1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
4.
Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 10th Congressional District is located in the central and northeast regions of the state. The district was one of the 12 original districts created prior to the 4th Congress and it is currently represented by Republican Tom Marino, who defeated Democratic incumbent Chris Carney during the 2010 U. S. House elections. In 2008, Carney won reelection by 12 points but the district back in 2010. The district is mostly Republican in its composition, an aspect of the district that is reflected especially well in presidential elections. In 2004, President George W. Bush won 60 percent of the vote in the district and in 2008, nonetheless, Carney easily won reelection as a Democrat the same year McCain won the district. However, in the 2010 midterm elections, Marino unseated Carney by a 55%–45% margin, in 2016, local business man and former mayor of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Mike Molesevich challenged Marino for the seat. Despite the campaigns tireless efforts, Molesevich fell to Marino in November, Marino remains the congressman in the 10th district until his reelection campaign in 2018 in which a challenger hasnt yet be determined. The current representative has expressed interest in a gubernatorial run, on June 8,2012, The Pennsylvania Legislative Reapportionment Commission adopted a revised final redistricting plan. On May 8,2013, The PA Supreme Court unanimously approved the Legislative Reapportionment Commissions 2012 Revised Final Plan. Lycoming County Mifflin County Parts of Monroe County Including, Barrett, East Stroudsburg, Jackson, Mount Pocono, Paradise, Pocono, Price, Stroudsburg, Tom Marino declared his intent to run for his 4th term and was uncontested in the Republican Primary. Write-in candidates need over 1,000 votes in the Primary election to appear on the ballot in the 2016 general election, Mike Molesevich succeeded in his effort, receiving 2425 votes, earning a spot on the general election ballot. District created in 1795 from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
5.
Hydraulic fracturing
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Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the injection of fracking fluid into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants hold the fractures open, Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950. As of 2012,2.5 million frac jobs had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells, such treatment is generally necessary to achieve adequate flow rates in shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas wells. Some hydraulic fractures can form naturally in certain veins or dikes, Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial in many countries. Its proponents advocate the benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons. For these reasons, hydraulic fracturing is under scrutiny, restricted in some countries. The European Union is drafting regulations that would permit the application of hydraulic fracturing. Fracturing rocks at great depth frequently becomes suppressed by pressure due to the weight of the rock strata. This suppression process is significant in tensile fractures which require the walls of the fracture to move against this pressure. Fracturing occurs when stress is overcome by the pressure of fluids within the rock. The minimum principal stress becomes tensile and exceeds the strength of the material. In natural examples, such as dikes or vein-filled fractures, the orientations can be used to infer past states of stress, most mineral vein systems are a result of repeated natural fracturing during periods of relatively high pore fluid pressure. One example of repeated natural fracturing is in the effects of seismic activity. Stress levels rise and fall episodically, and earthquakes can cause large volumes of water to be expelled from fluid-filled fractures. This process is referred to as seismic pumping, minor intrusions in the upper part of the crust, such as dikes, propagate in the form of fluid-filled cracks. In such cases, the fluid is magma, in sedimentary rocks with a significant water content, fluid at fracture tip will be steam. Fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s, dynamite or nitroglycerin detonations were used to increase oil and natural gas production from petroleum bearing formations
6.
