1.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
2.
Reference work
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A reference work is a book or periodical to which one can refer for information. The information is intended to be found quickly when needed, Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in works is informative, the authors avoid use of the first person. Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author, indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work. Updated editions are published as needed, in some cases annually. Reference works include dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias, almanacs, bibliographies, many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or online through the Internet. A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust, in comparison, a reference book or reference-only book in a library is one that may only be used in the library and may not be borrowed from the library. Many such books are works, which are, usually, used briefly or photocopied from. Keeping them in the library assures that they always be available for use on demand. Some reference-only books are too valuable to permit borrowers to take them out, reference-only items may be shelved in a reference collection located separately from circulating items. Some libraries consist entirely, or to an extent, of books which may not be borrowed. An electronic resource is a piece of information that is stored electronically, general American Reference Books Annual, ARBA. Littleton, Col. Libraries Unlimited, 1970- Bergenholtz, H. Nielsen, S. Tarp, S. Lexicography at a Crossroads, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, printed Reference Material London, Library Association Katz, W. A. Introduction to Reference Work, 3rd ed.2 vols, new York, McGraw-Hill Nielsen, Sandro The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use. J. Walfords Concise Guide to Reference Material, London, Library Association ISBN 0-85365-882-X, p.19. Books of Reference for School Libraries, an annotated list, 2nd ed. London, Library Association Malclès, geneva, Droz, 1950-58 Sheehy, E. P. et al. comps. Guide to Reference Books, 9th ed. Chicago, American Library Association, Supplement,1980 Totok, W. & Weitzel, aufl. hrg. von W. Totok, K. -H. Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann Day, Alan, walford, A. J. Walfords Guide to Reference Material
3.
Ship
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Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
4.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
5.
Confederate States Navy
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The Navy of the Confederate States was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed Forces, established by an act of the Confederate Congress on February 21,1861. It was responsible for Confederate naval operations during the American Civil War, the Confederate navy could never achieve numerical equality with the U. S. Navy, so it used technological innovation, such as ironclads, submarines, torpedo boats, and naval mines to gain advantage. In February 1861 the Confederate Navy had 30 vessels, only 14 of which were seaworthy, the Union Navy had 90 vessels. The C. S. Navy eventually grew to 101 ships to meet the rise in naval threats and conflicts, on April 20,1861 the U. S. was forced to quickly abandon the important Gosport Navy Yard at Norfolk, Virginia. In their haste they failed to burn the facility with its large depots of arms and other supplies. As a result, the Confederacy captured much needed war materials, including cannon, gunpowder, shot. Of most importance to the Confederacy was the dry docks. The Confederacys only substantial navy yard with at time was in Pensacola, Florida. The most significant warship left at the Yard was the screw frigate USS Merrimack, the U. S. Navy had torched Merrimacks superstructure and upper deck, then scuttled the vessel, it would have been immediately useful as a warship to their enemy. Little of the structure remained other than the hull, which was holed by the scuttling charge. Confederate Navy Secretary Stephen Mallory had the idea to raise Merrimack, when the hull was raised, it had not been submerged long enough to have been rendered unusable, the steam engines and essential machinery were salvageable. The decks were rebuilt using thick oak and pine planking, the newly rebuilt superstructure was unusual, above the waterline the sides sloped inward and were covered with two layers of heavy iron-plate armor. The vessel was a new kind of warship, an all-steam powered iron-clad, in the centuries-old tradition of reusing captured ships, the new ship was christened CSS Virginia. She later fought the Unions new ironclad USS Monitor, on the second day of the Battle of Hampton Roads, the two ships met and each scored numerous hits on the other. After four hours both ships were taking in water through split seams and breaches by enemy shot, the engines of both were becoming dangerously overtaxed, and their crews were near exhaustion. The two ships turned and steamed away, never to meet again, the last Confederate surrender took place in Liverpool, United Kingdom on November 6,1865 aboard the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah when her flag was lowered for the final time. This surrender brought about the end of the Confederate navy, the Shenandoah had circumnavigated the globe, the only Confederate ship to do so. The act of the Confederate Congress that created the Confederate Navy on February 21,1861 also appointed Stephen Mallory as Secretary of the Department of the Navy
6.
Naval Historical Center
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When the British invaded Washington in 1814 this collection, containing the finest works on naval history from America and abroad, was rushed to safety outside the Federal City. Thereafter the library had many locations, including a specially designed space in the State, War and he also began to collect and preserve naval records, particularly those of the American Civil War. Congress initially recognized his efforts by authorizing funds for staff and combining the library and records sections into the Office of Library. In 1915 the appropriations for publications, the library, and naval war records were combined, once America entered World War I, emphasis shifted to gathering documents on current naval operations. To handle World War I records in Washington, a Historical Section was established in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and housed in the new Navy Department Building on Constitution Avenue. When the war ended, Admiral Sims London collection, as well as photographs, the library, by now holding more than 50,000 volumes, remained in the State, War, and Navy Building. In 1921, a member of Admiral Sims wartime staff, Captain Dudley W. Knox, was named head of the Office of Naval Records and Library. For the next years he was the driving force behind the Navys historical program, earning for the office an international reputation in the field of naval archives. The Historical Section was absorbed into Naval Records and Library in 1927, knoxs additional appointment as the Curator for the Navy envisioned a display of our nations sea heritage in a naval museum in Washington. In 1961, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, at President Franklin D. Roosevelts suggestion, Knox began several documentary series. Seven volumes pertaining to the Quasi War with France and seven volumes relating to the war with the Barbary Powers were ultimately published, World War II halted plans for similar publications on the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and World War I. During World War II, Knox turned his attention to collecting documents generated by operations in the global conflict. Knox served as Deputy Director of Naval History under the Director, in 1952 it was renamed the Naval History Division. The eventual home for the Navys historians was the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, the first component of the Naval History Division located in the yard was the Navy Museum, established in 1961. In 1963, the Operational Archives moved to the Navy Yard, the other sections of the Naval History Division followed in 1970, occupying several scattered buildings. An organizational change in 1971 shifted the Naval History Division from an establishment to a field activity called the Naval Historical Center, under the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1986, the Navy Art Collection and Gallery and the Naval Aviation History and Publication Division,2008 was a year of change for the Navys history program. First, the command was streamlined into four components, Histories and Archives, Museums and Collections, Integration and Outreach
7.
World Wide Web
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The World Wide Web is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 and he wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was released outside of CERN in 1991, first to research institutions starting in January 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet, Web pages are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language. In addition to formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages with a theme, a common domain name. Website content can largely be provided by the publisher, or interactive where users contribute content or the content depends upon the user or their actions, websites may be mostly informative, primarily for entertainment, or largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organisational purposes. In the 2006 Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum, Tim Berners-Lees vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the second half of the 1980s. By 1985, the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe, in 1988 the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was made and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web-like system at CERN. Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the meanings of the word hypertext. At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for two months and the first Web server was about a month from completing its first successful test. While the read-only goal was met, accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature, with the concept, WebDAV, blogs, Web 2.0. The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the worlds first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the necessary for a working Web, the first web browser. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990, jones stored it on a magneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt. hypertext. This date is confused with the public availability of the first web servers. The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Palo Alto, California, accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event
8.
