1.
Calistoga, California
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Calistoga is a city in Napa County, California, United States. During the 2010 census, the population was 5,155, the Upper Napa Valley was once the home of a significant population of Indigenous People, called the Wappo during the Spanish colonial era of the late 18th century. With abundant oak trees providing acorns as a staple and the natural hot springs as a healing ground Calistoga was the site of several villages. Following Mexican Independence, mission properties were secularized and disposed of by the Mexican government with much of the Napa Valley being partitioned into large ranchos in the 1830s and 1840s, the first Anglo settlers began arriving in the 1840s, with several taking up lands in the Calistoga area. Samuel Brannan was the leader of a settlement expedition on the ship Brooklyn landing in Yerba Buena in 1846 and he published San Franciscos first English language newspaper, the California Star. Following the discovery of gold in Coloma, Brannan pursued many business ventures, fascinated by Calistoga’s natural hot springs, Brannan purchased more than 2,000 acres with the intent to develop a spa reminiscent of Saratoga Springs in New York. He is said to have intended to say Ill make this place the Saratoga of California and his Hot Springs Resort surrounding Mt Lincoln with the Spa/Hotel located at what is now Indian Springs Resort, opened to Californias rich and famous in 1862. In 1868 Brannans Napa Valley Railroad Companys track was completed to Calistoga and this provided an easier travel option for ferry passengers making the journey from San Francisco. With the addition of service, Calistoga became not only a destination, but also the transportation hub for the upper valley. A 6-meter diorama of this early Calistoga can be seen in the Sharpsteen Museum, calistogas economy was based on mining agriculture and tourism. One of the visitors was Robert Louis Stevenson. Yet to write his novels, he had just married Fanny Vandegrift in San Francisco in May 1880. Desiring to stay in the area, they moved from the hotel to a cabin at the nearby Silverado Mine on Mount Saint Helena. While working on other stories Stevenson kept a journal which became the Silverado Squatters describing many local features, residents, Calistoga made national headlines in 1881 when Anson Tichenor claimed that he had invented a way to extract gold from the waters of the hot springs. Tichenors invention was soon proved to be a fraud, in 1920, Giuseppe Musante, a soda fountain and candy store owner in Calistoga, was drilling for a cold water well at the Railway Exchange when he tapped into a hot water source. In 1924 he set up a line and began selling Calistoga Sparkling Mineral Water. The company became a player in the bottled water business after Elwood Sprenger bought the small bottling plant in 1970 known today as Calistoga Water Company. Calistoga was named a Distinctive Destination by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2001, scenes from the Disney movie Bedtime Stories starring Adam Sandler were filmed in Calistoga in June 2008
2.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions
3.
Hillsdale High School (San Mateo, California)
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Hillsdale High School is a public co-educational high school in San Mateo, California serving grades 9–12 as part of the San Mateo Union High School District. Hillsdale generally serves the residents of San Mateo and Foster City, the main feeder schools to Hillsdale are Abbott, Bayside, Borel, and Bowditch Middle Schools. SMUHSD residents approved Measure D in 2000 and Measure M in 2006, in 2003, the city of San Mateo approved funding for Hillsdale to put in Small Learning Communities. The Houses are designed to be individual small schools of 200-280 students each, the Houses are semi-autonomous, meaning that students will take each core class with members of the same House. However, elective classes, world languages, and PE, as well as AP core classes, are mixed between the Houses, the athletic facilities include a swimming pool, tennis courts, and football, soccer, baseball, softball and track fields. In 2008, Hillsdale put in new batting cages for the baseball and softball teams, the track field was re-done as a turf field in 2008 so that football games could be played at home and other sports could have access to the field as well. There are two gyms, and two theaters, there are three levels of the school, which all have accessibility ramps, and there is an elevator right beside the main office for wheelchairs. Hillsdale High School has been recognized nationally for its academic excellence, in 2013, it was ranked 711th in Newsweeks Top 2,000 Public High Schools and 999th nationally by The Washington Posts ranking of Americas Most Challenging High Schools. 98% of Hillsdale graduates go on to college, and 49% attend 4-year colleges, Hillsdale is notable for its use of a Graduate Profile, which is a set of skills that have been proven to help students beyond high school. The five parts of the Graduate Profile are Communicate, Read, Think, Respect, important projects from all subjects are labeled Portfolio Pieces and they connect to the five parts of the Graduate Profile. The portfolio pieces culminate in a Graduate Profile Defense, which every senior must pass before graduating, hillsdales course choices are tailored to the UC A-G Course Requirements. The Social Science Department offers AP United States History, AP United States Government and Politics, Economics, Economics and CP Gov are half-semester courses. The English Department offers Honors English and AP Literature, the Math Department offers Algebra 1, Geometry, Integrated Mathematics, Algebra 2, Precalculus, Finite Math, and AP Calculus AB. At Hillsdale, all freshmen must enroll in Biology 1, the AP science classes offered are AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Environmental Science, AP Physics 1, and AP Physics 2. Hillsdale offers Spanish, Chinese, and American Sign Language as its world languages, there are 4 levels of Spanish, including AP Spanish, and 5 levels of Chinese, including Honors and AP Chinese. Visual and Performing Arts classes offered at Hillsdale include Studio Art, Dance, Drama, Music, Art is divided into Art 1-2, Advanced Art, and AP Studio Art. Dance is divided into Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced classes, Dance students learn a variety of styles, including ballet, classical, contemporary, and hip-hop. Dance students can join the Dance Ensemble or Dance Team, every spring, the Dance Ensemble puts on a show called Knight Moves, directed by Sabrina Braccini
4.
