1.
Newt Gingrich
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Newton Leroy Newt Gingrich is an American author and politician from Georgia who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He represented Georgias 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999, in 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the Republican Party presidential nomination. In the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia, during this period he ran twice for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989–95, a co-author and architect of the Contract with America, Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him Man of the Year for his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House, as House Speaker, Gingrich oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform, and a capital gains tax cut in 1997. In 1998, the House passed the first balanced budget since 1969 and he resigned altogether from the House on January 3,1999. Since leaving the House, Gingrich has remained active in policy debates. He founded and chaired several policy think tanks, including American Solutions for Winning the Future and he has written or co-authored 27 books. In May 2011, he announced his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, on May 2,2012, Gingrich ended his presidential campaign and endorsed front runner Mitt Romney, who won the nomination. After being raised Lutheran and spending most of his life as a Southern Baptist. He has been married three times, with the first two ending in divorce after he had affairs with other women. He has two children from his first marriage and has married to Callista Gingrich since 2000. On July 15,2016, Trump officially announced that Pence would be his running mate, Newton Leroy McPherson was born at the Harrisburg Hospital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 17,1943. His mother, Kathleen Kit, and father, Newton Searles McPherson, married in September 1942, the marriage fell apart within days. He is of German, Scottish, and Irish descent, in 1946, his mother married career Army officer Robert Gingrich, who adopted Newt. Robert Gingrich was a career Army officer who served tours in Korea, in 1956 the family moved to Europe living for a period in Orléans, France and Stuttgart, Germany. Gingrich has three younger half-sisters, Candace and Susan Gingrich, and Roberta Brown, Gingrich was raised in Hummelstown and on military bases where his father was stationed. He also has a half-sister and half-brother, Randy McPherson, from his fathers side, in 1960 during his junior year in high school, the family moved to Georgia at Fort Benning
2.
Dennis Hastert
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He represented Illinoiss 14th congressional district in the House for twenty years,1987 to 2007. He is the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College with a degree in economics in 1964, from 1965 to 1981, Hastert was a high school teacher and coach. He lost a 1980 bid for the Illinois House of Representatives and he was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1986, and re-elected every subsequent election until he retired in 2007. Hastert rose through the Republican ranks in the House, becoming chief deputy whip, as Speaker of the House, Hastert supported the George W. Bush administrations foreign and domestic policies. In May 2015, Hastert was indicted on charges of structuring bank withdrawals to evade bank reporting requirements. Federal prosecutors said that the money was to compensate for and conceal deliberately-unspecified misconduct by Hastert against an unnamed individual years earlier, soon afterward, public accusations emerged that Hastert had sexually abused three male students when he was a teacher more than three decades earlier. In October 2015, Hastert entered into an agreement with prosecutors. Under the agreement, Hastert pleaded guilty to the charge. At the sentencing hearing later that month, Hastert admitted that he had sexually abused boys whom he coached. The judge in the referred to Hastert as a serial child molester and imposed a sentence of fifteen months in prison. He entered the Federal Medical Center prison in Rochester, Minnesota on June 22,2016, Hastert was born on January 2,1942, in Aurora, Illinois, the eldest of three sons of Naomi and Jack Hastert. Hastert is of Luxembourgeois and Norwegian descent on his fathers side, Hastert grew up in a rural Illinois farming community. His middle-class family owned a farm business and a family farm. As a young man, Hastert also worked shifts in the familys Plainfield restaurant, The Clock Tower, Hastert became a born-again Christian as a teenager, during his sophomore year of high school. Hastert attended Oswego High School, where he was a star wrestler, Hastert briefly attended North Central College, but later transferred to Wheaton College, a Christian liberal arts college. Jim Parnalee, Hasterts roommate at North Central who transferred him to Wheaton, was a Marine Corps Reserve member who in 1965 became the schools first student to be killed in Vietnam. Hastert continued to visit Parnalees family each year in Michigan, because of a wrestling injury, Hastert never served in the military
3.
Tom DeLay
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Thomas Dale DeLay is a former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Texass 22nd congressional district from 1985 until 2006. He was Republican Party House Majority Leader from 2003–05, DeLay began his career as a politician in 1978 when he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives. In 1985, he became a born-again Christian, in 1988, after just a few years in the U. S. House, Tom DeLay was appointed Deputy Minority Whip. In 1995, he was elected House Majority Whip, DeLay was elected House Majority Leader after the 2002 midterm elections. On policy issues, DeLay was known as a strong conservative during his years in Congress, in 2005, DeLay was indicted on criminal charges of conspiracy to violate election law in 2002 by a Travis County grand jury after having waived his rights under the statutes of limitations. He was convicted in January 2011 and sentenced to three years in prison but was free on bail while appealing his conviction, after leaving Congress, DeLay co-authored, with Stephen Mansfield, a political memoir, No Retreat, No Surrender, One Americans Fight. He founded a conservative political consulting firm, First Principles. DeLay was born in Laredo, Texas, one of three sons of Maxine Evelyn and Charles Ray DeLay and he spent most of his childhood in Venezuela due to his fathers work in the petroleum and natural gas industry. He attended Calallen High School in Corpus Christi, Texas, where he played football and was the lead dancer in school productions. He attended Baylor University for two years, majoring in pre-med, but was expelled for drinking and painting Baylor school colors on a building at rival Texas A&M University, DeLay graduated from the University of Houston in 1970 with a Bachelor of Science in biology. DeLay married Christine Furrh, whom he had known since high school, in 1972, the DeLays had a daughter, Danielle, who is now a public school math teacher. During his time in the Texas Legislature, DeLay struggled with alcoholism and gained a reputation as a playboy, by the time of his election to Congress in 1984 he was drinking eight, ten, twelve martinis a night at receptions and fundraisers. In 1985 DeLay became a born-again Christian, and gave up hard liquor, when I was going through my troubles, it was Ken who really stepped up. Of his conversion, DeLay said, I had put my needs first, I was on the throne, not God. I had pushed God from His throne and you can’t do that if youre keeping secrets about your own adulterous affairs. Differentiating between Gingrichs adultery and his own admitted adultery, DeLay said, I was no longer committing adultery by that time, I had returned to Christ and repented my sins by that time. DeLay declined to comment on a 1999 report in The New Yorker that he was estranged from much of his family, including his mother and one of his brothers. After graduating from college, DeLay spent three years at pesticide-maker Redwood Chemical and then purchased Albo Pest Control, which DeLay grew into a large and this work was the source for his nickname, the Exterminator
4.
