1.
Tancredo Neves
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Tancredo de Almeida Neves SFO was a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and entrepreneur. He served as Minister of Justice and Interior Minister from 1953 to 1954, Prime Minister from 1961 to 1962, Finance Minister in 1962 and he was elected as President of Brazil in 1985, but died before he took office. He began his career with the Progressive Party of Minas Gerais through which he served as city councilman of São João del Rei from 1935 to 1937. He received the majority of votes and became President of the Municipal Legislature and he was elected state representative and congressman as a member of the Social Democratic Party. He began his work in June 1953, acting as Minister of Justice, in 1954 Tancredo was elected congressman and served for one year. From 1956 to 1958 he was director of Banco de Crédito Real de Minas Gerais, from 1958 to 1960 he headed the Department of Finance of Minas Gerais. Tancredo Neves was nominated Prime Minister of Brazil after the resignation of President Jânio Quadros and he was later re-elected congressman various times between 1963 and 1979. After the re-institution of a multiparty system Tancredo became a senator as a member of the MDB in 1978 and he joined the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party the following year and was elected governor of Minas Gerais where he served from 1983 to 1984. During this period, there was political turmoil in favour of the movement known as Diretas Já. In 1984, Tancredo ran for president with the help of Ulysses Guimarães and he was elected President of Brazil on January 15,1985 by the indirect voting of an electoral college. Tancredo fell gravely ill on the eve of his inauguration, March 14,1985 and he died of diverticulitis and never assumed his position as president. While still ill, he was awarded the Grand Cross of Value, Loyalty and Merit by the Military Order of the Tower and Spade on March 27. Although he died before taking his post as president his name has been included in the gallery of Brazilian presidents according to law 7.4653, Tancredo was the last Mineiro President to be elected in the 20th century. Neves was one of the most important Brazilian politicians in the 20th century, in July 2012 he was elected one of the “100 greatest Brazilians of all time” in a competition organized by Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão and the British Broadcasting Corporation. Tancredo Neves was born in São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais and was of mostly Portuguese, the Neves family name comes from an Azorean great-great-grandfather. Tancredo Neves was a descendant of Amador Bueno, a noted paulista from the colonial Brazilian era and his parents were Francisco de Paula Neves and Antonina de Almeida Neves. After having completed studies in his hometown, he moved to Belo Horizonte and he was a sympathizer of the Liberal Alliance that had brought Getúlio Vargas to power with the outbreak of the 1930 Revolution. He began his career as a member of the legislative chamber of his hometown in 1934
2.
Leonel Brizola
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Leonel de Moura Brizola was a Brazilian politician. Launched in politics by Getúlio Vargas, Brizola was the politician to serve as elected governor of two Brazilian states, before and after the 1964-1985 military dictatorship. In 1958 he was elected governor of Rio Grande do Sul and he was also vice-president of the Socialist International and served as Honorary President of that organization from October 2003 until his death in June 2004. Brizola was named Itagiba, but early in life he adopted the alias Leonel, Brizola left his mothers house at the age of eleven, he worked in Passo Fundo and Carazinho as a newspaper deliverer, shoeshiner and at other occasional jobs. Aided by the family of a Methodist minister, he received a scholarship allowed him to complete high school in Porto Alegre. He graduated with a degree in engineering but never worked in that trade, still as an undergraduate, he entered professional politics in his early twenties, entering the youth organization of the Brazilian Labor Party in 1945. In 1946 an undergraduate, he was elected to the Rio Grande State Legislature, such friendships opening his way to make friends with Vargas himself, who was in internal exile after having been toppled from power in late 1945. As a member of the State Legislature, Brizola made from the tribune a speech in which he launched nationwide the candidacy of Vargas to the incoming 1950 presidential elections, in 1950, Brizola married Neusa Goulart—João Goularts sister—and had Vargas as his best man. Through this marriage, Brizola became a landowner and a regional leader of the PTB. After Vargass 1954 suicide during his presidential term, Brizola inherited the undisputed regional leadership of his party while his brother-in-law ruled the PTB national caucus. Both perpetuated Vargas populist tradition, in Brizolas case, the practice of a personal link between charismatic leader and the general public. In 1958 he would resign from his mayoralty in order to present himself as a contender at the elections for State Governor. As governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Brizola rose to prominence for his policies that included the quick building of public schools in poor neighborhoods across the state. He supported policies directed towards improving the conditions of small-scale, autonomous farmers and landless rural workers, Brizola gained nationwide attention by acting in defense of democracy and Goularts rights as president. Brizola surrendered the State Police Force to the army command and began organizing paramilitary Committees of Democratic Resistance. After twelve days of impending war, the attempted coup failed. As Leacock writes, this proposal failed because ITT CEOs didnt want to participate in a joint venture they would not control. e. In this context, Brizolas actions became an embarrassment, which turned Brizolas State government into an intended target of the Hickenlooper Amendment
3.
