1.
Public limited company
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A public limited company is a type of public company under the United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It is a liability company whose shares may be freely sold and traded to the public, with a minimum share capital of £50,000. Similar companies in the United States are called publicly traded companies, public limited companies will also have a separate legal identity. A PLC can be either an unlisted or listed company on the stock exchanges, in the United Kingdom, a public limited company usually must include the words public limited company or the abbreviation PLC or plc at the end and as part of the legal company name. Welsh companies may choose to end their names with ccc. However, some public limited companies incorporated under special legislation are exempted from bearing any of the identifying suffixes. The term public limited company and the PLC/plc suffix were introduced in 1981, prior to this, all limited companies bore the suffix Limited, which is still used by private limited companies. When a new company incorporates in England and Wales or in Scotland, it must register with Companies House, Formation of a public limited company requires a minimum of one director and one secretary. In England and Wales and in Scotland, the male/female is under 16 years old, some people who are not British citizens are restricted as to what work they may do while in the UK, which may exclude them from being a director. The members must agree to some, or all, of the shares when the company is registered. The memorandum of association must show the names of the people who have agreed to take shares and these people are called the subscribers. There is a share capital for public limited companies, Before it can start business. A quarter of them, £12,500, must be paid up, each allotted share must be paid up to at least one quarter of its nominal value together with the whole of any premium. A company can increase its share capital by passing an ordinary resolution. A copy of the resolution – and notice of the increase on Form 123 – must reach Companies House within 15 days of being passed, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company can decrease its authorised share capital by passing a resolution to cancel shares which have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person. Notice of the cancellation, on Form 122, must reach Companies House within one month, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company may have as different types of shares as it wishes
2.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
3.
London Stock Exchange
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The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a capitalisation of US$6.06 trillion. The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London, the Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges, London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse and it was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners and they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathans Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Casting started listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates and certain key provisions such as salt, coal, originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was moved to Garraway’s coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn, as stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in securities in London. After Greshams Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and this was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise and this was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament brought out an act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties and it also set a fixed number of brokers, which was later increased as the size of the trade grew. The street in which they were now dealing was known as Exchange Alley, Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of bubbles when companies rose quickly and fell, after the Seven Years War, trade at Jonathans coffee house boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and this now had a set entrance fee, through which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not a location for trading. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to such dealings
4.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
5.
Irish Stock Exchange
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The Irish Stock Exchange is Irelands main stock exchange, and has been in existence since 1793. The Irish Stock Exchange is a leader in the listing of debt and fund securities and is a European gateway exchange for companies seeking to access investors in Europe. With over 35,000 securities listed on its markets, the ISE is the exchange of choice for over 4,000 issuers from more than 85 countries to raise funds and access international investors. It also found that having a domestic securities industry centered on the Irish Stock Exchange generates €207m in estimated direct economic impact, in 2017, the ISE was named the #2 Best Medium Workplace in Ireland at the Great Place to Work Awards. In 2015, the ISE won a GPtW Inspiring Award for work it completed on its history and was ranked in the Top 50 Great Places to Work Europe, there are currently 50 companies with shares listed on the markets of the Irish Stock Exchange. New equity listings in 2016 came from Venn Life Sciences, Draper Esprit, and Dalata Hotel Group, three other IPOs took place in 2015 raising a further €650m, Applegreen, Permanent TSB and Hostelworld. These three companies raised a total of €484m at IPO. Total fund raisings in 2014 of listed companies was €1. 3bn, the second #IPOready programme will commence in 2017. The ISE’s electronic trading platform is called ISE Xetra and is provided in partnership with Deutsche Börse since the ISE closed its trading floor in Anglesea Street Dublin 2 on 6 June 2000. Shares trading on the ISE are settled by Euroclear UK & Ireland via the CREST system, the ISE is the main centre of liquidity in Irish shares. The company with the highest turnover on the ISE in 2016 was CRH and this was followed Ryanair, Paddy Power Betfair, Bank of Ireland and Kerry Group. Trading volumes on the exchange in 2011 were about a quarter of the 2007 peak, in June 2012, following the collapse of a stockbrokers, the Irish Independent asked Will there even be a stand-alone Irish equity market in five years time. The ISE is among the leading centres globally for the listing of securities with statistics showing debt listings growing by more than 7% in 2016 to reach over 29,000 securities. The ISE was ranked at #2 among global exchanges according to released by the World Federation of Exchanges at the end of December 2016. Global investment managers can choose one of two markets when listings funds, the MSM or GEM. Notable investment managers listing funds on ISE markets include Tideway, BNY Mellon, PIMCO, in 2014 the ISE launched www. isefundhub. com, an information portal for funds listed on the ISE and funds domiciled in Ireland. LEIs are codes designed to create a reference data system that uniquely identifies every legal entity or structure, in any jurisdiction. Businesses may apply for an LEI code through ISEdirect, lEIs were brought in by global regulators as part of the response to the global financial crisis
6.
Drink
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A drink or beverage is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their function of satisfying thirst, drinks play important roles in human culture. Common types of drinks include plain water, milk, juices, coffee, tea, in addition, alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and liquor, which contain the drug ethanol, have been part of human culture and development for 8,000 years. Non-alcoholic drinks often signify drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer, the category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. When the human body becomes dehydrated it experiences the sensation of thirst and this craving of fluids results in an instinctive need to drink. Thirst is regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in the bodys electrolyte levels. The complete elimination of drinks, i. e. water, Water and milk have been basic drinks throughout history. As water is essential for life, it has also been the carrier of many diseases, as mankind evolved, new techniques were discovered to create drinks from the plants that were native to their areas. The earliest archaeological evidence of wine production yet found has been at sites in Georgia, beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 3000 BCE, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The invention of beer has been argued to be responsible for humanitys ability to develop technology, tea likely originated in Yunnan, China during the Shang Dynasty as a medicinal drink. Drinking has been a part of socialising throughout the centuries. In Ancient Greece, a gathering for the purpose of drinking was known as a symposium. The purpose of these gatherings could be anything from serious discussions to direct indulgence, in Ancient Rome, a similar concept of a convivium took place regularly. Many early societies considered alcohol a gift from the gods, leading to the creation of such as Dionysus. Other religions forbid, discourage, or restrict the drinking of alcoholic drinks for various reasons, in some regions with a dominant religion the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic drinks is forbidden to everybody, regardless of religion. Toasting is a method of honouring a person or wishing good will by taking a drink, another tradition is that of the loving cup, at weddings or other celebrations such as sports victories a group will share a drink in a large receptacle, shared by everyone until empty. In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in religious ceremonies. As these ceremonies conflicted with the beliefs of the Christian church, the drink was also banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe
7.