Marcellus Formation
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The Marcellus Formation is a Middle Devonian age unit of marine sedimentary rock found in eastern North America. Named for an outcrop near the village of Marcellus, New York, in the United States. Stratigraphically, the Marcellus is the lowest unit of the Devonian age Hamilton Group, although black shale is the dominant lithology, it also contains lighter shales and interbedded limestone layers due to sea level variation during its deposition almost 400 million years ago. The black shale was deposited in deep water devoid of oxygen. Most fossils are contained in the members, and the fossil record in these layers provides important paleontological insights on faunal turnovers. The black shales also contain iron ore that was used in the economic development of the region. The fissile shales are also eroded, presenting additional civil. The Marcellus Formation is a black shale that may contain limestone beds and its sedimentary structure, or bedding, is moderately well developed. Like most shales, it tends to split easily along the bedding plane, lighter colored shales in the upper portion of the formation tend to split into small thin-edged fragments after exposure. These fragments may have rust stains from exposure of pyrite to air, fresh exposures of the pyriteiferous shale may develop the secondary mineralization of orange limonite, and the pale yellow efflorescence or bloom of sulfur, associated with acid rock drainage. Pyrite is especially abundant near the base, and the contacts of limestones. The Marcellus also contains uranium, and the decay of the uranium-238 makes it a source rock for radioactive radon gas. The more organic-rich black shales can be bituminous, but are too old to contain bituminous coal formed from land plants, to the west the formation may produce liquid petroleum, further northt heating during deeper burial more than 240 million years ago cracked this oil into gas. The Marcellus is found throughout the Allegheny Plateau region of the northern Appalachian Basin of North America, the Marcellus bedrock in eastern Pennsylvania extends across the Delaware River into extreme western New Jersey. It also exists in the subsurface of a portion of Kentucky. Below Lake Erie, it can be crossing the border into Canada. The Marcellus appears in outcrops along the margin of the formation in central New York. There, the two joint planes in the Marcellus are nearly at right angles, each making cracks in the formation that run perpendicular to the bedding plane and these joints form smooth nearly vertical cliffs, and the intersecting joint planes form projecting corners in the rock faces
7.
Marriage
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The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
8.
Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
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Susquehanna County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,356, the county was created on February 21,1810, from part of Luzerne County and later organized in 1812. It is named for the Susquehanna River, the first settlers began to move into the area from Philadelphia and Connecticut in the mid 1700s. At the time, the area was part of Luzerne County, as more and more people from Connecticut moved in, there began to be some conflict. Under Connecticuts land grant, they owned everything from present day Connecticut to the Pacific Ocean and this meant their land grant overlapped with Pennsylvanias land grant. In the end, the Connecticut government was asked to surrender their claim on the area, in 1810, Susquehanna County was formed out of Luzerne County and later in 1812, Montrose was made the county seat. Susquehanna County was one of the stops on the Underground Railroad. Although this is not completely backed up by fact, there are many pointers saying this is true and these pointers say Montrose was the main hub. Here slaves would take refuge in the homes of citizens, after the Civil War, coal started to be mined. Following this, railways and roads were built into the county allowing for people to come. At one point the county had nearly 50,000 people, coal became, as with neighboring counties, the back bone of the economy. This boom in coal would allow for an age of prosperity in the county, when the Great Depression hit, the coal industry suffered horribly. Within months the industry was struggling. During World War II the coal industry picked up again, soon after the economy in the county failed. Between the 1950s and 1990s many mines were closed, railways were torn apart, unemployment rose and population decline increased. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 832 square miles. Susquehanna County is very mountainous, with concentrations of mountains in the east and smaller. The highest mountain in the county is North Knob just west of Union Dale, most people live in one of the several long and mostly narrow valleys
9.
New Milford, Pennsylvania
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New Milford is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 868 at the 2010 census, children living in New Milford are served by the schools in the Blue Ridge School District, including Blue Ridge High School. New Milford is located at 41°52′35″N 75°43′35″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.0 square mile, all of it land. The borough of New Milford was formed part of New Milford Township in December 1859. As of the census of 2010, there were 868 people,379 households, the population density was 868 people per square mile. There were 421 housing units at a density of 421 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 2% White, 1% African American,0. 2% Asian,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 31. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85. In the borough the population was out with 22. 4% under the age of 18,62. 2% from 18 to 64. The median age was 40.6 years, the median income for a household in the borough was $38,611, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had an income of $40,870 versus $26,071 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,067, about 8. 3% of families and 11. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 4% of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. Page Lake Pratt Memorial Library Media related to New Milford, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons
10.