Dick Gephardt
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Richard Andrew Dick Gephardt is an American politician who served as a United States Representative from Missouri from 1977 to 2005. A member of the Democratic Party, he was House Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995 and he ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1988 and 2004. Gephardt was mentioned as a vice presidential nominee in 1988,1992,2000,2004. Since his retirement from politics, Gephardt has become a significant lobbyist, Gephardt was born into a family in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Loreen Estelle and Louis Andrew Gephardt, a Teamster milkman, part of his ancestry is German. He graduated from the former Southwest High School in 1958, Gephardt is an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He earned his B. S. at Northwestern University in 1962 where he was president of Beta Theta Pi, the student senate and he earned his J. D. at the University of Michigan Law School in 1965. In 1965, he was admitted to the Missouri Bar and he then entered the Missouri Air National Guard, where he served until 1971. He and his wife Jane have three children, Matt, Katie, and Chrissy. His brother, Donald L. Gephardt, is the Dean of The College of Fine and Performing Arts at Rowan University in Glassboro, in 1976, Gephardt was elected to Congress from the St. Louis-based 3rd District, succeeding 24-year incumbent Leonor Sullivan. He was elected 13 more times, opting not to run for reelection in 2004, for most of his Congressional career, Gephardts National Political Director was St. Louis-based political consultant Joyce Aboussie. Gephardt was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 presidential election. Gephardt ran hard and early in 1987–88 and finally started moving ahead in Iowa after running the Hyundai ad that criticized what he thought were unfair trade barriers by Korea and Japan. Gephardt won the Iowa caucuses and South Dakota primary in February while finishing a second in New Hampshire which made him one of the serious contenders for the nomination. His campaign ran out of money after losing badly in the March Super Tuesday primaries, an ad aired by the campaign of Governor Michael Dukakis focused on Gephardts flip-flopping voting record, and showed a Gephardt look-alike doing forward and backward flips for the camera. Many felt that the ad killed any chance Gephardt had of winning the nomination, Gephardt dropped out after winning only 13% in Michigan, despite support from the United Auto Workers. Dukakis considered Gephardt for his mate, but chose Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. Gephardt served in that position until January 1995, in the 1996,1998, and 2000 elections, Gephardt led the Democrats to gains in the House, although they did not retake the majority until 2006, after Gephardt had left Congress. Gephardt was considered a keen politician who worked hard at passing legislation, defending traditional Democratic principles, during the impeachment proceedings of President Clinton, Gephardt led a walkout in the House after a censure motion was ruled irrelevant to the impeachment debate
5.
Robert H. Michel
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Robert Henry Bob Michel was an American Republican Party politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. Michel also served as Minority Whip for six years, a graduate of Bradley University in Illinois, he was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois and he received a Bachelor of Science degree from Bradley University. He was wounded by gun fire and awarded two Bronze Stars, the Purple Heart, and four battle stars. After the war ended, Michel attended Bradley University in Peoria, from 1949 to 1956, he worked as an administrative assistant to U. S. Although Michel was never part of the majority party, during his 38 years in the House he was noted for his bipartisanship in striking bargains. Michel was well respected across the aisle and was friends with Democrats such as Speaker Thomas Tip ONeill and Ways. Michel was elected as a Republican to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1956 and he served as Minority Whip from 94th Congress through the 96th Congress. Michel served from 1959 to 1980 as a member of the House Appropriations Committee, including 12 years as the ranking Republican on the Labor, Health, Education, later, he served as Minority Leader from the 97th Congress through 103rd Congresses. Michels toughest re-election was probably during the 1982 midterms, when he was in a race due to dissatisfaction over U. S. President Ronald Reagans economic policies. Reagan travelled to Peoria to campaign for him, Michel stirred a controversy in 1988 when he recalled enjoying and participating in blackface minstrel shows as a young man, and said he missed the shows. He also compared the removal of racially offensive words in such as Ol Man River to the Soviet re-writing of history. He later apologized for having given offence, explaining that he was attempting to understand. In the early 1990s, Newt Gingrich and other young, aggressive conservative congressmen criticized Michel for being too easy-going, supporters said Michels practice of socializing with Democrats over a game of golf or cards resulted in deals that moved bills through the legislative process. It was also noted that Michels voting was nearly as conservative as Gingrichs, in 1993 Michel gave the rebuttal to President Bill Clintons first State of the Union speech, criticizing the economic policies of the newly inaugurated president. The Clinton spin doctors have given us a new political vocabulary. Patriotism now means agreeing with the Clinton program, the powerful evocative word, sacrifice, has been reduced to the level of a bumper sticker slogan, he said. He was later criticized for obstructing Clintons economic stimulus plan, as a result of Gingrichs rising prominence which gradually attracted support from the caucus, Michel decided not to seek re-election in the 1994 mid-term elections
6.
Jerry Lewis (California politician)
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Charles Jeremy Jerry Lewis, is an American politician who was a U. S. Representative, last serving Californias 41st congressional district. He was first elected to Congress in 1978, and previously represented the 40th, 35th, a Republican, he is a former chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, serving in that role during the 109th Congress. In January 2012 he announced that he was not running for re-election, Lewis was born in Seattle, Washington. In 1952 he graduated from San Bernardino High School in San Bernardino, California, in 1956 he received a B. A. from UCLA. Lewis served as a Coro Foundation fellow in San Francisco, after college, Lewis was in the insurance business. He was a member of the San Bernardino School Board from 1964 to 1968 and he was on the staff of Congressman Jerry Pettis in 1966. He was a member of the California State Assembly from 1969 to 1978, in January 1974, he ran in a special election for the California State Senate, losing to Democrat Ruben Ayala. In the campaign, Ayala noted that two-thirds of the $130,000 that Lewis raised came from 43 donors —22 of whom were Sacramento lobbyists. In November 1978, Lewis was elected as a Republican to the 96th United States Congress, in what was then the 37th Congressional district and he has been re-elected 16 times since then. He has never won re-election with less than 61% of the vote, in fact, he has only dipped below 65% four times. In 2008, Lewis received his strongest challenge in decades from San Bernardino attorney Tim Prince, Lewis put up campaign signs all over the district and was forced to spend over a million dollars to retain his seat. He declined Princes challenges for a debate, the incumbent defeated him with 62% of the vote. On January 12,2012, Lewis announced his retirement, Lewis employed his wife, Arlene Willis, as the chief of staff in his office. Before they were married, Willis was her husbands top aide when he came to Capitol Hill in 1979 and he steered federal dollars to the state and to the region for projects such as the planning and construction of the Seven Oaks Dam near Highland. He worked with Sen. Dianne Feinstein to secure an additional million to reduce the fire danger in the San Bernardino Mountains. Lewis also secured $15 million for a program to refurbish houses repossessed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The program, according to Lewis office, has been successful in Redlands, Highland, Lewis is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem-cell research. Lewis considers himself pro-life, opposes most public funding of abortions and he voted against banning adoption by same-sex couples in Washington D. C
7.
John Boehner
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John Andrew Boehner is an American politician who served as the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, Boehner was the U. S, Representative from Ohios 8th congressional district, serving from 1991 to 2015. The district included several rural and suburban areas near Cincinnati and Dayton, Boehner previously served as the House Minority Leader from 2007 until 2011, and House Majority Leader from 2006 until 2007. Boehner resigned from the House of Representatives in October 2015 due to opposition from within the Republican caucus, in September 2016, Squire Patton Boggs, the third-largest lobbying firm in the U. S. announced that Boehner would join their firm. Also, Boehner will become a member of Reynolds American. Boehner was born in Reading, Ohio, the son of Mary Anne and Earl Henry Boehner and his father was of German descent and his mother had German and Irish ancestry. He grew up in modest circumstances, having shared one bathroom with his siblings in a two-bedroom house in Cincinnati. He started working at his familys bar at age 8, a business founded by their grandfather Andy Boehner in 1938 and he has lived in Southwest Ohio his entire life. Boehner attended Cincinnatis Moeller High School and was a linebacker on the football team. Shortly after his graduation in 1977, Boehner accepted a position with Nucite Sales and he was steadily promoted and eventually became president of the firm, resigning in 1990 when he was elected to Congress. From 1981 to 1984, Boehner served on the board of trustees of Union Township, Butler County and he then served as an Ohio state representative from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, Boehner ran against incumbent congressman Buz Lukens, who was under fire for having a relationship with a minor. He defeated Lukens in the primary, taking 49 percent of the vote and he was subsequently re-elected to Congress 12 times, each by a substantial margin. During his freshman year, Boehner was a member of the Gang of Seven which was involved in bringing attention to the House banking scandal. From 1995 to 1999, Boehner served as House Republican Conference Chairman which is the party caucus for Republicans in the United States House of Representatives, in this post, he was the fourth-ranking House Republican, behind Gingrich, Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay. In the summer of 1997 several House Republicans, who saw Speaker Newt Gingrichs public image as a liability, the attempted coup began July 9 with a meeting between Republican conference chairman Boehner and Republican leadership chairman Bill Paxon of New York. According to their plan, House Majority Leader Dick Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Boehner and Paxon were to present Gingrich with an ultimatum, resign, or be voted out. However, Armey balked at the proposal to make Paxon the new Speaker, on July 11, Gingrich met with senior Republican leadership to assess the situation
8.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
9.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
10.