Park Royal
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Park Royal is an area in northwest London, England. It is the site of the largest business park in London, Park Royal Business Park is promoted commercially by the Park Royal Business Group which is part of West London Business. Park Royal is partly in the London Borough of Brent and partly the London Borough of Ealing, Park Royal business park has over 1,200 businesses, employing an estimated 35,000 workers. Approximately 500 food companies operate at Park Royal, employing more than 14,000 people, one third of all the food consumed in London is supplied by businesses in Park Royal. Park Royal also has areas of housing and amenities serving them. On the eastern side, Park Royal is bounded by Acton Lane, the Central Middlesex Hospital is located here. There is also a B&Q superstore, Renault and Nissan Car Dealerships, Park Royal Underground station, on the Piccadilly line, is located just off Western Avenue. To the west of Park Royal is Hanger Hill and the North Circular Road, as well as many small industrial firms, Park Royal is the location of some large company buildings, including McVities and Heinz. The first building erected adjacent to the new roundabout and bridge link to Western Avenue is occupied by international drinks company Diageo, owner of the Guinness brand, the Female Health Company, which manufactures Femidoms, has one of its two manufacturing plants here, too. The Grand Union Canal runs through the middle of the Park Royal industrial estate, the name Park Royal derives from the short-lived showgrounds opened in 1903 by the Royal Agricultural Society as a permanent exhibition site for the societys annual show. After only three years the society sold the site, and returned to a format for its shows. With its road, rail and canal links, Park Royal was subsequently developed for industrial use, for many years it was a centre of engineering, with firms including Park Royal Vehicles, GKN and Landis and Gyr. Queens Park Rangers F. C. played on two grounds in Park Royal, the first was the Horse Ring, later the site of the Guinness brewery, which had a capacity of 40,000. When the Royal Agricultural Society sold the grounds in 1907, QPR moved to the Park Royal Ground,400 yards south, the club was forced to move out in February 1915 as the ground was taken over by the Army. On 12 December 1908, the first ever rugby league test match between Great Britain and Australia took place at the Park Royal Ground in front of 2,000 fans, the match ended in a 22-all draw and was played as part of the first ever Kangaroo Tour. The Guinness Sports Club hosted some of the hockey events for the 1948 Summer Olympics. It is public policy to maintain Park Royal as predominantly a business area, the framework does not preclude use of parts of the site for housing. Park Royal is served by the A40 and A406 roads, and is situated close to an interchange called the Hanger Lane gyratory
8.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
9.
NW postcode area
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The NW postcode area, also known as the London NW postcode area, is a group of postcode districts covering part of northwest London, England. It is the successor of the NW sector, originally created as part of the London postal district in 1856, the district names are no longer included in the postal address because the first part of the postcode contains equivalent sorting information. The boundaries of the area and its districts have changed over time and are the result of the working requirements of Royal Mail. They are not tied to those of the local authority areas served, the NW7 district extends to the Greater London boundary with Hertfordshire and follows that boundary for a short distance near Scratch Wood. The remainder of northwest Greater London is covered by the HA, UB, part of the EN, list of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district Postcode Address File Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
10.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
11.
Alcoholic drink
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Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures, most countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption, some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world, the global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at point, 70% had drunk it in the last year. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume. Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period, wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer process than beer and also a long aging process. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation, fruit wines are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is an example of rice wine. Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash and it is made from barley or a blend of several grains. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink is a spirit, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder is an alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice, apple juice, peaches. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in some regions, cider may be called apple wine. Mead is a drink created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%, the defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drinks fermentable sugar is derived from honey. A distilled drink or liquor is a drink produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have a content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits
12.
Distilled beverage
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This process purifies it and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content. As distilled beverages contain more alcohol, they are considered harder – in North America, as examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, sake, and cider, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%, brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of distilled beverages include bourbon, vodka, gin, rum, tequila, mezcal, whisky, scotch, the term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume. Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as Grand Marnier, Frangelico, Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. The origin of liquor and its close relative liquid was the Latin verb liquere, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply a liquid, can be dated to 1225. The first use the OED mentions of its meaning a liquid for drinking occurred in the 14th century and its use as a term for an intoxicating alcoholic drink appeared in the 16th century. The term spirit in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy and these alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during a process was called a spirit of the original material. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias, the Alexandrians were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century AD. The medieval Arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively. Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice, the freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use. The earliest evidence of distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century. Again, the Chinese may not have been far behind, with evidence indicating the practice of distillation began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at a site in Qinglong, Hebei. Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century, the production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret. In 1437, burned water was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany and it was served in a tall, narrow glass called a Goderulffe. Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD and these spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content than the alchemists pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs
13.
Beer
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Beer is the worlds oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink, it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, the fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect, although this is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Beer is sold in bottles and cans, it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume, archaeologists speculate that beer was instrumental in the formation of civilisations. Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer, the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, a fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice, almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation. It is likely that many cultures, on observing that a liquid could be obtained from a source of starch. Bread and beer increased prosperity to a level that allowed time for development of other technologies, Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today, alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was an addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, the development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies. As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres, the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side, of beer are sold per year, the process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, a company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, however, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby
14.
Wine
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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. These grapes are generally Vitis vinifera, or a hybrid with Vitis labrusca or Vitis rupestris, grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine and these typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. There are also made from fermenting other fruits or cereals. Wines made from other than grapes include rice wine and various fruit wines such as those made from plums or cherries. Some well known examples are hard cider from apples, perry from pears, pomegranate wine, Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest known traces of wine from Georgia in Eurasia where 8000-year-old wine jars were found and in Iran with 7, the earliest known winery is the 6, 100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia. Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace, throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects, which are evident after the normal serving size of five ounces. Wine has long played an important role in religion, the earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC. The earliest evidence of a fermented drink was found in Georgia, where wine residue inside ceramic jars dates from 6000 BC. The earliest evidence of a production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old, presumably. A2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid, however, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, the wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact. As the first great traders in wine, the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin
15.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
16.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
17.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
18.