Miguel Arraes
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Miguel Arraes de Alencar was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He was mayor of Recife, State Deputy, State Federal, Arraes was born in Araripe in the state of Ceara, but moved to Pernambuco after graduation from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Law. In the military takeover of the government of Brazil in 1964 Arraes was jailed and exiled and he initially refused to resign as governor of Pernambuco and was jailed by the military government in a political prison on the island of Fernando de Noronha. Arraes remained in prison for 11 months before being granted asylum in Algeria and he remained there for 14 years and returned to Brazil in 1979
4.
Eduardo Suplicy
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Eduardo Matarazzo Suplicy is a Brazilian left-wing politician, economist and professor. He is one of the founders and main figures on the Workers Party of Brazil. His mother is a granddaughter of Francesco Matarazzo, known for having created the largest industrial complex in Latin America in the early 20th century. On 1964, Suplicy married Marta Teresa Smith de Vasconcelos, better known as Marta Suplicy and they were one of the most famous couples of Brazilian politics until their divorce in 2001. Currently, Eduardo has a new partner, journalist Monica Dallari, in 1966, he became professor of the Economics Department of the School of Business Administration of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas in São Paulo, where he still works until today. In 1968, he obtained his masters degree at the Michigan State University, in 1973, Suplicy concluded his PhD at Michigan State University with the thesis The Effects of Mini devaluation in the Brazilian Economy, published in 1975 by the Fundação Getúlio Vargas. He later did a post-doctorate at Stanford University, on the second of February 2016, he is made doctor honoris causa from the Université Catholique de Louvain. Suplicy managed to be first elected senator in the history of the Brazilian Labour Party and his political performance is the result of a public life constructed throughout almost 20 years, when he was elected for his first mandate as State Deputy. He is one of the founders of Workers Party of Brazil and member of the Executive, elected Senator of the Republic for the mandate 1991/99, with 4,229,706 votes, Eduardo Suplicy occupied the position of leader of PT in the Federal Senate for three times. Since 1991, Suplicy acts as a Senator for the state of São Paulo and that year, he became the first member of the Workers Party to take office as Senator. In the 1998 elections for the Federal Senate, Eduardo Suplicy conquered the biggest poll for this position in the Country, one of the most important Bill of Law presented by Suplicy institutes in Brazil the Program of Guaranteed Basic Income. Approved in the Senate in December 1991, it waited for seven years to be voted in the Commission of Finances, to fulfill his campaign promises, Suplicy tried to present a proposition to reduce the senators’ mandate for four years. Basic income in Brazil Curriculum Vitae in English
5.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
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Fernando Henrique Cardoso, also known by his initials FHC, is a Brazilian sociologist, professor and politician who served as 34th President of Brazil from January 1,1995 to January 1,2003. He was the first President to have been reelected for a subsequent term, an accomplished scholar, Cardoso was awarded in 2000 with the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation. Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants, some of his ancestors were politicians during the Empire of Brazil. He is also of Black African descent, through a Black great-great-grandmother, Cardoso described himself as slightly mulatto and allegedly said he has a foot in the kitchen. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo for most of his life, Cardoso is a widower and has four children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science and he was President of the International Sociological Association, from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts. He was also Associate Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France and later at the Paris-Nanterre University. He later lectured at United Kingdom and United States universities including Cambridge University, Stanford University, Brown University and he is fluent in four languages, Portuguese, English, French, and Spanish. After his presidency, he was appointed to a term as professor-at-large at Brown Universitys Watson Institute for International Studies. Cardoso is a member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacys Advisory Board. In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on Dependency, in 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the worlds top one hundred living intellectuals. Cardoso is a professor and intellectual. He earned a degree in Social Sciences from Universidade de São Paulo in 1952, from where he also earned a Masters. It has since become a classic on the subject, Cardoso has also received the Livre-Docência degree in 1963, the most senior level of academic recognition in Brazil, also from Universidade de São Paulo. In 1968, he received the title of Cathedratic Professor, holding the chair of Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo and his work on dependency would be his most acclaimed contribution to sociology and development studies, especially in the United States. Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad, in June 2013 he was elected as a member of Academia Brasileira de Letras. He said his election was due to recognition for his academic achievements, after his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the then burgeoning democratic opposition to the regime both as an intellectual and as a political activist
6.