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
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The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships is the official reference work for the basic facts about ships used by the United States Navy. When the writing project was developed the parameters for this series were designed to cover only commissioned US Navy ships with assigned names, if the ship was not assigned a name it was not included in the histories written for the series. In addition to the entries, DANFS and the online links have been expanded to include appendices on small craft, histories of Confederate Navy ships. DANFS was published in print by the Naval Historical Center as bound volumes, ordered by ship name. Several volumes subsequently went out of print, in 1991 a revised Volume I Part A, covering only ship names beginning with A, was released. Work continues on revisions of the remaining volumes, volunteers at the Hazegray website undertook to transcribe the DANFS and make it available on the World Wide Web. The project goal is a transcription of the DANFS, with changes limited to correcting typographical errors. In 2008 the NHC was re-designated as the Naval History and Heritage Command and it has developed an online version of DANFS through a combination of optical character recognition and hand transcription. The NHHC is slowly updating its online DANFS to correct errors, the NHHC has begun a related project to place Ship History and Command Operations Reports online at their DANFS site. As the DANFS is a work of the U. S. government, its content is in the domain. Many websites organized by former and active members of U. S. Navy vessels include a copy of their ships DANFS entries. The Dictionary limits itself largely to basic descriptions and brief operational notes, and includes almost no analysis or historical context
9.
List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy
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This is a list of sailing frigates of the United States Navy. Frigates were the backbone of the early Navy, although the list shows that many suffered unfortunate fates, on the other hand, the USN classed ships with 20 to 26 guns as third-class frigates, whereas the Royal Navy did not. Congress authorized 3 Frigates of 18,13 Frigates of 12 Ten additional ships of the Potomac class were appropriated, List of sloops of war of the United States Navy Bibliography of early American naval history Continental Navy Pages that link to this list Chapelle, Howard Irving. The History of the American Sailing Navy, The Ships and Their Development, retrieved from List of sloops of war of the United States Navy
10.
Bibliography of early American naval history
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Historical accounts for early American naval history now occur across the spectrum of two and more centuries. The bibliography also includes sources that are not committed to the subject of American naval history per se but whose content covers this subject extensively, written by authors who were involved in or closely associated to the historical episode in question. Primary source material is collected, compiled and published by other editors also. Many of the authors are notable and even famous in their own right and are linked to their corresponding biographies, THE NAVAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Peter Fenelon Collier, New York. P.438, Ebook Allen, Gardner W, P.323, ISBN0945726589, Ebook Blanchard, Amos. Salisbury, Cincinnati, p.604, Ebook Bradford, James C, quarterdeck and bridge, two centuries of American naval leaders. Famous American ships, being a sketch of the United States as told through its maritime life, Hastings House, p.207, Book Canney. Sailing warships of the US Navy, Chatham Publishing / Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-990-5, Book Chapelle, Howard I, the History of the American Sailing Navy, The Ships and Their Development Konecky & Konecky, p.592, ISBN1568522223, Book ——. The history of American sailing ships, Volume 46 W. W. Norton & company, p.400, ISBN9780517023327, Book Chase, Donald McKay and the Clipper Ships. Chesneau, Roger, Koleśnik, Eugène M. Campbell, N. J. M. B, Lippincott Company, p.503, Ebook,1911 edition, Ebook,1927 revised edition Coggeshall, George. History of the American privateers, and letters-of-marque, P.438, Ebook Cooper, James Fenimore. Lives of distinguished American naval officers, OCLC620356, Ebook ——. History of the Navy of the United States of America, Continued to 1860. Volumes 1-3 Blakeman & Mason, p.634, Ebook Coletta, a Bibliography of American Naval History Naval Institute Press, ISBN9780870211058, p.453, Book ——. History of the navy of the United States of America, Naval battles and heroes American Heritage Pub. Co, p.153, Book Crothers, William L, the American-Built Clipper Ship, 1850-1856, Characteristics, Construction, and Details. Camden, ME, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, Blacklick, OH, greyhounds of the Sea, The Story of the American Clipper Ship. If By Sea, The Forging of the American Navy--from the Revolution to the War of 1812 Basic Books, P.576, ISBN9780465016075, Book Dept U. S. Navy
11.
United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
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Chief of Naval Operations
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The Chief of Naval Operations is a statutory office held by a four-star admiral in the United States Navy, and is the most senior naval officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Navy. The office is an adviser and deputy to the Secretary of the Navy. The current Chief of Naval Operations is Admiral John M. Richardson, under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy, the CNO also designates naval personnel and naval resources to the commanders of Unified Combatant Commands. The CNO also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §5033, the CNO is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Navy unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are naval officers. Like the other joint chiefs, the CNO is a position and has no operational command authority over United States naval forces. The Chief of Naval Operations is nominated by the President for appointment, however, the president may waive those requirements if he determines that appointing the officer is necessary for the national interest. By statute, the CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral, number One Observatory Circle, located on the northeast grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, was built in 1893 for its superintendent. The Chief of Naval Operations liked the house so much that in 1923 he took over the house as his own official residence and it remained the residence of the CNO until 1974, when Congress authorized its transformation to an official residence for the Vice President. The Chief of Naval Operations currently resides in Quarters A in the Washington Naval Yard, the position of CNO replaced the position of Aide for Naval Operations, which was a position established by regulation rather than statutory law. Lists of Commanding Officers and Senior Officials of the US Navy, archived from the original on 18 December 2007
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Vice Chief of Naval Operations
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The current VCNO is Admiral William F. Moran. The senior leadership of the U. S, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations is the principal deputy of the Chief of Naval Operations. The VCNO may also perform other delegated duties that either the Secretary of the Navy or the CNO assigns to him or her, in the event that the CNO is absent or is unable to perform their duties, the VCNO assumes the duties and responsibilities of the CNO. Within the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, while there are several Deputy Chiefs of Naval Operations of either three and two star rank, there is only one VCNO. The VCNO is appointed by the President of the United States, while there is not a fixed term nor a term limit in the statute, the historical precedent is that a Vice Chief of Naval Operations serves for a tenure of two to three years. The equivalent of the current VCNO position was called Assistant for Operations in 1915, in 1942 the title became Vice Chief of Naval Operations
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Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
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The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office of the United States Navy, which has with it the paygrade of E-9. The holder of this position is the most senior enlisted member of the U. S and he is appointed by the Chief of Naval Operations to serve as a spokesman to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy. As such, he is the enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations as well as the Chief of Naval Personnel. His exact duties vary, depending on the CNO, though he generally devotes much of his time to traveling throughout the Navy observing training and talking to sailors and their families. His personnel code is N00A as the enlisted advisor to Chief of Naval Operations. In 1988, the MCPONs spouse was made the Ombudsman-at-Large, authorizing her to travel around the fleet with her husband, while the MCPON is a non-commissioned officer, this billet is protocol equivalent to a vice admiral. The response was overwhelming, naval leaders realized that they were out of touch with the desires of enlisted sailors. Initially, the post was known as the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Navy, MCPON Blacks duties were to the Chief of Naval Personnel. All subsequent MCPONs have reported to both the CNO and CNP, the MCPONs rating specialty mark is replaced by a single inverted gold star. The MCPON will also wear the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Badge on naval uniforms, Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Sergeant Major of the Army—U. S. Army equivalent Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps—U. S, Marine Corps equivalent Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force—U. S. Air Force equivalent Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard—U. S, Coast Guard equivalent Senior Enlisted Advisor for the National Guard Bureau Crist, Charlotte D. Winds of Change, The History of the Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 1967–1992, washington, D. C. Naval Historical Center,1992. A joint publication of the Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy, media related to Master Chief Petty Officers of the United States Navy at Wikimedia Commons
15.
