1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Smothers Brothers
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The Smothers Brothers are Thomas and Richard, American singers, musicians, and comedians. The brothers trademark double act was performing folk songs, which led to arguments between the siblings. Tommys signature line was, Mom always liked you best, tommy acted slow, and Dick, the straight man, acted superior. In the 1960s, the brothers appeared on television variety shows. Their own television variety show, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, the brothers continued to work, both independently and as a team, on stage and television, and in films during subsequent decades. The brothers were born on Governors Island in New York Harbor, where their father, Thomas B. Smothers, Jr. a West Point graduate and U. S. Army officer, was stationed, Tom was born on February 2,1937, and Dick was born on November 20,1939. Major Smothers served in the 45th Infantry Regiment and died during World War II, while being transported from a Japanese prisoner of war camp in Fukuoka, Japan, to a POW camp in Mukden and they were raised by their mother in the Los Angeles area. They graduated from Redondo Union High School in Redondo Beach, California, after a brief time in a folk group called the Casual Quintet, the brothers made their first professional appearance as a duo in February 1959 at The Purple Onion in San Francisco. They were an act in clubs and released several successful top 40 albums for Mercury Records. Their first national appearance was on The Jack Paar Show on January 28,1961. The brothers appeared in a segment of the television series Burkes Law, in 1964 and their first television series was a situation comedy, The Smothers Brothers Show. Tom played an angel come back to earth to oversee his brother Dick and it did not do well in the ratings and had little of the music that was identified with the brothers. Tom would later say Four Star gave me ulcers, the show also introduced audiences to pop singer Jennifer Warnes, who was a regular on the series. The television premiere of Mason Williams hit record, Classical Gas, took place on the show, the series showcased new musical artists that other comedy-variety shows rarely gave airtime, due to the nature of their music or their political affiliations. The song was censored on Seegers first appearance but permitted on a later appearance, in 1968, the show broadcast in successive weeks music videos for The Beatles popular songs Hey Jude and Revolution. Before a rowdy crowd at the Los Angeles Forum, Jimi Hendrix dedicated I Dont Live Today to the Smothers Brothers, the piece would end with guitarist Pete Townshend grabbing Tommys guitar and smashing it. On the Smothers Brothers show that night a small amount of explosive was put into the cannon that Keith Moon kept in his bass drum
4.
Tom Smothers
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Thomas Bolyn Smothers III is an American comedian, composer and musician, best known as half of the musical comedy team The Smothers Brothers, alongside his younger brother Dick. Smothers was born in 1937 at the Fort Jay army post hospital on Governors Island in New York City, the son of Ruth, a homemaker, Smothers, an army officer who died a POW in April 1945. After moving to California, he graduated from Redondo Union High School in Redondo Beach and he was a competitive unicyclist, and a state champion gymnast in the parallel bars. Smothers later attended San José State University, then known as San José State College, at SJSC, Smothers participated both in gymnastics and pole vault for the track team. The Smothers Brothers initially wanted to be folk musicians, Tom didnt feel that he was good enough to be a professional musician, but he was funny enough to do comedy. The two began adding comedy bits to their act and it was a series of performances when we started out as a duet in Aspen. Id just make up stuff for every song, and Dickie said, Why dont you try repeating some of that stuff. I didnt know that you could repeat the stuff, and I started repeating it and Dickie would say, Thats wrong. And pretty soon hed say, Thats wrong, youre stupid and it sort of became an argument. Toms first foray into the medium of television was as a regular on the The Steve Allen Show in 1961 and he followed that role with a single episode of Burkes Law. The Smothers Brothers next appeared on the CBS sitcom The Smothers Brothers Show from 1965 to 1966, Tom felt that the show didnt play to the brothers strengths and wanted creative control over their next venture. Tom Smothers negotiated creative control over their next CBS show, a variety show entitled The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in 1967, the documentary Smothered describes how the brothers fought CBS censors to sneak in references to religion, recreational drugs, sex, and the Vietnam War. Smothers is widely quoted as saying, The only valid censorship of ideas is the right of not to listen. The brothers oppositional politics led to their shows demise, with David Steinberg later claiming The most innovative variety show on television shut down because of political pressure, during the same years, Tom wrote and recorded mainstream songs, such as Cant Help Falling in Love with You. Tom has since stated, When the Smothers Brothers came on the air we had no point of view or social consciousness. Smothers introduced some musical acts at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, and as he became more politically active, he befriended similarly inclined celebrities like John Lennon. In 1969, Smothers played guitar on John Lennons recording of his single Give Peace a Chance, the song was written and performed during Lennons Bed-In honeymoon on June 1,1969, in Room 1742 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Canada. Smothers can be seen in the film about Lennon Imagine in the hotel room
5.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
6.