Headquarters
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Headquarters denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities, in the UK, the term head office is most commonly used for the HQs of large corporations. The term is also used regarding military organizations, a headquarters is the entity at the top of a corporation that takes full responsibility for the overall success of the corporation, and ensures corporate governance. Many companies have an office at a different address to their corporate office. A headquarters normally includes the leader of business unit and his or her staff as well as all functions to manage the business unit, the head of the business unit is responsible for overall result of the business unit. Military headquarters take many forms depending on the size and nature of the unit or formation they command, typically, they are split into the forward, main and rear components, both within NATO nations, and those following the organization and doctrine of the former Soviet Union. The forward or tactical HQs is a group of staff. The main HQs is less mobile and is involved in both the planning and execution of operations, there are a number of staff assembled here from various staff branches to advise the commander, and to control the various aspects of planning and the conduct of discrete operations. A main HQ for a large formation will have a chief of staff who coordinates the staff effort, the rear or logistic HQs is some distance from the battle or front line in conventional operations. The headquarters of the Catholic Church is Vatican City, the headquarters of the Russian Orthodox Church is in Danilov Monastery, Moscow. The World Council of Churches, including Orthodox Churches, has its headquarters in Geneva, the headquarters of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is located in Istanbul, Turkey. The headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, the Anglican Communion Office is in London. In Japanese budō martial arts such as karate, judo, aikido, kendo, there is usually a headquarters for each organization or region. The Japanese word honbu is generally used for that, also outside Japan, sometimes they refer to this headquarters as honbu dojo in which dojo is a facility provided for practicing discipline, the training ground. Sometimes honbu is written as hombu, the way it is pronounced, but according to the Hepburn transcription, weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army Janes, London,516 pp. Wanner, Herbert Global and regional corporate headquarters in, Kählin, Christian, H. Switzerland Business & Investment Handbook, Orell Füssli and Wiley, Wanner, Herbert, LeClef, Xavier, & Shimizu, Hiroshi Global Headquarters on the Move, From Administrators to Facilitators Prims Second Semester 2004, Arthur D. Little
19.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
20.
Smirnoff
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Smirnoff is a brand of vodka owned and produced by the British company Diageo. The Smirnoff brand began with a distillery founded in Moscow by Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov. It is now distributed in 130 countries and it is produced in several countries including India, Ireland, Honduras, Albania, Mongolia, Latvia, the Philippines, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. Smirnoff products include vodka, flavoured vodka, and malt beverages, in March 2006, Diageo North America claimed that Smirnoff vodka was the best-selling distilled spirit brand in the world. The vodka is made using a traditional charcoal filtration method developed by P. A SMIRNOFF, recipe NO.21 was created by P. A. s son Vladimir after escaping Russia and the Bolshevik revolution. His brand was reportedly a Tsar favorite, when Pyotr died, he was succeeded by his third son Vladimir Smirnov. The company flourished and produced more than 4 million cases of vodka per year, in 1904, the Tsar nationalized the Russian vodka industry and Vladimir Smirnov was forced to sell his factory and brand. During the October Revolution of 1917, the Smirnov family had to flee the country, Vladimir Smirnov re-established a factory in 1920 in Constantinople. Four years later he moved to Lwów and started to sell the vodka under the contemporary French spelling of the name, the new product sold marginally well but not nearly as it had in Russia prior to 1904. An additional distillery was founded in Paris in 1925, however the company was a shadow of its former self, in the 1930s, Vladimir met Rudolph Kunett, a Russian who had emigrated to America in the 1920s and became a successful businessman in New York City. The Kunett family had been a supplier of grains to Smirnoff in Moscow before the Revolution, in 1933, Vladimir sold Kunett the right to begin producing Smirnoff vodka in North America. He then returned to the United States, quit his sales job, however, the business in America was not as successful as Kunett had hoped. In 1938 Kunett could not afford to pay for the necessary sales licences, Heublein was a company that specialized in the import and export of liquors and foreign foods. Using the $14,000 that the Heublein company made from a new product that ended up saving them from bankruptcy, A1 Steak Sauce and his board thought he was mad. Americans were traditionally whiskey drinkers unfamiliar with vodka and so sales were very slow, in a marketing move they changed the product to use whiskey corks instead and branded it as a white whiskey with no taste, no smell. Sales picked up considerably after that, in 1982, the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company acquired Heublein Inc. for $1.4 billion. RJR Nabisco sold the division to Grand Metropolitan in 1987, ironically, in 1985 Heublein Corporate Audit Manager Hanson J Kan had recommended to Heublein that they buy out the Grand Metropolitan IDV Smirnoff licensee with its global licensee locations. Grand Metropolitan merged with Guinness to form Diageo in 1997, suddenly 500,000 Soviet soldiers were paid in hard currency and had almost nothing to do except drink
21.
Johnnie Walker
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Johnnie Walker is a brand of Scotch whisky owned by Diageo that originated in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. It is the most widely distributed brand of blended Scotch whisky in the world, sold in almost every country, with annual sales of the equivalent of over 226.2 million 750 ml bottles in 2015. Originally known as Walkers Kilmarnock Whisky, the Johnnie Walker brand is a left by John Johnnie Walker after he started to sell whisky in his grocers shop in Ayrshire. The brand became popular, but after Walkers death in 1857 it was his son Alexander Walker, in Britain prior to 1860, it was illegal to sell blended whisky. During that time John Walker sold a number of single malt whiskies—notably his own Walkers Kilmarnock, in 1867, he launched Johnnie Walker’s first commercial blend and called it Old Highland Whisky. He then made the move of engaging ships’ captains as his agents to carry his whisky wherever ships could sail. Before long, his unique blend was available around the globe, Alexander Walker introduced the iconic square bottle in 1860. This meant more bottles fitting the same space and resulted in fewer broken bottles, the other identifying characteristic of the Johnnie Walker bottle is the label, which is applied at an angle of 24 degrees and allows text to be made larger and more visible. From 1906 to 1909, Johns grandsons George and Alexander II expanded the line, Johnnie Walker White was dropped during World War I. In 1932, Alexander II added Johnnie Walker Swing to the line, the originating from the unusual shape of the bottle. The company joined Distillers Company in 1925, Distillers was acquired by Guinness in 1986, and Guinness merged with Grand Metropolitan to form Diageo in 1997. On 1 July 2009, Bryan Donaghey, Diageo Managing Director for Global Supply Scotland, under a restructuring programme across Scotland, production would be moved from the brands original home to Diageo plants in Leven, Fife, and Shieldhall, Glasgow. News of the closure had widespread media attention and condemnation. Following the decision, a campaign was waged to try to persuade Diageo to reverse this decision. However, on 9 September 2009 Diageo stated that intended to press ahead with the move away from Kilmarnock. The Johnnie Walker plant, the largest employer in the town of Kilmarnock, for most of its history Johnnie Walker only offered a few blends. In recent years there have been special and limited bottlings. Red Label, an 80 proof blend of 35 grain and malt whiskies and it is intended for making mixed drinks
22.