List of United States Navy four-star admirals
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This is a complete list of four-star admirals in the United States Navy. The rank of admiral is the highest rank normally achievable in the U. S. Navy and it ranks above vice admiral and below fleet admiral. There have been 262 four-star admirals in the history of the U. S. Navy, of these,221 achieved that rank while on active duty,40 were promoted upon retirement in recognition of combat citations, and one was promoted posthumously. Admirals entered the Navy via several paths,231 were commissioned via the U. S. S. The list is sortable by last name, date of rank, number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank, year commissioned, the Act of Congress of February 23,1942, enabled tombstone promotions to three- and four-star grades. Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1,1947, the practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks. Any admiral who served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retired list over any tombstone admiral holding the same retired grade. Tombstone admirals rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade, the following list of tombstone admirals is sortable by last name, date of rank as vice admiral, date retired, and year commissioned. The rank of admiral was created in 1866 to honor the Civil War achievements of David Farragut, upon his death, another Civil War hero, David D. Porter Jr. succeeded to the title. In 1873, Congress stated that further vacancies in the grade would not be filled, Congress revived the rank in 1899 to honor George Dewey, stipulating that the grade would again cease to exist upon his death or retirement. In 1916, the chief of operations was also made an admiral while so serving, ranking next after The Admiral of the Navy. In 1917, Congress accommodated the Navys desire to reorganize the fleet by authorizing the President to appoint three admirals and three vice admirals for any six fleet command positions. Officers would typically fleet up to admiral or vice admiral for their year of fleet command, during World War II, the President was authorized to create as many admirals and vice admirals as he deemed necessary for the duration of the emergency. Most of these new creations retired at the end of the war, having promoted to reward service in the fleet or headquarters. The rank of admiral was created in 1944, and the four officers promoted to that grade were allowed to remain on active duty permanently. S. Pacific Fleet, the commander in chief of U. S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, in 1965, an eighth billet was added when the chief of naval material was promoted to admiral. When the long-serving director of the nuclear reactor program, Hyman G. To compensate, another four-star billet was eliminated by merging Allied Forces Southern Europe with U. S. Naval Forces Europe, Atlantic Fleet commander was separated from the Atlantic unified commander in 1985, the number of four-star billets was conserved by eliminating the chief of naval material position
16.
Structure of the United States Navy
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In addition there was a Director of T&E and Operational Requirements, Surgeon General of the Navy, Chief of Naval Reserves, Chief of Oceanography, and Chief of Chaplains of the Navy. S. Fleet Cyber Command, United States Navy Reserve, United States Naval Special Warfare Command, while not widely publicized, groups of ships departing U. S. waters for operational missions gain a Task force type designation, almost always with the Second or Third Fleets. On entry into another numbered fleets area of responsibility, they are redesignated as a group from that fleet. For example, a task group departing the Eastern Seaboard for the Mediterranean might start out as Task Group 20.1, on entry into the Mediterranean. The United States Navy currently has six active numbered fleets and these six numbered fleets are grouped into operating forces, U. S. Fleet Forces Command Type commands, including Submarine Force U. S. TF20 works with the Combined Joint Operations from the Sea/Center of Excellence to complete its mission. Military Sealift Command serves not only the United States Navy, and it transports equipment, fuel, ammunition, and other goods essential to the smooth function of United States armed forces worldwide. Up to 95% of all supplies needed to sustain the U. S. military can be moved by Military Sealift Command, MSC operates approximately 120 ships with 100 more in reserve. Ships of the command are not manned by active duty Navy personnel, the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force’s primary mission is force protection conducted through fleet support with operations around the world. Two Maritime Expeditionary Security Groups in San Diego and Portsmouth, Va. supervise integration of coastal warfare assets trained to operate in high density, multi-threat environments. Coastal and harbor defense and protection of assets are placed under the jurisdiction of two Naval Coastal Warfare Groups, one for the Pacific Fleet and one for the Atlantic Fleet. Sixth Fleet is based in Naples, Italy and its flagship is USS Mount Whitney, normally, units assigned to Third Fleet undergo training cruises prior to deployment with either the Fifth Fleet or Seventh Fleet and are not intended for immediate use in battle. Only in the event of war does Third Fleet participate in active combat operations. Forming part of the Pacific Fleet, Third Fleet is based in San Diego, Seventh Fleet, the largest forward-deployed U. S. fleet, operates in the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, stretching to the Persian Gulf and including much of the east coast of Africa. It forms the combat ready part of the Pacific Fleet. At any given time, Seventh Fleet consists of 40-50 ships operating from bases in South Korea, Japan and it is headquartered at Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan with USS Blue Ridge as its flagship. Naval shore commands, Commander Naval Forces Korea, Commander Naval Forces Marianas, and Commander Naval Forces Japan. U. S. Naval Forces Central Command / Fifth Fleet Fifth Fleets area of responsibility is the Middle East, including the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Fifth Fleet is headquartered at Manama, Bahrain
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United States Navy Reserve
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The United States Navy Reserve, known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called Reservists, are enrolled in the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, the size of these centers varies greatly, depending on the number of assigned. They are intended mostly to administrative functions and classroom style training. However, some NOSCs have more training facilities, including damage control trainers. Because of this, NOSCs outside the concentration areas are also heavily tasked to provide personnel. This service provided to the community is one of the NOSCs top two priority missions. FTS, previously known as TAR, serve in all year round and provide administrative support to SELRES. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard, the IRR do not typically drill or train regularly, but can be recalled to service in a full mobilization. These personnel will drill for points but no pay and are not eligible for Annual Training with pay, however, they remain eligible for other forms of active duty with pay and mobilization. Reservists are called to duty, or mobilized, as needed and are required to sign paperwork acknowledging this possibility upon enrollment in the reserve program. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Reservists were mobilized to combat operations. The War on Terrorism has even seen the activation of a Reserve squadron, the VFA-201 Hunters, flying F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, which deployed on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, more than 52,000 Navy Reservists have been mobilized and deployed to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Reserve consists of 108,718 officers and enlisted personnel who serve in every state and territory as well as overseas as of September 2012. S. Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a navy was deemed too great. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794, a navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812. Though overwhelmed by a superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of Washington. Having fought against a power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy. By wars end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors, the latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men
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Fleet Marine Force
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The Fleet Marine Forces provide the National Command Authority with a responsive force that can conduct operations in any spectrum of conflict around the globe. The Fleet Marine Forces consists of Marine Corps operating forces components that constitute the Fleet Marine Forces on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, the subordinate units of the Fleet Marine Forces come under the operational control of the commanders, U. S. Fleet Force Command or United States Pacific Fleet, when deployed, each FMF is equivalent to a U. S. Navy type command and reports to its respective Fleet Commander-in-Chief. The commanding general, a lieutenant general may be either an aviator or a ground officer and his deputy commanding general is from the other community. Each FMF consists of at least one Marine Expeditionary Force consisting of at least one Marine Division, one Marine Aircraft Wing, one Marine Logistics Group, other miscellaneous supporting units may be attached. In addition to one or more MEF, each FMF is further organized into one or more intermediate-sized MAGTFs named Marine Expeditionary Brigades and its predecessor was the Advanced Base Force in the early 20th century. The history of the FMF dates to December 7,1933, for service in the Fleet Marine Force, the United States Department of the Navy issues the FMF Enlisted Warfare Specialist Insignia and the FMF Qualified Officer Insignia
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Navy Expeditionary Combat Command
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The NECC was established in January 2006. NECC is a command of the Navys Fleet Forces Command. NECC aligns disparate expeditionary capabilities to clearly articulate consistent and coordinated expeditionary practices, procedures, nECC’s enterprise approach intends to improve efficiencies and effectiveness through economies of scale. NECC changed how the U. S. Navy organizes, trains and equips its forces to meet the Maritime Security Operations and Joint contingency operations requirements. NECC is not a stand-alone or combat force, but rather a force that fills the gaps in the joint warfare arena. NECC seamlessly operates with the services and coalition partners to provide cooperative assistance as requested. This redistribution of support places naval forces where they are needed the most, according to the Navy, “The Navy’s Riverine force focuses on conducting Maritime Security Operations and Theater Security Cooperation in a riverine area of operations or other suitable area. The force is capable of combating enemy riverine forces by applying fires directly, or by coordinating supporting fires. ”As of 2008, three squadrons are active in the Navy, all under the command of Riverine Group 1, located in Norfolk. Riverine Squadron 1 deployed to Iraq in April 2007 and was relieved by Riverine Squadron 2 in October 2007, Riverine Squadron 3 was established in July 2007 and will presumably relieve RIVRON2 in Iraq when their deployment is completed. Coast Guard equivalent of the NECC
20.