College of San Mateo
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College of San Mateo is a community college in San Mateo, California. It is part of the San Mateo County Community College District, a timeline of historical events at CSM.1922 - With 35 students, San Mateo Junior College opens in rooms of San Mateo High School on Baldwin Avenue. 1931 - Charles S. Morris takes over as the new dean of the college, Morris becomes one of the States most eminent educators. 1947 - Enrollment skyrockets after the war, merchant Marine Academy buildings at Coyote Point. Classes are now there, at Baldwin and at a $350,000 science building on Delaware Avenue completed in 1939. 1954 - Students vote to change name from San Mateo Junior College to College of San Mateo in part to honor Charles S. Morris,1956 - Innovative educator Julio Bortolazzo begins a 12-year tenure as college president and district superintendent, initiating a plan for a new campus site. 1963 - Present-day CSM hilltop campus opens with 5,000 students,1968 - Racial discontent leads to a student protest and riot on campus. 2001 - San Mateo County voters approve a $207 million bond measure for the repair and restoration of CSM, Skyline College and Cañada College. 2005 - San Mateo County voters approve another bond measure, this one for $468 million for continued construction, repair and restoration for CSM, Skyline College,2005 - CSM hosts the first-ever community college football bowl game in San Mateo County. 2006 - CSM’s new Regional Public Safety Center opens on June 14,2006 - CSM’s science building opens for classes on August 16. 2007 - CSM’s planetarium opens for classes and the public in January,2007 - Michael Claire becomes one of CSM’s youngest presidents, succeeding President Emerita Shirley J. Kelly. The campus was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, the College currently serves approximately 10,000 day, evening and weekend students. Degree majors,75 certificate programs and approximately 100 transfer areas, CSM offers transfer admission guarantees with seven of the nine UC campuses, nearly all of the CSU campuses and many private colleges in California. CSM has more than 20 student clubs and organizations provide a opportunity to be involved with other students in activities related to majors, special interests. The college also offers a variety of athletic, educational and cultural activities throughout the year, the college’s library, designed by John Carl Warnecke offers a view of San Francisco Bay. The library’s print collection contains approximately 71,000 volumes,125 print periodical subscriptions, more than 60 online resources provide access to thousands of journals, magazines, newspapers and subject-based research sources. The library is a member of the Peninsula Library System which includes 31 public libraries in San Mateo County and of Cañada and Skyline Colleges. PLS libraries share an online public catalog with a common interface that provides access to the bibliographic records
5.
Napa Valley College
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Napa Valley College, formerly known as Napa Junior College and Napa Community College, is one of Californias 113 community colleges, located in Napa Valley. An Upper Upper Valley Campus in St. Helena includes the Napa Valley Cooking School, in 2014-2015, the total enrollment was about 8,559. The college was founded in 1942 after voters in Napa County passed an initiative in 1941. From 1942 to 1964, it operated as a junior college. The original campus was located on the property as Napa High School. The College was later moved to its current location in 1965 when a campus was established on surplus state property which originally was part of land belonging to Napa State Hospital
6.
Stanford Cardinal football
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The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conferences North Division. Stanford, the academic institution with a FBS program, has a highly successful football tradition. The team is known as the Cardinal, adopted prior to the 1982 season. Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972, a student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators. Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions, like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport, the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917. The school also did not field a team in 1918 or in 1943,1944, the school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902, in which they were routed 49-0. Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12, the Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame. Stanford claimed National Championships in 1926 and 1940, in 1926, led by legendary coach Glenn Pop Warner, who still has the most wins in Cardinal history, the team was undefeated in the regular season and tied Alabama in the 1927 Rose Bowl. The 1940 team went unbeaten and untied after defeating Nebraska 21–13 in the 1941 Rose Bowl, quarterback Jim Plunkett is the only Stanford player to win the Heisman Trophy, doing so in 1970. Stanford first fielded a team in 1891. The team was without a coach and only played a few games, early football pioneer Walter Camp served as Stanfords head coach in 1892 and from 1894–1895. Football on the Pacific Coast had been on the rise since the late 1910s, early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924. Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. Years later, he wrote, I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast, weather conditions at Pittsburgh during the football season are rather disagreeable, and much of the late season work had to be done upon a field which was ankle deep in mud. At the close of every season I would be in physical condition. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be better for a man of my age. In 1924, Warner began his tenure at Stanford. When he began coaching, Stanford was one of nine teams in the Pacific Coast Conference, Warner inherited a notable squad from the previous year, including Ernie Nevers and All-American ends Ted Shipkey and Jim Lawson
7.
Los Angeles Rams
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The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team that play in the National Football League. The Rams franchise was founded in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams in the short-lived second American Football League before joining the NFL the next year, in 1946, the franchise moved to Los Angeles. The Rams franchise remained in the area until 1994, when they moved to St. Louis. The Rams franchise returned to Los Angeles in 2016, Reeves threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the Rams transfer to Los Angeles was permitted. A settlement was reached and, as a result, Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles, consequently, the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry. From 1933, when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals, through 1946, after the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles, the Rams entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American, subsequently, the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21,1946. The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises, the Rams added a second black player, Woody Strode, on May 7,1946, giving them two black players going into the 1946 season. The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles, the upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well. Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own football team –. Reeves was proved to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans, the team finished their first season in L. A. with a 6–4–1 record, second place behind the Chicago Bears. At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach, the Coliseum would be the home of the Rams for more than 30 years, but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff. In 1948, halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets, Kelley had an early evening talk show on L. A. radio station KMPC, that was considered by most sports enthusiasts as highly entertaining. Kelley was generally considered a Legend and a professional, one of the great radio. At the beginning of the 1951 World Championship game after the kickoff, Kelley was able to cite every player on the prior to the first snap from scrimmage. The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955, during this period, they had the best offense in the NFL, even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951. The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch, Van Brocklin, teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears, Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers. During the 1951 Championship season, Hirsch posted a then stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns, the popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950
8.
UCLA Bruins football
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The UCLA Bruins football program represents the University of California, Los Angeles in college football as members of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level. The Bruins have enjoyed several periods of success in their history and their first major period of success came in the 1950s, under head coach Henry Russell Sanders. Sanders led the Bruins to the Coaches Poll national championship in 1954, in the 1980s and 1990s, during the tenure of Terry Donahue, the Bruins compiled a 151–74–8 record, including 13 bowl games and an NCAA record eight straight bowl wins. The program has produced 28 first round picks in the NFL Draft,30 consensus All-Americans, the UCLA Bruins main rival is the USC Trojans. Jim L. Mora is the current head coach, the Bruins were the Pac-12 Conference South Division champions for two years in a row and played Pac-12 Football Championship Games in both 2011 and 2012. The first football team fielded by UCLA took the field in 1919, the team was coached by Fred Cozens. That UCLA football team compiled a 2–6 record, UCLA did not participate in an athletic conference until 1920, so the 1919 football team played a schedule full of local high schools and other assorted teams. Cozens was UCLAs athletics director from 1919 to 1942, harry Trotter took over the young UCLA football program after Cozens stepped down after guiding the Bruins in their first season. Coach Trotters two wins were against Redlands and San Diego State, which did not join the SCIAC until 1926, Trotter left UCLA with a 2–13–1 record in three seasons. James J. Cline took over the Bruins football program as its head coach in 1923. Coach Clines two wins were against Loyola University and San Diego State, Cline was replaced after two seasons and a 2–10–3 record. William H. Spaulding came to UCLA from Minnesota in 1925, as the Bruins head coach, his overall record in fourteen seasons was 72–51–8. During his tenure in Los Angeles, Spaulding led the Bruins to their first bowl appearance and victory, also during Spauldings tenure, the Bruins left the SCIAC and joined the Pacific Coast Conference beginning in 1928. Spauldings 72 wins rank him among the best in head coaching victories in Bruin football history and he retired after a successful fourteen-season tenure ended after the 1938 season. Horrell was promoted to head coach following Spauldings retirement and his 1942 UCLA Bruins team lost to Georgia in the 1943 Rose Bowl. He was the first coach to lead a UCLA team to defeat rival USC and it was the first football victory in the UCLA-USC rivalry. The most notable player who played for Horrell at UCLA was Jackie Robinson, Horrells 1939 team compiled a 6–0–4 and his 1941 team posted a 5–5–1 record. With the exception of the 1942 season, the record of the Bruins during Horrells tenure outside the aforementioned seasons was 6–22–1
9.