Baileys Irish Cream
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Baileys Irish Cream is an Irish whiskey- and cream-based liqueur, made by Gilbeys of Ireland. The trademark is owned by Diageo. It has an alcohol content of 17% by volume. Baileys Irish Cream was created by Gilbeys of Ireland, a division of International Distillers & Vintners, the process of finding a product began in 1971 and it was introduced in 1974 as the first Irish cream on the market. The Baileys name was granted permission by John Chesterman after Gilbeys asked to use the name from a restaurant that John Chesterman owned, Bailey signature was inspired by the Baileys Hotel in London, though the registered trademark omits the apostrophe. Baileys is produced in Dublin and Mallusk, Cream and Irish whiskey from various distilleries, are homogenized to form an emulsion with the aid of an emulsifier containing refined vegetable oil. The process prevents separation of the alcohol and cream during storage, the quantity of other ingredients is not known but they include herbs and sugar. According to the manufacturer, no preservatives are required as the alcohol content preserves the cream, the cream used in the drink comes from Glanbia, an Irish dairy company. Glanbias Virginia facility in County Cavan produces a range of fat-filled milk powders and it has been the principal cream supplier to Baileys Irish Cream Liqueurs for more than thirty years. At busier times of the year, Glanbia will also supply cream from its Ballyragget facility in Kilkenny, Diageo provides nutritional information for Baileys. As is the case with milk, cream will curdle whenever it comes into contact with a weak acid, milk and cream contain casein, which coagulates, when mixed with weak acids such as lemon, tonic water, or traces of wine. While this outcome is undesirable in most situations, some cocktails specifically encourage coagulation, in 2003, Bailey & Co. launched Baileys Glide, aimed at the alcopop market. In 2005, Baileys launched mint chocolate and crème caramel variants at 17% ABV and they were originally released in UK airports and were subsequently released in the mass market of the UK, US, Australia and Canada in 2006. In 2008, Baileys, after the success of previous flavour variants, released a coffee variant, the company trialled a new premium variety, Baileys Gold, at several European airports in 2009. The Gold version also was marketed towards the Japanese consumer, the latest additions to the Baileys flavour family are Biscotti, launched in 2011, and a sub-brand premium product Baileys Chocolat Luxe, which combined Belgian chocolate with Baileys, in 2013. The company released a Vanilla-Cinnamon variety in the US market in 2013 with further flavours, Pumpkin Spice, Espresso, International spirit ratings competitions, including at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition, the Beverage Testing Institute, and others, have assessed Baileys offerings. In general, Baileys has performed well, with the classic Irish Cream generally receiving the highest awards
23.
Guinness
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Guinness is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. Jamess Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland. Guinness, produced by the Diageo beverages company, is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide and it is brewed in almost 50 countries and is available in over 120. Annual sales total of Guinness in 2011 was 850 million litres, Guinness features a burnt flavour that is derived from roasted, unmalted barley, although this is a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic flavour, although Guinnesss palate still features a characteristic tang, the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beers thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and it is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co, Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of the beverage annually. The company was started in 1759 in Dublin, but had to move its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932, in 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic drinks producer Diageo. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. Jamess Gate Brewery, on 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale, there have been claims that Arthur Price, a Welshman, took the original recipe with him to Ireland where he hired a servant, Richard Guinness, whose son later opened the brewery. Stout originally referred to a strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778, the first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s. Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of a beer type, porter or single stout, double or extra. Porter was also referred to as plain, as mentioned in the refrain of Flann OBriens poem The Workmans Friend. Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinnesss sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876, in October 1886 Guinness became a public company, and was averaging sales of 1,138,000 barrels a year. This was despite the refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts, by 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees. By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, the improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2,652,000 barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, in the 1930s, Guinness became the seventh largest company in the world
24.
LVMH
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LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate, native of France and headquartered in Paris. It controls around 60 subsidiaries that each manage a number of prestigious brands. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, the oldest of the LVMH brands is wine producer Château dYquem, which dates its origins back to 1593. Christian Dior, the luxury group, is the main holding company of LVMH, owning 40. 9% of its shares. Bernard Arnault, majority shareholder of Dior, is Chairman of both companies and CEO of LVMH, arnaults successful integration of various famous aspirational brands into the group has inspired other luxury companies into doing the same. Thus, the French conglomerate Kering and the Swiss-based Richemont have also created extended portfolios of luxury brands, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. During the first half of 2015, LVMH recorded strong results in Europe, the revenue of the groupe increased of 19 per cent. LVMH is based in 20 avenue Foch in the 8th arrondissement, Paris, the company is listed on the Euronext Paris exchange, and is a constituent of the CAC40 index. As of 2010, the group had revenues of €20.3 billion with a net income of just over €3 billion, by the 29 February 2016 the company had a share value of 78,126 million euros, distributed in 506,980,299 shares. In 2013, with revenue of $21,7 billion, LVMH is ranked first luxury goods company in Deloittes Global Powers of Luxury Goods” report, the group currently employs more than 83,000 people. Thirty percent of LVMHs staff work in France, LVMH operates over 2,400 stores worldwide. Its current business plan aims to control the brands it manages in order to maintain. For example, Louis Vuitton products are only through Louis Vuitton boutiques found in upmarket locations in wealthy cities or in concessions in other luxury goods shops. At the end of 2010, the only declared major shareholder in LVMH was Groupe Arnault, the groups control amounted to 47. 64% of LVMHs stock and 63. 66% of its voting rights. A further 2. 43% of shares were declared as treasury stock, LVMH holds 66% of the drinks division, Moët Hennessy, with the remaining 34% held by Diageo. A partial list including some of LVMHs best-known brands and subsidiaries, on 7 March 2011, LVMH announced the acquisition of the 50. 4% family-owned shares of the Italian jeweller Bulgari and the intention to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned. The transaction was about $5.2 billion, in 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia. In 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia, LVMH sales decreased by about 10 percent from in 2011 in China, and LVMH stopped opening stores in second and third-tier cities in mainland China
25.
Veuve Clicquot
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Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin is a French champagne house based in Reims, specializing in premium products. Founded in 1772 by Philippe Clicquot-Muiron, Veuve Clicquot played an important role in establishing champagne as a drink of haute bourgeoisie. In 1772, Philippe Clicquot-Muiron established the enterprise which eventually became the house of Veuve Clicquot. In 1775, it was credited to be the first Champagne house to produce rosé Champagne and she became the first woman to take over a Champagne house. Under Madame Clicquots guidance, the firm focused entirely on the last, during this time, she also gave Champagne to the Prussian guards enforcing the blockade and the soldiers opened the champagne with their swords, so started the technique of sabring Champagne. By the time she died in 1866 Veuve Clicquot had become both a substantial Champagne house and a respected brand, easily recognised by its distinctive bright yellow labels, the wine holds a royal warrant from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Since 1987 the Veuve Clicquot company has been part of the Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy group of luxury brands, Veuve Clicquot is featured in several films including Casablanca and Babettes Feast. Veuve Clicquot is mentioned in Downton Abbey Series 6, Episode 1, Veuve Clicquot is mentioned as having been consumed by the fictional British Secret Service operative, James Bond. Bond drank Clicquot, Veuve Clicquot, and Veuve Clicquot Rosé in at least three of the novels, Casino Royale, Diamonds Are Forever, and Thunderball. Madame Clicquot is credited with a breakthrough in champagne handling that made mass production of the wine possible. Clicquots advance involved systematically collecting the spent yeast and sediments left from the secondary fermentation in the bottles neck by using a specialised rack. Composed much like a desk with circular holes, the rack allowed a bottle of wine to be stuck sur point or upside down. Every day a cellar assistant would gently shake and twist the bottle to encourage wine solids to settle to the bottom, when this was completed, the cork was carefully removed, the sediments ejected, and a small replacement dose of sweetened wine added. In July 2008 an unopened bottle of Veuve Clicquot was discovered inside a sideboard in Torosay Castle, Isle of Mull, the 1893 bottle was in mint condition, having been kept in the dark, and was the oldest bottle known to exist. It is now on display at the Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin visitor centre in Reims and is regarded as priceless, spence afterwards described the still sparkling Champagne as quite dark in color but as having an excellent taste. The shipwreck site is located in approximately 83 feet of water at latitude 43°20. 24′ North, the water temperatures at the wreck-site range from 35° F. to 65° F. In July 2010, a group of Finnish divers found 168 bottles from the Föglö wreck in the Baltic Sea off the coast of the Åland Islands, the bottles were initially claimed to have been produced between 1782 and 1788. They were sent back to France for analysis, shortly after this, the bottles were traced to a now-defunct champagne house Juglar
26.