United States Merchant Marine
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The United States Merchant Marine refers to either United States civilian mariners, or to U. S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Merchant Marine officers may also be commissioned as officers by the Department of Defense. This is commonly achieved by commissioning unlimited tonnage Merchant Marine officers as Strategic Sealift Officers in the Naval Reserves. As of 31 December 2016, the United States merchant fleet had 175 privately owned, oceangoing, self-propelled vessels of 1,000 gross register tons, nearly 800 American-owned ships are flagged in other nations. In 2004, the government employed approximately 5% of all American water transportation workers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, various laws fundamentally changed the course of American merchant shipping and these laws put an end to common practices such as flogging and shanghaiing, and increased shipboard safety and living standards. The United States Merchant Marine is also governed by more than 25 international conventions to promote safety, the Court held that the Secretary of the Air Force abused its discretion in denying active military service recognition to American merchant seamen who participated in World War II. Captains, mates, and pilots supervise ship operations on domestic waterways, a captain is in overall command of a vessel, and supervises the work of other officers and crew. A captain has the ability to take the conn from a mate or pilot at any time he feels the need, on smaller vessels the captain may be a regular watch-stander, similar to a mate, directly controlling the vessels position. Captains directly communicate with the company or command, and are responsible for cargo, various logs, ships documents, credentials, efforts at controlling pollution. Mates direct a ships routine operation for the captain during work shifts, mates stand watch for specified periods, usually in three duty sections, with 4 hours on watch and 8 hours off. When on a watch, mates direct a bridge team by conning, directing courses through the helmsman. When more than one mate is necessary aboard a ship, they typically are designated chief mate or first mate, second mate, in addition to watch standers, mates directly supervise the ships crew, and are assigned other tasks. The chief mate is usually in charge of cargo, stability and the crew, the second mate in charge of navigation plans and updates. Harbor pilots guide ships in and out of confined waterways, such as harbors, harbor pilots are generally independent contractors who accompany vessels while they enter or leave port, and may pilot many ships in a single day. Ships engineers operate, maintain, and repair engines, boilers, generators, pumps, Merchant marine vessels usually have four engineering officers, a chief engineer and a first, second, and third assistant engineer. On many ships, Assistant Engineers stand periodic watches, overseeing the operation of engines. However, most modern ships sailing today utilize Unmanned Machinery Space automation technology, at night and during meals and breaks, the engine room is unmanned and machinery alarms are answered by the Duty Engineer
21.
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
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This is a list of United States Navy aircraft squadrons. Deactivated or disestablished squadrons are listed in the List of Inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons, Navy aircraft squadrons are typically composed of several aircraft, the officers who fly them and the men and women that maintain them. Most squadrons also have a number of administrative support personnel. Some of the listed are not technically squadrons, but they all operate U. S. Navy aircraft in some capacity. Squadrons and their history are listed in the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Active duty squadrons are typically commanded by a Commander. Second in command is the Executive Officer, also a Commander, the XO typically assumes command of the squadron after approximately 15 months. There are typically four functional departments - Operations, Maintenance, Safety/NATOPS, within the departments are Divisions and Branches. Reserve squadrons are commanded by a Commander, with another Commander as the XO who will also assume command after approximately 15 months. However, reserve squadron demographics are typically older and more senior in rank than their active duty squadron counterparts, Department Heads in reserve squadrons are typically senior Lieutenant Commanders, although some may be recently promoted Commanders. Where this difference in maturity level becomes more apparent is at the Division Officer level, as a result, Lieutenants are a minority and Lieutenants, junior grade, practically non-existent in reserve squadrons. As a result, Divisions are typically headed by Lieutenant Commanders and Branches by Lieutenants, Navy aircraft are classified by Type, Model, and Series. Squadrons can be categorized in a number of ways, Active versus Navy Reserve, land-based versus sea-based, fixed wing versus rotary wing vs Unmanned aerial vehicle, unlike the USAF, US Army, and USMC, the US Navy does not typically refer to other organizations as squadrons. An exception to this is that US Navy destroyers and submarines are administratively grouped by squadrons, Active squadrons are those in the regular US Navy. Reserve squadrons are in the US Navy Reserve and are manned by a combination of full-time and part-time reservists, for the most part, there is no way to know by the squadrons name alone whether it is an active or reserve squadron. There are Reserve elements of many Active squadrons, and active duty serving in many Reserve squadrons. In general, reserve squadrons share the same missions as their active counterparts, at any one time, the US Navy has approximately 600 aircraft that are associated with particular ships. There are also several thousand additional Navy aircraft that are capable of shipboard operations, the Navy also has several hundred land-based aircraft that are not capable of shipboard operations. Squadrons are listed here by type and by mission, Navy aircraft squadrons can be properly referred to by three different names
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Carrier strike group
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A carrier strike group is an operational formation of the United States Navy. It is composed of roughly 7,500 personnel, a carrier, at least one cruiser. A carrier strike group also, on occasion, includes submarines, attached logistics ships, Carrier strike groups comprise a principal element of U. S. power projection capability. Previously referred to as Carrier Battle Groups, they are referred to by the carrier they are associated with. As of March 2016 there are 10 carrier strike groups, the carrier strike group is a flexible naval force that can operate in confined waters or in the open ocean, during day and night, in all weather conditions. The principal role of the carrier and its air wing within the strike group is to provide the primary offensive firepower, while the other ships provide defense. These roles are not exclusive, however, other ships in the strike group sometimes undertake offensive operations and the carriers air wing contributes to the strike groups defense. Thus, from a command and control perspective, carrier strike groups are organized by mission rather than by platform. The development of the U. S. Navy carrier battle group can be traced to the 1920s and was based on previous experience grouping battleships. In World War II, administratively, aircraft carriers were assigned to carrier divisions, the single-carrier battle group was born with the military draw down that followed World War II. Carrier Division 1 was redesignated Carrier Group 1 on 30 June 1973, in the summer of 1992, the U. S. Navy instituted a concept that mandated greater task group integration of naval air and surface warfare assets into a more permanent carrier battle group structure. Each of the Navys 12 existing carrier battle groups consisted of a carrier, an embarked carrier air wing, cruisers, destroyer, and frigate units. On 1 October 2004, carrier groups and cruiser-destroyer groups were redesignated carrier strike groups, Carrier strike groups are tasked to accomplish a variety of wartime missions, as well as a wide variety of functions in situations short of war. The peacetime mission is to forward presence operations, to help shape the strategic environment, deter conflict, build interoperability with allies. The ships in the group often disaggregate from the carrier, performing missions hundreds or even thousands of miles away, gaining and maintaining sea control including coastal regions, bounded seas, choke points, and the open ocean. Protection of commercial and military shipping, protection of a United States Marine Corps Amphibious Ready Group prior to or during an amphibious operation. Surveillance/Intelligence to achieve and maintain a comprehensive picture of the littoral environment, including surface, undersea, air. Command and Control of assigned U. S. and multinational forces, establishing air superiority or air supremacy in an area by seizing and maintaining control of designated airspace
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United States Naval Observatory