UCLA Bruins
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The UCLA Bruins are the athletic teams that represent the University of California, Los Angeles. The Bruin mens and womens teams participate in NCAA Division I as part of the Pac-12 Conference, for football, they are in the Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I. UCLA has the most decorated athletic program in NCAA history, with 113 NCAA team championships, UCLA offers 10 varsity sports programs for men and 13 for women. UCLA sponsors teams in mens and fourteen womens NCAA sanctioned sports. * = Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which had its first national championship in the spring of 2016, the UCLA athletic teams colors are True Blue and Gold. In the early days of the school, UCLA had the colors as the University of California, Berkeley, Yale blue. When football coach Red Sanders came to UCLA for the 1949 season he redesigned the football uniforms, the Yale blue was changed to a lighter shade of blue. Sanders figured that the blue would look better on the field. He would dub the baby blue uniform Powderkeg blue, powder blue with an explosive kick, for the 1954 football season, Sanders added a gold loop on the shoulders, the UCLA Stripe. UCLA still uses different color blues and they have an alternate uniform that is predominately Navy. Their helmet has the UCLA script in Royal, the Jackie Robinson 42 Athletics and Recreation Complex monument was installed in front of the John Wooden Recreation Center and was unveiled on March 5,2016. The school also retired number 42 which was the number Robinson worn as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers, two notable sports facilities serve as home venues for UCLA sports. Since 1982, the Bruin football team has played games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. From 1923–81, including the Bruins 1954 National Championship year, the played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles. The women’s gymnastics, mens and womens basketball, and volleyball teams play at Pauley Pavilion on campus, the softball team plays on campus at Easton Stadium. Down the hill, the teams as well as the swim. For baseball, there is the Steele Field at the Jackie Robinson Stadium, see also, Drake Stadium, Los Angeles Tennis Center, Spieker Aquatics Center. As of December 2015, UCLA has won 113 NCAA team championships, on May 13,2007, UCLA became the first school to win 100 NCAA championships, defeating Stanford, 5–4, for the 2007 Womens Water Polo Championship
10.
Philadelphia Eagles
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The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets, when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia. Bell, Chuck Bednarik, Bob Brown, Reggie White, Steve Van Buren, Tommy McDonald, Greasy Neale, Pete Pihos, Sonny Jurgensen, the team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants. This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL and they also have a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins, as well as their bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has become more high-profile in the last three decades. The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season, in a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players, Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL. Midway through the 1931 season, the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt, the Bell-Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises. Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same, citing the period of dormancy. Furthermore, almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles first roster, the Eagles, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds, joined the NFL as expansion teams. To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management set up stands in right field, some 20 feet high, these east stands had 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field, the uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000. The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, enduring repeated losing seasons, soon after, Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh, while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia. By the late 1940s, head coach Earle Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles, whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000. The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 and it was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf. In 1960, the Eagles won their third NFL championship, under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik, the head coach was Buck Shaw. The 1960 Eagles, by a score of 17–13, became the team to defeat Vince Lombardi. The Eagles had a good 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962
11.
History of the St. Louis Rams
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The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons. The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995 and their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17,2015, which they won, 31–23. The Rams last game as a St. Louis-based club was on January 3,2016, against the San Francisco 49ers at Levis Stadium, but the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with stadium issues, caused game attendance to dwindle. And once again the Bidwills, the family owned the Cardinals. The cities they looked at included Baltimore, Phoenix, New York City, nonetheless, Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team, and Bill Bidipll, fearing for his safety, stayed away from several of the 1987 home games. Their last home game was on December 13,1987, in which the Cardinals won 27–24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon. Not long after the 1987 season, Bidipll agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a deal with state and local officials. They planned to play at Arizona State Universitys Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a basis while a new stadium was being built. Unfortunately for the Cardinals, the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, prior to the Rams 1979 Super Bowl season, owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident. His widow, Georgia Frontiere, inherited 70% ownership of the team, Frontiere fired her step-son, Steve Rosenbloom, and assumed total control of the franchise. As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenblooms death, the Rams moved from their home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980. Also, Southern Californias population patterns were changing, there was growth in L. A. s affluent suburbs. Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise, to accommodate the Rams move, the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football. In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders, the combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams traditional fan base to be split between two teams. Making matters even worse, at time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field. Although it was not apparent at the time, the Rams loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era, the Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles for the remainder of the century, and beyond. The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10-loss seasons, no playoff appearances, the return of Chuck Knox as head coach would not boost the Rams fortunes. Knoxs run-oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampeses tenure in 1993, general manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent
12.