Prisoner of war
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A prisoner of war is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the prisoner of war dates to 1660. The first Roman gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite, Thracian, typically, little distinction was made between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although women and children were more likely to be spared. Sometimes, the purpose of a battle, if not a war, was to capture women, a known as raptio. Typically women had no rights, and were legally as chattel. For this he was eventually canonized, during Childerics siege and blockade of Paris in 464, the nun Geneviève pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, Clovis I liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so, many French prisoners of war were killed during the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. In the later Middle Ages, a number of religious wars aimed to not only defeat, in Christian Europe, the extermination of heretics was considered desirable. Examples include the 13th century Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades, likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during the Crusades against the Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed, their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the status of the captive. In feudal Japan there was no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, in Termez, on the Oxus, all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain. The Aztecs were constantly at war with neighbouring tribes and groups, for the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, between 10,000 and 80,400 persons were sacrificed. During the early Muslim conquests, Muslims routinely captured large number of prisoners, aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved. Christians who were captured during the Crusades, were either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended as a charitable act, there also evolved the right of parole, French for discourse, in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations, if he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who held him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. Early historical narratives of captured colonial Europeans, including perspectives of literate women captured by the peoples of North America. The writings of Mary Rowlandson, captured in the fighting of King Philips War, are an example
7.
Verdugo Hills High School
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Verdugo Hills High School is a public school located in the Tujunga community of Los Angeles, California, United States within the Los Angeles Unified School District. The school serves students from areas of Los Angeles, including Sunland, Tujunga, Lake View Terrace, and portions of North Hollywood, Sun Valley. The school officially opened for classes for the first time on September 13,1937, Verdugo Hills High School was built on the site of a lemon orchard next to the original Plainview Avenue Elementary School. The 2009 opening of Sun Valley High School relieved Verdugo Hills of increasingly crowded conditions, Verdugo Hills is the only school in LAUSD to host the Copernican Block Schedule. VHHS has experienced success with this schedule since it was implemented in the fall of 1998. Most students have 3 classes per 10 weeks terms, each lasting for 90 minutes. Semester courses are now 10 weeks in length and previous year-long courses are now 20 weeks, athletics, band, and other activities have been moved to an optional 4th period. This gives an opportunity for a student to accomplish more before graduation, in addition, students taking the optional fourth period every semester can graduate a semester or more early. Students not opting to take a period are released at 1,12 every day. Nakasone, Former CEO of Toys R Us Steven A. Simpson, Rear Admiral, U. S. Griffin Safety Patrol Gotta Kick It Up
8.
Sunland-Tujunga, Los Angeles
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Sunland-Tujunga /təˈhʌŋɡə/ is a neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles located by the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Crescenta Valley. The merging of these communities under a hyphenated name goes back as far as 1928, Sunland-Tujunga contains the highest point of the city, Mount Lukens. The neighborhood lies between the Verdugo Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains and it is contiguous on the east with La Crescenta-Montrose. Sunland and Tujunga are divided by Mount Gleason Avenue, with Sunland on the west, Mount Lukens within Tujunga is the highest point in Los Angeles at 5,074 ft. In 1925 there were no sidewalks or curbs in Tujunga, a state highway ran through the town. Streets within the Sunland and Tuna Canyon annex to Los Angeles were renamed in June 1929, the main east-west road, previously known as Michigan Avenue, became Foothill Boulevard. Sunset renamed to Commerce St. Manzanita Drive was renamed McGroarty Avenue in honor of John Steven McGroarty, exits in Sunland and Tujunga are, from west to east, at Sunland Boulevard, La Tuna Canyon Road and Lowell Avenue. The freeways right-of-way almost completely bypasses the main part of the community, today, the neighborhood has one major thoroughfare, Foothill Boulevard. Nearly all businesses in Sunland-Tujunga are located on or near Foothill Boulevard, Tujunga Canyon Boulevard is a heavily travelled north-south route, but is primarily residential. Sunland Boulevard and Wentworth Street are popular surface streets which connect the community to Sun Valley, Sunland-Tujunga is also served by the Interstate 210 freeway. Sunland-Tujunga has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, Sunland and Tujunga were originally home to the Tongva people. In 1840 the area was part of the Rancho Tujunga Mexican land grant, the name Tujunga is assumed to have meant old womans place in the extinct Tongva language, where Tuhu old woman is a term for Mother Earth in Tongva mythology. Sunland began life as Monte Vista in 1885, when 2,200 acres of the Tejunga Park tract were divided into lots ranging from five to 40 acres. One of the first uses of the new tract was the planting of 40 acres of olives, in 1887 the Monte Vista Hotel was being served by the Sunland Post Office. By 1906, the appellation Sunland was being used by the Los Angeles Times rather than Monte Vista. A1907 story noted that Sunland was the first supply store, in 1908, Sunland was referred to as difficult to access, at a height of 1,500 feet over rough mountain roads. An automobile trip from Los Angeles took a day to complete. In 1910, a Los Angeles Times correspondent wrote about Sunland, one gets no inkling of the beauties till he is right in the town
9.