Michel Temer
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Michel Miguel Elias Temer Lulia is a Brazilian lawyer and politician who is the 37th and current President of Brazil. At 75 years, he is the oldest person to assume the office, on 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 to convict the impeached President Dilma Rousseff and remove her from office, allowing a political shift from a center-left to a center-right government. Temer succeeded to the presidency, to serve out what would have been the remainder of Rousseffs second term until 1 January 2019, in his first speech in office, Temer called for a government of national salvation and asked for the trust of the Brazilian people. He also signaled his intention to overhaul the system and labor laws. Born in Tietê, São Paulo, Temer is the son of Nakhoul Miguel Elias Temer Lulia and March Barbar Lulia and his parents, along with three older siblings, immigrated to Brazil from Btaaboura, in Northern Lebanon, to escape famine and instability due to World War I. In Brazil, his parents had five children, and Temer is the youngest. Temer does not speak fluent Arabic, but is able to understand the subject of a conversation in that language, in his childhood, Temer dreamed of being a pianist. His dream, however, could not be accomplished, as there were no teachers in his city. As a teenager, he wanted to be a writer, after failing chemistry and physics classes in his first year of high school, he gave up the curso científico, which prioritized hard sciences and math. In 1957, he moved to São Paulo to finish the school in the curso clássico. In 1959, he followed the footsteps of his four brothers and joined the Law School of the University of São Paulo. In his freshman year, he involved with politics by becoming a treasurer of the schools students union. In 1962, Temer ran for the presidency of the union, Temer stayed neutral before the 1964 coup détat. With the beginning of rule, he moved away from politics. In 1974, he completed a doctorate in law at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. Raised Maronite, an Eastern Catholic sui iuris church of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1968, Temer began lecturing on constitutional law at PUC-SP and he was also director of the Brazilian Institute Of Constitutional Law and member of the Ibero-American Institute of Constitutional Law. Temer published four works in constitutional law
7.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
8.
Milton Nascimento
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Milton Nascimento is a prominent Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist. Nascimentos mother, Maria Nascimento, was a maid, when he was 18 months old, Nascimentos biological mother died, and he moved with his adoptive parents to the city of Três Pontas, in the state of Minas Gerais. Nascimento was an occasional DJ on a station that his father once ran. He lived in the boroughs of Laranjeiras and Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro, in the early stages of his career, Nascimento played in two samba groups, Evolussamba and Sambacana. In 1963, he moved to Belo Horizonte, where his friendship with Lô Borges led to the Clube da Esquina movement, members included Beto Guedes, Toninho Horta, Wagner Tiso, and Flávio Venturini, with whom he shared compositions and melodies. One composition was Canção do Sal, which was first interpreted by Elis Regina in 1966, the collective, as well as some others, released Clube da Esquina in 1972. Several hit singles were also released, Nascimento is famous for his falsetto and tonal range, as well for highly acclaimed songs such as Maria, Maria, Canção da América, Travessia, Bailes da Vida, and Coração de Estudante. The lyrics remember the funeral of the student Edson Luís, killed by officers in 1968. This led to acclaim, and collaborations with stars such as Paul Simon, Cat Stevens, George Duke and Quincy Jones. Angelus features appearances by Pat Metheny, Ron Carter, Herbie Hancock, Jack DeJohnette, Nana Vasconcelos, Jon Anderson, James Taylor, through his friendship with guitarist Warren Cuccurullo, Nascimento came to work with the pop rock band Duran Duran in 1993. Nascimento co-wrote and performed the song Breath After Breath, featured on the bands 1993 album Duran Duran and he also performed with the band in concert when they toured in Brazil in support of that album. In 1996, Nascimento contributed the song Dancing to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization, in 2004, he worked with the Brazilian heavy metal band Angra, on the song Late Redemption from their album Temple of Shadows. More album-pages linked at pt, Categoria, Álbuns de Milton Nascimento, honorary doctorate of music, awarded by the Berklee College of Music, May 7,2016. Travessia, A Vida De Milton Nascimento, canto Latino, Origine, Evoluzione e Protagonisti della Musica Popolare del Brasile. Preface by Sergio Bardotti, Afterward by Milton Nascimento, the Brazilian Sound, Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil. Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song, MPB 1965-1985, austin, University of Texas Press,1989. Milton Nascimento – official website Milton Nascimento discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Interview with Nascimento,1988 Milton Nascimento,12 Essential Performances by Ted Gioia
9.