1999 NFL season
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The 1999 NFL season was the 80th regular season of the National Football League. The Cleveland Browns returned to the field for the first time since the 1995 season, also, the Tennessee Oilers changed its name to Tennessee Titans, and the league retired the name Oilers – a first in league history. The return of the Browns increased the number of teams to 31, under a new system, for ten weeks of the season, one team was scheduled a bye, for seven weeks of the season, three teams sat out. This format would continue for the two seasons until the Houston Texans joined the NFL in 2002 and returned the league to an even number of teams. The start of the 1999 NFL Season was pushed back one week and started the weekend after Labor Day, a change from the previous seasons. Due to the Y2K concerns, the NFL did not want to hold the round of the playoffs on Saturday January 1,2000. Week 17 games were held on January 2,2000, the bye week before the Super Bowl was removed to accommodate the one-week adjustment. The start of the season after Labor Day would become a fixture for future seasons. The final spot in the NFC playoffs came down to a final day of the season. Both the Packers and Panthers were playing at 1,00 PM Eastern on January 2, the Packers beat the Arizona Cardinals 49–24, and the Panthers beat the New Orleans Saints 45–13. The Packers finished ahead of the Panthers by 11 points, the St. Louis Rams, who had a losing record for each of the past nine seasons, surprised the entire league by defeating the Tennessee Titans 23-16 in Super Bowl XXXIV at the Georgia Dome. Clipping is now illegal around the line of scrimmage just as it is on the rest of the field, a new instant replay system is adopted to aid officiating. The system mirrors a method used by the defunct USFL in 1985, In each game, each challenge will require the use of a teams timeout. If the challenge is successful, the timeout is restored, inside of two minutes of each half, and during all overtime periods, all reviews will be initiated by a Replay Assistant. The Replay Assistant has an number of reviews, regardless of how many timeouts each team has left. And no timeout will be charged for any review by the Replay Assistant, all replay reviews will be conducted by the referee on a field-level monitor. A decision will be reversed only when there is visual evidence to overturn the call. The referee has 90 seconds to review the play, the officials will be notified of a replay request or challenge via a specialized electronic pager with a vibrating alert
13.
Kansas City Chiefs
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The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference West division. The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a member of the American Football League. In 1963, the relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name. The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970, the team is valued at just under $1 billion. The Chiefs were also the team, after the Green Bay Packers, to appear in more than one Super Bowl. The Chiefs Wild-Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third-longest drought in the NFL, in 1959, Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League. Hunts desire to secure a team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts. After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFLs Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas, Texas, Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas. The NFL turned him down, so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team, the Dallas Texans, to begin play in 1960. Hunt hired an assistant coach from the University of Miami football team, Hank Stram, to be the teams head coach after the job offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson. The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFLs cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons, the Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team, the Dallas Cowboys, there. While the team averaged a league-best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl, in the franchises first two seasons, the team managed only a 14–14 record. In their third season, the Texans strolled to an 11–3 record, the game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20–17 in double overtime. The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds, which stands as the longest championship game in professional football history. It turned out to be the last game the team would play as the Dallas Texans and he considered moving the Texans to either Atlanta or Miami for the 1963 season. However, he was swayed by an offer from Kansas City Mayor Harold Roe Bartle. Bartle promised to triple the franchises season ticket sales and expand the capacity of Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team
14.
2001 NFL season
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The 2001 NFL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Football League. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the NFLs week 2 games were postponed and re-scheduled to the weekend of January 6–7, in order to retain the full playoff format, all playoff games, including Super Bowl XXXVI, were re-scheduled one week later. The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl, defeating the St. Louis Rams 20–17 at the Louisiana Superdome, following a pattern set in 1999, the first week of the season was permanently moved to the weekend following Labor Day. With Super Bowls XXXVI-XXXVII already scheduled for fixed dates, the league decided to eliminate the Super Bowl bye weeks for 2001 and 2002 to adjust. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the originally scheduled for September 16–17 were postponed and re-scheduled to the weekend of January 6–7. In order to retain the full playoff format, all playoff games, the season-ending Pro Bowl was also moved to one week later. This was the last season in each conference had 3 divisions. Canceling the games scheduled for September 16–17 was considered and rejected since it would have canceled a game for half the teams of the league. As a result of rescheduling Week 2 as Week 17, the Pittsburgh Steelers ended up not playing a game for the entire month of September. The ESPN Sunday Night Football game for that week was also changed and it was originally scheduled to be Cleveland at Pittsburgh, but it was replaced with Philadelphia at Tampa Bay, which was seen as a more interesting matchup. Ironically, the Eagles and the Buccaneers would both rest their starters that night, and they would meet one week later in the playoffs. This way of flexible scheduling would not be utilized at all in 2007, the games that eventually made up Week 17 marked the latest regular season games to be played during what is traditionally defined as NFL season. Another scheduling change took place in October, when the Dallas Cowboys-Oakland Raiders game was moved from October 21 to 7 to accommodate a possible Oakland Athletics home playoff game on the 21st. The rescheduling ended up being unnecessary as the Athletics would not make it past the Division Series round. Also, this was the only NFL season where every jersey had a patch to remember those who died on 9/11, the season ended with Super Bowl XXXVI when the New England Patriots defeated the St. Louis Rams. Fumble recoveries will be awarded at the spot of the recovery, taunting rules and roughing the passer will be strictly enforced. New Orleans Saints – Replaced their gold pants with black pants, Pittsburgh Steelers – New stadium, Heinz Field. San Diego Chargers – White pants with road uniforms, denver Broncos – New stadium, Invesco Field
15.
2005 NFL season
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The 2005 NFL season was the 86th regular season of the National Football League. Regular season play was held from September 8,2005 to January 1,2006, the playoffs began on January 7. This also marked the first time that a Sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the leagues all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu and this marked the final season that ABC held the rights to televise Monday Night Football after thirty-six years of airing the series. When the TV contracts were renewed near the end of the season, NBC bought the right to televise Sunday Night Football, marking the first time that the network broadcast NFL games since Super Bowl XXXII in 1998. Meanwhile, CBS and Fox renewed their contracts to the American Football Conference. The game drew an NFL regular season record of 103,467 paid fans and it was a home game for the Cardinals, mostly because the team rarely sold out at their then-home field, Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. This season was the last year that the Cardinals played at Sun Devil Stadium, the Saints first home game on September 18 against the New York Giants was moved to Giants Stadium on September 19. The impromptu Monday Night doubleheader with the already scheduled was a success. As a result of the doubleheader, the NFL designated its second weekend, September 18 and 19, as Hurricane Relief Weekend. The Saints remaining home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio and Louisiana State Universitys Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Being forced to travel to 13 of their 16 games and practice in substandard facilities and conditions in San Antonio, the Saints finished 3–13, their worst season since 1999. The last NFL team to abandon their city during a season was the hapless 1952 Dallas Texans. The Chiefs won the game, 30–20, and became the first visiting team to travel, since the game was planned for Sunday afternoon, it is one of the few times in history that the Dolphins wore their road jerseys in a home game played at night. The horse-collar tackle, in which a defender grabs inside the back or side of a shoulder pads. Peel-back blocks below the waist and from the back are now illegal, unnecessary roughness would be called for blocks away from the play on punters or kickers, similar to the same protection quarterbacks have after interceptions. When time is stopped by officials prior to the snap for any reason while time is in, previously, the play-clock would be reset to 25 seconds. During field goal and extra point attempts, the team will be penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct if it calls consecutive timeouts in an attempt to ice the kicker
16.