Texas's 26th congressional district
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The current Representative is Michael C. The District is best known as the seat of former House Majority Leader Dick Armey, the district was created after the 1980 census due to population growth in Texas and Denton County, specifically in its southern sector. From the beginning, the map has been centered on Denton County. Except for the first election, won by Democrat Tom Vandergriff in 1982, as Denton County has become overwhelmingly Republican in recent years, District 26 is considered a safe seat for the GOP. Since the 2010 redistricting, the 26th District includes most of Denton County, list of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
11.
Michael C. Burgess
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Michael Clifton Burgess is a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing Texass 26th congressional district. In 2002, he defeated Scott Armey, the son of House Majority Leader, representative Dick Armey, in a primary runoff election. Prior to his election, he practiced as a doctor of obstetrics, Burgess is a member of the congressional Tea Party Caucus, and he has been involved in the debates over health care reform and energy policy. Burgess supports the right to life and opposes abortion, Burgess is unsure of the extent of the contribution of human activity to climate change. Burgess supports President Donald Trumps restrictions on Muslim and refugee immigration, Burgess supports the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Michael Burgess was born in Rochester, Minnesota, the son of Norma and Harry Meredith Burgess, his family immigrated from Nova Scotia. He graduated from North Texas State University in 1972 and graduated from the school at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston in 1977. He completed a residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas. Burgess, who had never any public office and voted in the Democratic primaries in 1990,1992. Congressman and House Majority Leader Dick Armey and his primary opponent was Armeys son, Scott. Using the campaign slogan My dad is NOT Dick Armey, Burgess touted the support of medical Political Action Committees, Burgess took second place in the primary behind Armey, finishing with 23% of the vote to Armeys 45%. Since neither candidate earned the majority of votes, the election led to a primary runoff election. Before the runoff, The Dallas Morning News released a series of articles alleging that Armey used his influence as a judge to procure county jobs, the report hurt Armeys campaign, and Burgess won the runoff with 55% of the vote. He won the election with 75% of the vote. With 211,730 votes, he defeated the Democrat Eric Mauck and the Libertarian Mark Boler, a member of the Republican Party and Tea Party caucus, Burgess is considered to be a conservative member of the House of Representatives. Through 2011, he had a rating of 93.59 percent from the American Conservative Union. On August 9,2011, Burgess met with a Tea Party group in Keller, when a constituent asked if the House of Representatives was considering impeaching President Barack Obama, Burgess responded, It needs to happen, and I agree with you it would tie things up. Burgess supports the right to life and supports banning abortions after 22 weeks of pregnancy, if they are a male baby, they may have their hand between their legs
12.
Cando, North Dakota
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Cando is a city in Towner County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Towner County, the population was 1,115 at the 2010 census. Cando was founded in 1884 as the seat of the newly formed Towner County and it was named from the pioneers can do spirit. The Great Northern Railway was extended to Cando in 1888, Cando is located at 48°29′19″N 99°12′16″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.63 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,115 people,518 households, the population density was 1,769.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 701 housing units at a density of 1,112.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 1% White,0. 2% African American,2. 3% Native American,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 5% of the population. 38. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.69. The median age in the city was 49.3 years. 20. 3% of residents were under the age of 18, 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 7% were from 25 to 44,31. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 25. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 0% male and 52. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,342 people,595 households, and 345 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,178.3 people per square mile, there were 707 housing units at an average density of 1,147.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 24% White,0. 07% African American,2. 16% Native American,0. 15% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 15% of the population. 40. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,2. 5% from 18 to 24,23. 8% from 25 to 44,23. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,989, and the median income for a family was $43,571
13.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
14.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
15.
University of Jamestown
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University of Jamestown is a private liberal arts college founded by the Presbyterian Church located in Jamestown, North Dakota, United States. It has about 1,000 students enrolled today and has been co-educational from its founding, until August 2013, the school was known as Jamestown College. In 2007, Jamestown became the first North Dakota college or university to make US News and World Reports Tier 1 for undergraduate colleges in the Midwest, as of 2014, the University of Jamestown ranks 37th in the region. In 2014, Business Insider reported that the University of Jamestown is the most influential college in North Dakota, the University of Jamestown was founded as Jamestown College in 1883, but closed fairly quickly during the depression of 1893. The school reopened in 1909 and has remained in ever since. The University of Jamestown has been notable for three things, its athletics, its success, particularly in science and nursing programs. In 1979, its football team went to the NAIA Division II National Championships, the choir continues to tour internationally every four years. The choir performed on a tour of Italy in May 2006, with venues including the main altar of St. Peters Basilica in Rome. The choirs most recent international tour was to China in May 2010, the $30 million capital campaign to finance both this new construction and a larger scholarship base recently surpassed its goal several months ahead of its self-imposed 2008 deadline. In the fall of 2013, the university welcomed its first students into its Fargo-based Doctor of Physical Therapy program, the initial class of DPT students graduated in May 2016. In April 2015, the university announced a new capital campaign with a goal of raising $50 million for the construction of a new 2, 200-seat on-campus arena. The campaign also includes funding for the renovation of the Larson Center, Hansen Center, the University of Jamestown has recently added many new buildings to the campus, renovations to the nursing program building, featuring a state of the art simulated Intensive Care Unit. The Unruh and Sheldon Center, home to the colleges Business, Accounting and Economics, the Ed and Elaine Nafus Student Center, including a two-story atrium entrance, an open commons area for students, a new coffee lounge, and full handicap-accessibility. An expansion of the Larson Center gymnasium and indoor track facility, the Foss Wellness Center, a modern student wellness and physical education center. The Student Media Center, featuring a studio, control room, and the Kurt Schork Newsroom, a center for video, audio. A recent addition to the UJ curriculum as of the 2006-07 school year is the Character in Leadership program, in 2007, Jamestown announced the Journey to Success, a new program targeted at preparing students for rapidly changing environments. Since joining the NSAA, the Jimmies won early conference championships in football, womens volleyball, mens and womens basketball, the Jimmies formerly competed in the now-defunct Dakota Athletic Conference, as well as an Independent of the Association of Independent Institutions. Starting in 2016-17 The University of Jamestown introduced a Mens Ice Hockey team that compete in the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division 1
16.
University of North Dakota
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The University of North Dakota is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, UND was founded as a flagship university with a strong liberal arts foundation, but has grown into a prominent scientific research university. It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as having high research activity, UND is ranked among the top 100 public universities in the country by U. S. News & World Report, and is widely regarded as the top university in the American Northern Plains region. The University offers a variety of professional and specialized programs, including the schools of law. Its best known college is perhaps its John D, UND maintains nationally competitive programs in aerospace, health sciences, political science, nutrition, energy and environmental protection, and engineering research, among others. North Dakotas athletic teams compete in the NCAAs Division I, most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference, with the exceptions of mens hockey, womens hockey, and swimming. The mens ice hockey team has a history as one of the top in the nation. They have won eight championships, and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena. UND was founded in 1883, six years before North Dakota became a state, Grand Forks native George H. Walsh submitted the bill to the Territorial Legislature of Dakota Territory that called for the new state of North Dakotas university to be in Grand Forks. The first classes were held on September 8,1884, the first building at UND, Old Main, housed all classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library. In the 1880s, UND consisted of only a few acres of property, surrounded by farms and fields, students living off campus had to take a train or a horse and carriage bus, dubbed the Black Maria, from downtown to the campus. As the university grew, more buildings were constructed on campus, however, there were several major interruptions in the life of the university. In 1918, UND was the countrys hardest-hit single institution by the flu epidemic that killed 1,400 people in North Dakota alone, later that year, classes were suspended so the campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I. During the Great Depression, UND provided free housing to students willing to do manual labor on campus, camp Depression, as it was called, consisted of railroad cabooses that housed eight male students each. Camp Depression students did not get regular meals from the cafeteria and had to be satisfied with only free leftovers, however, Grand Forks citizens often opened their homes and kitchen tables to many of these young men. After World War II, enrollment quickly grew to more than 3,000, a large amount of housing and several academic buildings had to be built on campus. The 1950s saw the rise of the Fighting Sioux hockey tradition, in the 1960s and 1970s, many student protests occurred at UND. The largest occurred in May 1970 when over 1,500 students protested the Kent State shootings, in 1975, enrollment swelled to a record 8,500
17.