Redondo Union High School
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Redondo Union High School is a public high school in Redondo Beach, California. Redondo Union High School is a part of the Redondo Beach Unified School District, all residents of Redondo Beach are zoned to Redondo Union. In addition, residents of Hermosa Beach may choose to attend Redondo Union or Mira Costa High School of the Manhattan Beach Unified School District. Since opening its doors in 1905, Redondo Union High School has developed into the second largest high school campus in the State of California, in addition, Redondo Union High School is considered to be the one of the most beautiful public campuses in Southern California. With a large teaching staff, RUHS is a high school offering various curricula for college-bound students, as well as diversified career path. Redondo Union High School was organized in the summer of 1905, the first classes were held in two upstairs rooms of the Masonic Building in Redondo Beach. In December of that year, a site known as Old Chautauqua Place was selected as the location for the school. Today, the campus of more than 50 acres extends from Pacific Coast Highway to Prospect Avenue. RUHS is said to be the second largest high school in the state, with 100 years of history, Redondo Union High School is rich with tradition. 1905, RUHS opens with one teacher and 10 pupils,2013, RUHS Boys Basketball defeats College Park to win the Division II CIF State Championship. Academy of Health and Fitness- a school within a school focusing on career paths in Health, the journalism program is one of the best in the United States, and has been by far the strongest in the area for two decades. In Newsweeks The Complete List,1,200 Top U. S, schools article in 2006, Redondo was listed as number 687. In 2007 Redondo was ranked 465th, in 2009 Redondo was ranked 738th. RUHSs Beach Cities Robotics team has won over 40 awards including an international first prize in 2001 against over 1000 other teams, redondos Academic Decathlon Team placed 7th out of 56 schools in the 2008 competition. The team received 18 medals and the plaque for most improved. That same year went to State for the 1st time in RUHS history. In 1995, the school placed 5th, its highest placement to date, the College and Career Center aims to provide students with the most up to date and comprehensive collection of information regarding career, education, financial aid, and scholarship information. Advanced Placement classes and Honors classes are weighted at RUHS, class ranking reflects the students total weighted grade point average
10.
Redondo Beach, California
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Redondo Beach is one of the three Beach Cities located in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 66,748 at the 2010 census, up from 63,261 at the 2000 census, the city is located in the South Bay region of the greater Los Angeles area. Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1785 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that became the South Redondo area. The citys territory has an unusual shape including an area along the beach and another strip inland from Manhattan Beach, the primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach, popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts. The western terminus of the Metro Rail Green Line is in North Redondo Beach, the Chowigna Indians used the site of todays Hopkins Wilderness Park, formerly Nike missile site LA-57 from 1956 to 1963, in Redondo Beach, California, as a lookout place. The wetlands located at the site of todays AES power plant in Redondo Beach were a source of foods including halibut, lobster, and sea bass, and also of salt. In the 1700s, the Chowigna bartered salt from the old Redondo Salt Lake and their village by the lake was called Onoova-nga, or Place of Salt. The Chowigna were relocated to missions in 1854, when Manuel Dominguez sold 215 acres of Rancho San Pedro, including the lake, to Henry Allanson, moonstone Beach was a tourist attraction from the late 1880s to the early 1920s. Tourists gathered moonstones from the mounds that had washed ashore during storms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.2 square miles. Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1784 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant of the 43, the ocean side of Pacific Coast Highway has restaurants and boating activities while inland of PCH is largely residential. Redondo Breakwall is a surf spot in the South Bay. This power plant sports Whaling Wall number 31, a 586 ft ×95 ft whale mural by world-famous artist Robert Wyland titled Gray Whale Migration. Redondo Beach has a division between the north and south sections of the city with 190th, Anita, and Herondo streets forming its east-west boundary line. South Redondo is along the beachfront with the pier and marina/harbor complex, the small business district near the pier and marina was revived in the 1990s by beachgoers and new residents who wanted to sell beachwear and surfing accessories. South Redondo has wide streets, wide beaches and laid-back feel make it a prime destination for those seeking a bike to the grocery store community. The main library is located in the Civic Center, North Redondo, north of 190th Street, is an inland community separated from the beachfront by Hermosa Beach and Manhattan Beach. It is also home to the South Bay Galleria shopping center, the North Branch of the Redondo Beach Library serves this area
11.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions
12.
