film
The Great Dictator (1940)
Parody
–
Screenshot of a scene in
Jurassic Park (1993) featuring a
Tyrannosaurus rex (left), parodied by Rex the Dinosaur in
Toy Story 2 (1999).
Parody
–
Satirical political cartoon that appeared in
Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-
World War I song "
I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
Parody
–
Reggie Brown, a voice actor and
Barack Obama impersonator
20.
Weblog
–
A blog is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries. Posts are typically displayed in chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of an individual, occasionally of a small group. In the 2010s, multi-author blogs have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors, MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other microblogging systems helps integrate MABs, Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. In the 2010s, the majority are interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, in that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, however, there are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments. Many blogs provide commentary on a subject or topic, ranging from politics to sports. Others function as more personal online diaries, and others function more as online brand advertising of an individual or company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to blogs, web pages. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs, however, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although focus on art, photographs, videos, music. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources and these blogs are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts, on 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 20 February 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide, according to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics, Technorati lists 1.3 million blogs as of February 22,2014. The term weblog was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997, the short form, blog, was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme. com in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used blog as both a noun and verb and devised the term blogger in connection with Pyra Labs Blogger product, in the 1990s, Internet forum software, created running conversations with threads
Weblog
–
Journalism
21.
Belarus
–
Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres is forested and its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian Peoples Republic, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, during WWII, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years, in 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR. The parliament of the declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990. Alexander Lukashenko has served as the president since 1994. Belarus has been labeled Europes last dictatorship by some Western journalists, Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Though not directly espousing communism like the five remaining communist countries of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea, in 2000 Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, with some hints of forming a Union State. Over 70% of Belaruss population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas, more than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages, Belarusian and Russian, the Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Belarus is the only European country to retain capital punishment in both law and practice, the name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus, i. e. White Rus. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus, an alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. A third theory suggests that the old Rus lands that were not conquered by the Tatars had been referred to as white, other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered White Rus. The name Rus is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, in some languages, including German and Dutch, the country is generally called White Russia to this day. The Latin term Alba Russia was used again by Pope Pius VI in 1783 to recognize the Society of Jesus there, exclaiming Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo. The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey. During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used White Rus to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Belarus
–
Stamp with the
Cross of St. Euphrosyne from 1992
Belarus
–
Flag
Belarus
–
Principalities of Kievan Rus'
Belarus
–
Khatyn Memorial. The Nazis murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in
occupied Soviet Belarus.
22.
Idiom
–
An idiom is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning. Categorized as formulaic language, a figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning. There are thousands of idioms, occurring frequently in all languages and it is estimated that there are at least twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions in the English language. Many idiomatic expressions, in their use, were not figurative but had literal meaning. If the jars were spilled before the counting of votes was complete, anyone would be able to see which jar had more beans, over time, the practice was discontinued and the idiom became figurative. Break a leg, used as a way of wishing good luck in a performance or presentation. By wishing someone bad luck, it is supposed that the opposite will occur, in linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech contradicting the principle of compositionality. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms is emphasized in most accounts of idioms and this principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole, the following example is widely employed to illustrate the point, Fred kicked the bucket. Understood compositionally, Fred has literally kicked an actual, physical bucket, the much more likely idiomatic reading, however, is non-compositional, Fred is understood to have died. Arriving at the reading from the literal reading is unlikely for most speakers. What this means is that the reading is, rather. In phraseology, idioms are defined as a sub-type of phraseme, john Saeed defines an idiom as collocated words that became affixed to each other until metamorphosing into a fossilised term. This collocation of words redefines each component word in the word-group, idioms usually do not translate well, in some cases, when an idiom is translated directly word-for-word into another language, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless. When two or three words are used together in a particular sequence, the words are said to be irreversible binomials. Usage will prevent the words from being displaced or rearranged, for example, a person may be left high and dry but never dry and high. This idiom in turn means that the person is left in their condition rather than being assisted so that their condition improves. Not all Siamese twins are idioms, however, chips and dip is an irreversible binomial, but it refers to literal food items, not idiomatic ones
Idiom
–
Adjectives
Idiom
–
Love is blind
23.