Hennessy
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Jas Hennessy & Co. or more simply Hennessy, is a cognac house with headquarters in Cognac, France. Jas Hennessy & Co. sells about 50 million bottles a year worldwide, or more than 40 percent of the world’s cognac and it is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is in turn owned by LVMH and Diageo. The Hennessy cognac distillery was founded by Irishman Richard Hennessy in 1765, during the 1970s, Kilian Hennessy, a fifth generation direct descendent of Hennessy, became the CEO of Hennessy, succeeding his first cousin Maurice-Richard. Kilian Hennessy spearheaded the companys 1971 merger with Moët et Chandon, Moët Hennessy merged with Louis Vuitton in 1987, creating one of the worlds largest luxury brand conglomerates, Louis Vuitton • Moët-Hennessy or LVMH. In 1988, a management crisis led to the takeover by Bernard Arnault, owner of the haute couture house Christian Dior. Kilian Hennessy remained on the advisory board until his death in 2010 at the age of 103. In the United States, African American customers make up half of Hennessys sales. In 2014, Hennessy VS sponsored The Rap Monument produced primarily by Hudson Mohawke, Hennessy was the favorite drink of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il. Hennessy once reported that Kim spent over $700,000 a year on Paradis cognac, Hennessy is featured in Steven Speilbergs 1993 World War II epic drama film Schindlers List. The protagonist Oskar Schindler refers to it as the best
27.
Wolff Olins
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Wolff Olins is a brand consultancy, based in London, New York City and San Francisco. Founded in 1965, it now employs 150 designers, strategists, technologists, programme managers and educators, the company acts as creative partners to ambitious leaders who want to design radically better businesses. It has worked in sectors including technology, culture, retail, energy & utilities, Media, also in 2012 the Orange and London 2012 brands were included in a retrospective examining design from 1948 -2012 at the V&A in London. In 2012, the firm was recognised by The Sunday Times as being one of the Best Small Companies to work for and by Ad Age as one of the Best Places to Work in media and marketing. Wolff Olins was founded in Camden Town, London, in 1965 by designer Michael Wolff, Wolff left the business in 1983, and Olins in 2001, Wolff is still active in the field of branding, and Olins died on 14 April 2014. Over the years, Wolff Olins has opened offices in Hamburg, Paris, Madrid, in 1998, the company opened an office in New York, and ten years later in Dubai. In 2002, Wolff Olins was selected by the British Library as a subject of their National Life Stories oral history project, from 1965 to the early 1990s, Wolff Olins developed corporate identities for various large European companies. During this time Olins published The Corporate Personality and Corporate Identity, Olins defined corporate identity as strategy made visible, and the firm worked with companies including BOC, Apple Records, Bovis, Volkswagens VAG, 3i, Prudential and BT. During the 1990s, Wolff Olins focused more on corporate branding, the companys work during that time includes First Direct, Orange, Heathrow Express, and Tata Group. Wolff Olins Oral History of Wolff Olins on British Librarys National Life Stories
28.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
29.
Guinness Brewery
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St. Jamess Gate Brewery is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland, by Arthur Guinness. The company is now a part of Diageo, a formed from the merger of Guinness. The main product of the brewery is Guinness Draught, originally leased in 1759 to Arthur Guinness at IR£45 per year for 9,000 years, St. Jamess Gate has been the home of Guinness ever since. It became the largest brewery in Ireland in 1838, and the largest in the world by 1886, although no longer the largest brewery in the world, it is still the largest brewer of stout in the world. The brewery also made all of its own power using its own power plant, there is an attached exhibition on the 250-year-old history of Guinness, called the Guinness Storehouse. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in Leixlip, County Kildare, on 31 December he signed a 9, 000-year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. However, the lease is no longer in effect because the property has been bought out when it expanded beyond the original 4-acre site. Ten years after establishment, on 19 May 1769 Guinness exported his beer for the first time, when six, the business expanded by adopting steam power and further exporting to the English market. On the death of Benjamin Guinness in 1868 the business was worth over £1 million, in 1886 his son Edward sold 65 percent of the business by a public offering on the London Stock Exchange for £6 million. The company pioneered several quality control efforts, because of the Irish Free States Control of Manufactures Act in 1932, the company moved its headquarters to London later that year. Guinness brewed its last porter in 1974, in 1983 a non-family chief executive Ernest Saunders was appointed and arranged the reverse takeover of the leading Scotch whisky producer Distillers in 1986. Saunders was then asked to resign following revelations that the Guinness stock price had been illegally manipulated, in 1986, Guinness PLC was in the midst of a bidding war for the much larger Distillers Company. In the closing stages, Guinness stock rose 25 percent — which was unusual, Guinness paid several people and institutions, most notably American arbitrageur Ivan Boesky, about $38 million USD to buy $300 USD million worth of Guinness stock. The effect was to increase the value of its offer for Distillers, in the course of the investigation, it emerged that Bank Leu was involved in half of the purchases. Two of Guinness directors signed under-the-table agreements in which Bank Leu subsidiaries in Zug, Guinness secretly promised to redeem the shares at cost, including commissions. To fulfill its end of the bargain, Guinness deposited $76 million with Bank Leus Luxembourg subsidiary, as Distillers was worth more than Guinness plc, the Guinness family shareholding in the merged company went below 10 percent, and today no member of the family sits on the board. Guinness acquired the Distillers Company in 1986, the company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo plc, capitalised in 2006 at about 40 billion euros. Although not officially taken over, the Guinness family still owns 51 percent of the brewery
30.