Long-distance running
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Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least three kilometres. Physiologically, it is largely aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as mental strength, among mammals, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, and particularly so among primates. The endurance running hypothesis suggests that running endurance in the Homo genus arose because travelling over large areas improved scavenging opportunities, the capacity for endurance running is also found in migratory ungulates and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as dogs, wolves and hyenas. Long distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health, Running improves aerobic fitness by increasing the activity of enzymes and hormones that stimulate the muscles and the heart to work more efficiently. Endurance running is often a component of military training and has been so historically. Professional running is most commonly found in the field of sports, long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others. Distance running can also serve as an exercise for family, friends, colleagues. The social element of distance running has been linked with improved performance, in the sport of athletics, long-distance events are defined as races covering three kilometres and above. The three most common types are track running, road running and cross country running, all of which are defined by their terrain – all-weather tracks, roads and natural terrain, respectively. In collegiate cross country races in the United States, men race 8000 or 10000 meters, depending on their division, the Summer Olympics features three long-distance running events, the 5000 metres,10,000 metres and marathon. Since the late 1980s, Kenyans, Moroccans and Ethiopians have dominated in major international long-distance competitions, in this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The Old Testament has a few mentions of messengers running to deliver messages, for example, in 2 Samuel 18, two runners, Ahimaaz son of Zadok and a Cushite run to deliver King David the message of the death of his son Absalom. Running messengers are reported from early Sumer, were named lasimu as military men as well as the officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running. Ancient Greece was famous for its running messengers, who were named hemerodromoi and he collapsed and died as he delivered the message “we won”.2 miles /42.195 km is based on this legend. Humans are considered among the best distance runners among all running animals, game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are designed to walk on four legs or climb trees and this leads to different bone and muscular demands especially in the legs and pelvis. Dissipation of metabolic heat, humans’ ability to cool the body by sweating through the surface provides many advantages over panting through the mouth or nose. These include a surface of evaporation and independence of the respiratory cycle
13.
The Smothers Brothers Show
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It lasted one season, consisting of 32 episodes. It was also the networks last situation comedy filmed in black-and-white, shortly after its final telecast, Dick Smothers played himself as a rising young executive at Pandora Publications, working for publisher Leonard J. Costello. Brother Tom had been lost at sea two years earlier and now shows up as an apprentice angel assigned to do good deeds on Earth to become a full-fledged regular angel. Of course, Toms efforts to people never seem to work as planned. Tom received his orders from Ralph, his unseen and unheard boss, the series also featured Harriet MacGibbon as Mrs. Costello and, on occasion, Ann Elder as Dicks co-worker and girl friend, Janet. As was typical of the Smothers Brothers in their show, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. The series was produced by Four Star Television in association with the brothers Knave Productions, for instance, neither brother played their instruments on the show, and it was not until halfway through the season that they sang the theme song. The Smothers Brothers Show at the Internet Movie Database The Smothers Brothers Show at TV. com Link to theme song
14.
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
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The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour was an American comedy and variety show television series hosted by the Smothers Brothers and initially airing on CBS from 1967 to 1969. Despite this success, continual conflicts with network executives over content led to the show being abruptly pulled from the schedule in violation of the Smothers contract in 1969, the evolution of The Comedy Hour was unique to a medium that was fearful of change. The show debuted in the winter of 1967 as a hip version of the typical comedy-variety show of its era. But within weeks it rapidly evolved into a program that extended the boundaries of what was considered permissible in television satire, the show also introduced audiences to pop singer Jennifer Warnes, who was a regular on the series. The television premiere of Mason Williams hit record, Classical Gas, took place on the show, the series showcased new musical artists that other comedy-variety shows rarely gave airtime to, due to the nature of their music or their political affiliations. Seegers appearance on the two premiere which aired on September 10,1967 was his first on network commercial television in 17 years since being blacklisted in 1950. His performance of Waist Deep in the Big Muddy was dropped from the broadcast after his refusal to comply with CBSs request to remove the sixth verse. The song, its related to the present by the controversial stanza, was a metaphor for President Lyndon B. Johnson. Seeger was eventually allowed to reappear on the show to perform the song again on Episode 24 later that season, in 1968, the show broadcast several promotional films for The Beatles songs Hey Jude and Revolution and Bee Gees. Before a rowdy crowd at the Los Angeles Forum, Jimi Hendrix dedicated I Dont Live Today to the Smothers Brothers, the show became both popular and controversial for those same references to youth culture and the issues that both interested and affected this particular target audience. The brothers soon found themselves in conflicts with CBS network censors. At the start of the 1968–69 season, the ordered that the Smothers deliver their shows finished. As the year progressed, battles over content continued, including a David Steinberg sermon about Moses and the Burning Bush. With some local stations making their own deletions of controversial sketches or comments, the network explained the decision by stating that because that weeks episode did not arrive in time to be previewed, it would not be shown. In that program, Joan Baez paid tribute to her then-husband David Harris, when the show finally did air, three weeks later, the network allowed Baez to state that her husband was in prison, but edited out the reason. Despite the conflict, the show was picked up for the 1969–70 season on March 14, however, the episode was aired in Canada on CTV on a pre-release which was a common occurrence at that time. Another of the presidents, Robert Wood, stated that it became evident that the brothers were unwilling to accept the criteria of taste established by CBS. This cancellation led the brothers to file a breach of contract suit against the network, despite this cancellation, the show won the Emmy Award that year for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy, Variety or Music
15.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray
16.