Eastern Bloc
–
The Eastern Bloc was the group of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. The terms Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc were also used to denote groupings of states aligned with the Soviet Union, although these terms might include states outside Central and Eastern Europe. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who viewed the Soviet Union as a socialist island, Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence. Lithuania was added in a secret protocol in September 1939. During the Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union, the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of sovietization of the newly Soviet-annexed areas. Soviet authorities collectivized agriculture, and nationalized and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property, the international community condemned this initial annexation of the Baltic states and deemed it illegal. In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by invading the Soviet Union, from the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germanys Ostland. Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the Eastern Front, from 1943 to 1945, several conferences regarding Post-War Europe occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he wont try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace. While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in Tehran in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as an independent country, Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction. In February 1945, at the conference at Yalta, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of influence in Central Europe. Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany, after resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current pro-Soviet government on a broader democratic basis in Poland. He stated that the new primary task would be to prepare elections. In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for war booty, which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, as a young communist was told in East Germany, its got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control. Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation, elimination of the bourgeoisies social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority. These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations, the bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly. Crucial departments such as responsible for personnel, general police, secret police
Eastern Bloc
–
The Big Three:
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill,
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin at the
Yalta Conference, February 1945.
Eastern Bloc
–
Political situation in Europe during the
Cold War
Eastern Bloc
–
World War II Polish Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk fled Poland in 1947 after facing arrest and persecution.
Eastern Bloc
–
Germans watching Western supply planes at
Berlin Tempelhof Airport during the
Berlin Airlift.
24.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Clockwise from top:
Downtown Minneapolis,
Downtown,
TCF Bank Stadium, the
Guthrie Theater,
Minnehaha Falls, and
First Avenue and 7th St Entry nightclub
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Taoyateduta was among the 121
Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Loading
flour,
Pillsbury, 1939
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Mississippi riverfront and
Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left,
Pillsbury, power plants and the
Stone Arch Bridge. Today the
Minnesota Historical Society 's Mill City Museum is in the
Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are
Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is
Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are
Nicollet Island and the
Hennepin Avenue Bridge.
25.
City Pages
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City Pages is an alternative newspaper serving the Minneapolis–St. It features news, film, theatre and restaurant reviews and music criticism, on August 1,1979, publishers Tom Bartel and Kristin Henning debuted Sweet Potato, a monthly newspaper focused on the Twin Cities music scene. The first issue featured pop band the Cars on the cover, in October 1980, Sweet Potato went biweekly. On December 3,1981, the newspaper went weekly and was renamed City Pages, City Pages competed for readership with the Twin Cities Reader until 1997, when Stern Publishing purchased City Pages in March and the Twin Cities Reader the following day, shuttering it immediately. Bartel and Henning left City Pages in the fall of 1997, Tom Bartels brother Mark was named publisher after Bartel and Hennings departure. City Pages was one of seven alternative weeklies owned by Stern, after the deals completion, New Times took the Village Voice Media name. Web editor Jeff Shaw, food columnist Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl, staff writers Jonathan Kaminsky and Jeff Severns Guntzel, among others, on May 6,2015, City Pages was sold to Star Tribune Media Co. publisher of the Minneapolis daily newspaper of the same name. Following the sale, Star Tribune Media Co. ceased publication of its competing publication, screenwriter, producer, author, journalist Diablo Cody, music journalist Will Hermes, music journalist Jessica Hopper, food critic Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl. The publication has been criticized by Minneapolis City Council member Alondra Cano, in her 2015 memoir, musician Carrie Brownstein asserted sexism in the papers music coverage in the 90s, citing City Pages among a representative sample of journalism about Sleater-Kinney. Most of these articles are actually trying to be complementary — the authors just fell into common traps, Star Tribune St. Paul Pioneer Press City Pages
City Pages
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The June 27, 2007 front page of City Pages
26.
