1.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
4.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
5.
Punk blues
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Punk blues is a fusion genre of punk rock and blues. Punk blues musicians and bands usually incorporate elements of related styles, such as protopunk and its origins lie strongly within the garage rock sound of the 1960s and 1970s. Punk blues can be said to favor the common rawness, simplicity, chet Weise, singer/guitarist of The Immortal Lee County Killers stated, Punk and blues are both honest reactions to life. Its just a bit turned up and a bit faster, john Doe of L. A. punk band X claims that frontman Jeffrey Lee Pierce and The Gun Club invented a completely new style of music by mixing punk and blues. Beginning with their 1988 album Prison Bound, the punk band Social Distortion began incorporating rockabilly, country, in the same time period, Rollins Band performed punk-inflected blues jams. In the early 1990s, British musician PJ Harvey also explored an avant-garde variant of the style, the Boston band Mr. Airplane Man also plays in this style. The indie rock bands The Kills, and Deadboy & the Elephantmen, have been associated by the media with a punk/blues sound, list of punk blues musicians and bands Cowpunk Noise rock Psychobilly
6.
SST Records
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SST Records is an American independent record label formed in 1978 in Long Beach, California by musician Greg Ginn. The company was formed in 1966 by Ginn at age 12, as Solid State Tuners. Ginn repurposed the company as a label to release material by his band Black Flag. Music writer Michael Azerrad wrote, Ginn took his label from a cash-strapped, cop-hassled store-front operation to easily the most influential and these labels presided over the shift from the hardcore punk that then dominated the American underground scene to the more diverse styles of alternative rock that were emerging. SST initially focused on releasing material by hardcore punk groups from Southern California, after a peak release schedule in the late 1980s, SST began venturing into jazz releases. SST is now based in Taylor, Texas, Sonic Youth, Soundgarden, Dinosaur Jr. and the Meat Puppets have reclaimed the rights to the SST material after leaving the label. Greg Ginn created Solid State Tuners at the age of 12, SST was a mail-order business that sold modified World War II surplus radio equipment. The business was small but thrived well into Ginns early adulthood, in 1976 Ginn formed the punk rock band Panic. Panic recorded eight songs in January 1978, but no labels were interested in releasing the music aside from Los Angeles, California record label Bomp. By late 1978 Bomp had still not formally agreed to release the music on record, SST Records released the music recorded by Ginns band as the Nervous Breakdown EP in January 1979. Many early Black Flag shows ended in violence, often involving the Los Angeles Police Department, as a result, the police tapped the labels phones and kept the SST office under surveillance. Ginn claims undercover police posing as homeless people sat close to SSTs front door, the band were unable to hire a lawyer because of a lack of money, Ginn later explained, I mean, we were thinking about skimping on our meals. … There was no place to go, by 1980, L. A. clubs had begun to ban hardcore punk shows, adding to SSTs troubles. SST issued the Minutemens debut EP Paranoid Time as its release in 1980. The songs were recorded and mixed in a night for $300. Minutemen bassist Mike Watt recalled, It was at that point we realized all you had to do was pay for the pressings, maybe it was from Gregs experience with ham radios, but he believed if you try, you can get things beyond your little group. Facing hostility towards hardcore punk, SST groups like Black Flag, Black Flag began traveling up the California coast to play Mabuhay Gardens in San Francisco, making seven trips in total. SST house record producer Spot went along as sound-man and tour manager, Ginn decided to release the first Black Flag album Damaged via a mainstream distributor
7.
Alternative Tentacles
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Alternative Tentacles is an independent record label established in 1979 in San Francisco, California. Dead Kennedys guitarist East Bay Ray and vocalist Jello Biafra formed the original Alternative Tentacles partnership, but the label is now run by Biafra, Alternative Tentacles no longer owns the rights to Dead Kennedys recordings after a 2000 lawsuit. Alternative Tentacles went on to some of the most original bands of the alternative/punk scene including releasing records by bands including The Dicks,7 Seconds. The early compilation titled Let Them Eat Jellybeans, served to introduce American punk to the rest of the world. Some of the best known bands that have come through Alternative Tentacles are Dead Kennedys, NoMeansNo, D. O. A. in addition to musical acts, Alternative Tentacles also publishes spoken word albums, many by Jello Biafra himself. Another common theme of Alternative Tentacles records over the years has been the long-standing artwork of Winston Smith, which has graced many of their records, catalogs, posters, Smith also designed the Alternative Tentacles logo. The arrangement was short-lived, and as such these British editions of American hardcore records are rare, in 1985, Los Angeles prosecutors charged Biafra with distributing harmful matter to minors for artwork contained in the Dead Kennedys album Frankenchrist. The artwork was a reproduction of the painting Work 219, Landscape XX. The case ended in a jury, charges were not re-filed. A detailed account of the trial is presented by Biafra on his spoken word album. In early 2000, the label and Biafra were named in a lawsuit brought by his former Dead Kennedys bandmates, the suit claimed that Biafra had failed to pay the bands members a decades worth of royalties on the bands albums, totaling some $76,000. A2003 appeal upheld the verdict and judgment against Biafra and the label of $200,000 in compensation. The end result of the saw the rights to the Dead Kennedys albums turned over to the other band members. Dead Kennedys albums accounted for half of all sales by Alternative Tentacles. In October 2002, the moved to Emeryville, California
8.