Casino (movie)
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Casino is a 1995 American epic crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, and Sharon Stone. It is based on the non-fiction book Casino, Love and Honor in Las Vegas by Nicholas Pileggi, the two previously collaborated on the hit film Goodfellas. In Casino, De Niro stars as Sam Ace Rothstein, a Jewish American top gambling handicapper who is called by the Italian Mob to oversee the operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas. His character is based on Frank Rosenthal, who ran the Stardust, Fremont, Pesci plays Nicholas Nicky Santoro, based on real-life Mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro, a made man. Nicky is sent to Vegas to make sure that money from the Tangiers is skimmed off the top, Sharon Stone plays Ginger McKenna, Aces scheming, self-absorbed wife, based on Geri McGee. Casino was released on November 22,1995, to a positive critical response and was a box office success. Stones performance was praised, earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. Impressed with his work, mafia boss Remo Gaggi sends Sams childhood friend and mob enforcer Nicholas Nicky Santoro and his associate Frank Frankie Marino to protect Sam and the whole operation. Nickys volatile temper soon gets him banned from every casino in Las Vegas, so he gathers his own crew and engages in independent shakedowns, Sam meets and falls in love with a hustler and former prostitute, Ginger McKenna. Meanwhile, Sam makes an enemy in county commissioner Pat Webb for firing his brother-in-law Don Ward for incompetence. When Sam refuses to him, Webb pulls Sams license from the backlog. Sam blames the incident on Nickys recklessness and the two argue furiously in the desert after Sam attempts to tell Nicky to leave Las Vegas. The casino counters begin stealing some money for themselves, prompting the Midwest mafia bosses to put Artie Piscano of the Kansas City mafia in charge of overseeing the transactions, piscanos detailed complaints - complete with names - spurs the FBI to begin investigating the casino. Meanwhile, Sam finally seeks divorce from Ginger, tired of her alcoholism and she then kidnaps their daughter, Amy, taking her to Los Angeles, and plans to flee to Europe with Lester. Sam convinces her to back with Amy, and then scolds her for stealing his money. After he overhears Ginger talking on the phone about killing him, he kicks her out of the house, Ginger then approaches Nicky for help in getting her valuables from their shared vault in the bank, and the two start an affair. Sam discovers this after finding Amy tied to her bed by Ginger, Sam disowns Ginger, and so does Nicky. A furious and drunk Ginger crashes her car into Sams driveway, making a scene, though she succeeds in taking her share of the money from the bank, she is arrested by the FBI for aiding and abetting Sam
17.
Nevada Senate
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The Nevada Senate is the upper house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of U. S. state of Nevada. The Senate currently consists of 21 members from single-member districts, in the previous redistricting there were 19 districts, two of which were multimember. Since 2012, there have been 21 districts, each formed by combining two neighboring Assembly districts, each senator represented approximately 128,598 as of the 2010 census. Article Four of The Nevada Constitution sets that Senators serve staggered four-year terms, in addition, the size of the Senate is set to be no less than one-third and no greater than one-half of the size of the Assembly. Term limits, limiting senators to three 4-year terms, took effect in 2010, because of the change in Constitution, seven senators were termed out in 2010, four were termed out in 2012, and one is to be termed out in 2014. The Senate met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971, the Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Legislature. The first session of the Nevada Territorial Legislature was held in 1861, the Council was the precursor to the current Senate and the opposite chamber was called a House of Representatives which was later changed to be called the Assembly. There were nine members of the original Council in 1861 elected from districts as counties were not yet established, counties were established in the First Session of the Territorial Legislature and the size of the Council was increased to thirteen. In 1919 the Senate started a practice called Little Federalism, where each county received one member of the Nevada Senate regardless of population of said county and this set the Senate membership at seventeen which lasted until 1965-1967. In 1964, the U. S. Supreme Court heard Reynolds v. Sims and struck down state senate inequality, basing their decision on the principle of one person, one vote. With those two cases being decided on a level, Nevada Assemblywoman Flora Dungan and Las Vegas resident Clare W. Woodbury. At the time, less than 8 percent of the population of the State of Nevada controlled more than 50 percent of the Senate, the District Court found that both the Senate and the Assembly apportionment laws were invidiously discriminatory, being based upon no constitutionally valid policy. It was ordered that Governor Grant Sawyer call a Special Session to submit a constitutionally valid reapportionment plan, the 11th Special Session lasted from October 25,1965 through November 13,1965 and a plan was adopted to increase the size of the Senate from 17 to 20. Nine incumbent Senators from 1965 were not present in the legislature in 1967, in the 1981 Legislative Session the size of the Senate was increased to twenty-one because of the population growth in Clark County. Following the 2008 election, Democrats took control of the Nevada Senate for the first time since 1991, in January 2011, Senator William Raggio resigned after 38 years of service. Later in February 2012, citing personal reasons, Senator Elizabeth Halseth resigned her suburban/rural Clark County seat, per Article 5, Section 17 of the Nevada Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor of Nevada serves as Senate President. In their absence, the President Pro Tempore presides and has the power to make commission, the President Pro Tempore is elected to the position by the majority party. The other partisan Senate leadership positions, such as the Leader of the Senate, the current President of the Senate is Nevada Lieutenant Governor Mark Hutchison of the Republican Party
18.