University of Oklahoma
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The University of Oklahoma is a coeducational public research university located in Norman, Oklahoma. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma, in Fall 2016 the university had 31,250 students enrolled, most located at its main campus in Norman. Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members, the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs,160 masters programs,75 doctorate programs, David Lyle Boren, a former U. S. Senator and Oklahoma Governor, has served as the president since 1994. The school is ranked first among universities in enrollment of National Merit Scholars. Located on its Norman campus are two prominent museums, the Fred Jones Jr, Museum of Art, specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma. The school, well known for its programs, has won 7 NCAA Division I National Football Championships. Its baseball team has won 2 NCAA national championships and the softball team won the national championship in 2000,2013. Oklahomas admission into the union in 1907 led to the renaming of the Norman Territorial University as the University of Oklahoma, Norman residents donated 407 acres of land for the university 0.5 miles south of the Norman railroad depot. The universitys first president ordered the planting of trees before the construction of the first campus building because he could not visualize a treeless university seat. Landscaping remains important to the university, the universitys first president, David Ross Boyd, arrived in Norman in August 1892, and the first students enrolled that year. The university established a School of Pharmacy in 1893 because of demand for pharmacists in the territory. Three years later, the university awarded its first degree to a pharmaceutical chemist, the Rock Building in downtown Norman held the initial classes until the universitys first building opened on September 6,1893. On January 6,1903, the only building burned down. Construction began immediately on a new building, as other towns hoped to capitalize by convincing the university to move. President Boyd and the faculty were not dismayed by the loss, mathematics professor Frederick Elder said, What do you need to keep classes going. Two yards of blackboard and a box of chalk, as a response to the fire, English professor Vernon Louis Parrington created a plan for the future development of the campus. Most of the plan was never implemented, but Parringtons suggestion for the core formed the basis for the North Oval
18.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
19.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
20.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
21.
Pi Kappa Alpha
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Pi Kappa Alpha or Pike is a college fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1868. The fraternity has over 225 chapters and colonies across the United States, on March 1,1869, exactly one year after the Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia was formed, the Beta Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha was founded at Davidson College. Theta Chapter, at Rhodes College, took over the responsibilities of Alpha chapter when the Fraternity was in decline in its infancy, john Shaw Foster, a junior founder from Theta Chapter, helped to reestablish Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia. Theta Chapter is the longest continual running chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha since its inception in 1878, after almost a decade of decline, Pi Kappa Alpha was re-founded as part of the Hampden-Sydney Convention, held in a dorm room at Hampden–Sydney College. The four delegates to the Hampden-Sydney Convention are referred to as the Junior Founders, Pi Kappa Alpha was not originally organized as a sectional fraternity, however by constitutional provision it became so in 1889. It remained a fraternity until the New Orleans Convention in 1909 when Pi Kappa Alpha officially declared itself a national organization. Its rituals are based on Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Shield & Diamond is the official quarterly publication of Pi Kappa Alpha. It was first printed in December 1890 by Robert Adger Smythe, the name was changed to Shield & Diamond in 1891. Pike University is the used for all of the fraternitys leadership programs. The program is administered by the professional staff. Founded in 1948 as a 501 tax exempt organization for charitable, events held by the university include International Convention, the Academy, the Chapter Executives Conference, and several regional Leadership Summits. Pike University grants more than $100,000 in scholarships each year, in 1948, Pi Kappa Alpha established and chartered the Pi Kappa Alpha Memorial Foundation as a 501 organization. The foundation grants $350,000 in scholarships and grants to members each year. It also provides funding to the fraternity and its chapters for leadership programs, scholarships, the foundation grants initiation fee scholarships to undergraduates inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa, Order of Omega, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi honoraries. The Pike Foundation also maintains and operates the Memorial Headquarters in Memphis and this facility houses professional staffs, the Harvey T. Newell Library, and the Freeman Hart Museum, the building is a war memorial built in 1988 to recognize the military services of members who died in the line of duty. A Gold Star Memorial was dedicated on August 1,2008, Pi Kappa Alphas move to start a chapter at the historically black Howard University in 2006 was opposed by some students and alumni. In 2014, the leaders of the fraternitys University of Arkansas chapter were asked to resign following an unauthorized Martin Luther King, Jr. Day party that incorporated racist stereotypes
22.
University of Montana
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The University of Montana is a public research university in Missoula, Montana, in the United States. Founded in 1893, the university is the second largest of the Montana University System, second to Montana State University, the main campus is at the foot of Mount Sentinel, the hill bearing Missoulas most recognizable landmark, a large hillside letter M. The University of Montana ranks 17th in the nation and fifth among universities in producing Rhodes Scholars. The University of Montana has 11 Truman Scholars,14 Goldwater Scholars and 40 Udall Scholars to its name, the University of Montanas Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library houses the earliest authorized edition of the Lewis and Clark journals. Rolling Stone labelled the university the most scenic campus in America and Outside magazine called it among the top 10 colleges nationally for combining academic quality, an act of Congress of February 18,1881 dedicated 72 sections in Montana Territory for the creation of the University. Montana was admitted to the Union on November 8,1889, the cities bids were supported by the rival Copper Kings, William A. Clark and Marcus Daly, respectively. Missoula won the vote for the new university at the Third Montana Legislative Assembly in February 1893. The University was formally opened in 1895, while plans for a university campus were progressing, classes were temporarily held at nearby Willard School. The South Missoula Land Company, owned by A. B. Hammond, Richard Eddy and Marcus Daly, in June 1898 the cornerstone for A. J. Gibson designed University Hall was laid and Missoula became the University City, the University of Montana comprises eleven full colleges and schools, College of Humanities & Sciences, Phyllis J. The Phyllis J. Washington College of Education and Human Sciences is divided into five academic departments, in 1914, the University of Montana School of Law became a member of The Association of American Law Schools and in 1923, the School received accreditation from the American Bar Association. For the fall 2014 term, University of Montana offered admission to 4,956 freshmen out of 5,345 applicants, the first set of buildings were set up around the oval in 1895. Since that time, various plans and architectural styles have been used. Today the campus consists of 220 acres and is bordered to the east by Mount Sentinel, landmarks include, The Oval A3 acres swath of grass running east to west, marking the traditional center of the university. Today it is divided into quadrants by two intersecting paths, though originally the oval was solid grass and forbidden to be crossed by students. A double row of trees was planted around the oval on Arbor Day 1896, the original gravel driveway that once surrounded the Oval has also been replaced by sidewalk. The original master plan of the university called for all buildings to face the center of the oval, but this proved difficult. On the western extreme of the Oval is a grizzly bear statue created by ceramic artist
23.