Gasland
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Gasland is a 2010 American documentary written and directed by Josh Fox. The film was a key mobilizer for the anti-fracking movement, Fox narrates his reception of a letter in May,2008, from a natural gas company offering to lease his familys land in Milanville, Pennsylvania for $100,000 to drill for gas. Fox then set out to see how communities are being affected in the west where a gas drilling boom has been underway for the last decade. He spent time with citizens in their homes and on their land as they relayed their stories of natural gas drilling in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Texas, among others. He spoke with residents who have experienced a variety of health problems directly traceable to contamination of their air. Hydraulic fracturing was exempted from the Safe Drinking Water Act in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Gasland was conceived, directed, primarily filmed and narrated by Fox. This is his first documentary and second film, his first was a feature entitled Memorial Day. The documentary was made in eighteen months. Fox began the project as a crew, but was joined by three other cameras at different points. Matt Sanchez is credited with the structure of the film and together with Fox edited roughly 200 hours of footage to about 100 minutes, stewart Nusbaumer of the Huffington Post wrote Gasland. Just might take you from outrage right into the fire of action, Gasland currently holds a 97% rating on the film site Rotten Tomatoes based on 37 reviews. Mark Kermode of BBC Radio 5 Live gave it a positive review, criticizing its similarity to other recent oil documentaries. He said it is an interesting story which is made better by the fact that the visuals of it are very poetic, very lyrical. The Denton Record Chronicle said “Fox decides that his own backyard in Pennsylvania isn’t his exclusive property, set to his own banjo music and clever footage, Gasland is both sad and scary. If your soul isn’t moved by the documentary, yours is a heart of shale, bloomberg News critic Dave Shiflett wrote that Fox may go down in history as the Paul Revere of fracking. Chicago TimeOut gave Gasland four out of five stars, in Australia, film critic Julie Riggs called the documentary a horror movie, and a wake-up call. Fort Worth Business Press writer John-Laurent Tronche talks about the number of documentaries “that aim to shed a light on what they call a dirty, destructive practice. And although oil and gas supporters have labeled the motion pictures as radical propaganda, in response to the EIDs criticisms of the film, the makers of Gasland offered a rebuttal
11.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
12.
Elk Lake School District
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Elk Lake School District is a small, rural, K-12 public school district with its only building located on State Route 3019 in Dimock, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. It covers Auburn Township, Middletown Township, Rush Township, Dimock Township, the Elk Lake School District encompasses approximately 197 square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, Elk Lake School District serves a resident population of 7,735 people, in 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $15,355, while the median family income was $38,385. In the Commonwealth, the family income was $49,501. In 2006, the students are 97% white, less than 1% Asian, less than 1% black. Elk Lake School District operates two schools, a school and a junior senior high school. They are both in one building, connected by a used by both. The district also offers a taxpayer funded Head Start program for preschoolers, the schools had been located in Auburn Township, Dimock Township, Middletown Township, Rush Township, Springville Township and Meshoppen. The school was reorganized on July 1,1966 as a single fourth-class school district. Elk Lake School District was ranked 295th out of 498 Pennsylvania school districts in 2012 by the Pittsburgh Business Times, the ranking was based on student academic performance on the last three years of PSSAs for, reading, writing, math and science. The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th, adapted examinations are given to children in the special education programs. 2011 - 295th 2010 - 274th 2009 - 303rd 2008 - 318th 2007 - 355th out of 501 Pennsylvania school districts, in 2011, Elk Lake School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress. In 2011,46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress based on student performance, Elk Lake School District achieved AYP status each year from 2004 to 2009, while in 2003 the Elk Lake School District was in Warning status due to lagging student achievement. In 2012, Elk Lakes School Districts graduation rate was 87%, in 2011 Elk Lakes School Districts graduation rate was 85%. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, Elk Lake School Districts rate was 84% for 2010. According to traditional graduation rate calculations,2010 - 88%2009 - 93%2008 - 90%2007 - 90% Elk Lake Junior Senior High School is located at 2210 Elk Lake School Road, the school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 53 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 12,1, according to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education,3 teachers were rated Non‐Highly Qualified under No Child Left Behind. In 2012, Elk Lake Junior Senior High School declined to Warning AYP status due to chronic, the school missed all academic metrics measured in 2012
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