Fernanda Montenegro
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Also for this work, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and won the Silver Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. It is the highest award that a civilian can receive from the Presidency of the Republic, in 2013, she won the International Emmy Award for Best Actress, in the special television film Sweet Mother. She is commonly revered as one of Brazils finest actresses and referred to as The First Lady of Brazilian Theater, Montenegro was born Arlette Pinheiro Esteves Silva in Rio de Janeiro, of Portuguese and Italian descent, from the island of Sardinia. Regarding the adoption of a name, the actress has stated that she chose Fernanda simply because of its sonority. Montenegro was married to Fernando Torres from 1954 until his death in 2008 and they had two children, Fernanda Torres who won the Best Actress prize in Cannes Film Festival and film director Cláudio Torres. In late 1940s, Montenegro was adapting famous theatre plays to radio and she began her artistic life in the theatre with the play Alegres Canções nas Montanhas in 1950. Among her mates was Fernando Torres, who would become her husband. In the next years she worked with acclaimed actors like Sérgio Britto, Cacilda Becker, Nathalia Timberg, Cláudio Correa e Castro. In 1951 she became a TV pioneer in Brazil, working for Rio de Janeiros TV Tupi – the second TV station of South America and she played in several plays on TV between 1951 and 1970. Moving to São Paulo in the early 1960s, Montenegro initially worked solely on theatre, in 1963 she take her first role in a telenovela Pouco Amor Não é Amor. Throughout the 1970s Montenegro moved away from television, rather focusing on her theatre, still, a televised performance in Euripides’ classic play Medea, in 1973, was lauded by reviewers. The 1980s marked Montenegros return to television in full force, in the latter, Montenegro once again left a significant impression in Brazilian pop culture, starring in a now-immortalized food fight scene, opposite Paulo Autran. Throughout this decade, Montenegro won her second and third Best Actress in Television Awards, by the São Paulo Association of Art Critics, for her work in Brilhante and Guerra dos Sexos. After a series of changes in attempt to salvage it from failure, still facing overall rejection. Despite its being a considerable letdown, Zazá was soon eclipsed by the monumental success Montenegros film career witnessed with the release of Central Station, in 2001, another attempt was made in telenovela comedy with As Filhas da Mãe, which covered the backstage of Brazilian Fashion Industry. Short of a scene, early on, which featured Montenegros character winning an Oscar, the telenovela was, once more. Lackluster ratings and overall negative reviews led to its swift cancellation, nevertheless, Montenegro still managed to be nominated as Best Actress in the Contigo Awards, which laureates excellence in Brazilian telenovelas. The following year, Montenegro shifted towards primetime drama, opting for a role in the first stage of the telenovela Esperança
10.