West Texas A&M University
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The university is part of the Amarillo metropolitan area with a population of 268,893. West Texas A&M University was established on September 20,1910, the university started out as one of the seven state-funded teacher colleges in Texas. In its first school year, West Texas State Normal College had 152 students and 16 faculty members and its first president was Robert B. A year after the Texas State House of Representatives approved the bill to establish West Texas State Normal College and it consisted of the schools only classrooms, laboratory, library, and offices. On March 25,1914, the burned down, however, classes continued in local churches, courthouses. Later, in 1916, a new Administration Building opened, West Texas State Normal College hired famed American artist Georgia OKeeffe to be the head of the Art Department from the fall of 1916 to February 1918. OKeeffe has been recognized as the Mother of American modernism, the first four-year college degrees were granted in 1919. The school changed its name to West Texas State Teachers College in 1923, in the early 1930s, the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society built its Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum on the campus. A powerful legislator at the time, Sam Hanna of Dallas County, though the West Texas regents first dismissed Duflot, he survived a second vote, and regent H. L. Mills praised him for the courage of his convictions. Many returning veterans from World War II enrolled at the institution in the latter 1940s, conditions were so overcrowded for a time that the former soldiers slept in the gymnasium, and beds were brought from a former Prisoner of War camp in Hereford. In 1949, the school changed its name, this time to West Texas State College. During the Cold War, attention at West Texas was focused on anti-communism, one history professor, John Cook, claimed that many of the films shown on campus, such as Communism on the Map, were propaganda. During this time too, the historian J. Evetts Haley ran for governor of Texas on a conservative platform. During the 1960s, the changed from a regional teachers college to a state university. Connally signed a bill to change the name to West Texas State University. The newly named school would gain a College of Arts and Sciences, a graduate school, and professional schools of business. Near the end of the 1960s, West Texas State obtained its own board of regents, established a School of Agriculture, a School of Fine Arts, by 1970, the student enrollment neared 8,000, but was decreasing. The primary reasons were the changes in the service system
24.
Austin College
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Austin College is a private liberal arts college affiliated by covenant relationship with the Presbyterian Church and located in Sherman, Texas, about 60 miles north of Dallas. The undergraduate student body of Austin College is about 1,300, students are required to live on campus for the first three years of their education in order to foster a close-knit and community oriented campus lifestyle. Austin College actively promotes study abroad programs, 70% of graduates have at least one international study experience during college, the college cultivates close interaction between students and professors via a 12,1 student to faculty ratio and an average class size of fewer than 25 students. The college has no teaching assistants, so regular faculty teach all levels of coursework, the college was founded on October 13,1849, in Huntsville, Texas, by the Hampden–Sydney and Princeton-educated missionary Dr. Daniel Baker. Signed by Texas Governor George Wood, the charter of Austin College was modeled after those of Harvard, Yale, Baker named the school for the Texas historical figure Stephen F. Austin after the original land on which it was built was donated by the Austin family. Austin Colleges founding president was Irish-born Presbyterian minister Samuel McKinney, who served as the president a second time from 1862 to 1871. Under the tenure of the president of Austin College, Reverend Samuel Magoffin Luckett, Austin College suffered several yellow fever epidemics. Texas Synod of the Presbyterian Church decided the college would be relocated to Sherman in 1876, construction of the new campus in north Texas came in the form of Old Main, a two-story, red brick structure, which occurred between 1876 and 1878. Austin College saw little improvement to its building or grounds during the late 1870s, as such, a shrewd and well connected businessman, President MacGregor relieved a great deal of the colleges debt and returned operations to normalcy. After MacGregors death in 1887, the college welcomed President Luckett back to the campus, on January 21 of 1913, Old Main was set ablaze and burnt to the ground in a matter of hours. A professor of Austin College, Davis Foute Eagleton described the incident, Austin College on fire, - The dear old building in which I have laboured for twenty-four years, gone. What traditions, memories, griefs, joys, were associated with it, the carpenters were approaching the completion of their work. The new English room was completed, the room was soon to be ready. I lost all books, or, in my class room, the laboratories were almost a total loss. Fortunately, the library, records, and office furniture were all in the new Y. M. C. A, the Faculty also met shortly after and unanimously decided to continue college work the next day as usual, meeting their classes in places designated. Probably not another institution in the State could have done this, but the old College building is gone forever. Following the fire, the citizens of Sherman raised $50,000 to help the college rebuild, now one of the oldest buildings on the Austin College campus, Sherman Hall housed administrative offices, an auditorium-chapel, and a library. Now the home of the division, Sherman Hall boasted such guests as Harry Houdini, Harry Blackstone Sr. Madame Schumann-Heink, William Howard Taft
25.
University of North Texas
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Ten colleges, two schools, an early admissions math and science academy for exceptional high-school-age students from across the state, and a library system comprise the university core. Its research is driven by 34 doctoral degree programs, during the 2013–2014 school year, the university had a budget of $865 million, of which $40 million was allocated for research. In 1901, North Texas was formally adopted by the state, UNT is the main campus of the University of North Texas System, which includes additional campuses in Dallas and Fort Worth. The Denton campus is located in the largest populated region of Texas under two categories defined by the U. S. Census, core based statistical area and combined statistical area, as a state, Texas, as of 2011, had the second highest GDP in the country. On behalf of the state, the university, in its advocacy for the state. In 2009, the University of North Texas at Dallas became its own independent institution and that same year, the Texas legislature approved the creation of University of North Texas at Dallas College of Law, opening in 2014 in Downtown Dallas as part of UNT Dallas. In 2004, North Texas opened UNT Discovery Park —290 acres — in Denton, north of the campus with technology incubator facilities dedicated to science. In 1985 the Governors Select Committee on Higher Education recommended that North Texas be designated a national research university. Nine years earlier, in 1976, the Carnegie Foundation designated North Texas as a Class 1 Doctorate-Granting Institution, in 1992, UNT was elected to full membership in the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. And, in 2011, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board included UNT as one of eight Emerging Research Institutions in its accountability system, certified enrollment as of the fall of 2013 was 36,198, the fourth largest in the state. For the 2011 academic year, the university awarded 8,608 degrees, North Texas awarded 459 PhD degrees from fiscal years 2009 to 2011. Of the thirteen constituent collegiate units, ten sponsor 97 bachelors degree programs, the Toulouse Graduate School coordinates admissions, recruiting, and other aspects of the 81 masters and 34 doctorate degree programs offered by the ten collegiate units. The Honors College is described below, the student-faculty ratio at UNT is 23,1, and 28.8 percent of its classes consist of fewer than 20 students. The most popular majors include business, management, marketing, communication, journalism, English, multi/interdisciplinary studies, and visual and performing arts. As of this year,2017, North Texas is a member of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is among the twenty-seven universities in Texas at Level VI. As of 2013, the university was home to research centers and institutes. Three have been sponsored by the Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, simultaneously, the university launched six additional strategic research areas, some of which involving frontiers in science, medicine, and hi-tech. In 2010, the National Science Foundation ranked UNT 104th out of 418 academic institutions for number of science
26.