Blues rock
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Blues rock is a fusion genre combining elements of blues and rock. It is mostly an electric ensemble-style music with similar to electric blues. From its beginnings in the early- to mid-1960s, blues rock has gone through several stylistic shifts and along the way inspired hard rock, Southern rock, Blues rock continues to be an influence, with performances and recordings by several popular artists. Blues rock started with rock musicians in the United Kingdom and the United States performing American blues songs. They typically recreated electric Chicago-style blues songs, such as those by Muddy Waters, Jimmy Reed, Howlin Wolf, and Albert King, at faster tempos and with a more aggressive sound common to rock. In the UK, the style was popularized by such as the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, and the Animals. In the US, Lonnie Mack, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, in the US, Johnny Winter, the Allman Brothers Band, and ZZ Top represented a hard rock trend. Although around this time, AllMusic commented, the lines between rock and hard rock were barely visible, there was a return to more blues-influenced styles. Groups, such as the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion and the White Stripes, brought an edgier, more diverse style into the 2000s, Blues rock bands borrow the idea of an instrumental combo and loud amplification from rock & roll. It is also played at a fast tempo, again distinguishing it from the blues. The core blues rock sound is created by the guitar, bass guitar. Often bands also included a harmonica, usually called a harp, the electric guitar is usually amplified through a tube guitar amplifier or using an overdrive effect. While 1950s-era blues bands would still use the upright bass, the blues rock bands of the 1960s used the electric bass. Keyboard instruments, such as the piano and Hammond organ, are occasionally used. As with the guitar, the sound of the Hammond organ is typically amplified with a tube amplifier. Vocals also typically play a key role, although the vocals may be equal in importance or even subordinate to the guitar playing. As well, a number of rock pieces are instrumental-only. Blues-rock pieces often follow typical blues structures, such as blues, sixteen-bar blues
9.
San Francisco, CA
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
10.
Socialism
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Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership, to citizen ownership of equity, or to any combination of these. Although there are varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms, non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend, the feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, the term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, by this time, Socialism emerged as the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century, worldwide. Socialist parties and ideas remain a force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of social movements. The origin of the term socialism may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage, for Andrew Vincent, The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas and this latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen. The term socialism was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism. Simon coined socialism as a contrast to the doctrine of individualism. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the ownership of resources. The term socialism is attributed to Pierre Leroux, and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France, the term communism also fell out of use during this period, despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s. An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption. However, by 1888 Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, linguistically, the contemporary connotation of the words socialism and communism accorded with the adherents and opponents cultural attitude towards religion. In Christian Europe, of the two, communism was believed to be the atheist way of life, in Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable on the continent and this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany
11.
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
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The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20,1981, at noon Eastern Standard Time, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office as the 40th United States president following a win over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. The election was an election, the Reagan Revolution, that changed the trajectory of the nation. Reagan was succeeded by his president, George H. W. Bush. Domestically, the claimed to support reducing government programs. The economic policies enacted in 1981, known as Reaganomics, were an example of supply-side economics, economic growth was strong for most of the 1980s, however, there was a recession in the beginning of his term and the national debt increased significantly. S. Troops since the end of the Vietnam War and it also controversially granted aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. In diplomacy, he forged an alliance and friendship with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain. Reagan also held multiple meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In June 1987, when visiting West Berlin and standing at the Berlin Wall, Reagan demanded, Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall. This dramatic moment helped Reagan claim that his approach beat Communism as the Berlin Wall fell, Soviet domination of Eastern Europe came to an end, and, by 1991, the damaging Iran–Contra affair engulfed several Reagan aides during his second term. His administration was criticized for lending support to right-wing military movements that committed human rights violations, Reagan was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms. Reagan was an advocate of free markets and laissez-faire economics and believed that the U. S. economy was hampered by excessive regulations and social programs. His first act as president was to issue an order ending price controls on domestic oil, which had contributed to the 1973 oil crisis. Reagan focused his first months in office on two goals, tax reforms and increased military spending, during Reagans first term, the nation fell into a recession that lasted from 1981 to 1982, with unemployment remaining high, as much as 10%, during 1982 and 1983. Income inequality in the U. S. also rose substantially during Reagans presidency, despite this, the economy made a strong recovery and experienced one of the longest periods of peacetime growth in its history.7 percent. Despite Reagans stated desire to cut spending, federal spending grew during his administration, one of Reagans most controversial early moves was to fire most of the countrys air traffic controllers after they took part in a strike action. Reagan also reduced Social Security by cutting disability and survivor benefits and he also took tougher positions against some crime, and declared a renewed War on Drugs
12.
Police officer
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A police officer, also known as a policeman, policewoman, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force. In the United States, the officer is typically the formal name of the lowest police rank. In many other countries, officer is a term not specifying a particular rank. In some nations the use of the officer is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a time, along with other duties. Although many police officers wear a uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to dissimulate as ordinary citizens. The word police comes from the Greek politia meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration, Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison wrote If men were angels and these words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer, a sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy, a common nickname for a police officer is cop. The term copper is used in Britain to mean someone who captures. The common myth is that its a term referring to the officers buttons which are made of copper. The word Cop derives from a Gaelic word which has the equivalence of saying, protector, leader, the terms are almost nearly homophonic but have similar meanings. The term County Mountie is used specifically in reference to county police officers or county sheriffs deputies in the United States, as with Canadian Mounties, the term mountie comes from police who serve while mounted on horseback. Responsibilities of an officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, in some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty
13.