Twin Cities
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Twin cities are a special case of two cities or urban centres that are founded in close geographic proximity and then grow into each other over time, losing most of their mutual buffer zone. For example, South San Francisco is not considered a city with San Francisco. However, cities considered twinned by proximity do not necessarily match demographically, economically, in many historical cases, cities that grew into each others space lost their individual identities, and the border or barrier originally separating them became almost irrelevant. In China, the three ancient cities of Hankou, Hanyang, and Wuchang, separated by the junction of the Yangtze, twin cities may share an airport into whose airport codes are integrated the component initials e. g. DFW, LBA, MSP and CAK. In other cases twin cities can be divided by an international border and it also includes a fifth member, East Moline, Illinois. The Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area in Alabama is locally referred to as the Quad Cities, with Florence, Muscle Shoals, Sheffield, formerly, when Muscle Shoals was a mere village, this region was known a Tri-Cities, Alabama. Actually, they are all incorporated as towns except for Florence, the Quad Cities of Minnesota consist of Virginia, Eveleth, Gilbert, and Mountain Iron. The cities of Pullman, Washington, Moscow, Idaho, Clarkston, Washington, and Lewiston, Idaho have marketed themselves as Quad Cities. Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan, has, as of 2013, grown out so much that small towns by this giant city, Wuhan in China consists of the towns of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang in Hubei Province. Islamabad, the city of Pakistan, has been expanded to include smaller towns including Rawat in its territory. Bangkok, the capital and largest city of Thailand, was created in 1971, Fukuoka in Japan, a city of 1.4 million people, formerly the twin cities of Hakata and Fukuoka until the late 19th century. Saitama in Japan, a city of 1.2 million people, created in 2001 by the merger of the cities of Urawa, Omiya, Yono, Urawa and Omiya could formerly have been considered twin cities. Kitakyushu in Japan, a city of 900,000 people, created in 1963 by the merger of Yahata, Kokura, Moji, Wakamatsu, Yahata and Kokura had formerly been major cities in their own right. The cities of Saigon and Cholon merged in 1931 to form a city named Saigon-Cholon, in 1956, the name Cholon was dropped. London grew from its cores in the City of London and the City of Westminster to encompass many other towns and villages within neighbouring counties, budapest is the amalgamation of Buda, Pest and Óbuda. Stoke-on-Trent was created in 1910 from the towns of Burslem, Hanley, Tunstall, Longton, Fenton and Stoke, neighbouring Newcastle-under-Lyme remains a separate town. Eindhoven merged with five neighbouring municipalities into the new Groot-Eindhoven in 1920, the prefix Groot- was later dropped. Madrid evolved by absorption of other towns Richmond in central Virginia Cleveland in Ohio Minneapolis, St. Anthony was a twin city to Minneapolis in the two cities youth
Twin Cities
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Cross-border example of twin cities: Plaza Internacional of the Frontera de la Paz. On the left, Santana do Livramento (Brazil); on the right, Rivera (Uruguay).
27.
Jane magazine
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Jane was an American magazine created to appeal to the women who grew up reading Sassy Magazine, Jane Pratt was the founding editor of each. Its original target audience was aged 18–34, and was designed to appeal to women who did not like the womens magazine format. Pratt originally intended the magazine to be named Betty, but she was voted down by everyone involved in the making of the magazine. Jane was launched in September 1997, the issue was dated August 2007. The events surrounding the magazines fold were chronicled through the experiences of two assistants on the SOAPnet series The Fashionista Diaries, the magazine was published on a monthly basis. When Sassy ended its New York editorial run in 1994, readers were left heartbroken, in September 1997, Jane Pratts new magazine, Jane, published by the Disney-owned Fairchild Publications, hit the stands with Drew Barrymore as its maiden covergirl. Insiders speculated that Pratt wanted a change in her life after she lost the twins she had been carrying at 5 months gestation, in August 2005, Brandon Holley, editor in chief of Elle Girl, was named to take Pratts place. Stephanie Trong, who had been with the magazine since 1999, christina Kelly managing editor of Elle Girl, as well as a rumoured favorite to take over Jane because of her decades-long friendship with Jane Pratt, took over Elle Girl. When Jane announced that it was ceasing publication, the magazine notified its readers that they receive one of a number of sister magazines for their remaining subscription durations. Glamour, Allure and Lucky were all Conde Nast publications that were suffering from lower circulation, an episode of the MTV animated show Daria entitled The Lost Girls, from season 3, would poke fun at Pratts image and magazine. In the episode, an over-the-top name-dropping fashionista named Val, editor of Val magazine, ultimately, Daria confronts Val about the unrealistic expectations that these fashion magazines force on young girls and about the mass-marketing of popular culture. Jane Why Jane Pratts Jane never quite lived up to Jane Pratts Sassy Jane Magazine news at gawker. com Recent articles by Jane writer/editor Katy McColl Press Release Announcing End of Publication
Jane magazine
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Jane, cover dated January 2005
28.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
Entertainment Weekly
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Volume 1, Number 1 (February 16, 1990), cover featuring singer
k.d. lang
29.