Super Bowl
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The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League. The game is the culmination to a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15,1967, the single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7,2016, following the 2015 regular season. The next game, Super Bowl LII, scheduled for February 4,2018, the game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. It was agreed that the two champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a conference, currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six, the New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with nine. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called Super Bowl Sunday and it is the second-largest day for U. S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year, in 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114. The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark, it is called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcasts commercials has become a significant aspect of the event, for four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade the strain of competition led to merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached an agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected. A bowl game is a college football game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Games popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami, New Orleans, and El Paso, Texas in 1935, by the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term bowl for any major American football game was well established
17.
Super Bowl XXXIV
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The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23–16, capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951. The game, played on January 30,2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the championship games. The Rams entered their second Super Bowl in team history with an NFC-best 13–3 regular season record and it was the franchises first playoff appearance since 1989, when they were still in Los Angeles. Tennessee finished in place in the AFC Central division behind the 14–2 Jacksonville Jaguars. The first two quarters of Super Bowl XXXIV were largely a defensive battle, despite outgaining the Titans in total offensive yards in the first half, 294–89, the Rams held only a 9–0 halftime lead on three field goals. St. Louis later scored their first touchdown midway through the 3rd quarter to go up 16–0, Tennessee then responded by scoring 16 consecutive points to tie the game with 2,12 left in regulation. This was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl, on the Rams ensuing drive, quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Isaac Bruce to regain the lead. The Titans then drove to the St and this play went into NFL lore as One Yard Short, or simply The Tackle. Warner was then named Super Bowl MVP, becoming the player to win both that award and the NFL MVP during the same season. At the time, his 414 passing yards and 45 pass attempts without an interception broke Super Bowl records and this game is often referred to as the Dot-com Super Bowl due to the large amount of advertisements purchased by dot-com companies. This game was featured as one of NFLs Greatest Games as The Longest Yard. NFL owners awarded Super Bowl XXXIV to Atlanta during their October 31,1996 meeting held in New Orleans, other cities under consideration were Miami, Tampa, and Los Angeles. Owners initially planned on selecting only two hosts, but decided to name three after strong showings by the respective delegations, Miami, Atlanta, and Tampa were selected to host XXXIII, XXXIV, and XXXV, respectively. The Rams entered 1999 having been among the leagues stragglers for a decade, the reasons are many, including, some suggest, mismanagement by executive John Shaw. The franchise moved to a stadium in St. Louis, Missouri for the 1995 season. In 1997, the team hired Dick Vermeil as their head coach, little was expected of the Rams for 1999. Indeed, ESPN The Magazines 1999 NFL preview predicted the Rams would be the worst team in the NFL, worse even than the Cleveland Browns, who had returned as an expansion team that year. The Rams proceeded to shock the NFL with an NFC-best 13–3 regular season record and outscored their opponents 526–242 and this was the Rams first playoff appearance since 1989 and only the second Super Bowl appearance in team history
18.
The Dome at America's Center
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The Dome at Americas Center or The Dome, is a multi-purpose stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It primarily served as the home of the St. Louis Rams from 1995 until 2015 when the Rams relocated back to Los Angeles in 2016, the Dome provides multiple stadium configurations that can seat up to 70,000 people. Seating levels include a luxury suite level with 120 suites, a private club seat and luxury suite level with 6,400 club seats, a concourse level. The Dome is part of the Americas Center convention center, the convention portion has a much bigger footprint and adjoins to the west of the Dome, Cole Street to the north, Broadway to the east and Convention Plaza to the south. The stadium is also serviced by the Convention Center MetroLink rail station, during its planning and construction, the Dome was known as The Dome at Americas Center. Trans World Airlines, a St. Louis-based air carrier, purchased naming rights in 1995 and held them until 2001, during this time, the Dome was known as the Trans World Dome. The facility then briefly reverted to the Dome at Americas Center until the rights were acquired on January 25,2002 by Edward Jones Investments. The renaming was for the one night only, the Dome hosted five NFC playoff games, including the 1999 and 2001 NFC Championship Games, both of which the Rams won. The previous franchise, the St. Louis Cardinals, never hosted a game in their history with the city. On November 8,1997, U2 performed at the Dome during their PopMart Tour, on December 12,1997, The Rolling Stones broadcast a live Pay-Per-View concert event from their Bridges To Babylon Tour. The show was released in edited form on VHS/DVD. On July 2,2001, N Sync performed at the Dome during their Pop Odyssey Tour, metallicas 2003 Summer Sanitarium Tour made a stop at the Edward Jones Dome on July 25,2003. The tour featured headliner Metallica, with bands Limp Bizkit, Linkin Park, Deftones, on August 27,2014, One Direction performed at the Dome during their Where We Are Tour. On September 10,2016, Beyoncé performed at the Dome during The Formation World Tour, on July 27,2017, Guns N Roses will perform at the Dome during their Not in This Lifetime. The Dome hosted a match on August 10,2013, when Real Madrid and Internazionale played a friendly game in front of 54,184 fans. In April 2005, the Edward Jones Dome hosted the 2005 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament Final Four, louisville, Illinois, Michigan State and North Carolina met, with North Carolina winning the title game against Illinois. The Dome has hosted an NCAA Mens Basketball Regional four times, in 2004, the St. Louis Regional saw Georgia Tech defeat Kansas in a final that required overtime. Tech had previously defeated Nevada while KU became the first team to score 100 points in a basketball game in the building in its regional semifinal win over UAB
19.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
20.