MDC (band)
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MDC is an American punk rock band formed in Austin, Texas in 1979. The band was based in San Francisco, California, and are currently based in Portland. Originally formed as The Stains before changing their name, the band changed their name to a different initialism of MDC with every new record released. MDC eventually released material through ex-Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafras independent Alternative Tentacles label, in the 1990s, Dictor published editorials for the internationally distributed fanzine Maximumrocknroll. MDCs initial run ended in 1995, and the band spent five years on hiatus before Dictor returned in 2000 with new band members and these bands frequently played together and established the Austin hardcore scene. They released one single as the Stains in 1981, featuring a version of the future MDC song John Wayne Was a Nazi backed with Born to Die. Both songs were released on the debut MDC album. By 1982 the band had relocated to San Francisco, California, the album is now widely considered a punk classic, and features songs such as John Wayne Was a Nazi, Dick for Brains, and the harsh criticism of the police, I Remember. Other targets of criticism devoid of irony included capitalism, homophobia, H. R. and MDCs Dave Dictor had an intense confrontation. Upon Bad Brains departure from the bill, they refused to return a loan owed to Big Boys and instead left a note that reportedly read, the incident resulted in the MDC song Pay to Come Along. For MDC,1982 ended with a tour of Europe with the Dead Kennedys which brought the greater exposure in the punk scene outside of the U. S. especially in the UK. It doesnt mean that we dont believe in everything that goes down on the first album. S, the EP broke new ground by addressing, in the lengthy liner notes and artwork, the growth of corporations and the violent suppression of Left-wing politics in Central America. In 1984 they released another EP, Millions of Dead Children, crawford intimated that the name change had been opportunistic, It was like they thought there was something to be gained politically from cops busting the heads of kids, the old Yippies routine. Onfrontational barricades politics are tactics that failed, only helped those they were intended to hurt, now that was an awful thing for me to say right. But when MDC met with Crass in England, Crass told them they were bothered by the name Millions of Dead Cops, so Mega Death Corporation was born. Smoke Signals was released in 1986, their second album featuring a diverse style than previously. This album also saw Gordon Frasers first appearance as main guitarist, in the same year, MDC backed Michelle Shocked on a version of her song Fogtown that appears as a hidden track on her breakthrough album, Short Sharp Shocked. Their third album, This Bloods for You, followed in 1987 and saw them continuing to showcase orthodox hardcore punk style and classic rock, themes again included intervention in Central America and criticism of the Reagan Administration
14.
Live at Raul's Club
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Live At Rauls is an album by The Big Boys and The Dicks. In 1992, Selfless Records issued a double 7 called Live at Rauls Club featuring 6 songs from this record along with 2 previously unreleased live songs, love Song TV Nightbeat After 12,00 Psycho Fake Bands Shit Fool Kill From the Heart Shit On Me
15.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
16.
All-women band
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An all-female band is a musical group in popular music genres such as rock, blues, jazz and related genres which is exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a group, in which the female members are solely vocalists. While all-male bands are common in rock and pop scenes. Dozens of early films were made of the vaudeville style all-girl groups, especially short subject promotional films for Paramount. Blanche Calloway, sister of Cab Calloway, led a band, Blanche Calloway and Her Joy Boys, from 1932 to 1939, and Ina Ray Hutton led an all-girl band. All-girl bands active in vaudeville, variety and in sound films during the 1920s to the 1950s are documented by Kristin McGee in Some Liked it Hot, Jazz Women in Film. Sally Placksin, Linda Dahl, D. Antoinette Handy and Frank Driggs along with professor Sherrie Tucker, in her book Swing Shift, a Polish group Filipinki was established in 1959. Bands composed solely of women began to emerge with the advent of rock, there were also others, such as The Liverbirds, the Ace of Cups, The Heart Beats, and Ariel which included the three members of The Deadly Nightshade. On 6 November 1971 Fanny became the first all-female band to reach the Hot 100s top 40, the track had even greater success on WLS, peaking at #3 on 25 October -1 November 1971. In 1975, the Canadian duo of sisters, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, recorded the first of a string of albums, the expansion of punk into Europe gave rise to Switzerlands die Kleenex/LiLiPUT. In Australia in 1977 all-girl band Sweet Jayne began doing gigs with the original lineup, Cris Bonacci, Chris Scheri, Robyn Clark. Labelled Sweet and Heavy Rock, Sweet Jayne played mostly original material, winning the Australasian Yamaha Battle of the Bands in 1978, Sweet Jayne went on through various cassette, vinyl and film clip releases and line up changes and played 700 gigs over 6 years. Sweet Jayne split up in 1983 when Chris Scheri and Cris Bonacci were invited to the UK to work for Mike Oldfield, the all-female heavy metal band Girlschool, from South London, formed in 1978 out of the ashes of Painted Lady, as a cover band. While somewhat successful in the UK, they became known in the early 1980s. One of the members of the band, Kathy Valentine departed to join the all-female band The Go-Gos. Among Girlschools early recordings was an EP titled The St. Valentines Day Massacre which they recorded with Bronze label-mates Motörhead under the name Headgirl, in 1974, The Deadly Nightshade, a rock/country band was signed by RCAs custom label Phantom. The contract made RCA/Phantom the first mainstream record label to grant a band the right to any advertising offensive to feminist sensibilities. The band released two albums, The Deadly Nightshade in 1975 and F&W in 1976, reunited in 2009, The Deadly Nightshade is recording a third album and touring
17.
Butthole Surfers
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Butthole Surfers is an American rock band formed by singer Gibby Haynes and guitarist Paul Leary in San Antonio, Texas in 1981. The band has had numerous changes, but its core lineup of Haynes, Leary. Teresa Nervosa served as drummer from 1983 to 1985,1986 to 1989. The band has employed a variety of bass players, most notably Jeff Pinkus. Butthole Surfers have an appetite for psychoactive drugs, an evident influence on their sound. Although they were respected by their peers and attracted a devoted fanbase, the album contained the hit single Pepper which climbed to number one on Billboards Modern Rock Tracks chart that year. Butthole Surfers formed at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas during the late 1970s, though it was their overall strangeness and shared taste in non-mainstream music that caused them to become friends, both appeared to be headed for very conventional careers. In 1981, Haynes and Leary published the magazine Strange V. D. which featured photos of abnormal medical ailments, after being caught with one of these pictures at work, Haynes left the accounting firm and moved to Southern California. Leary, at the one semester shy of his degree, dropped out of college. Haynes and Leary played their show at a San Antonio night club, The Bonham Exchange, in 1981. By 1982, the band were backed by the rhythm section composed of bassist Quinn Mathews. The band did not gain a following in San Antonio, during a brief concert at the Tool and Die club in San Francisco, Dead Kennedys frontman and Alternative Tentacles overseer Jello Biafra witnessed their performance and became a fervent fan. Biafra invited the group to open for Dead Kennedys and T. S. O. L, the band then returned to San Antonio to record at BOSS Studios. However, the Mathews brothers did not enter the studio with Haynes and Leary, the bass position was taken over by Bill Jolly, who would play on Butthole Surfers next two releases, and a number of drummers participated. The last of these, King Coffey, is still with the band to this day, the album cover, like the many bizarre illustrations that would accompany Surfers succeeding work, was designed by the band itself. Teeming with humor, Butthole Surfers laid the foundation for what was to come and it influenced at least one future superstar in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, who listed it as one of his ten favorite albums in his Journals. Cobain later went on to list the album Pee Pee the Sailor by Butthole Surfers as one of the fifty most influential albums for Nirvanas sound, Cobain would later meet his wife, Courtney Love of Hole, at a Butthole Surfers/L7 concert in 1991. She and Coffey would drum in unison on separate, stand-up kits, with her arrival, the bands core classic lineup — Haynes, Leary, Coffey, and Nervosa — was in place
18.