Gotham Books
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The Penguin Group is a trade book publisher, part of Penguin Random House. It is owned by Pearson PLC, the education and publishing company, and Bertelsmann. The new company was created by a merger that was finalized on 1 July 2013, with Bertelsmann owning 53% of the joint venture, Penguin Books has its registered office in City of Westminster, London. Its British division is Penguin Books Ltd, other separate divisions can be found in the United States, Ireland, New Zealand, India, Australia, Canada, China, and South Africa. Penguin Books Ltd. of the United Kingdom was bought over by Pearson Longman in 1970, Penguin Group Inc. was formed in 1996 as a result of the merger between Penguin Books USA and the Putnam Berkley Group. The different Penguin companies use many imprints, many of which used to be independent publishers, Penguin Group Inc. also operates its own speakers bureau that books speaking engagements for many of the publishers authors. In 2011, the writing and publishing community Book Country was launched as a subsidiary of Penguin Group USA. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Penguin, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market in violation of antitrust law. In October 2012, Pearson entered into talks with rival conglomerate Bertelsmann, over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, Penguin Group and Random House. The houses were considered two of the Big-Six publishing companies, prior to the merger, which became the Big-Five publishing houses upon completion of the combination, the European Union approved of the Penguin Random House merger on 5 April 2013, Pearson controls 47% of the publisher
Gotham Books
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Penguin Group
30.
Jason Reitman
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Jason Reitman is a Canadian-American film director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for directing the films Thank You for Smoking, Juno, Up in the Air, and Young Adult. As of February 2,2010, he has received one Grammy Award and four Academy Award nominations, Reitman is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States. He is the son of director Ivan Reitman, Reitman was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Geneviève Robert, an actress sometimes billed as Geneviève Deloir, and comedy director Ivan Reitman. Reitman has two sisters, Catherine, an actress, who is three years younger than him, and Caroline, a nurse, who is 12 years younger. Reitmans father was born in Czechoslovakia, to Jewish parents who were Holocaust survivors, Reitmans paternal grandfather ran a dry cleaner and then a car wash. His mother is from a Christian background, and of French-Canadian descent, when he was still a child, his family moved to Los Angeles. His father, Ivan, directed the films Ghostbusters, Stripes, and Kindergarten Cop. Reitman grew up on set and this showed him that making movies is a job that people do, that its not just this piece of magic that happens. Jason described his childhood self as a loser, in the late 1980s, Reitman began appearing in small acting parts and serving as a production assistant on his fathers films. He spent time in the rooms of his fathers movies. Reitman graduated from Harvard-Westlake School in 1995, Reitman was a jumper in high school. Reitman attended Skidmore College and was going to major in pre-med studies before transferring to the University of Southern California to major in English/Creative Writing, at USC he performed with improv group Commedus Interruptus. Reitman started out making short films during his time at USC, throughout his 20s, instead of accepting offers to make commercial feature films, Reitman began making his own short films and directing commercials. Although he was offered the opportunity to direct Dude, Wheres My Car. on two occasions, he declined. Reitmans first feature film, Thank You for Smoking, opened in 2006, Reitman developed the Christopher Buckley novel into a screenplay and, eventually, a film. The film was a commercial and critical success and it grossed over $39 million worldwide by the end of its run, and was nominated for two Golden Globes. After the success of Thank You for Smoking, Reitman mentioned in an interview that his film would be adapting another book into a film. He also mentioned that he had plans to work with Buckley again on an original project, although the first of these projects would eventually become Up in the Air, this second project has not come to fruition. His second film, Juno, generated great buzz after it premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in December 2007
Jason Reitman
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Reitman at the
2013 Toronto International Film Festival