Grand Metropolitan
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Grand Metropolitan plc was a leisure, manufacturing and property conglomerate headquartered in England. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE100 Index until it merged with Guinness plc to form Diageo in 1997, the business began in 1934 as a hotel business called MRMA Ltd. Grand Hotels Ltd, a business founded after World War II by Maxwell Joseph, merged with MRMA in 1957 and it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1961 and changed its name to Grand Metropolitan Hotels Ltd in 1962. It diversified into catering acquiring Bateman Catering in 1967 and then Midland Catering in 1968 and it then bought Express Dairies in 1969, the Berni Inn chain, and the Mecca bingo halls in 1970. It changed its name to Grand Metropolitan in 1973, in 1980 it bought Liggett Group, a US tobacco and drinks business. In 1981 it bought Warner Holidays and Intercontinental Hotels Corporation, in 1986 the Company sold the Liggett Group to Bennett S. LeBow. It acquired Heublein wines and spirits in 1987, which made it one of the largest producers of wines and spirits in the world, also in 1987 the Company withdrew from catering when it disposed of its catering division by way of a management buyout so creating Compass Group. In 1988, having sold Intercontinental Hotels to Japanese based Saison Group and it also entered the fast food industry by buying the Pillsbury Company and with it the Burger King chain in 1988. It also bought the Wimpy Bar chain that year and merged it with Burger King and it continued to sell non-core business, including in 1990 the brewers Samuel Websters and in 1991 Ushers of Trowbridge. The Company merged with Guinness plc in 1997 to form Diageo, Grand Metropolitan, A History 1962-1987, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822976-6
31.
Pillsbury Company
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Pillsbury is a brand name used by Minneapolis-based General Mills and Orrville, Ohio-based J. M. Smucker Company. Antitrust law required General Mills to sell off some of the products, General Mills kept the rights to refrigerated and frozen Pillsbury products, while dry baking products and frosting are now sold by Smucker under license. Leo Burnett created Pillsburys Doughboy and Jolly Green Giant, which are two of the top brand icons. Pillsbury and Company was founded in 1872 by Charles Alfred Pillsbury, the company was second only to Washburn-Crosby to use steel rollers for processing grain in the United States. The finished product required transportation, so the Pillsburys assisted in funding railroad development in Minnesota, in 1889, Pillsbury and its five mills on the banks of the Mississippi River were purchased by a British company. The company also tried to purchase and merge with the Washburn Crosby Company, in 1923, the Pillsbury family reacquired Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, Limited which subsequently was incorporated in 1935 as Pillsbury Flour Mills Company. In 1949, the company introduced a national baking competition, which would come to be known as the Pillsbury Bake-Off, only seven products used the Pillsbury name in 1950, but the company began adding to its product line. The company began advertising heavily on television, in the 1960s, Pillsbury added Sweet*10 made with cyclamate, which became the most popular artificial sweetener. In 1964, Pillsbury introduced Funny Face Drink Mix with the names Goofy Grape, Rootin Tootin Raspberry, Freckle Face Strawberry, Loud Mouth Lime, Chinese Cherry, lefty Lemon followed in 1965, along with other flavors. The Funny Face characters, as well as the Funny Face brand were created in 1963 by Hal Silverman, when cyclamate was banned, Sweet*10 and Funny Face had to be dropped, resulting in a $4.5 million loss. Both products were re-introduced after changes, and the drinks became available sweetened and unsweetened, another drink mix introduced in the 1960s was Moo Juice, a flavored powder combined with milk in a shaker to produce a milkshake. Moo Juice was also created by Hal Silverman and its TV commercial featured a talking animation of the products cartoon cow head mascot. This was voiced by Frank Fontaine, who was familiar at that time as Crazy Guggenheim in The Jackie Gleason Shows Joe the Bartender skits. Moo Juice was short-lived, as its milkshakes tended to be compared to similar products such as Bordens Frosted and Birds Eyes Thick. The TV commercial featured Buddy Hackett as the voice of the little bear sheriff. Also, there was Gorilla Milk—. youll go ape for Gorilla Milk and this product, aimed at teenagers, was not successful going against Carnation Instant Breakfast. That decade, Pillsbury also created Space Food Sticks to capitalize on the popularity of the space program, Space Food Sticks were developed by Robert Muller, the inventor of the HACCP standards used by the food industry to ensure food safety. It acquired Burger King in 1967, however, the baking products division was sold to International Multifoods Corporation, which was later acquired by Smuckers
32.
General Mills
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General Mills, Inc. is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer foods sold through retail stores. It is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis and its brand portfolio includes more than 89 other leading U. S. brands and numerous category leaders around the world. The company can trace its history to the Minneapolis Milling Company, cadwallader C. Washburn acquired the company shortly after its founding and hired his brother William D. Washburn to assist in the companys development. In 1866 the Washburns got into the business themselves, building the Washburn B Mill at the falls, at the time, the building was considered to be so large and output so vast that it could not possibly sustain itself. However, the company succeeded, and in 1874 he built the even bigger Washburn A Mill, in 1877 the mill entered a partnership with John Crosby to form the Washburn-Crosby Company, producing Winter Wheat Flour. That same year Washburn sent William Hood Dunwoody to England to open the market for spring wheat, Dunwoody was successful and became a silent partner. In 1878 the A mill was destroyed in a flour dust explosion along with five nearby buildings, the ensuing fire led to the death of 18 workers. Construction of a new mill began immediately, not only was the new mill safer but it also was able to produce a higher quality flour after the old grinding stones were replaced with automatic steel rollers, the first ever used. In 1880 Washburn-Crosby flour brands won gold, silver and bronze medals at the Millers International Exhibition in Cincinnati, in 1924 the company stepped in to take over a failing Twin Cities radio station, WLAG, renaming it WCCO. General Mills itself was created in June 1928 when Washburn-Crosby President James Ford Bell directed his company to merge with 26 other mills, in 1928, General Mills acquired the Wichita Mill and Elevator Company of the industrialist Frank Kell of Wichita Falls, Texas. With the sale, Kell acquired cash plus stock in the corporation, the coupons and the catalog were discontinued by the company in 2006. A similar program, Box Tops for Education, in which coupon icons clipped off various General Mills products can be redeemed by schools for cash, General Mills became the sponsor of the popular radio show The Lone Ranger in 1941. The show was brought to television, and, after 20 years. Beginning in 1959, General Mills sponsored the Rocky and His Friends television series, until 1968, Rocky and Bullwinkle were featured in a variety of advertisements for General Mills. General Mills was also a sponsor of the Saturday-morning cartoons from the Total TeleVision productions studio, the company also was a sponsor of the ABC western series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh OBrian. In 1946 General Mills established their Aeronautical Research Division with chief engineer Otto C and this division developed high altitude balloons in conjunction with the United States Navy Office of Naval Research, such as the Skyhook balloon. The General Mills Electronics division developed the DSV Alvin submersible, which is notable for being used in investigating the wreck of the Titanic among other deep-sea exploration missions, the first venture General Mills took into the toy industry was in 1965. The company bought Rainbow Crafts, which was the manufacturer of Play-Doh, General Mills purchase of the company was substantial because it brought production costs down and tripled the revenue
33.