Psychic... Powerless... Another Man's Sac
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Another Mans Sac is the first full-length studio album by American noise rock band Butthole Surfers, released in December 1984 by Touch and Go Records in America and Fundamental Records in England. All songs were written and produced by the Butthole Surfers and this was Butthole Surfers first album on Touch and Go, and was originally released on clear vinyl. It was reissued on Latino Buggerveil in 1999, the albums back cover and label photos were produced by artist Michael Macioce. The band embarked on a more psychedelic direction with their first LP. However, while the albums first half, and in particular Cherub, have definite psychedelic qualities, elements of punk, blues, surf rock. Specifically, the drums are lifted from Children of the Grave, many of Psychic. s tracks were enhanced with extensive tape editing and, in some cases, the addition of non-traditional instrumentation, including the barrage of bizarre sounds heard in Lady Sniff. Lead vocalist Gibby Haynes debuted a new technique by singing through a bullhorn for some songs. Approximately half the songs on album, including Negro Observer, Lady Sniff, Cherub, Mexican Caravan, Cowboy Bob. According to guitarist Paul Leary, Psychic. was recorded in a very substandard studio, Leary also claims he and Haynes were living in a tool shed at the time of the sessions. Butthole Surfers werent under contract to any record label when they recorded this album, upon its completion they offered it to Alternative Tentacles, who had released the bands first two EPs but could not afford to distribute the new project. All songs written and produced by Butthole Surfers, moving to Florida –4,32 Lou Reed –4,57 Two Part –4,20 Tornadoes –2,36 Tracks 12–15 from the Cream Corn from the Socket of Davis EP. Gibby Haynes – lead vocals, saxophone Paul Leary – guitar, vocals on Mexican Caravan and Gary Floyd Bill Jolly – bass King Coffey – drums Teresa Nervosa – drums
19.
Grunge
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Grunge is a subgenre of alternative rock and a subculture that emerged during the mid-1980s in the Pacific Northwest U. S. state of Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby towns. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattles independent record label Sub Pop, the success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of rock music at the time. Grunge was also an influence on subsequent genres such as post-grunge, Grunge fuses elements of punk rock and heavy metal, such as the distorted electric guitar used in both genres, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Like these genres, grunge typically uses electric guitar, bass guitar, a drummer, Grunge also incorporates influences from indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth. Lyrics are typically angst-filled and introspective, often addressing themes such as alienation, apathy, concerns about confinement. A number of factors contributed to decline in prominence. During the mid-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible, the word grunge was used in print in prior to the use of the term in mainstream publications to refer to the Seattle music genre. Rock has always been about it, Theres primal grunge. distortion. and fuzz. especially on the underground, a reference to distorted sounds in rock in a general sense. Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River—and later Mudhoney—is generally credited as being the first to use the term grunge to describe the Seattle genre of music. Arm first used the term in 1981, when he wrote a letter under his given name Mark McLaughlin to the Seattle zine Desperate Times, criticizing his own band Mr. Epp and the Calculations as Pure grunge. Sub Pop called Green Rivers 1986 EP Dry as a Bone ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation, Everett True states that when Arm stated that the streets of Seattle paved with grunge, he was using the term disparagingly. In this use of the word grunge, Arm was using it as an adjective, Arm said years later, Obviously, I didnt make grunge up. I got it from someone else, the term was already being thrown around in Australia in the mid-80s to describe bands like King Snake Roost, The Scientists, Salamander Jim, and Beasts of Bourbon. Arm used grunge as a descriptive rather than a genre term. When grunge first developed, music journalists called it rock, due to the genres focus on impossibly. Evergreen State was a college which did not use grading. Bands from Portland, Oregon, such as the Wipers, also influenced the genres pioneers. Some bands associated with the genre, such as Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains, have not been receptive to the label, preferring instead to be referred to as rock and roll bands
20.