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The USNO operates the Master Clock, which provides precise time to the GPS satellite constellation run by the United States Air Force. The USNO performs radio VLBI-based positions of quasars with numerous global collaborators, aside from its scientific mission, a house located within the Naval Observatory complex serves as the official residence of the Vice President of the United States. President John Quincy Adams, who in 1825 signed the bill for the creation of an observatory just before leaving presidential office, had intended for it to be called the National Observatory. The names National Observatory and Naval Observatory were both used for 10 years, until a ruling was passed to use the latter. Adams had made protracted efforts to bring astronomy to a level at that time. He spent many nights at the observatory, watching and charting the stars, established by the order of the United States Secretary of the Navy John Branch on 6 December 1830 as the Depot of Charts and Instruments, the Observatory rose from humble beginnings. Placed under the command of Lieutenant Louis M. Goldsborough, with an budget of $330, its primary function was the restoration, repair. It was made into an observatory in 1842 via a federal law. Lieutenant James Melville Gilliss was put in charge of obtaining the instruments needed, lt. Gilliss visited the principal observatories of Europe with the mission to purchase telescopes and scientific devices and books. The observatorys primary mission was to care for the United States Navys marine chronometers, charts and it calibrated ships chronometers by timing the transit of stars across the meridian. These facilities were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017, the first superintendent was Navy Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury. Maury had the worlds first vulcanized time ball, created to his specifications by Charles Goodyear for the U. S. Observatory and it was the first time ball in the United States, being placed into service in 1845, and the 12th in the world. Maury kept accurate time by the stars and planets, the time ball was dropped every day except Sunday precisely at the astronomically defined moment of Mean Solar Noon, enabling all ships and civilians to know the exact time. Time was also sold to the railroads and was used in conjunction with railroad chronometers to schedule American rail transport, early in the 20th century, the Arlington Time Signal broadcast this service to wireless receivers. In 1849 the Nautical Almanac Office was established in Cambridge, Massachusetts as a separate organization and it was moved to Washington, D. C. in 1866, colocating with the U. S. Naval Observatory in 1893. On September 20,1894, the NAO became a branch of USNO, the astronomical measurements taken of the transit of Venus by a number of countries since 1639 resulted in a progressively more accurate definition of the AU. Relying heavily on methods, the naval observers returned 350 photographic plates in 1874. This calculated distance was a significant improvement over several previous estimates, the telescope used for the discovery of the Moons of Mars was the 26-inch refractor, then located at Foggy Bottom
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United States Fleet Forces Command
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The United States Fleet Forces Command is a service component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to a wide variety of U. S. forces. The naval resources may be allocated to Combatant Commanders such as United States Northern Command under the authority of the Secretary of Defense. Originally formed as United States Atlantic Fleet in 1906, it has been a part of the defense of the United States of America for most of the 20th century. The command is based at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads in Norfolk, Northern Command and is a supporting command under the U. S. Strategic Command. The Fleet was a combination of the North Atlantic Fleet and the South Atlantic Squadron, the first commander of the fleet was Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, who hoisted his flag in the battleship USS Maine on 1 January 1906. In January 1913 the fleet consisted of six divisions, a torpedo flotilla, submarines. The fleet was under the command of Rear Admiral Hugo Osterhaus, the First Division, under Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, consisted of USS Florida, USS Delaware, and USS North Dakota. The Second Division, under Rear Admiral Nathaniel R. Usher with his flag aboard the USS Vermont, consisted of USS Louisiana, USS Michigan, USS New Hampshire, the Third Division, under Rear Admiral Cameron McR. Winslow, comprised USS Virginia, USS Georgia, USS New Jersey, USS Rhode Island, the Fourth Division, under Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, consisted of the USS Minnesota, USS Connecticut, USS Ohio, USS Idaho, and USS Kansas. Fifth and Sixth Divisions were made up of protected cruisers, USS St. Louis, USS Tennessee, USS Washington, and USS Cleveland, USS Denver, USS Des Moines, and USS Tacoma. The Cruiser and Transport Force, under Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves served in Atlantic waters during World War I moving the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe, United States Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in the UK. The Atlantic Fleet was reorganized into the Scouting Force in 1923, in January 1939 the Atlantic Squadron, United States Fleet, was formed. The aircraft carrier USS Ranger was transferred to the Atlantic Ocean, Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson commanded the squadron. On 1 November 1940 the Atlantic Squadron was renamed the Patrol Force, the Patrol Force was organized into type commands, Battleships, Patrol Force, Cruisers, Patrol Force, Destroyers, Patrol Force, and, Train, Patrol Force. On 1 February 1941, the Atlantic Fleet was resurrected and organized from the Patrol Force. Along with the Pacific Fleet and Asiatic Fleet, the fleet was to be under the command of a full Admiral, which jumped the fleets commander Ernest J. King from a two-star to a four-star. Subsequently, the headquarters was in an odd assortment of ships, the USS Augusta, then the old wooden ship USS Constellation, USS Vixen. In 1948, the HQ moved into the naval hospital at Norfolk, Virginia
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United States Pacific Fleet
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The United States Pacific Fleet is a Pacific Ocean theater-level component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to the United States Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Pearl Harbor Naval Station, Hawaii, with large facilities at North Island. A Pacific Fleet was created in 1907 when the Asiatic Squadron, in 1910, the ships of the First Squadron were organized back into a separate Asiatic Fleet. The General Order 94 of 6 December 1922 organized the United States Fleet, until May 1940, the Battle Fleet was stationed on the west coast of the United States. During the summer of year, as part of the U. S. response to Japanese expansionism, it was instructed to take an advanced position at Pearl Harbor. Long term basing at Pearl Harbor was so strongly opposed by the commander, Admiral James O. Richardson, political considerations were thought sufficiently important that he was relieved by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who was in command at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pacific Fleet was formally recreated on 1 February 1941, on that day General Order 143 split the United States Fleet into separate Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets. On 7 December, the Fleet consisted of the Battle Force, Scouting Force, Base Force, Amphibious Force, Cruiser Force, Destroyer Force, also in Hawaii was the Fourteenth Naval District, commanded by Rear Admiral Claude C. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Pennsylvania was in dry dock and Colorado was being refitted at Bremerton Navy Yard, arizona was mated with Nevada and Oklahoma at that time. Other components of the Battle Force included Aircraft, Battle Force, with Carrier Division One and Carrier Division Two, plus Cruiser Divisions 4,5, the Scouting Force included Cruiser Division Three, Cruiser Division Nine and Submarines, Scouting Force. The Amphibious Force was formally known as Commander, Amphibious Forces, One of PhibPacs subordinate commands during World War II was Transports, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, or TransPhibPac. The commander of TransPhibPac was known as ComTransPhibPac, in December 1941, the fleet consisted of nine battleships, three aircraft carriers,12 heavy cruisers, eight light cruisers,50 destroyers,33 submarines, and 100 patrol bombers. This was approximately the strength at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. That day, the Japanese Combined Fleet carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy to rely primarily on aircraft carriers and submarines for many months afterward. More minor battles included the Battle of Dutch Harbor, the West Loch disaster occurred at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1944. The Pacific Fleet took part in Operation Magic Carpet, the return of U. S. servicemen, after the end of the Second World War. The organization of the Pacific Fleet in January 1947 is shown in Hal M. Friedmans Arguing over the American Lake, Bureaucracy and Rivalry in the U. S. Pacific, the RIMPAC exercise series began in 1971. On 7 March 1984, the Secretaries of Transportation and Navy signed a Memorandum of Agreement which created the Maritime Defense Zones, the Pacific MDZ is an echelon three Navy command under the Commander U. S
26.