Harry Reid
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Harry Mason Reid is a retired American politician who served as a United States Senator from Nevada from 1987 to 2017, and as the states senior Senator from 1989. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the Senate Minority Leader from 2015 to 2017, and had served as Majority Leader, Minority Whip. Previously, Reid was a member of the U. S. Reid was one of only three Senators to serve at least eight years as Majority Leader, Reid suffered a serious eye injury in early 2015. He is also the longest serving Senator from Nevada, Reid served as the United States Senate Minority Leader, after Republicans won the majority control of the Senate in the 2014 midterm elections. Reid was born in Searchlight, Nevada, the third of four sons of Harry Vincent Reid, a miner, and Inez Orena Reid and his father committed suicide with a gunshot to the head in 1972, at age 58, when Harry was 32 years old. His paternal grandmother was an English immigrant from Darlaston, Staffordshire, Reids boyhood home was a shack with no indoor toilet, hot water, or telephone. Since Searchlight had no school, Reid boarded with relatives 40 miles away in Henderson, Nevada to attend Basic High School, where he played football. While at Basic High, he met future Nevada governor Mike OCallaghan, Reid attended Southern Utah University, and graduated from Utah State University where he double majored in political science and history. He minored in economics at Utah States School of Commerce and Business Administration and he then went to George Washington University Law School earning a J. D. while working for the United States Capitol Police. Reid returned to Nevada after law school and served as Henderson city attorney before being elected to the Nevada Assembly for the fourth district of Clark County in 1968. In 1970, at age 30, Reid was chosen by OCallaghan as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada. Reid and OCallaghan won the race, and Reid served as lieutenant governor from 1971 until 1974 and he lost by fewer than 700 votes to former governor Paul Laxalt. In 1975, Reid ran for mayor of Las Vegas and lost to Bill Briare, Reid served as chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission from 1977 to 1981. After FBI agents interrupted the transaction, as prearranged, Reid lost his temper and attempted to choke Gordon, saying You son of a bitch, Gordon was convicted in 1979 and sentenced to six months in prison. In 1981, Reids wife found a bomb attached to the station wagon, Reid suspected it was placed by Gordon. Reid won the Democratic nomination for the 1st district, based in Las Vegas, in 1982 and he served two terms in the House, from 1983 to 1987. In 1986, Reid won the Democratic nomination for the seat of retiring two-term incumbent Republican Senator Paul Laxalt, Reid defeated former at-large Congressman Jim Santini, a Democrat who had turned Republican, in the November election. Reid coasted to reelection in 1992, but narrowly defeated 1st District Congressman John Ensign in 1998 in the midst of a statewide Republican sweep, in 2004, Reid won reelection with 61 percent of the vote, gaining the endorsement of several Republicans
19.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
20.
Road racing
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In North America, road racing is motor racing held on a paved closed circuit with both left and right turns. Road racing is therefore distinct from both off-road racing and oval racing, the latter is common in North America and involves turning in only one direction. Road racing may be on purpose-built race tracks or on circuits, such as closed-off airport runways and public roads. A roval is a road course incorporating parts of a track and its infield. Some officially-sanctioned races are held on roads, that are closed for the duration of the event. This form of racing was banned in Great Britain in 1925 due to an accident at the Kop Hill Climb. The North West 200 and Ulster Grand Prix races are popular, the ban in Great Britain does not extend to the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland. Sometimes the term real road racing is used to distinguish this form of racing from that which takes place on purpose-built paved circuits. Global road-racing series such as Formula One, FIA WEC and MotoGP are almost always conducted on dedicated tracks, such as Spa-Francorchamps, Suzuka, Monza. Expansion of these series has resulted in dedicated tracks being built in Qatar in the Middle East, Sepang in Malaysia, events for many types of motorized vehicles are held at road racing tracks. There was a tradition of road racing on real streets in North America. The terms definition has shifted over time, however, with the dominance of Oval racing. A permanent, purpose-built, road racing circuit, is described as a natural or proper road course in the U. S. After a few decades of such events three sons of Barron Collier—Barron, Miles, and Samuel—founded the Automobile Racing Club of America in 1933 and that organization became the Sports Car Club of America in 1944. Throughout its history, American race car drivers such as Briggs Cunningham, Lake Underwood, Carroll Shelby, the Road Racing Drivers Club was formed and invited members by nomination alone. Its presidents have been, Walt Hansgen, Dolph Vilardi, John Gorden Benett, Robert Grossman, Lake Underwood, Mark Donohue, Bob Sharp, Skip Barber, Dave Ammen, Bob Akin, Brian Redman, and Bobby Rahal. Additionally, racing over public streets is making something of a comeback, other famous street circuits in North America include events held in Saint Petersburg, Florida, Montreal, Québec, Detroit, Michigan, and Toronto, Ontario. More recently, the Edmonton Indy is held on the runways of Edmonton City Centre Airport in Edmonton, Oval track Roval Dragstrip Traditional Road Racing 944 Cup
21.