Sub Pop
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Sub Pop is a record label founded in 1986 by Bruce Pavitt. In 1988, Sub Pop Records LLC was formed by Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Sub Pop achieved fame in the late 1980s for first signing Nirvana, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and many other bands from the Seattle alternative rock scene. In 1995 the owners of Sub Pop sold a 49% stake of the label to the Warner Music Group, the origins of Sub Pop can be traced back to the early 1980s when Bruce Pavitt started a fanzine called Subterranean Pop that focused exclusively on American independent record labels. Pavitt undertook the project in order to earn course credit while attending Evergreen State College in Olympia, by the fourth issue, Pavitt had shortened the name to Sub Pop and began alternating issues with compilation tapes of underground rock bands. The Sub Pop #5 cassette, released in 1982, sold two thousand copies, in 1983, Pavitt moved to Seattle, Washington and released the ninth and final issue of Sub Pop. While in Seattle, he wrote a column for local newspaper The Rocket titled Sub Pop U. S. A, a column he ended in 1988. In 1986, Pavitt released the first Sub Pop LP, the compilation Sub Pop 100, which featured material by artists including Sonic Youth, Naked Raygun, Wipers, and Scratch Acid. Seattle group Green River chose to record their Dry as a Bone EP for Pavitts new label in June 1986, when finally released, Dry as a Bone was promoted by Sub Pop as ultra-loose grunge that destroyed the morals of a generation. Poneman soon became a partner in the label. Pavitt focused on the artists and repertoire aspects, while Poneman dealt with the business. Both men decided they wanted the label to focus on this primal rock stuff that was coming out, in early 1988 Pavitt and Poneman quit their jobs to devote their full attention to Sub Pop. Raising $43,000, they incorporated that April, of course that was spent in, like, thirty days, Pavitt recalled. We almost went bankrupt after a month and that August Sub Pop released the first single by Mudhoney, a band featuring former members of Green River. Sub Pop released the Mudhoney single Touch Me Im Sick in a limited first pressing of 800 copies to create demand. The strategy was adopted by other independent labels. Pavitt and Poneman studied earlier independent labels ranging from Motown to SST Records, the pair sought to create a cohesive brand identity for Sub Pop. The labels ads promoted the label more than any particular band. The label also sought to market a Seattle sound, which was accomplished with the help of producer Jack Endino, who produced 75 singles, albums, and EPs for Sub Pop between 1987 and 1989
21.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
22.
Mudhoney
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Mudhoney is an American alternative rock band. Original bassist Matt Lukin left the band in 1999, mudhoneys early releases on the Sub Pop label, particularly their debut single Touch Me Im Sick and the Superfuzz Bigmuff EP, were massively influential on the Seattle music scene. More than almost any other release of the era they inspired the dirty, later on, Mudhoney also mixed heavy blues rock and punk rock into their sound at various stages. Although the band has little commercial success during its long career. Mudhoney started in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle in 1980, while at Bellevue Christian High School, Mark McLaughlin and some friends started Mr. Epp and the Calculations, a band named after a math teacher of his. Mr. Epp and the Calculations played their first real show in 1981, to make the band seem more serious, Mr. Epp added a second guitarist Steve Turner, who was in a small garage band called The Ducky Boys. Mark Arm and Steve Turner became instant friends, Mr. Epp and the Calculations appeared on KZAM-AM radio and were introduced as the worst band in the world. They played their last show on February 3,1984 with Malfunkshun at Seattles Metropolis, Mark Arm and Steve Turner formed a joke-punk band called The Limp Richerds in 1984 near the end of Mr. Epp but this band ended shortly after Mr. Epps ending as well. Green River was formed in 1984 when Arm and Turner recruited Alex Vincent as drummer, bassist Jeff Ament joined the band after arriving in Seattle with his band Deranged Diction. Stone Gossard, another of Turners former bandmates, was recruited as second guitarist, green River recorded their debut EP, Come on Down, in 1985, and it is often regarded as the first true grunge record. Turner left the band after its due to his distaste of the bands hard rock leanings. He was replaced by another Deranged Diction member, Bruce Fairweather, after recording another EP and a full-length album, the band disbanded in late 1987. Gossard, Ament, and Fairweather went on to join Mother Love Bone, following lead singer Andrew Woods death, Gossard and Ament went on to form Pearl Jam, and Fairweather joined Love Battery. In January 1988, Arm reunited with Turner to form Mudhoney, Turner wanted to start a band that rehearsed before playing to a live audience. He and Arm began songwriting with Bundle of Hiss drummer Dan Peters, the trio decided that Matt Lukin, who had recently left Melvins, should join the band as bassist. They named themselves after the Russ Meyer film Mudhoney, in 1988, the band recorded and released their debut EP, Superfuzz Bigmuff, and their first single, Touch Me Im Sick, on the Sub Pop label. The single attracted attention and the band enjoyed success in the United States. Mudhoney quickly became Sub Pops flagship band, sonic Youth, who were fans of the band, had invited Mudhoney to join them for a tour in the UK in 1989
23.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
24.
Noise rock
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Noise rock is a diverse style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth, while the music had been around for some time, the term noise rock was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Undergrounds White Light/White Heat, treblezines Joe Gross credits the cult classic with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, perhaps it’s an obvious starting point, but it’s also the starting point. Sonic Youths Thurston Moore explained, Noise has taken the place of punk rock, people who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the folk scene have replaced it. Starting in the 1990s, noise punk developed mostly as a form of party music, with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island
25.
The Jesus Lizard
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The Jesus Lizard was an American rock band formed in 1987 in Austin, Texas and based in Chicago, Illinois. With the addition of drummer Mac McNeilly, they began performing live, drummer Jim Kimball replaced McNeilly late in 1996, and was himself replaced by Brendan Murphy two years later. Their reunion tour ten years later garnered positive responses from audiences, the band began in Austin, Texas, when guitarist Duane Denison asked David Yow, formerly of Scratch Acid, to play bass on some songs he wanted to record. Yow suggested that he sing and have former Scratch Acid bassist David Wm. Sims play bass instead, the resultant group took its name from a common nickname for the basilisk, a type of lizard that can run on water. The trio rehearsed several times in Austin with a drum machine, Yow and Sims moved to Chicago in 1988, and Denison followed the next year. Their first EP, Pure, was recorded by Albini and released by Touch & Go in 1989 and it is the only record by the band that uses a drum machine. Drummer Mac McNeilly was recruited and the band played its first live show on July 1,1989, Albini recorded the bands next four albums – Head, Goat, Liar, and Down. During this era the group released a live record, Show, and a split single with Nirvana, Puss/Oh. The band signed to Capitol Records in 1995, recording the song Panic in Cicero for the Clerks soundtrack, impressed by his work on The Melvins Stoner Witch album, the band hired producer Garth Richardson to record their next record, Shot, the following year. While rumors that Albini refused to work with the due to their involvement with a major label persisted. McNeilly left the band in late 1996, citing exhaustion from touring and he was replaced by Jim Kimball, of Mule and Denisons side project, The Denison/Kimball Trio. After more heavy touring the year, this lineup recorded 1998s self-titled EP, their only record whose title is not a four-letter word. The EP featured production and engineering by Andy Gill of Gang of Four, John Cale, later that year, the band released the album Blue, also recorded by Gill. A departure, the record explored their experimental instincts previously hinted at on earlier songs like Happy Bunny Goes Fluff-Fluff Along, in August 1998 Kimball left the group and was replaced by Chicago-based drummer Brendan Murphy, formerly of the Wesley Willis Fiasco. They embarked on several more months of touring, playing the final gig of their initial career at the Umeå Open festival in Umeå, Sweden. After being dropped from Capitol Records mid-contract, the announced its split the following June. In 2000, Touch & Go issued Bang, a CD of 7 tracks, the members remained musically active, Denison began performing with Tomahawk, continued to play with Kimball in The Denison/Kimball Trio, and backed Hank Williams III on tour. With ex-Ministry bassist Paul Barker in 2006, McNeilly played drums in P. W. Longs Reelfoot recording Push Me Again, and continued to play along with his wife in their band Mouse
26.