Gilberto Gil
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Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira, better known as Gilberto Gil, is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter, known for both his musical innovation and political commitment. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazils Minister of Culture in the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Gils musical style incorporates an eclectic range of influences, including Rock music, Brazilian genres including samba, African music, and reggae. Gil started to play music as a child and was still a teenager when he joined his first band and he began his career as a bossa nova musician, and then grew to write songs that reflected a focus on political awareness and social activism. He was a key figure in the Música popular brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s, alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso. The Brazilian military regime took power in 1964 saw both Gil and Veloso as a threat, and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country. Gil moved to London, but returned to Bahia in 1972 and continued his career, as well as working as a politician. Gil was born in Salvador, a city in the northeast of Brazil. Ituaçu was a town of fewer than a thousand, located in the sertão, or countryside. His father, José Gil Moreira, was a doctor, his mother, Claudina Passos Gil Moreira, as a young boy, he attended a Marist Brothers school. Gil remained in Ituaçu until he was nine years old, returning to Salvador for secondary school. Gils interest in music was precocious, When I was only two or two and a half, he recalled, I told my mother I was going to become a musician or a president of my country. He grew up listening to the music of his native northeast. Early on, he began to play the drums and the trumpet, Gils mother was the chief supporter in his musical ambitions, she bought him an accordion and, when he was ten years old, sent him to music school in Salvador which he attended for four years. As an accordionist, Gil first played music, but grew more interested in the folk. He was particularly influenced by singer and accordion player Luiz Gonzaga, he began to sing, Gil has noted that he grew to identify with Gonzaga because he sang about the world around, the world that encountered. During his years in Salvador, Gil also encountered the music of songwriter Dorival Caymmi, Gonzaga and Caymmi were Gils formative influences. While in Salvador, Gil was introduced to other styles of music, including American big band jazz. In 1950 Gil moved back to Salvador with his family and it was there, while still in high school, that he joined his first band, Os Desafinados, in which he played accordion and vibraphone and sang
11.
Chico Buarque
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Francisco Chico Buarque de Hollanda, popularly known simply as Chico Buarque, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer, playwright, writer and poet. He is best known for his music, which includes social, economic and cultural commentary on Brazil in general. The firstborn son of Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda, Buarque lived at several locations throughout his childhood, though mostly in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rome, Italy. He wrote and studied literature as a child and found music through the bossa nova compositions of Tom Jobim and he performed as a singer and guitarist the 1960s as well as writing a play that was deemed dangerous by the Brazilian military dictatorship of the time. Buarque, along with several Tropicalist and MPB musicians, was threatened by the Brazilian military government, however, he came back to Brazil in 1970, and continued to record, perform, and write, though much of his material was suppressed by government censors. He released several albums in the 1980s and published three novels in the 1990s and 2000s. He is also brother of the singer Miúcha and politician Ana de Hollanda, as a child, he was impressed by the musical style of bossa nova, specifically the work of Tom Jobim and João Gilberto. He was also interested in writing, composing his first short story at 18 years old and studying European literature, one of his most consuming interests, however, was playing football, beginning at age four, which he still does today. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Buarque spent much of his childhood there and in São Paulo and Italy. Before becoming a musician, Buarque decided at one point to study architecture at the University of São Paulo and his eponymous debut album exemplified his future work, with catchy sambas characterized by inventive wordplay and an undercurrent of nostalgic tragedy. Buarque had his first hit with A Banda in 1966, written about a marching band, although playing bossa nova, during his career, samba and Música popular brasileira would also be widely explored. Despite that, Buarque was criticized by two of the musicians at the time, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil as they believed his musical style was overly conservative. However, a themed play that Buarque wrote and composed in 1968, Roda Viva, was frowned upon by the military government. He left Brazil for Italy for 18 months in 1970, returning to write his first novel in 1972, at this time his thinly veiled protest single Apesar de Você was also produced. Was overlooked by the censors, becoming an important anthem in the democratic movement. After selling over 100,000 copies, the single was eventually censored and removed from the market, at one point in 1974, the censors banned any song authored by Chico Buarque. Then, he created a pseudonym, naming himself Julinho da Adelaide, complete with life history, Julinho da Adelaide authored songs such as Jorge Maravilha and Acorda amor before he was outed in Jornal do Brasil news story. Buarque also wrote a play named Calabar, about the Dutch invasion of Brazil in the seventeenth century, despite the censorship, songs such as Samba de Orly, Acorda amor manifested Buarques continuing opposition to the military regime
12.
Henfil
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Henrique de Souza Filho, commonly known as Henfil, was a Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, journalist and writer, born in Ribeirão das Neves, Minas Gerais. He was a contributor to the satirical newspaper “O Pasquim”, which began publication in response to censorship in Brazil following the military crackdown of December,1968. In 1970 he published the comic book “Os Fradinhos”, starring his most acclaimed characters and it was the first Brazilian comic book to be published in other countries. A haemophiliac, Henfil contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion and died as a result of the disease in Rio de Janeiro and his most famous characters where, Fradim Baixim, a short friar with a sadistic sense of humor. Top. made him Henfil’s most famous creation, herbert Betinho de Souza - Henfils brother
13.