Drag racing
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Drag racing is a type of motor racing in which automobiles or motorcycles compete, usually two at a time, to be first to cross a set finish line. Electronic timing and speed sensing systems have used to record race results since the 1960s. This article covers the legal sport, before each race, each driver is allowed to perform a burnout, which heats the driving tires and lays rubber down at the beginning of the track, improving traction. Each driver then lines up at the starting line, current NHRA trees, for example, feature one blue light, then three amber, one green, and one red. When the first light beam is broken by a front tire, the vehicle is pre-staged. When the second beam is broken, the vehicle is staged. Vehicles may then leave the beam, but must remain in the stage beam until the race starts. Once one competitor is staged, their opponent has a set amount of time to stage or they will be disqualified, indicated by a red light on the tree. Otherwise, once both drivers are staged, the system chooses a short delay at random, then starts the race, the light sequence at this point varies slightly. For example, in NHRA Professional classes, three amber lights on the tree flash simultaneously, followed 0.4 seconds later by a green light. In NHRA Sportsman classes, the amber lights illuminate in sequence from top to bottom,0.5 seconds apart, if a vehicle leaves the start line before the green light illuminates, the red light for that lane illuminates instead, and the driver is disqualified. As a red light infraction is only assessed to the driver with the worse infraction, even if both drivers leave early, the green light is automatically lit for the driver that left last, and they still may win the pass. Several measurements are taken for each race, reaction time, elapsed time, reaction time is the period from the green light illuminating to the vehicle leaving the starting line. Elapsed time is the period from the leaving the starting line to crossing the finish line. Speed is measured through a speed trap covering the final 66 feet to the finish line, except where a breakout rule is in place, the winner is the first vehicle to cross the finish line, and therefore the driver with the lowest combined reaction time and elapsed time. Because these times are measured separately, a driver with an elapsed time can actually win if that drivers advantage in reaction time exceeds the elapsed time difference. In heads-up racing, this is known as a holeshot win, in categories where a breakout rule is in effect, if a competitor is faster than his or her predetermined time, that competitor loses. If both competitors are faster than their predetermined times, the competitor who breaks out by less time wins, regardless, a red light foul is worse than a breakout, except in Junior Dragster where exceeding the absolute limit is a cause for disqualification
22.
Sarasota, Florida
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Sarasota is a city located in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U. S. state of Florida. The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities, beaches, resorts, connections to the Ringling family, Amish community, the city is located at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area, north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda. Its current official limits include Sarasota Bay and several islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, in 2013 Sarasota had a population of 53,326, in 1986 it became designated as a certified local government. Sarasota is a city of the Sarasota metropolitan area, and is the seat of Sarasota County. The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city, known as keys, include Lido Key and Siesta Key, which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches. The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key, St. Armands Key, Otter Key, Coon Key, Bird Key, previously, Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key. At one time, it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota, Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf, but it is now evenly divided by the new county line of 1921. The city limits had expanded significantly with the real estate rush of the twentieth century. The wild speculation boom began to crash in 1926 and following that, the city limits began to contract, shrinking to less than a quarter of that area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city currently has an area of 25.9 square miles. Sarasota has a subtropical climate closely bordering a tropical savanna climate, with hot, humid summers. There are distinct rainy and dry seasons in Sarasota, with the season lasting from June to September. As of the census of 2000, there were 52,715 people,23,427 households, the population density was 3,539.8 per square mile. There were 26,898 housing units at a density of 1,806.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 91% White,16. 02% African American,0. 35% Native American,1. 02% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,3. 74% from other races, and 1. 91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 92% of the population,38. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the family size was 2.81
23.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
24.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
25.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
26.
The Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion
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The Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion, released May 1,1961 on Mercury Records, was the first album released by the Smothers Brothers and established their reputation as folk music satirists. The albums full cover text is, The Songs and Comedy of the Smothers Brothers, recorded at the Purple Onion, San Francisco, and is Mercury catalog number MG20611, and SR60611. It is sometimes referred to as Live at the Purple Onion, despite the albums title, the bulk of the recording was in fact not made at the Purple Onion. All well known songs were rewritten for satiric purposes unless otherwise indicated, phrases in quotations are from the liner notes. Pretoria - Made famous by The Weavers as Marching to Pretoria, also includes a discussion by Tom of marching songs, including The March from The Bridge on the River Kwai, whistled in the film due to the lyrics. Dance, Boatman, Dance Down in the Valley - a duet based on the Smothers own arrangement, Tzena, Tzena, Tzena, Tzena - Another song made popular by The Weavers. I Wish I Wuz in Peoria They Call the Wind Maria - showtune from Paint Your Wagon, jezebel - The Frankie Laine hit with the woman renamed Mary Ann Johnson I Never Will Marry - Performed as a traditional folk song, no satiric rewrite. Recorded again with a comic ending on Think Ethnic, Tom Dooley - based on the song made famous by the Kingston Trio, which Tommy claims the Trio stole from Dick. They do the virgin edition, entitled Tom Crudely, the Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion, Mercury Records,1961, MG20611 Smothers Brothers website/discography
27.