Limp Wrist
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Limp Wrist is a United States punk rock band, who formed in 1998. They identify as part of the punk subculture, referring to their style of music. They then asked the bassist Andrew and original drummer Scott who were living in Philadelphia to join up for a first practice which was held in Philadelphia in late 1998. After a few jam-packed weekends of practice, a first gig was set up in Philadelphia at Stalag 13 on June 13,1999, the members have never all lived in the same city and thus play infrequently, except for an occasional tour. Their first recording was the self-released demo Dont Knock It Till You Try It and this was followed by a single called What’s Up With The Kids and then the self-titled LP Limp Wrist. However, since band members lived in different states maintaining the group became difficult, after an interlude they resumed touring in 2004 and released a new CD, Complete Discography the same year. The band’s best known song was I Love Hardcore Boys, I Love Boys Hardcore, lead singer Martin Sorrondeguy appears in Queercore, A Punk-u-mentary by Scott Treleaven and addresses the issue implicit in these song titles. In 2002, Maximum RockNRoll featured Martin Sorrondeguy in its QueerPunk issue, in discussion with Gary Fembot and Iraya Robles of Sta-Prest, in 1999, Sorrondeguy released his own documentary film, Beyond The Screams, A U. S. Latino Hardcore Punk Documentary. He had begun the film still a member of his former band Los Crudos. In 2006, Limp Wrist released the split label 7, Want Us Dead on Cheap Art/Lengua Armada, in 2009, the band also self-released a 7-song 12 record in the US. The European version of this release, by La Vida Es Un Mus Discos contains the Want Us Dead record on side B
27.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
28.
Imperial Teen
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Imperial Teen became known for their boy/girl harmonies and for all four members switching off on instruments during shows. Imperial Teen first gained notice with their album, Seasick, in 1996. Spin Magazine went on to list it as the 4th best album of the year, and in the top 50 albums of all time. Of the queer alt-rockers Imperial Teen, one New York Times reviewer wrote that every song on the album is good, the best are the ones about homosexuality, Kurt Cobain. Youre One was the breakout single, receiving heavy radio play on alternative stations. Prior to the albums release the band was called Star 69. Their second album, What Is Not to Love, was released in 1998, a Rolling Stone review of the album said that Imperial Teen still have this turf all to themselves, and they blast through the bubblegum riffs of Birthday Girl, Year of the Tan and Lipstick. Its single Yoo Hoo appeared on the soundtrack to Jawbreaker, starring Rose McGowan, McGowan also appeared alongside the band in the video for the song, to add authenticity to a parody scene in Not Another Teen Movie, Yoo Hoo is heard briefly during Jaime Presslys slow-motion entrance. Yoo Hoo was also heard at the beginnings of the Numb3rs season 4 episode Black Swan and the Daria season 3 episode Daria Dance Party. The band toured throughout these years, and their success led to opening several dates in 1998 for Hole, fronted by Courtney Love, Imperial Teen ended up headlining a club tour instead. Bottum noted, I think theres a resistance from gay artists to go that route just because its so predictable, but it is annoying to see bands play it as safe as they do these days. Thats why something that visually screams as loud as Marilyn Manson is such a breath of fresh air, Imperial Teen toured with The Breeders in 2002 in support of the album. On July 31,2002, the played a gig at Maxwells in Hoboken, New Jersey. Will Schwartz joined with Tomo Yasuda for his dance side-project hey willpower, the outfit, also including dancers Erin Rush and Justin Kelly, released a self-titled EP in 2005. Imperial Teen returned on the scene with two shows at the South by Southwest music festival in March 2007. The band released their first album in five years, The Hair the TV the Baby and it was later selected as the 38th best record of 2007 by Rolling Stone magazine. Their fifth studio album, Feel the Sound, was released on January 31,2012
29.
Guitarist
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A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica, the correctness of techniques that a guitarist acquires depends on the quality of training. Learning how to play correctly is crucial for any guitarist no matter which guitar he/she plays, the guitarist may also employ various methods for selecting notes and chords, including fingering, thumbing, the barre, and bottleneck or steel-guitar slides, usually made of glass or metal. These left- and right-hand techniques may be intermixed in performance, while music is an art form in itself, playing an instrument such as the guitar has long been a popular subject for painters. Despite perceived tendencies in mainstream music diffusion, to Rock music and electric guitar, notable guitarists arrived from other genres, Rolling Stone In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine published a list called The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. This list included 100 guitarists whom the magazine editor David Fricke considered the best, the first in this list is the American guitarist Jimi Hendrix introduced by Pete Townshend, guitarist for The Who, who was, in his turn, ranked at #50 in the list. Artists who had not been included in the previous list were added, rory Gallagher, for example, was ranked in 57th place. The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time is mentioned in many biographies about artists who appear in the list, despite the appearance in other magazines like Billboard, this publication by Guitar World was criticized for including no female musicians within its selection. However, Guitar World recently published a list of Eight Amazing Female Acoustic Players, including Kaki King, TIME and others Following the death of Les Paul, TIME website presented their list of 10 greatest artists in electric guitar. As in Rolling Stone magazines list, Jimi Hendrix was chosen as the greatest guitarist followed by Slash from Guns N Roses, B. B. King, Keith Richards, Jimmy Page, and Eric Clapton. Gigwise. com, a music magazine, also ranks Jimi Hendrix as the greatest guitarist ever, followed by Jimmy Page, B. B. King, Keith Richards. There are many classical guitarists listed as notable in their respective epochs, media related to Guitarists at Wikimedia Commons
30.