Burger King
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Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King. After Insta-Burger King ran into difficulties in 1954, its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it Burger King. In late 2010, 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company, the new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. The 1970s were the Golden Age of the advertising, but beginning in the early-1980s. A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the two decades. While highly successful, some of CP+Bs commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity, Burger Kings menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers, French fries, sodas, and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products. In 1957, the Whopper became the first major addition to the menu, conversely, BK has introduced many products, which failed to catch hold in the marketplace. Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets, from 2002 to 2010, Burger King aggressively targeted the 18–34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats. This tactic would eventually damage the financial underpinnings, and cast a negative pall on its earnings. As of December 31,2016, Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries. Of these,47. 5% are in the United States and 99. 5% are privately owned and operated, BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. Burger Kings relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious, occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues, and in several instances, the companys and its licensees relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases. Burger Kings Australian franchise Hungry Jacks is the franchise to operate under a different name, due to a trademark dispute. The predecessor to Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida and their production model was based on one of the machines they had acquired, an oven called the Insta-Broiler. This strategy proved to be so successful that later required all of their franchises to use the device. After the company faltered in 1959, it was purchased by its Miami, Florida, franchisees, James McLamore and they initiated a corporate restructuring of the chain, first renaming the company Burger King. They ran the company as an independent entity for eight years, pillsburys management tried several times to restructure Burger King during the late 1970s and the early 1980s
34.
TPG Capital
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TPG also manages investment funds specializing in growth capital, venture capital, public equity, and debt investments. The firm invests in a range of industries including consumer/retail, media and telecommunications, industrials, technology, travel/leisure. The firm was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter, since inception, the firm has raised more than $50 billion of investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds. TPG is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, and San Francisco, the company has additional offices in Europe, Asia, Australia and other parts of North America. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds with investor commitments of over $50 billion. This includes TPGs T3 Partners funds, which invest in technology focused deals alongside the firms main buyout funds, the Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for Robert M. Bass making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s, at the time, TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization, by 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of return of 55% on its investment. In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its private equity fund. In June 1996, TPG acquired the AT&T Paradyne unit, a communications business. Also in 1996, TPG invested in Beringer Wine, Ducati Motorcycles, TPGs most notable 1997 investment was its takeover of J. Crew. TPG acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500 million, the company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006. The following year, in 1998, TPG led a group in a minority investment in Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its co-investors invested $350 million in a preferred stock that can be converted into 22. 1% of Oxford. The company completed a buyback of the TPGs PIPE convertible in 2000, as the decade came to a close, TPG was once again fundraising, for its third private equity fund. This time, however TPG was raising not only a new buyout fund, in 1999, TPG invested in Piaggio S. p. A, Bally International, and ON Semiconductor. TPG has also recognized for its dedicated operations group that has become a major part of the process from investment to sale in many of their portfolio companies. The group is led by Dick Boyce and involves itself in tricky turnaround situations, operations improvement, other major private equity firms have begun to develop operations group as well, attempting to recreate the model at TPG but most have had trouble creating as expansive a program
35.
Kilmarnock
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Kilmarnock is a large burgh in East Ayrshire, Scotland with a population of 46,350, making it the 15th most populated place in Scotland and the second largest town in Ayrshire. The River Irvine runs through its eastern section, and the Kilmarnock Water passes through it, Kilmarnock is often shortened to Killie, especially when it is referenced in a footballing situation. The first collection of work by Scottish poet Robert Burns, Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect, was published here in 1786, the internationally distributed whisky brand Johnnie Walker originated in the town in the 19th century. Protest and backing from the Scottish Government took place in 2009, after Diageo, in recent years, Kilmarnock has been used for musical acts and film locations. Rock band Biffy Clyro were formed in the town in a school in the mid-1990s. The 2001 film, Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat was shot in the town as was Manhunt, the name Kilmarnock comes from the Gaelic cill, and the name of Saint Marnoch or Mernoc who is also remembered in the name of Portmarnock in Ireland and Inchmarnock. It may come from the three Gaelic elements mo, my, Ernán and the diminutive ag, giving Church of My Little Ernán, according to tradition, the saint founded a church there in the 7th century. There are 12 Church of Scotland congregations in the town, plus other denominations, in 2005, the Reverend David W. Lacy, minister of the towns Henderson Church, was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1668 the town was destroyed by an accidental fire. About 120 families lost most of their possessions and were forced to live destitute in the surrounding the town. These tradespeople had no way of making a living and had already been driven to the edge of poverty by having troops stationed with them as part of the anti-Covenanter measures. Parish churches throughout Scotland collected money for the relief of these homeless citizens, added later was John Finnie Street, which is regarded as one of the finest Victorian planned streets in Scotland. The Sandbed Street Bridge is the oldest known surviving bridge in the area, the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency area in the Westminster parliament is Kilmarnock-born Alan Brown. Brown defeated Labour candidate Cathy Jamieson with a majority with Brown receiving 30,000 votes with Jamieson only receiving 16,363. The member of the Scottish Parliament for Kilmarnock is Willie Coffey, Kilmarnock is the home of the East Ayrshire Council Chambers and offices situated on the London Road, thus making Kilmarnock the main town within East Ayrshire. In local council elections, Kilmarnock comprises four wards, Kilmarnock North, Kilmarnock East and Hurlford, Kilmarnock West and Crosshouse, the leader in East Ayrshire is Douglas Reid of the SNP party, who has been leader since 2007. The chief executive is Fiona Lees, following the East Ayrshire Council election,2012, the SNP and the Scottish Conservative parties formed a coalition government for East Ayrshire, following the result of a hung council. At present, the Scottish Labour party is the opposition in the East Ayrshire parliament with their leader, kilmarnocks traditional industries were based around textiles and heavy engineering such as locomotives from 1837, and valves, which are still in production
36.