Aesop's Fables (album)
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Aesops Fables, The Smothers Brothers Way was the seventh comedy album by the Smothers Brothers. It reached number 57 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, seven of Aesops more famous stories and morals are related in this album. The songs were written by John McCarthy, the Boy Who Cried Wolf A Fly The Dog and the Thief A Worm The Farmer and His Sons The Fox and Grapes A Jellyfish The Bird and the Jar —Explores the saying Necessity is the mother of invention. A Mosquito The Two Frogs A Car Aesop Knew Dick Smothers – vocals, double bass Tom Smothers – vocals, guitar Smothers Brothers discography
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Mom Always Liked You Best!
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Mom Always Liked You Best. was the eighth comedy album by the Smothers Brothers. It reached number 39 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, the album was recorded at The Troubadour, Los Angeles, California, The Golden Bear, Huntington Beach, California, and the Flamingo Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada. The cover photograph shows Dick surrounded by a dog, a wagon, the album is dedicated to the Smothers Brothers producer David Carroll and the comments on the back were written by Jack Benny. Mom Always Liked You Best - Tom and Dick fight, impersonation The Three Song - Written for the two of them by Mason Williams. Little Known Song and Dance - Songs about diseases The Last Great Waltz - A song about Jonathan W. Astor who meets the perfect waltz partner and you Can Call Me Stupid - Continues the fight from the first track. We Love Us - Tom recites a love poem hes written, longtimes Blues - Another Mason Williams song. Tattoo Song Santa Claus - Toms version of Santa Claus is Coming to Town ends rather ironically, reminiscences - Tom reminisces about Dicks wedding, with Tom loudly claiming that Dick had refused to let him be the Best Man. What may have been the largest recorded laugh the duo ever provoked came in this track, Tom said that, after the wedding, everyone went upstairs to the Conception. Dick states, over the laughter, that it was a nice. Tom then finished off the audience by saying, I must have been in the wrong room. Dick Smothers – vocals, double bass Tom Smothers – vocals, guitar Mason Williams - Accompanist Complete Smothers Brothers discography can be found here
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Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (album)
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Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour is a 1968 comedy album released on Mercury Records by the Smothers Brothers consisting of bits from their CBS television series, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. As a result, much of the consists of political humor. It reached number 164 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, morons - Tom explains his theory that power in government exists in relationship to the amount of clothing you wear. Troubador Song - Dick tries to sing a madrigal but Tom keeps making cheep cheep bird sounds, Smart Juice - Tom gives Dick a taste of his Smart Juice. President Johnson - Tom offers President Johnson political advice, however, this time it is Dick who stops because Tom always interrupts and ruins the song, but this time he did not--revealing that Dick never learned the whole song. Tommys Song - When all is said and done, Tom should have been a nun, toms Party - Tom invites everybody to a party. Caught in the Draft - More political commentary from Tom, spread of Democracy United Nations Controversial Material - Tom chastises Dick for the political incorrectness of old songs such as Nows The Time to Fall in Love, Chicago, and McNamaras Band. Dick Smothers – vocals, double bass Tom Smothers – vocals, guitar Complete Smothers Brothers discography can be found here
30.
Golden Hits of the Smothers Brothers, Vol. 2
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Golden Hits of the Smothers Brothers, Vol.2 was the Smothers Brothers first greatest hits album. There is no Volume 1, but all of the routines had been performed on earlier albums by the duo. These are not the same performances contained on other albums, making it a new album, there was not a true hits collection for the duo until Sibling Revelry, The Best of the Smothers Brothers released in 1988. Cabbage version of Boil Them Cabbage Down- Dick asks Tom to Take it, Previously performed on Curb Your Tongue, Knave where the mistake is Catholic Chowers. My Old Man - Previously performed on Think Ethnic, intermission Bit Michael, Row Your Boat Ashore - The boys get the audience to sing along and then hum along, but Dick draws the line at everybody ah-ing. Tom notes that if they sing loud enough even Ralph might hear them - previously performed on It Must Have Been Something I Said. I Talk to the Trees - Dick tries to sing the showtune from Paint Your Wagon only to be stopped by Toms declaration it is a stupid song. Previously performed on The Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion Dick Smothers – vocals, double bass Tom Smothers – vocals, guitar Complete Smothers Brothers discography can be found here
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Sibling Revelry: The Best of the Smothers Brothers
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Sibling Revelry, The Best of the Smothers Brothers was released by Rhino Records in 1988. A1998 CD re-issue added Cabbage, Michael Row Your Boat Ashore, the album contains at least one track from each of their previous albums with the exception of The Smothers Brothers Play It Straight. Jenny Brown - originally released on It Must Have Been Something I Said and you Can Call Me Stupid - originally released on Mom Always Liked You Best