Austrian economics
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The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that is based on methodological individualism – the concept that social phenomena result from the motivations and actions of individuals. It originated in late-19th and early-20th century Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser and it was methodologically opposed to the Prussian Historical School. Current-day economists working in this tradition are located in different countries. Austrians are likewise critical of mainstream economics, in 1883, Menger published Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics, which attacked the methods of the Historical school. Gustav von Schmoller, a leader of the Historical school, responded with a review, coining the term Austrian School in an attempt to characterize the school as outcast. The label endured and was adopted by the adherents themselves, the school originated in Vienna, in the Austrian Empire. Carl Mengers 1871 book, Principles of Economics, is considered the founding of the Austrian School. The book was one of the first modern treatises to advance the theory of marginal utility. The Austrian School was one of three founding currents of the marginalist revolution of the 1870s, with its major contribution being the introduction of the subjectivist approach in economics. ”Mengers contributions to economic theory were closely followed by those of Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser. These three economists became what is known as the first wave of the Austrian School, several important Austrian economists trained at the University of Vienna in the 1920s and later participated in private seminars held by Ludwig von Mises. These included Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich Hayek, Fritz Machlup, Karl Menger, Oskar Morgenstern, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan Abraham Wald, by the mid-1930s, most economists had embraced what they considered the important contributions of the early Austrians. Fritz Machlup quoted Hayeks statement, the greatest success of a school is that it stops existing because its teachings have become parts of the general body of commonly accepted thought. Mises student, Israel Kirzner recalled that in 1954, when Kirzner was pursuing his PhD, after the 1940s, Austrian economics can be divided into two schools of economic thought, and the school split to some degree in the late 20th century. Henry Hazlitt wrote economics columns and editorials for a number of publications, hazlitts thinking was influenced by Mises. His book Economics in One Lesson sold over a million copies, and he is known for The Failure of the New Economics. Hayeks work was influential in the revival of laissez-faire thought in the 20th century, according to economist Bryan Caplan, by the late twentieth century, a split had developed among those who self-identify with the Austrian School. Caplan wrote that if Mises and Rothbard are right, then economics is wrong, Austrian economist Walter Block says that the Austrian school can be distinguished from other schools of economic thought through two categories – economic theory and political theory. However, both criticisms from Hoppe and Block to Hayek seem to apply to the founder of the Austrian School, Carl Menger, Hoppe emphasizes that Hayek, which for him is from the English empirical tradition, is an opponent of the supposed rationalist tradition of the Austrian School
27.
Ludwig von Mises
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Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises was a theoretical Austrian School economist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of classical liberalism and he is best known for his work on praxeology, a study of human choice and action. Mises emigrated from Austria to the United States in 1940, since the mid-20th century, the libertarian movement in the United States has been strongly influenced by Misess writings. Misess student, Friedrich Hayek, viewed Mises as one of the figures in the revival of liberalism in the post-war era. Hayeks work, The Transmission of the Ideals of Freedom pays high tribute to the influence of Mises in the twentieth century liberal movement, Misess Austrian School was a leading group of economists. Many of its alumni, including Hayek and Oskar Morgenstern, emigrated from Austria to the United States, Mises has been described as having approximately seventy close students in Austria, and the Austrians as the insiders of the Chicago School of economics. The Ludwig von Mises Institute was founded in the United States to continue his teachings, Ludwig von Mises was born to Jewish parents in the city of Lemberg, in Galicia, Austria-Hungary. The family of his father Arthur Edler von Mises had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in the 19th century, ludwigs mother, Adele, was a niece of Dr. Joachim Landau, a Liberal Party deputy to the Austrian Parliament. Arthur von Mises was stationed in Lemberg as an engineer with the Czernowitz railway company. By the age of twelve, Ludwig spoke fluent German, Polish and French, read Latin, Mises had a younger brother, Richard von Mises, who became a mathematician and a member of the Vienna Circle, and a probability theorist. When Ludwig and Richard were still children, their family moved back to Vienna, in 1900, Ludwig Von Mises attended the University of Vienna, becoming influenced by the works of Carl Menger. Three years later, Mises was awarded his doctorate from the school of law in 1906, in the years from 1904 to 1914, Mises attended lectures given by Austrian economist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. He graduated in February 1906 and started a career as a servant in Austrias financial administration. After a few months, he left to take a position in a Vienna law firm. During that time, Mises began lecturing on economics, and in early 1909, he joined the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, during World War I, Mises served as a front officer in the Austro-Hungarian artillery and as an economic adviser to the War Department. Mises was chief economist for the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and was an adviser of Engelbert Dollfuss. Later he was adviser to Otto von Habsburg, the Christian democratic politician. In 1934, Mises left Austria for Geneva, Switzerland, where he was a professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies until 1940, while in Switzerland, Mises married Margit Herzfeld Serény, a former actress and widow of Ferdinand Serény
28.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
29.
Bill Paxon
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L. William Bill Paxon is a lobbyist and former member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. Paxon was born in Akron, near Buffalo, New York, at the age of 15, Paxon volunteered for the first congressional campaign of former Buffalo Bills quarterback Jack Kemp. Kemp, decades later, was the Republican Vice Presidential nominee in 1996, Paxon graduated from St. Josephs Collegiate Institute high school in 1972, and then from Canisius College. He was elected to the Erie County Legislature in November 1977 at the age of 23, in addition, he holds honorary doctorates from Daemen College, Roberts Wesleyan College and Canisius College. For many years, he lived in Western New York State, including Gowanda, Paxon was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1983 to 1988, sitting in the 185th, 186th and 187th New York State Legislatures. He was elected to the 101st, 102nd, 103rd, 104th and 105th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3,1989, Paxon chaired the Republican House Leadership committee during the 105th Congress. In 1992, Paxon was elected to chair the National Republican Congressional Committee, in the summer of 1997 several House Republicans, who saw Newt Gingrichs public image as a liability, attempted to replace him as Speaker. The challenge began July 9 with a meeting between Republican conference chairman John Boehner of Ohio and Republican leadership chairman Paxon. According to their plan, House Majority Leader Dick Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Boehner and Paxon were to present Gingrich with an ultimatum, resign, or be voted out. However, Armey balked at the proposal to make Paxon the new Speaker, on July 11, Gingrich met with senior Republican leadership to assess the situation. He explained that no circumstance would he step down. If he was voted out, there would be a new election for Speaker, after leaving Congress, Paxon became an advisor to GOP congressional members. He has consistently rated one of Washingtons top lobbyists. Paxon was hired by Boeing to lobby members of Congress, while in Congress, the conservative Paxon worked closely with moderate then Rep. Susan Molinari R-Staten Island, who is now a lobbyist. They married on July 3,1994 and live in Alexandria, Virginia and they have two daughters, Susan Ruby and Katherine Marie. Bill Paxon at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Appearances on C-SPAN
30.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
31.
Barney Frank
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Barnett Frank is a former American politician and board member of the New York-based Signature Bank. He previously served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1981 to 2013, Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States. Born and raised in Bayonne, New Jersey, Frank graduated from Harvard College and he worked as a political aide before winning election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1972. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1980 with 52 percent of the vote and he was re-elected every term thereafter by wide margins. In 1987, he came out as gay, after coming out to family, friends and close associates a few years prior. From 2003 until his retirement, Frank was the leading Democrat on the House Financial Services Committee, in July 2012, he married his long-time partner, James Ready, becoming the first member of Congress to marry someone of the same sex while in office. Frank did not seek re-election in 2012, and retired from Congress at the end of his term in January 2013. Frank had expressed interest in serving temporarily in the United States Senate after John Kerry had been confirmed as Secretary of State but was passed over for Mo Cowan. A biography of Frank was published in 2015, Frank was born Barnett Frank in Bayonne, New Jersey, one of four children of Elsie and Samuel Frank. His family was Jewish, and his grandparents had immigrated from Poland, Frank was educated at Harvard College, where he resided in Matthews Hall his first year and then in Kirkland House and Winthrop House. One of his roommates was Hastings Wyman of Aiken, South Carolina, when Wyman invited Frank to visit Aiken in the early 1960s, Frank made a point of drinking from the since-abolished colored-only water fountain then available to African Americans. Frank’s undergraduate studies were interrupted by the death of his father, in 1964, he was a volunteer in Mississippi during Freedom Summer. He then served for a year as Administrative Assistant to Congressman Michael J. Harrington, in 1977, Frank graduated from Harvard Law School, where he was once a student of Henry Kissinger, while serving as a Massachusetts state representative. In 1972, Frank was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives where he served for eight years and he made a name for himself in the mid-1970s as a political defender of the Combat Zone, Boston’s notorious red light district. Neighborhoods in Frank’s district bordered the Combat Zone, the bill, which had the support of Boston’s Police Commissioner, never came up for a vote. Later, when Frank was running for Congress, opponents erroneously portrayed him as having attempted to permit red-light districts in all Bay State communities, in 1979, Frank was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. While in state and local government, he taught, part-time, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, and at Boston University. He published numerous articles on politics and public affairs, in 1992, he published Speaking Frankly, in 1980, Frank ran for the U. S
32.