Tennessee Titans
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The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville, Tennessee. The Titans compete in the National Football League as a club of the American Football Conference South division. Previously known as the Houston Oilers, the team play in 1960 in Houston. The Oilers won the first two AFL Championships, and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, the team relocated from Houston to Tennessee in 1997, and played at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis for one season. The club moved to Nashville in 1998 and played in Vanderbilt Stadium, for those two years, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers, but changed its name to Titans in 1999. The team plays at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, which opened in 1999 as Adelphia Coliseum, the Titans training facility is at Saint Thomas Sports Park, a 31-acre site at the MetroCenter complex in Nashville. When the team debuted as the Houston Oilers in 1960, the logo was an oil rig derrick. Except for minor changes throughout the years, this logo remained the same until the team was renamed the Titans in 1999. The logo was originally called Ol Riggy, but this was dropped before the start of the 1974 season, the Oilers uniforms consisted of blue or white jerseys, red trim, and white pants. From 1966 through 1971, the pants with both the blue and white jerseys were silver, to match the color of the helmets, for selected games in 1973 and 1974, and again from 1981 through 1984, the Oilers wore their white jerseys at home. The light blue pants were discarded by coach Jeff Fisher in 1995, from 1960 to about 1965 and from 1972 to 1974, they wore blue helmets, from 1966 to 1971, the helmets were silver, and they were white from 1975 to 1998. During the 1997–98 period, when they were known as the Tennessee Oilers, the uniforms consist of white helmets, red trim, and either navy or white jerseys. White pants are worn with the navy jerseys, and navy pants are worn with the white jerseys. On both the navy and white jerseys, the shoulders and sleeves are light Titans blue. In a game against the Washington Redskins in 2006, the Titans wore their jerseys with navy pants for the first time. Since 2000, the Titans have generally worn their dark uniforms at home throughout the preseason and they have worn white at home during daytime contests on many occasions for September home games to gain an advantage with the heat except in the 2005,2006, and 2008 seasons. The Titans introduced an alternate jersey in 2003 that is light Titans blue, with navy outside shoulders and that jersey was usually worn with the road blue pants. When it was the jersey from 2003 to 2007, the Titans wore the jersey twice in each regular season game
21.
Sid Gillman
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Sidney Gillman was an American football player, coach, executive, and innovator. Gillman played football as an end at Ohio State University from 1931 to 1933 and he played professionally for one season in 1936 with the Cleveland Rams of the second American Football League. Gillmans 1963 San Diego Chargers won the AFL Championship, Gillman was inducted as a coach into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989. He is the coach in the history of American football to have earned both honors. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Gillman played college football at Ohio State University under legendary coach Sam Willaman and he was a team captain and All-Big Ten Conference end in 1933. This dedication to filmed football plays made Gillman the first coach to study game footage and his record over 10 years as a college head coach were 81–19–2. His greatest coaching success came after he was persuaded by Barron Hilton, then the Chargers majority owner, when the teams general manager, Frank Leahy, became ill during the Chargers founding season, Gillman took on additional responsibilities as general manager. As the first coach of the Chargers, Gillman gave the team a mercurial personality that matched his own and he had much to do with the AFL being able to establish itself. Gillman was a professional, and in order to compete with him. They learned, and the AFL became the genesis of modern professional football, Sid Gillman brought class to the AFL, Oakland Raiders managing general partner Al Davis once said of the man he served under on that first Chargers team. Being part of Sids organization was going to a laboratory for the highly developed science of professional football. Through Gillmans tenure as coach, the Chargers went 87–57–6. In 1963 they captured the league championship the club ever won by outscoring the Boston Patriots, 51–10. That game was a measure of Gillmans genius and he crafted a game plan he entitled Feast or Famine that used motion, then seldom seen, to negate the Patriots blitzes. His plan freed running back Keith Lincoln to rush for 206 yards, Gillman was one of only two head coaches to hold that position for the entire 10-year existence of the American Football League. He later served as the coordinator for the Chicago Bears in 1977. In July 1983, at age 71, Gillman came out of retirement after an offer from Bill Tatham, Sr. and Bill Tatham, Jr. owners of the United States Football League expansion team the Oklahoma Outlaws. Gillman agreed to serve as Director of Operations and signed quarterback Doug Williams, although Gillman signed a roster of players to play for the Tulsa, Oklahoma-based franchise, he was fired by Tatham six months later in a dispute over finances
22.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
23.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
24.
Del Mar High School
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Del Mar High School is a four-year, public secondary school established in 1959 in San Jose, California. It is part of the Campbell Union High School District, the schools in which are Branham, Leigh, Prospect. Most of Del Mar’s students come from the Campbell Union School District’s middle schools, Monroe, Campbell, the school serves both San Jose and Campbell, in addition to some unincorporated pockets of Santa Clara County. The school mascot of Del Mar is The Don, and the colors are black, gold, as of 2012 the school principal is Jennifer Baldwin, and vice principal is Richard Alipaz. In recent years, the schools academic scores have risen significantly, most notably by reaching an API score of 720 in 2011, a jump of 122 points since 2004. In 2007, it was deemed a “California Distinguished School. ”The CUHSD began construction on the Del Mar campus in 1957. The first school began in September 1959 with the first class graduating in June 1960. Del Mar was the first complete four year high school in California to be constructed by the states aid building fund, the dedication of the new school was attended by California Governor Edmund G. Pat Brown. The stadium area was cleared out in exchange for the clay which was excavated, in 2007, the grass field and dirt track were replaced with an artificial turf field and tartan track in time for football season. As a result, all of Del Mars original buildings have a deal of brick in them. Del Mar’s main athletic rivals are often Branham, Westmont or Leigh and this varies between sports and changes from year to year, however. BVAL falls in California’s Central Coast Section, known as CCS, the schools sport program includes football, soccer, basketball, cross country, volleyball, field hockey, tennis, golf, wrestling, baseball, softball, badminton, swimming & diving, and track & field. Del Mar sports teams have won many League and CCS championships over the course of the schools history - the banners commemorating those titles hang in the big gym. In the 2005-2006 school year, several teams won the title of League Champions, including football, JV boys soccer, badminton, the 2006-2007 season was no different, as boys basketball won the league, as did the ladies soccer team, who went on to CCS. In the spring of 2007, the track & field team sent the first relay team to CCS in 10 years, field hockey has won league titles in 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011. In 2007-2008 Del Mars track team won the League championship going a perfect 7-0 in League, in 2009, the girls basketball team won a school-record 21 games and made it to the second round of CCS playoffs. Del Mars Football team won the 2010 league championship with a 7-3 record, Del Mar repeated as the 2011 West Valley Division Football Champs with a league record of 7-3. This was the first time Del Mar won back to league championships in football since the 90-91 teams
25.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
26.