Osmar Santos
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Osmar Santos is a former painter and journalist from Brazil. Throughout his career, Osmar Santos worked alongside major sportscasters and media personalities, such as Galvão Bueno, Fausto Silva and he also worked as TV host in a number of shows. Osmar Santos publicly supported Diretas Já, a movement for direct suffrage in Brazilian presidential politics. In 1994, Osmar Santos suffered a car accident traveling from Marília to Lins. He underwent extensive brain damage, having acquired right hemiplegia and Expressive aphasia, Osmar Santos then took up painting, and his art brut works are highly valued by collectors. He is commemorated by Troféu Osmar Santos, an award given out annually. Two of his brothers and a work as sportscasters
14.
Abreu e Lima, Pernambuco
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Abreu e Lima is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Pernambuco. It is located in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, also known as Greater Recife, Abreu e Lima covers 126.193 km2, and has a population of 98,201 with a population density of 780 inhabitants per square kilometer. 75% of the area of the municipality is rural, but only 8% of the population lives outside of the urban center, the city was named in honor of José Inácio de Abreu e Lima, also known as Inácio Pernambucano. Born in Portugal, he participated in battles in Pernambuco and fought alongside Simón Bolivar in the wars of independence of Venezuela, folklore is among Abreu e Limas main attractions. Visitors can enjoy the drums and energetic rhythm of Maracatu dance performance, the citys main festivity is the Emancipation Festival, every May 14. Also, over 70 percent of its territory is covered by virgin Atlantic Forest and environmental reserves, such as those of São Bento, on March 31,1983, the city held the first public event of Diretas Já, a popular movement against the military dictatorship. Also the primary sector plays an important role, under Municipal Law 632 of 2008, October 31 is a public holiday in Abreu e Lima, the Day of Evangelical Conscience. Abreu e Lima is served by 33 schools,22 in the area of the municipality
15.
Pernambuco
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Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha and its capital and largest city, Recife, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. As of 2013 estimates, Recifes metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country, in 1982 the city of Olinda, the second oldest city in Brazil, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Recife, the capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals. Both have architecture of Portugal, with centuries-old casarões and churches, kilometers of beaches, the proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year, with average temperatures of 26 °C. Pernambuco comprises a narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau. Ranges of these form the boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with Piauí, the Serra do Araripe with Ceará. The coastal area is fertile, and was covered by the humid Pernambuco coastal forests. It is now place to extensive sugar cane plantations and it has a hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds. The middle zone, called the region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation, including the semi-deciduous Pernambuco interior forests. The inland region, called the sertão is high, stony, and dry, the climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months. The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called caatinga, the Rio São Francisco is the main water source for this area. The climate is mild in the countryside of the state because of the Borborema Plateau. Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, the island of Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean,535 km northeast of Recife, has been part of Pernambuco since 1988. The rivers of the include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the São Francisco River. The former are the Moxotó, Ema, Pajeú, Terra Nova, Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, a large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with Alagoas. Originally inhabited by tribes of Tupi-Guarani speaking indigenous peoples, Pernambuco was first settled by the Portuguese in the 16th century
16.
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
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The Brazilian Democratic Movement Party is the successor of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. From 1979 onwards, a number of parties were allowed. In 1985, party leader Tancredo Neves won the presidential election and he died at the beginning of his term, but his running mate Jose Sarney, also a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, became president, serving until 1990. At the legislative elections on October 6,2002, the party won 74 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 19 out of 81 seats in the Senate, making it one of the biggest parties in Brazil. The party decided not to launch a candidate for the 2006 presidential election in order to be free to any coalition in the states. Under Brazilian electoral law, parties launching presidential candidates cannot make any alliance at state level unless such state coalition comprises parties allied at country level, the PMDB also won 7 state gubernatorial elections in October 2006. In 2010, the party gains in the Senate, winning 16 of the elected seats for a total of 20. It was somewhat weakened in other elections, winning 79 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, the PMDB support the Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff. After the impeachment process began, vice president Michel Temer formed a new conservative coalition government with PSDB. Brazilian Democratic Movement Brazilian Democratic Movement Party – official website
17.