David Yow
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David Yow is an American musician and actor born in Las Vegas, Nevada and best known as the vocalist for the noise rock bands Scratch Acid and The Jesus Lizard. Yows debut solo album, Tonight You Look Like a Spider, was released in June 2013 on Joyful Noise Records, in 1982, Yow formed the Austin, Texas-based punk/noise rock group Scratch Acid. The groups initial lineup featured Steve Anderson, David Wm. Sims, Brett Bradford, Yow, Anderson was kicked out of the band early in their career, prompting Yow to move to vocals and Sims to move to bass. After releasing three albums and developing a following, the band disbanded in 1987. Yow and Sims next formed The Jesus Lizard in 1987 with guitarist Duane Denison, the trio relocated to Chicago, Illinois in 1989. They used a machine for their earliest recordings and performances before adding drummer Mac McNeilly after recording their first EP Pure. Yow achieved wide notoriety for playing shows completely drunk and incoherent, of touring with Jesus Lizard, Yow said, I enjoyed writing songs and acting like an idiot with those guys. To make enough money to support ourselves, the Jesus Lizard eventually landed a spot on the Lollapalooza tour and signed to Capitol Records, despite earning little commercial success. During the course of their career, The Jesus Lizard released six studio albums, in 1995, Yow collaborated with Helmet on a cover version of Custard Pie for Encomium, A Tribute to Led Zeppelin. In 2006, Yow, Sims, Washam and Bradford reformed Scratch Acid for the Touch and they also performed a series of reunion shows in Austin, Chicago, and Seattle. In late 2006, Yow officially joined the two-piece Los Angeles band Qui as a member, after playing several shows as a special guest. Of his two bandmates, Yow said, Well, theyre both just fucking brilliant, yknow, I have never in all my years in the music industry encountered two guys with more talent, more vision. And who are as driven to greatness as these two are, on January 25,2008, Yow was hospitalized in Pittsburgh with a collapsed lung, following a Wrekmeister Harmonies performance at the Andy Warhol Museum. He was released from hospital a few days later, in 2008, The Jesus Lizard reformed with the classic lineup and embarked on several tours. They again lapsed into inactivity at the end of the following year, according to his close friend and recording engineer Steve Albini, Yow is an accomplished cook and has worked in several restaurants in Austin and Chicago. Yow also has an extensive resume of graphic design work and he is known in his field for retouching photographs and is a former employee of Upshot, an advertising agency. Yow also recorded a track for Tools DVD single Schism in 2005. He appears as an actor in a few movies, including Big Money Rustlas and his first New York solo art show opened at Fuse Gallery on August 2011 and ran until September 21,2011
31.
Kill from the Heart
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Kill from the Heart is an album by the American hardcore punk band The Dicks. Widely considered a classic of the genre, it was the bands first full-length album, the album finds the band mixing its hardcore punk style with blues aesthetics. Tim Kerr of the Big Boys appears on the song Anti-Klan, Anti-Klan, Rich Daddy, No Nazis Friend, and Kill From The Heart appear on the 1980-1986 CD compilation on Alternative Tentacles. The album was reissued on CD & LP by Alternative Tentacles in 2012, Anti-Klan Rich Daddy No Nazis Friend Marilyn Buck Kill From the Heart Little Boys Feet Pigs Run Wild Bourgeois Fascist Pig Purple Haze Anti-Klan Right Wing/White Ring Dicks Cant Swim, I. All Night Fever All songs written by The Dicks except Purple Haze, written by Jimi Hendrix
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Dicks (band)
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The Dicks were an American punk rock band from Austin, Texas, originally formed in 1980. They initially disbanded in 1986 before reforming in 2004, Dicks are considered influential in introducing the sound of hardcore punk and incorporating blues rock influences into their sound. The band went through two distinct incarnations in the early 1980s, changing its lineup when singer Gary Floyd moved from Austin to San Francisco in 1983, a version of its original lineup was revived when the band reunited in 2004. As a political band with socialist lyrics during the Reagan era, Floyd was one of a handful of openly gay musicians in the 1980s punk scene. Dicks were formed in Austin in 1980 by Gary Floyd, Buxf Parrott, Pat Deason and their first single Dicks Hate The Police, released in 1980, brought them much attention and is now regarded as a classic hardcore punk record. In the song Gary Floyd sings from the perspective of a policeman who abuses his power by going after minorities and taking his anger out on civilians. Dicks often played shows with fellow pioneering Texas hardcore bands MDC, The Offenders and The Big Boys, Dicks were unique for their era in that some of their songs, such as Saturday Night at the Bookstore and Off Duty Sailor, addressed issues of homophobia and sexual identity. In 1983, Floyd left Texas for San Francisco and, with new members Tim Carroll, Sebastian Fuchs, and Lynn Perko, the LP Kill From The Heart was released in 1983 on SST Records and These People followed in 1985 on Alternative Tentacles. The group disbanded in 1986, although occasional one-off reunion shows featuring the Austin lineup occurred through the 80s and 90s, San Antonios Butthole Surfers ended their 1984 album Psychic. Another Mans Sac with the cowpunk anthem Gary Floyd in tribute to the Dicks bandleader, Dicks saw a resurgence in popularity at the onset of the grunge craze when Sub Pop Records released a cover of Dicks Hate The Police by Seattle band Mudhoney. Soon after, Chicago noise rockers The Jesus Lizard released their version of Dicks Wheelchair Epidemic. Gary Floyd later started Sister Double Happiness in San Francisco in 1986, after that band ended he formed and primarily played in Europe with The Gary Floyd Band, an overview of this material, Backdoor Preacher Man, is available in the United States. Toward the late 1990s, Floyd played in Black Kali Ma, Floyd is now in a band called the Buddha Brothers. Buxf Parrott and Pat Deason, of the original Dicks, play in the Austin, Perko went on to join Imperial Teen. Parrott and Deason played in Trouser Trout and Parrott and Taylor also played in Pretty Mouth, since 2004, Dicks have played a series of reunion concerts in Austin and elsewhere. The lineup for the shows consists of the original Dicks, with the exception of Glen Taylor and his role has been filled by three other Austin guitarists, Mark Kenyon, Brian McGee, and Davy Jones. At the 2009 Austin Music Awards show, Jesus Lizard singer David Yow joined the band onstage for Wheelchair Epidemic, at the same show, Dicks were inducted into the Texas Music Hall of Fame. The Dicks announced that their show will be October 30,2016 at Grizzly Hall in Austin, Texas, however due to popular demand
33.