American football positions
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In American football, each team has 11 players on the field at one time. The specific role that a player takes on the field is called his position, under the modern rules of American football, teams are allowed unlimited substitutions, that is, teams may change any number of players after any play. This has resulted in the development of three platoons of players, the offense, the defense, and the special teams, within those platoons, various specific positions exist depending on what each players main job is. In American football, the offense is the side in which the players have possession of the ball and it is their job to advance the ball towards the opponents end zone to score points. The backs and receivers are also known as skill position players or as eligible receivers. Offensive linemen are not usually eligible to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage during a play, the organization of the offense is strictly mandated by the rules, there must be at least seven players on the line of scrimmage and no more than four players behind it. The only players eligible to handle the ball during a play are the backs. The remaining players are considered ineligible, and may only block, within these strictures, however, creative coaches have developed a wide array of offensive formations to take advantage of different player skills and game situations. The following positions are standard in every game, though different teams will use different arrangements of them. The offensive line is responsible for blocking. The offensive line consists of, Center The center is the player who begins the play from scrimmage by snapping the ball to the quarterback. As the name suggests, the center usually plays in the middle of the offensive line, like all offensive linemen, the center has the responsibility to block defensive players. The center often also has the responsibility to call out blocking assignments, offensive guard Two guards line up directly on either side of the center. Like all interior linemen, their function is to block on both running and passing plays, in such cases, the guard is referred to as a pulling guard. Guards are typically shorter builds than tackles but taller than centers, offensive tackle Two tackles play outside of the guards. Their role is primarily to block on both running and passing plays, the area from one tackle to the other is an area of close line play in which blocks from behind, which are prohibited elsewhere on the field, are allowed. For a right-handed quarterback, the tackle is charged with protecting the quarterback from being hit from behind. Like a guard, the tackle may have to pull, on a running play, the six backs and receivers are those that line up outside or behind the offensive line
27.
George Allen (American football coach)
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George Herbert Allen was an American football coach in the National Football League and the United States Football League. He was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1998 and he earned varsity letters in football, track and basketball at Lake Shore High School in St. Clair Shores, Michigan. Allen went to Alma College in Michigan and later at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Allen was the head football coach at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa. The Morningside team was called the Chiefs at that time and he held that position for three seasons, from 1948 through 1950. His coaching record at Morningside was 16–11–2, Allen then coached at Whittier College in southern California for six seasons, where he was 32–22–5 from 1951 through 1956. Allen joined the Los Angeles Rams staff in 1957, under fellow Hall of Fame coach Sid Gillman and his defensive schemes and tactics—and his strong motivational skills—helped make the Bears unit one of the stingiest of its era. Allens presence also had an effect on such future Hall of Fame players as linebacker Bill George. Following their 14–10 victory over the New York Giants on December 29 at frigid Wrigley Field, nBCs post-game locker-room television coverage infamously captured Bears players singing Hooray for George, hooray at last, hooray for George, hes a horses ass. Allens was the most common name to be suggested as a replacement for Halas should the old man of the league decide to step down. Jeff Daviss biography Papa Bear states that Halas informally told Allen in 1964 and 1965 that he would name him as head coach. But in 1965, after a 9–5 Bears finish that earned the iron-willed Halas NFL Coach of the Year honors, Halas stayed on as head coach through the 1967 season. In January 1966, Allen reached an agreement with owner Dan Reeves of the Los Angeles Rams to replace Harland Svare as head coach and he quickly faced a legal battle with Halas, who claimed that Allens leaving was in breach of his Bears contract. The Bears owner did win his case in a Chicago court but immediately allowed Allen to leave, Halas would not be so magnanimous in an NFL meeting soon after when he attacked Allens character. Upon hearing this, Green Bay coach Vince Lombardi joked to Reeves, the Rams had for some time been dwelling in or just above the NFLs basement. The team boasted considerable talent at several positions, most notably on the defensive line, Allen brought his well-known motivational skills to Los Angeles, and his twice-daily rigorous training-camp practices took players by surprise. He revealed the philosophy that he would be known for throughout his NFL career—acquiring veteran players for draft picks to fill specific roles and his motto was the future is now. He also emphasized the role of teams as integral to team success. He revamped the Rams secondary with trades and installed quarterback Roman Gabriel, previously relegated to the bench, Allen vaulted the Rams from a 4–10 record in 1965 to 8–6 in his first year—the teams first winning season since 1958
28.
1969 NFL season
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The 1969 NFL season was the 50th regular season of the National Football League, and the last one before the AFL-NFL Merger. To honor the NFLs fiftieth season, a special logo was designed. This was the last awarding of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy to the NFL champion, as was the case the previous season, the NFL Champion was not crowned as the world champion because of the Vikings 23-7 loss to the Chiefs in the Super Bowl. Like the previous two seasons, the Eastern Conference was split into the Capitol and Century Divisions, and the Western Conference had the Coastal and Central Divisions. Through 1966, if two teams were tied for the lead at seasons end, a one-game playoff was conducted to break the tie. As such, only one team in a division would be the division winner, the 1969 division races were largely uneventful. All four division winners assumed 1st place by week 5 and never gave up their lead. A. in a week 12 loss to the Vikings, 20–13. The Cowboys had won in 1967 in Dallas and the Browns in 1968 in Cleveland, the Cowboys were favored as they featured the best offense in the NFL, a better record than Cleveland, and were at home. However, the Browns jumped on the Cowboys early and often in cruising to a surprising 38–14 win at the Cotton Bowl, in the Western Conference, the Vikings were four-point favorites over the Rams in Minnesota. Three weeks earlier, the Vikings met the Rams in Los Angeles and won and this time, the Rams broke out on top and led 17–7 at halftime. After the Vikings scored to make it 17–14, the Rams settled for another field goal to make it 20–14. Joe Kapp led the Vikings to the go ahead touchdown early in the 4th quarter, viking receiver John Henderson caught a pass and ran to the Rams 20 yard line where he was tripped up by Eddie Meador. Not sure if the defender made contact and not hearing a whistle, Henderson got up and starting running, Nettles claimed he never heard a whistle and asked what was I supposed to do, stand there and watch him run into the end zone. With the ball moved inside the 10 yard, Kapp eventually put the Vikings ahead 21-20 with a touchdown run. Shortly thereafter, Vikings DE Carl Eller sacked Ram QB Roman Gabriel in the end zone to make it 23–20. After starting the season with victories, the Rams lost all four games in December, they won the last edition of the third place Playoff Bowl. In the NFL final in Minnesota on January 4, the Browns were thoroughly dominated for the year in a row. In 1968, the Colts beat them 34–0 in Cleveland, in game the Vikings won 27–7
29.