United Breweries Group
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United Breweries Holdings Limited or UB Group is an Indian conglomerate company headquartered in UB City, Bangalore in the state of Karnataka, India. Its core business includes beverages, aviation and investments in various sectors, the company markets beer under the Kingfisher brand, and owns various other brands of alcoholic beverages. It also launched Kingfisher Airlines, an airline in India whose operation has been halted after problems in 2014 that led to its licence being revoked by the DGCA, United Breweries is Indias largest producer of beer with a market share of around 52. 5% by volume. The company chairman is Vijay Mallya, who left India on 2 March 2016, United Breweries now has greater than a 40% share of the Indian brewing market with 79 distilleries and bottling units across the world. Recently, UB financed a takeover of the business of the rival Shaw-Wallace company. The group also owns the Mendocino Brewing Company in the United States, the UB Group was founded by a Scotsman, Thomas Leishman, in 1857. The Group took its initial lessons in manufacturing beer from South India based British breweries, at the age of 22, Vittal Mallya was elected as the companys first Indian director in 1947. After a year, he replaced R G N Price as the chairman of the company, rangarajan took over from R G N Price. United Breweries made its impact by manufacturing bulk beer for the British troops before independence. Kingfisher, the groups most visible and profitable brand, made a modest entry in the sixties, during the 1950s and 60s, the company expanded greatly by acquiring other breweries. First was the addition of McDowell as one of the Group subsidiaries, the Pegasus, which is the symbol of the United Breweries, first found its place as the Group logo in 1940. Then, the Helladic horse – associated with beer and nectar in Greek mythology – carried a beer cask between the wings, ostensibly because beer formed the operations of the Group. Later, the cask was removed to represent the Groups multifaceted operations. Now, it is just the horse, the market share of the Spirits Division in India is currently 60% and exports to the Middle East, Africa and Asian countries are growing rapidly. With plans to become a player, United Spirits Limited. This would bring the brands of W&M like The Dalmore, Isle of Jura, Glayva, Fettercairn, Vladivar Vodka, however, in October 2014, the UB Group sold its Whyte and Mackay subsidiary to Philippines-based Emperador Inc. for £430m. In 2011, hounded by creditors and with a fleet of aircraft. In 2012 a $2 billion deal is struck with Diageo, the world’s largest spirits company, part of this payment was received in offshore accounts
37.
Old Bushmills Distillery
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The Old Bushmills Distillery is a distillery in Bushmills, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. As of December 2014, it was in the process of transitioning from ownership by Diageo plc to Jose Cuervo. All of the whiskey bottled under the Bushmills whiskey brand is produced at the Bushmills Distillery and uses water drawn from Saint Columbs Rill, the distillery is a popular tourist attraction, with around 120,000 visitors per year. After various periods of closure in its subsequent history, the distillery has been in operation since it was rebuilt after a fire in 1885. The area has a tradition with distillation. According to one story, as far back as 1276, a settler called Sir Robert Savage of Ards, before defeating the Irish in battle. In 1608, a licence was granted to Sir Thomas Phillips by King James I to distil whiskey, for the next seven years, within the countie of Colrane, otherwise called O Cahanes countrey, or within the territorie called Rowte, in Co. The Bushmills Old Distillery Company itself was not established until 1784 by Hugh Anderson, Bushmills suffered many lean years with numerous periods of closure with no record of the distillery being in operation in the official records both in 1802 and in 1822. In 1860 a Belfast spirit merchant named Jame McColgan and Patrick Corrigan bought the distillery, in 1885, the original Bushmills buildings were destroyed by fire but the distillery was swiftly rebuilt. In 1890, an owned and operated by the distillery, SS Bushmills. It called at Philadelphia and New York City before heading on to Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, in the early 20th century, the U. S. was a very important market for Bushmills. American Prohibition in 1920 came as a blow to the Irish Whiskey industry. Wilson Boyd, Bushmills director at the time, predicted the end of prohibition and had stores of whiskey ready to export. In June 1988, Irish Distillers was bought by French liquor group Pernod Ricard, in June 2005, the distillery was bought by Diageo for £200 million. Diageo have also announced an advertising campaign in order to regain a market share for Bushmills. In November 2014 it was announced that Diageo was to trade the Bushmills brand with Jose Cuervo in exchange for the 50% of the Don Julio brand of tequila that Diageo did not already own, the deal was expected to be completed in early 2015. Bushmills Original – Irish whiskey blend sometimes called White Bush or Bushmills White Label, the grain whiskey is matured in American oak casks. Black Bush – Has a significantly greater proportion of malt to grain whiskey than the white label, Spanish Oloroso sherry-seasoned oak casks mature the malt
38.
Don Julio
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Don Julio is a brand of tequila produced in Mexico. It is the eighth largest brand in the United States by volume and it is distributed in the United States by Diageo, under licensing from its patent holder, Tequila Don Julio, Sociedad Anónima de Capital Variable, Jalisco, Mexico, but it is sold worldwide. Don Julio Tequila is named after its founder, Don Julio González-Frausto Estrada, acknowledging the benefits of vertical integration, Gonzalez-Frausto established his own distillery, La Primavera, and spent the next 40 years improving his craft. He experimented with controlling various aspects of the process, from the cultivation of the agave to the bottling of the final product. He named his distillery La Primavera where he produced his first brand Tres Magueyes and he is said to have spent nearly forty years perfecting the craft. Don Julios first tequilas were shared with only, but as word on the quality of his tequila spread. Guests asked if it will be available for sale for the remainder of never, following the sheer popularity of the tequila in Guadalajara and neighboring cities they decided to launch the tequila. It launched in 1987 and set the standard for all Tequilas in this category style and it is considered to be the worlds first Luxury Tequila. Prior to this, tequila had been considered a farmers drink, nobody would pay more than $30 for a bottle of well made tequila. In 1999 the now defunct, The Seagram Company Ltd. had invested in Tequila Don Julio, the expanded agave plantations were a joint venture between the Gonzalez-Frausto, Funtanet, Andrade Rivera Torres, and Cuaik famliles. I am committed to overseeing personally the agave plantations that are so vital to the superior, Diageo signed a joint venture in with Casa Cuervo in 2003, selling a 50 per cent stake in Don Julio for $100 million. In November 2014, Diageo agreed a deal to take control of the Don Julio brand. In exchange, Jose Cuervo will receive the Old Bushmills Distillery, Don Julio Gonzalez-Frausto Estrada was born on the 7th of January 1925 in Atotonilco, Jalisco, which nowadays the main facility is located. Don Julio learned the meaning of responsibility at an age by working at his uncles José tequila distillery. At the age of 15 years Don Julio lost his father, with the task of supporting his family he got a job as a farmhand where he received nine pesos a week. After acknowledging his income was insufficient he persisted and started to sell tequila in small wooden barrels throughout Ocotlán, after this he won the same nine pesos, but every day. At the age of 23 he married Dorothea Garcia with whom he had 9 children, in 1942 he started a tequila distillery which would later be known as La Primavera. By 1951, with the brand Tres Magueyes, he was on a path that would later become Tequila Don Julio in its different variants, Blanco, Reposado, Añejo,70,1942, Don Julio González-Frausto Estrada died on Tuesday, March 20,2012 from natural causes
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