Faggot (slang)
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Faggot, often shortened to fag, is a pejorative term used chiefly in North America primarily to refer to a gay man. Alongside its use to refer to gay men in particular, it may also be used as a term for a repellent male or a homosexual person of either gender. Its use has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the English-speaking world through culture, including film, music. It may also be used as an insult, for example, idiot. The American slang term is first recorded in 1914, the shortened form fag shortly after and its immediate origin is unclear, but it is based on the word for bundle of sticks, ultimately derived, via Old French, Italian and Vulgar Latin, from Latin fascis. It may also derive from the sense of something awkward to be carried, little bird, has been claimed by some to be related to the American usage. The similarity between the two makes it possible that it might at least have had a reinforcing effect. This is unsubstantiated, the emergence of the term in 20th-century American English is unrelated to historical death penalties for homosexuality. S. In the UK and some countries, the words queer, homo. The word faggot in the UK typically refers to a kind of meatball, the word was also used by a character in Claude McKay’s 1928 novel Home to Harlem, indicating that it was used during the Harlem Renaissance. Because boys do not want to be labeled a fag, they hurl the insult at another person, the fag identity does not constitute a static identity attached to the boy receiving the insult. Rather, fag is an identity that boys strive to avoid. Pascoes study reports that gender policing is most common among white boys, the black youth in Pascoes study often ridiculed one another for acting white, and did not express gender policing to the same degree as white boys. There is a history of using both fag and faggot in popular culture, usually to denigrate lesbian, gay, bisexual. Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedmans 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet, based on Vito Russos book of the same name notes the use of fag, the Think Before You Speak campaign has sought to stop fag and gay being used as generic insults. In 1973 a broadway musical called The Faggot was praised by critics, larry Kramers 1978 novel Faggots discusses the gay community including the use of the word within and towards the community. In its November 2002 issue, the New Oxford Review, a Catholic magazine, during the correspondence between the editors and a gay reader, the editors clarified that they would only use the word to describe a practicing homosexual. They defended the use of the word, saying that it was important to preserve the social stigma of gays, arlo Guthrie uses the epithet in his 1967 signature song Alices Restaurant
33.
Slip of the Tongue
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Slip of the Tongue is the eighth studio album by the British hard rock band Whitesnake, released in 1989. The album peaked at number 10 on both the UK Album Chart and US Billboard 200, four singles were released from the album, Fool for Your Loving, The Deeper the Love, Now Youre Gone and Judgement Day. All the singles hit the US Mainstream Rock Tracks top 40, slip of the Tongue has sold over one million copies in the US, reaching platinum state. Fool for Your Loving originally appeared on the album Ready an Willing, after the tour for the bands previous multi-platinum self-titled album, guitarist Vivian Campbell left the group due to musical differences. Even with Campbells leaving, the process for a new Whitesnake album started at Lake Tahoe with singer David Coverdale. Some material, including the track, had already been written while on tour. Prior to the process, Adrian Vandenberg sustained a serious wrist injury. After Coverdale waited as long as possible for Vandenberg to heal, he had no choice, Coverdale chose ex-Frank Zappa and David Lee Roth guitarist Steve Vai. Coverdale was unfamiliar with Vais work with Zappa or Roth, but had him in the 1986 film Crossroads. Adrian Vandenberg revealed in interviews that he thinks Vais flamboyant guitar playing was somewhat inappropriate. With Vai on board the recording process began, even though some of Hughes material was used most of the backing vocals are by Tommy Funderburk and Richard Page. The album was released in late 1989. It reached number 10 on the US Billboard 200 chart, going platinum, Adrian Vandenberg was credited as a major co-songwriter, while Steve Vai was credited with fulfilling all guitar responsibilities on the album, and appeared in all the bands music videos. The album was met with mixed reactions, with saying the albums sound was too far from the original Whitesnake-sound. David Coverdale himself has seen the album as one of the weakest in the bands catalogue. So, now I happily accept it as a significant part of the Whitesnake catalogue and to be honest and it was an album plagued with challenges and obstacles for me, personally, from many avenues, but hey. nobody said being successful is supposed to be easy. The world tour for the album was the biggest the band had undertaken yet, after the tour Coverdale folded the band and took a break from the music business until late 1991 when he started to work with Jimmy Page, which resulted in the 1993 album Coverdale•Page. All tracks written by David Coverdale and Adrian Vandenberg, except where noted
34.
Steve Largent
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Prior to his political career, Largent was a wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Football League for his entire 14-season professional football career. He held several all-time receiving records when he retired, in 1974 at the University of Tulsa, he had 884 yards receiving and 14 TD catches. In 1975, he had 51 catches for 1,000 yards and 14 TD catches, despite an All-American career at Tulsa, Largent was not selected until the fourth round of the 1976 NFL draft by the Houston Oilers. After four preseason games, he was slated to be cut, Largent spent 14 years with the Seahawks, and, while not particularly fast, was extremely sure-handed. He was selected to the NFL Pro Bowl seven times, and was the first Seahawk to earn that honor, in 1989, Largent became the first Seahawks player to win the Steve Largent Award for his spirit, dedication and integrity. When Largent retired, he held all major NFL receiving records, including, most receptions in a career, most receiving yards in a career and he was also in possession of a then-record streak of 177 consecutive regular-season games with a reception. He also holds the distinction as the first receiver in NFL history to achieve 100 touchdown receptions in his career, Largent was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995, his first year of eligibility. In 1999, he was ranked number 46 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, Largent remains the most prolific receiver in team history. On October 26,2008 Largents University of Tulsa number was also retired, in 1994, Oklahomas 1st District Congressman Jim Inhofe resigned to run in a special election to succeed Senator David Boren. Largent took office on November 29,1994 and was reelected to the three succeeding Congresses, never winning less than 60 percent of the vote in the heavily Republican Tulsa-based district. Like many in the Republican freshman class elected in 1994, when the Republicans took control of the House for the first time in 40 years, Largent was one of the true believers in that freshman class, devoting most of his time to issues important to the conservative Christians. One of his first bills was a parental rights bill that died in committee after it attracted opposition even from other Christian conservatives, another of his bills would have abolished the federal tax code at the end of 2001. He opposed ending the 1995 federal government shutdown and played a role in the attempt to oust Newt Gingrich as Speaker. Largent introduced a bill that would ban adoptions by gay and lesbian parents in Washington and he was criticized as anti-Catholic due to his line of questioning of a House of Representatives chaplain in 2000, though he denied this. After the Republicans lost 5 seats in the 1998 midterm elections, although Armey was not popular in the Republican caucus, Largent was thought to be far too conservative for the liking of some moderate Republicans, and Armey won on the third ballot. However, when Bob Livingston of Louisiana stood down as Speaker-elect, Largent decided to run for Governor of Oklahoma in 2002. He easily won the Republican nomination and resigned his House seat on February 15 to devote his energy to the race, initially seen as an overwhelming favorite against Democratic state senator Brad Henry, Largent lost to Henry by just under 7,000 votes. Largent had been on a trip and did not know about the attacks until then
35.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
36.