International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation
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Benefit Compilation, commonly referred to as the P. E. A. C. E. Compilation, retitled in 1997 as P. E. A. C. E, the P. E. A. C. E. in the album title is a backronym for Peace, Energy, Action, Cooperation, Evolution. Features 55 hardcore punk acts from around the world, including such stalwarts as Dead Kennedys, Crass, Subhumans, Butthole Surfers,30 of the acts were from outside the United States, and all of the acts featured frequently wrote and recorded left-leaning topical music. Eight of the acts originated from Italy, which had been sprouting anarchist punk bands such as Cheetah Chrome, the cover art was created by San Francisco artist Dana F. Smith. In 1997, the indie label New Red Archives re-released the album as a double CD set under the title P. E. A. C. E. /War, adding five tracks from artists on their roster to the end of disc two. The reissue does not include a reproduction of the first releases booklet, in keeping with the original albums insert, the bands country of origin is given in parentheses
34.
David Ferguson (impresario)
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David Ferguson was an international outsider-culture impresario, activist, music producer and concert promoter. Ferguson worked with artists such as avant-garde musician and spoken-word artist Lydia Lunch. He has spent his life making trouble, the East Bay Express wrote, David Fergusons life story reads like an encyclopedia of the underground. Ferguson founded and presently heads the Institute for Unpopular Culture, a San Francisco-based arts organization, through IFUC, Ferguson has maintained his involvement in anti-war protests, an activism which dates back to his student days at the University of Miami in the 1960s. Ferguson died unexpectedly after an illness on July 24,2015 at the age of 69, in San Francisco. Ferguson was co-leader of the Union of Students to End the War in Vietnam and his lead to discussions of disciplinary action. Ferguson had also arranged for Pop Art icon Andy Warhol to speak at the campus in 1968, Ferguson moved to San Francisco in 1969 where he met the performance troupe The Cockettes, for whom he later produced and promoted live shows. Even in tolerant San Francisco, The Cockettes performance antics presented thorny PR issues, through the agency, he maintained an association with the Black Panther Party by representing Black Panther Party then-chairperson Elaine Brown. The agency also scheduled lectures for Jo Ann Little, Paul Krassner, Jerry Mander, Fergusons personal punk legacy includes helping promote concerts in the early 1970s for Iggy Pop and The New York Dolls. In 1979, Ferguson co-founded CD Presents as a promotion company. Fergusons concert promotion career took an important turn when he was asked to produce West Coast shows for Public Image Ltd. during PiLs first two American tours. The 1980 show in Southern California proved not only a memorable event in PiLs career, It also marked the first concert appearance of Los Lobos, known at the time as a Tejano mariachi wedding band. In keeping with the image, PiL balked at major label promotion to back its tour, insisting instead on working with smaller. This battle played to Lydons own reputation as an anti-establishment hell raiser, Weve got to play this gig and its everything we came here to do on this tour. We gave them six gigs for these two, and well see which ones come off the most successful, thats what theyre really afraid of. Fearing riots if the PiL show was cancelled, city officials authorized CD Presents to proceed with the concert, either through the label or through its distribution system, CD Presents recorded, released or distributed the music of nearly 3,300 artists. In 1983, the released a compilation of The Avengers material popularly known as The Pink Album. Additionally, CD Presents released records from D. O. A, Butthole Surfers, CD Presents released the San Francisco group The Offs First Record with a Jean-Michel Basquiat-designed cover
35.
Windy City Times
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Windy City Times is the oldest LGBT newspaper in Chicago. WCT and Outlines were the two primary LGBT newspapers in the region for more than 12 years, in 2000, Baim purchased WCT back from McCourt, and merged Outlines with Windy City Times. Baim is now Publisher and Executive Editor of Windy City Media Group, andrew Davis is Managing Editor, Kirk Williamson is Art Director, Terri Klinsky is Assistant Publisher and Ripley Caine is Business Manager. Long-time writers include Rex Wockner, Yvonne Zipter, Bob Roehr, Director of New Media is Jean Albright. Windy City Times is published weekly by Windy City Media Group, which also publishes Nightspots—a biweekly, four-color, glossy entertainment guide—and Identity, WCMG also produces a twice-weekly podcast, Windy City Queercast, online videos, and a weekly e-newsletter. Windy City Times is a member of the National Gay Newspaper Guild, Awards include from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association, the Peter Lisagor Awards, and the Studs Terkel Award for Baim. Official website Windy City Media Group
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AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