United States Naval Forces Central Command
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United States Naval Forces Central Command is the United States Navy element of United States Central Command. Its area of responsibility includes the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf and it consists of the United States Fifth Fleet and several other subordinate task forces, including Combined Task Force 150, Combined Task Force 158 and others. By June 1949, the Task Force had become Persian Gulf Forces, in October 1948, Hydrographic Survey Group 1 arrived to help map the Persian Gulfs waters. In 1971, when Bahrain achieved full independence, the U. S. Navy leased part of the former British base HMS Juffair and it was renamed it Administrative Support Unit, Bahrain. The name was changed to Naval Support Activity, Bahrain in 1999, the command was established on 1 January 1983 along with the rest of U. S. Rear Admiral Stan Arthur, the first ComUSNAVCENT, served simultaneously as the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, following the initial establishment of U. S. Central Command, the boundary between USCENTCOM and U. S, Pacific Command was the Strait of Hormuz. To direct forces of multiple services operating over the boundary, Joint Task Force Middle East was established on 20 September 1987, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command took part in Operation Earnest Will in 1986–1987 and supported Army special operations helicopters conducting Operation Prime Chance. In August 1990, Captain Robert Sutton USN, who had selected for promotion to Rear Admiral, was serving as ComUSNAVCENT. Schwarzkopf discussed the issue with Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command, Admiral Huntington Hardisty and it was agreed that the Commander, U. S. Seventh Fleet staff, under Vice Admiral Hank Mauz, would be despatched to command in the Middle East and, tentatively, third Fleet staff would be earmarked to replace them in six months. Mauz, his staff, and his flagship, USS Blue Ridge, were all located at Yokosuka, Japan, their normal homeport. To speed the process of taking command, Mauz obtained permission from Hardisty to fly immediately to Diego Garcia aboard a VIP-configured P-3 Orion, Peter Rabbit. The rest of the group would steam to the Persian Gulf aboard Blue Ridge. However, on landing he found a message from Schwarzkopf ordering him to assume command immediately, from 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee and Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu. TF150 was Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, Jr. himself, TF151 the Middle East Force, now including USS Bunker Hill, TG150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force, and TF156 the amphibious force. Since ComUSNAVCENT operated from onboard ship, he established NAVCENT-Riyadh as an organization to provide continuous Navy representation at CENTCOM headquarters. This mission was assigned initially to Commander, Carrier Group Three, during succeeding months, the NAVCENT-Riyadh staff was augmented substantially but remained small, relative to the ARCENT and CENTAF staffs
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United States Naval Special Warfare Command
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Originating in the unconventional naval units formed during the Second World War, NSWC was established on April 16,1986 at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado in San Diego, California. Its mission is to leadership, doctrinal guidance, resources and oversight to special operations carried out in maritime. NSWC specializes in a range of tactical areas, including unconventional warfare, direct action, counterterrorism, special reconnaissance. NSWC is organized primarily around eight Navy SEAL teams, three special teams, and various supporting commands, totaling approximately 9,200 personnel. Units can operate independently, as part of U. S. Navy carrier battle groups and amphibious ready groups, by utilizing the Navys ships, submarines, and overseas facilities, NSWC forces can be deployed rapidly almost anywhere in the world. In the Vietnam era, the Navy drew most of its SEALs from the Underwater Demolition Teams, from the early 1960s up until 1983 the SEAL Teams and UDTs coexisted. Navy SEALs typically traced their origin to the Scouts and Raiders while the Underwater Demolition Teams traced theirs to the Navy Combat Demolition Units, however, in 1983 the Underwater Demolition Teams were merged with the SEAL Teams. This, in turn, merged their ancestry, the Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach, maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing and guide the assault waves to the landing beach. By the time the United States became involved in World War II, Adolf Hitler, if the Allied forces were to stand a chance, there would have to be several full-scale landings. The U. S. Navy decided that to do the job right required sending in their own and they needed men to reconnoiter the landing beaches, take note of obstacles and defenses and ultimately guide the landing forces in. Later, during the war, the Army Engineers passed down demolition jobs to the U. S. Navy and they were to clear any obstacles and/or defenses in the near shore area, beginning a tradition that continues today. The Navy Scouts and Raiders were created before the Navy Combat Demolition Units, the Scouts and Raiders were first formed in September 1942, nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint Marine Corps-Army-Navy unit. The Observer Group was the first unit trained in amphibious reconnaissance and they trained in inflatable boat insertions from submarines around the Chesapeake Bay and at the Amphibious Training Base Little Creek in Virginia and in Fort Pierce, Florida. They were training for a clandestine mission in North Africa. The U. S. Navy began the Scouts and Raiders to provide reconnaissance, the unit could conduct raids and sabotage missions from a pair of men to platoon sized operations. The unit continued its deployment to North Africa as planned, where they earned eight Navy Crosses, robert Halperin, a former NFL football player and future Olympic medalist, received a Presidential Citation and the Navy Cross for his work during the amphibious landings in French Morocco. This was just the first of many missions for the versatile Scouts. The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the Father of Naval Special Warfare, commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African coast
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Operational Test and Evaluation Force
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OPTEVFOR traces its origins to the final months of World War II when the need arose for an effective means to combat Japanese kamikaze attacks. On 2 July 1945, the Composite Task Force, U. S, atlantic Fleet, was formed to develop tactics and evaluate equipment to counter the Kamikazes. This force was commanded by Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, USN, in 1949, the command moved ashore to the Norfolk Naval Base. With its expanding OT&E responsibilities, a subordinate command, located the San Diego Naval Base. VX-6 was one of six air development squadrons formed by the United States Navy beginning in 1946 to develop and evaluate aircraft tactics and these squadrons were initially directed by the Operational Development Force, which was redesignated in May 1959 as the Operational Test and Evaluation Force. These six squadrons were designated as VX-1, VX-2, VX-3, VX-4, VX-5. On 1 January 1969, the surviving Air Development Squadrons became Air Test and their designations were changed to VXE-1, VXE-4, VXE-5 and VXE-6. Their tail codes of these squadrons were changed to JA, JF, JE and JD, in May 1959, the command was renamed Operational Test and Evaluation Force to reflect more accurately its increased responsibilities regarding weapon systems and tactics testing and evaluation. In 1960, the OPTEVFOR headquarters moved to its present location, in keeping with these expanded responsibilities, the Force Commander began reporting directly to the Chief of Naval Operations. In 2013, the COMOPTEVFOR was the operational test agency who, along with Joint Staff, J6 Joint Deployable Analysis Team. For operational control of units, COMOPTEVFOR reports to the Commander. Fleet Forces Command, the Commander Pacific Fleet, and the Commander, Evaluation of systems are done by personnel with technical experience with the equipment being tested and evaluated. The Fleet Research, Development, Test & Evaluation Support Process conforms to the most current version of SECNAVINST5000.2 pertaining to Navy or multi-service testing and evaluation activities. It recommends that T&E requests for fleet commander support be made in writing, via CNO-OPNAV, the Fleet RDT&E Support Process defines the appropriate formats for request for T&E activities. Fleet RDT&E Support Process defines the levels of fleet commander support as follows, Dedicated support, concurrent support, which permits employment of the supporting unit in activities other than RDT&E support, but could have an operational impact upon unit employment. Not-to-interfere-basis support, which permits RDT&E operational employment of the unit without significant interference with primary mission accomplishment. Priority Two - Fleet commander support of a T&E activity takes precedence within normal fleet operations, priority Three - Normal fleet operations take precedence over fleet commander support of a T&E activity. Finally, the Fleet RDT&E Support Process also defines unscheduled RDT&E support requirements, the Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force is designated as the RDT&E fleet-support scheduling agent for CNO, including all at-sea operational test and evaluation activities. S