Jerry Williams (American football)
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Jerry Ralph Williams was an American football player and coach who served as the head coach of two Canadian Football League teams, as well as the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. Williams was a native of Spokane, Washington and he attended North Central high school where he was an all-city running back and All-Inland Empire Athlete of the Year as a three-sport athlete. Graduating in 1942, Williams enrolled at the University of Idaho, Williams became a fighter pilot flying P-38s in the Pacific theater. One of his most notable missions was as an escort to both Japanese and American dignitaries traveling to Tokyo Bay and the peace signing on the USS Missouri in 1945. Returning from the war efforts Williams enrolled at Washington State University where he played both offense and defensive Halfback for the WSU Cougars from 1946–1948 and he set the Pacific Coast Conference kickoff return record and led the Cougars in total offense in his senior season at WSU. Most notable was a punt return of 97 yards against Oregon in 47 and kickoff returns of 88 and 87 yards against Montana, in Williams senior season he earned All-Coast honors accumulating 1,500 all-purpose yards. He participated in both the East-West Shrine game and College All-Star Classic before joining the Los Angeles Rams of the NFL. Drafted in the round of the 1949 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams, Williams played four seasons with the team. During his first three seasons the Rams made three trips to the NFL title game winning the 1951 NFL Championship. In his first season Williams intercepted five passes, the most memorable image of his Rams career however came in the 1951 regular season finale against the Green Bay Packers on December 16. Williams desire to play on the side of the ball led to his request to be traded and on May 12,1953. He proceeded to lead the Eagles in total offense during his first season, Williams served in the capacity of player-coach in 1954 before leaving the playing field for the coaching ranks. Football wasnt the only endeavor that led to calls for Williams as he escaped with his life on two separate occasions during harrowing crash landings of small aircraft. And again on October 3,1957, Williams with 14 of his players, while en route to Provo, coach Shaw retired after the 1960 season but new coach Nick Skorich kept Williams on his staff until their dismissal at the conclusion of the 1963 NFL season. New ownership and the arrival of new coach/GM in Joe Kuharich led to Williams accepting an assistant coaching position with the CFLs Calgary Stampeders, shortly after the conclusion of the 1964 season Williams was elevated to head coach and compiled a 40-23-1 record over the next four years. After dropping four exhibition games preceding the 1971 NFL season Williams was released, replaced by Ed Khayat, on January 19,1972, Williams returned to the CFL when he was named head coach of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In just his first season the Ti-Cats reached the pinnacle of Canadian Professional football winning the Grey Cup in a 13-10 thriller over the Western Conference champion Saskatchewan Roughriders, Williams resigned after four seasons with the Tiger-Cats on December 12,1975 following a 5-10-1 season. In his four years with Hamilton, Williams compiled a 30-29-1 record, after briefly turning to ranching in Arizona Williams made one last foray into football returning as offensive coordinator with the Calgary Stampeders
30.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
31.
Pac-12 Conference
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The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States. It participates in 22 NCAA sports in the NCAAs Division I, its teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision. The conferences 12 members are located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah and they include each states flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities. It became the Pac-12 in 2011 with the addition of the University of Colorado, with Arizona States softball title in 2011, the conference won its 400th NCAA Championship. The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott, Scott replaced Thomas C, hansen, who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position. Prior to joining the Pac-10, Scott was Chairman and CEO of the Womens Tennis Association, the Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions. Football currently is the sport where the conference is divided evenly into two geographic divisions, the North Division and the South Division. The Pac-12 spans six states in the Western United States, Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Unusual for a conference, the Pac-12s members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region. The Pac-12 has four affiliate member institutions, three in California and Boise State University in Idaho, the school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor. No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959, two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors. As private schools, Stanford and USC are not obligated to publish employees salaries, Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities, including all of the conferences California schools. The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership, in 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world. Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights/licensing, student fees, school funds and all sources including TV income, camp income, food. Updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013-14 academic year, the national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year. The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2,1915, charter members were the University of California, the University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College. The conference began play in 1916, one year later, Washington State College joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918. In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC, Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA
32.
1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
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The 1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1975 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled an 11–1 record, including the 1976 Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, in 1975, Archie Griffin became college footballs only two-time Heisman trophy winner. Griffin won four Big Ten Conference titles with the Ohio State Buckeyes, Archie Griffin, Heisman Trophy Win/Loss statistics Ohio State Historical Scores Draft data Ohio State Drafted Players
33.
Rose Bowl Game
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The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game, usually played on January 1 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. When New Years Day falls on a Sunday, the game is played on Monday, the Rose Bowl is nicknamed The Granddaddy of Them All because it is the oldest bowl game. It was first played in 1902, and has played annually since 1916. Since 1945, it has been the highest attended college football bowl game and it is a part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Associations Americas New Year Celebration, which also includes the historic Rose Parade. Beginning with the 2015 game, the name for sponsorship reasons is the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Vizio was the sponsor from 2012, prior sponsors included AT&T, Sony. In 2015, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. In 2002 and 2006, under the Bowl Championship Series system, the Rose Bowl was designated as its championship game, beginning in 2015, the Rose Bowl has been part of the College Football Playoff system and hosts one of its semi-final games every three years. During non-Playoff years, the Rose Bowl reverts to a Pac-12/Big Ten matchup, originally titled the Tournament East–West football game, the first Rose Bowl was played on January 1,1902, starting the tradition of New Years Day bowl games. The football game was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of the Rose Parade, the inaugural game featured Fielding H. Michigan finished the season 11–0 and was crowned the national champion, yost had been Stanfords coach the previous year. The game was so lopsided that for the next 13 years, the Tournament of Roses officials ran chariot races, ostrich races, and other various events instead of football. But, on New Years Day 1916 football returned to stay as The State College of Washington defeated Brown University in the first annual Rose Bowl with that explicit name. Tournament Park was determined to be unsuitable for the larger and larger crowds gathering to watch the game, the Rose Bowl stadium, designed after the Yale Bowl in New Haven, then hosted the first Rose Bowl game in 1923. The name of the stadium was alternatively Tournament of Roses Stadium or Tournament of Roses Bowl, the stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its original construction in 1922. For many years, the Rose Bowl stadium had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States, the maximum stated seating capacity was 104,594 from 1972 to 1997. Capacity was lowered following the 1998 Rose Bowl, the 2006 Rose Bowl game, which was also the BCS championship game, had a crowd of 93,986, and a crowd of 94,118 saw the 2011 Rose Bowl game between TCU and Wisconsin. The Rose Bowl is also the only BCS bowl game that is held in a non-NFL stadium. S, during the last two years of World War I, teams from military bases met in the Rose Bowl
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