Bob Livingston
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Robert Linlithgow Bob Livingston Jr. is a Washington, D. C. -based lobbyist and a former Republican U. S. Livingston was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Livingston was married in 1965 to the former Bonnie Robichaux, a native of Raceland in Lafourche Parish. Bonnies grandfather, Alcide Robichaux, served in the Louisiana State Senate, Livingstons father, a Roman Catholic, and his mother, an Episcopalian, were divorced when Livingston and his sister were quite young. Raised first as Roman Catholic and later as an Episcopalian, he returned to his wifes religion Roman Catholicism in later years, the Livingstons have three biological sons, Robert, Richard and David, and an adopted daughter, SuShan a/k/a Susie. In July 2006, their son Richard was electrocuted by a wire while trimming a tree damaged by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Graduating from Tulane University Law School in 1968, Livingston joined the law practice of David C, treen, who would become Louisianas first Republican congressman and governor since Reconstruction. Treen had been an active Republican in the days when the party existed in Louisiana. He was a delegate to all Republican conventions between 1976 and 2000, Livingston narrowly lost to one-term state legislator Richard Tonry. Livingston was denied victory when a third-party candidate, former Sixth District Congressman John Rarick, Rarick, who had been one of the most conservative Democrats in Congress during his tenure, siphoned off roughly 9% of the votes cast, enabling Tonry to win with a plurality. Allegations, however, surfaced of tombstone votes for Tonry in both the primary and general election, Tonry was forced to resign in May 1977 and run again in the special election for his seat. However, he lost the Democratic nomination in August to State Representative Ron Faucheux, Livingston was aided by a cadre of dedicated Republican volunteers, including the newly installed National Committeewoman Virginia Martinez of Kenner. In 1978, Livingston won a term with 86 percent of the vote. He was reelected eleven times, dropping below 80 percent of the only once. He was completely unopposed in 1986,1996 and 1998 and his district became even more Republican after the 1980 census, when most of the districts share of New Orleans was shifted to the 2nd District. It was replaced with some heavily Republican territory in Jefferson Parish, although well known in Louisiana, Livingston was a relatively low-key congressman for his first eighteen years in Washington. However, early in his career, he landed a spot on the powerful Appropriations Committee and this, together with his conservative stances on most issues, made him popular with his constituents, most of whom had never been previously represented by a Republican. Livingston first came to attention in 1995, when he was named chairman of the Appropriations Committee after the Republican takeover of the House. This instantly made him one of the most powerful members of Congress, during one committee session, he brandished an alligator skinning knife, a Bouie knife, and a machete to demonstrate his seriousness as a budget-cutter
37.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
38.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
39.
Focus on the Family
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Focus on the Family is an American Christian conservative organization founded in 1977 by psychologist James Dobson, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is active in promoting an interdenominational effort toward its socially conservative views on public policy, Focus on the Family is one of a number of evangelical parachurch organizations that rose to prominence in the 1980s. Focus on the Familys stated mission is nurturing and defending the God-ordained institution of the family and it promotes abstinence-only sexual education, creationism, adoption by married, opposite-sex parents, school prayer, and traditional gender roles. It opposes abortion, divorce, gambling, LGBT rights, particularly LGBT adoption and same-sex marriage, pornography, pre-marital sex, psychologists, psychiatrists, and social scientists have criticized Focus on the Family for trying to misrepresent their research to bolster FOTFs fundamentalist political agenda and ideology. The organization also produces programs for targeted audiences, such as Adventures in Odyssey for children, dramas, from 1977 to 2003, James Dobson served as the sole leader of the organization. In 2003, Donald P. Hodel became president and chief executive officer and this left Dobson as chairman of the board of directors, with chiefly creative and speaking duties. Focus on the Family aims to equip families through radio broadcasts, websites, simulcasts, conferences, interactive forums, magazines, books, and counseling. In March 2005, Hodel retired and Jim Daly, formerly the Vice President in charge of Focus on the Familys International Division, assumed the role of president, in November 2008, the organization announced that it was eliminating 202 jobs, representing 18 percent of its workforce. The organization also cut its budget from $160 million in fiscal 2008 to $138 million for fiscal 2009 and he is no longer affiliated with Focus on the Family. Focus on the Family sees its primary ministry as helping couples “build healthy marriages that reflect Gods design”, based on what it sees as “morals, Focus on the Family formed Love Won Out, an ex-gay ministry, in 1998 and sold it to Exodus International in 2009. Focus on the Familys Wait No More ministry works with agencies, church leaders. The program co-sponsors several adoption conferences throughout the country each year, since November 2008, more than 2,700 families have started the adoption process through Wait No More. In Colorado, the number of waiting for adoption dropped from about 800 to 350. Focus on the Family supports laws to prevent couples from adopting who are cohabiting together outside of marriage as well as homosexual couples. Focus on the Familys Option Ultrasound Program provides grants to qualifying crisis pregnancy centers to cover 80 percent of the cost of a machine or sonography training. As of October 31,2014, the program has provided 655 grants to centers in all 50 states and Bucharest, Focus on the Family began OUP in 2004 with the goal of convincing women not to have abortions. FOTF officials said that ultrasound services help a woman better understand her pregnancy and babys development, the Option Ultrasound Program reported in 2014 that it has helped prevent more than 270,000 abortions since 2004. A study released in February 2012 shows that ultrasounds do not have a impact on an abortion decision
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James Dobson
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James Clayton Jim Dobson, Jr. is an American evangelical Christian author, psychologist, and founder in 1977 of Focus on the Family, which he led until 2003. In the 1980s he was ranked as one of the most influential spokesmen for conservative social positions in American public life and he is no longer affiliated with Focus on the Family. Dobson founded Family Talk as a organization in 2010 and launched a new radio broadcast, Family Talk with Dr. James Dobson. Focus on the Family was also carried by about sixty U. S. television stations daily, Dobson founded the Family Research Council in 1981. James Dobson was born to Myrtle Georgia and James C, Dobson, Sr. on April 21,1936, in Shreveport, Louisiana. From his earliest childhood, religion played a part in his life. He once told a reporter that he learned to pray before he learned to talk and he is the son, grandson, and great-grandson of Church of the Nazarene ministers, although he does not speak for the denomination in any capacity. His father, James Dobson Sr. never went to college and he was a traveling evangelist, chiefly in the southwest. The parents took their young son along to watch his father preach, like most Nazarenes, they forbade dancing and going to movies. Young Jimmie Lee concentrated on his studies, Dobson studied academic psychology, which most evangelical Christians in the 1950s and 1960s did not look upon favorably. He came to believe that he was being called to become a Christian counselor or perhaps a Christian psychologist and he attended Pasadena College as an undergraduate and served as captain of the schools tennis team. In 1967 Dobson received his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California, for a time, Dobson worked as an assistant to Paul Popenoe at the Institute of Family Relations, a marriage-counseling center, in Los Angeles. Dobson arguably first became well-known with the publication of Dare to Discipline, Dobsons social and political opinions are widely read among many evangelical church congregations in the United States. Dobson publishes monthly bulletins, also called Focus on the Family, Dobson interviewed serial killer Ted Bundy on-camera the day before Bundys execution on January 24,1989. The interview became controversial because Bundy was given an opportunity to attempt to explain his actions, Bundy claimed in the interview that violent pornography played a significant role in molding and crystallizing his fantasies. In May 1989, during an interview with John Tanner, a Republican Florida prosecutor, the Bundy tapes gave Focus on the Family revenues of over $1 million, $600,000 of which it donated to anti-pornography groups and to anti-abortion groups. Dobson stepped down as President and CEO of Focus on the Family in 2003, Dobson explained his departure as a result of significant philosophical differences with successor Jim Daly. In 2010 Dobson founded Family Talk, a organization that produces his radio program