29.
Naval Network Warfare Command
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Naval Network Warfare Command is the United States Navys information operations, intelligence, networks and space unit. This alignment provides a single Fleet champion for ISR and positions Fleet Intelligence for better and timelier support to fleet operations, in 2009, the Secretary of Defense directed the establishment of U. S. Cyber Command. Each of the services was also directed to establish a command to U. S. Cyber Command. The headquarters is at Navy Cyber Forces in Norfolk, Virginia and it is responsible for managing, operating and maintaining assigned satellite systems to provide reliable satellite services to the joint warfighter in support of naval and national requirements
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Military Sealift Command
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The Military Sealift Command is a United States Navy organization that controls the replenishment and military transport ships of the Navy. The United States Military Sealift Command has the responsibility for providing sealift and it first came into existence on 9 July 1949 when the Military Sea Transportation Service became solely responsible for the Department of Defenses ocean transport needs. The MSTS was renamed the Military Sealift Command in 1970, Military Sealift Command ships are made up of a core fleet of ships owned by the United States Navy and others under long-term-charter augmented by short-term or voyage-chartered ships. Some ships may have Navy or Marine Corps personnel on board to carry out communication and special mission functions, ships on charter or equivalent, retain commercial colors and bear the standard merchant prefix MV, SS, or GTS, without hull numbers. Five programs comprise Military Sealift Command, Combat Logistics Force, Special Mission, Prepositioning, Service Support, the Combat Logistics Force’s role is to directly replenish ships that are underway at sea, enabling them to deploy for long periods of time without having to come to port. The Special Mission program operates vessels for military and federal government tasks, such as submarine support and missile flight data collection. The Prepositioning program sustains the US militarys forward presence strategy by deploying supply ships in key areas prior to actual need, also, MSC realigned two of its four mission-driven programs and adding a fifth program. The Prepositioning and Sealift programs are unchanged by the 2012 reorganization, as of June 2013, Military Sealift Command operated around 110 ships, and employed 9,800 people. The Combat Logistics Force is the part of the MSC most associated with supporting the Navy. In 1972, a study concluded that it would be cheaper for civilians to man USN support vessels such as tankers, the CLF is the American equivalent of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary. These MSC ships are painted gray and can be easily identified by the blue. The Combat Logistics Force was formerly called the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force, some of its ships were transferred to the new Service Support program. Special mission ships work for several different US Navy customers, including the Naval Sea Systems Command and these ships like those of the NFAF are painted haze gray with blue and gold stack bands. Some of its ships were transferred to the new Service Support program, as a key element of sea basing, afloat prepositioning provides the military equipment and supplies for a contingency forward deployed in key ocean areas before need. The MSC Prepositioning Program supports the US Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps, Prepositioning ships remain at sea, ready to deploy on short-notice the vital equipment, fuel and supplies to initially support military forces in the event of a contingency. The Prepositioning Program consists of 34 at-sea ships plus 2 aviation support ships kept in reduced operating status and these ships wear civilian livery, and are only designated USNS if government-owned, those chartered from civilian owners are either SS or MV. It consists of four government-operated ships formerly in the Special Mission program, Sealift is divided into three separate project offices, Tanker Project Office, Dry Cargo Project Office and the Surge Project Office. As a result of a 2012 organization, MSCs 12 worldwide MSC ship support units will now report to the MSC operational area commands in their areas of responsibility
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Naval Sea Systems Command
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The Naval Sea Systems Command is the largest of the United States Navys five systems commands, or materiel organizations. NAVSEA consists of four shipyards, nine warfare centers, four major shipbuilding locations, nAVSEAs primary objective is to engineer, build, and support the U. S. Navys fleet of ships and its combat systems. NAVSEA accounts for one quarter of the Navys entire budget, with more than 150 acquisition programs under its oversight, since then various organizations were established and succeeded them to oversee design, construction and repair of ships and ordnance. These bureaus traced their origins back to earlier organizations, the Naval Ship Systems Command was established in 1966 replacing BuShips. The Naval Sea Systems Command was established on July 1,1974 with the merger of the Naval Ship Systems Command with the Naval Ordnance Systems Command, NAVORD was the successor to the Bureau of Naval Weapons and the earlier Bureau of Ordnance. C. PEOs report to the NAVSEA commander for planning and execution of in-service support, and to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for acquisition-related matters. Tom Moore, June 2016- Vice Adm. William H. Hilarides, June 2013 - June 2016 Vice Adm. Kevin M. McCoy, June 2008 - June 2013 Vice Adm. Paul E. Sullivan, July 2005 - August 2008 Vice Adm. Earl B. Fowler, Jr. March 1980-June 1985 On Monday, September 16,2013, alexis was killed after engaging in a shootout with responding police. Official website National Archives – Records of the Bureau of Ships
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Naval Air Systems Command
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The Naval Air Systems Command provides material support for aircraft and airborne weapon systems for the United States Navy. NAVAIR was established in 1966 as the successor to the Navys Bureau of Naval Weapons, NAVAIR is headquartered in Patuxent River, Md. With military and civilian personnel stationed at eight locations across the continental United States, nAVAIRs mission is to provide full life-cycle support of naval aviation aircraft, weapons and systems operated by Sailors and Marines. The current commander as of April 13,2016 is Vice Admiral Paul Grosklags, the vice commander is Rear Admiral Francis D. Morley. The deputy commander, or senior civilian service member, is Mr. Gary Newton, NAVAIR Headquarters is a tenant activity of Patuxent River NAS in St. Marys County, Maryland. Ten NAVAIR locations exist, with eight U. S. locations from coast to coast, as part of its mission, NAVAIR provides support, manpower, resources, and facilities to its aligned Program Executive Offices. The Program Executive Offices are responsible for the execution of major defense acquisition programs, the PEOs are organizationally aligned to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition. The Naval Aviation PEOs are co-located with the Naval Air Systems Command, other PEOs, such as the Office of the Secretary of Defenses direct reporting Program Executive Office, Joint Strike Fighter also obtain support, manpower, laboratories and facilities from NAVAIR
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Naval Facilities Engineering Command
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The Naval Facilities Engineering Command is the United States Navys engineering command, committed to the Navys and United States Marine Corps combat readiness. NAVFAC is headquartered at the Washington Navy Yard and is under the command of the Chief of Civil Engineers, as of 4 November 2015, RADM Bret J. Muilenburg. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command is the oldest of the Navys system commands, having been established as the Bureau of Yards and its officers comprise the Navy Civil Engineer Corps, which was formed in March 1867. During the 1966 reorganization of the Department of the Navy, the Bureau of Yards, NAVFAC is headquartered in Washington, D. C. and is made of 13 component commands,9 are Facilities Engineering Commands that report to either NAVFAC Atlantic or NAVFAC Pacific. C. On August 31,1842, the Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks was established, in early days of BuDocks, the command originally had responsibility only for the design, construction, and maintenance of Navy yards and a few other shore stations. In 1842 there were seven Navy yards arrayed along the seaboard of the United States. Captain Lewis Warrington, an officer, and six civilian employees, were assigned to administer public works at these yards. During the second half of the 19th century, the Bureau of Yards and it also oversaw the development of permanent Navy yards on the Pacific Coast at Mare Island, California, and Puget Sound, Washington. In 1898, the Spanish–American War precipitated an increase in the Bureaus activities. The treaty at the end led to the construction of naval stations in Puerto Rico, Guam. In the next few years the Navy yards at Boston, Norfolk, and Philadelphia were modernized, during the early years of the 20th century, the United States Congress expanded the Bureaus responsibilities by consolidating Navy public works under its control. The most important law was passed in 1911, when Congress placed the design, the experience gained by the Bureau during its first 75 years laid the foundation for its large growth during World War I. Between July 1916 and the armistice in November 1918, the Bureau expended $347 million for public works and that was more money than the Navy had spent on shore stations in the previous 116 years. The period between the wars was generally a time of retrenchment and stagnation for Navy Public Works. By 1921, more than 375 ships had been decommissioned and the shore establishment shrank accordingly. When the Second World War broke out in Europe in 1939, the Civil Engineer Corps had fewer than 200 officers on active duty, to provide supervisors for this huge wartime effort, more than 10,000 Reserve CEC officers were recruited from civilian life between 1940 and 1945. The establishment of bases in war zones, where workers were subject to enemy attack, thus, the Naval Construction Force – popularly known as the Seabees – was born. The new Seabees received brief military training before shipping overseas to build bases in war zones
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Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command
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Echelon II means that the organization reports to someone who, in turn, reports directly to the Chief of Naval Operations. SPAWAR reports to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, PEO EIS and PEO Space Systems are located in the greater Washington, D. C. area. SPAWAR Systems Center Atlantic, an Echelon III organization, is located in Charleston, SC, SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific is located in San Diego, and includes facilities in Japan, Guam and Hawaii. A number of mergers over the years have led to the current organization, eighty percent of the Point Loma Military Reservation evolved into the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center at the end of World War II. In the 1960s, NELC was tasked with 4C, Command, Control, Communications, in 1977 NELC was merged into the Naval Ocean Systems Center and eventually was merged into SPAWAR. SPAWAR designs and develops communications and information systems and they employ over 12,000 professionals located around the world and close to the United States Navy fleet. SPAWAR provides systems engineering and technical support for the development and maintenance of C4ISR, business information technology, includes the Kabul en route air traffic control center, Kabul, Kandahar, and Bagram approach control radar facilities, as well as control towers at all three locations
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U.S. Fleet Cyber Command
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Fleet Cyber Command is an operating force of the United States Navy responsible for the Navys cyber warfare programs. Tenth Fleet was reactivated 29 January 2010 as its force provider and its first commander was Vice Admiral Bernard J. McCullough III. Fleet Cyber Command is the Naval component to U. S. Cyber Command, Fleet Cyber Command is an operational component of the U. S. Navy Information Dominance Corps. As Fleet Cyber Command, it is the Naval component to U. S. Cyber Command, tenth Fleet, the command provides operational support to Navy commanders worldwide, supporting information, computer, electronic warfare and space operations. In addition to joint and service reporting, the command also serves as the Navys cryptologic commander, tenth Fleet has operational control over Navy information, computer, cryptologic, and space forces. As of September 2013 the US Navy plans to have 40 computer attack, tenth Fleet standing forces are organized into task forces and task groups. U. S. Cyber Command Navy Information Dominance Forces U. S. Navy Information Dominance Corps U. S, Fleet Cyber Command, Answering the Evolving Threat
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United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
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Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command
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The Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command or CNMOC, serves as the operational arm of the Naval Oceanography Program. Headquartered at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, CNMOC is an echelon three command reporting to United States Fleet Forces Command. CNMOCs claimancy is globally distributed, with assets located on larger ships, shore facilities at fleet concentration areas, the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command traces its ancestry to the Depot of Charts and Instruments, a 19th-century repository for nautical charts and navigational equipment. In the 1840s, its superintendent, Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury, created and published a series of wind. This information, still resident in modern models of Ocean basins. Atmospheric science was developed with the birth of naval aviation early in the twentieth century. The Navys weather and ocean programs contributed greatly to Allied victory in World War II, in the Pacific, Navy forecasters cracked the Japanese weather code. Hydrographic survey ships, often under fire, collected data along foreign coastlines for the creation of critical navigation charts. In the mid-1970s, the Navys meteorology and oceanography programs were integrated in a single organization reflecting natures close interaction of sea and this structure is today the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command is a third echelon command reporting to Fleet Forces Command. The Commands personnel are located at its headquarters at the John C. Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, operational control of Navy Oceanography forces remains aligned to Naval Meteorology and Oceangraphy Command. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Navy, official website Media related to Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command at Wikimedia Commons