Charles William Miller
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Charles William Miller was a Brazilian sportsman, who is considered to be the father of football in Brazil. He was born in São Paulo to John Miller, a Scottish railway engineer and Brazilian mother of English descent, in 1884 he was sent to the Banister Court public school in Southampton, England where he learnt to play football and cricket. Whilst at school, he played for and against both the Corinthians and St. Marys and he was recorded in the 1891 English Census whilst a boarder at Millbrook School. When he returned to Brazil in 1894, Miller brought two footballs and a set of Hampshire FA rules in his suitcase, Miller was instrumental in setting up the football team of the São Paulo Athletic Club and the Liga Paulista, the first football league in Brazil. With him as striker SPAC won the first three championships in 1902,1903 and 1904, by 1906, Miller was playing in goal and as such participated in SPACs heaviest defeat, 9-1 to Sport Club Internacional of São Paulo. After the result SPAC resigned from the league as did Miller from its directorate, SPAC eventually came back in 1907, even winning the 1911 title, and continued competing in the Campeonato Paulista until 1912, when it withdrew from official competitions. It was Miller that suggested the name to the first President of Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Miller worked at the São Paulo Railway Company becoming the Royal Mails agent and Acting British Vice-Consul in 1904. He invested in the construction of suburbs in São Paulo, designed by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. In January 1906, he married the renowned pianist Antonietta Rudge, the late 1920s saw the couple split with Antonietta moving in with the poet Menotti. He continued to play cricket and golf in later life and he died on 30 June 1953 in São Paulo, and is buried in the Protestant cemetery there. Oscar Cox Henry Welfare Lacey, Josh God Is Brazilian, Charles Miller, ISBN 0-7524-3414-4 Cricket career Cricket career Charles Miller, Patron Saint of Brazil
18.
Pacaembu Stadium
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Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho, colloquially known as Estádio do Pacaembu is a football stadium in São Paulo, located in the Pacaembu neighborhood. The stadium is owned by the Municipal Prefecture of São Paulo, the stadium was inaugurated on 27 April 1940, in the presence of the Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas, the intervener Adhemar de Barros and the mayor of São Paulo, Prestes Maia. The stadium holds 37,730 people and its dimensions are 104 m of length by 70 m of width. The stadium is named after Paulo Machado de Carvalho and he was the 1958 FIFA World Cup Brazilian delegation chief, the founder of Rede Record, one of the largest television networks in Brazil and was known as Marechal da Vitória. This occurs when the clubs must cede their own stadiums for concerts, in the case of Santos, Pacaembu is also used when the club requires a site with a higher seating capacity for a particular match, given the low capacity of their own stadium. The first match played at Pacaembu Stadium took place on 27 April 1940. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Coritibas Zequinha, after this match, another match was played, where Corinthians beat Atlético Mineiro 4–2. Both matches were from Taça Cidade de São Paulos cup, on 4 May 1940, the Taça Cidade de São Paulo Final was played. Palestra Italia beat Corinthians 2–1, being the first club to win a competition at Pacaembu Stadium, the stadiums attendance record currently stands at 71,281 people, set on 24 May 1942 when Corinthians and São Paulo drew 3–3. On 20 September 1942, Palmeiras played its first match after changing its name, Palmeiras beat São Paulo 3–1, winning that years Campeonato Paulista. In 1945, the stadiums largest score was set, when São Paulo beat Jabaquara 12–1, in 2005, the stadium served as the first pit-stop of The Amazing Race 9. Between July 2010 and November 2014, the stadium was the home ground of Palmeiras while the Estádio Palestra Itália was demolished and replaced by the Allianz Parque. Several 1950 FIFA World Cup matches were played at Estádio do Pacaembu, on January 27,28 and 30,1995, the Rolling Stones performed three sold-out concerts at Pacaembu, to a total audience of 170,000 people. The Red Hot Chili Peppers performed at the stadium in 2002 on their By The Way Tour, avril Lavignes 2005 Bonez Tour made a stop here, in front of 40,000 fans. Eric Clapton performed in front of 60,000 fans in 2001, Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos performed at the stadium in a 2001 concert. Heavy metal band Iron Maiden has made two stops at the venue, in 1996 and 2004, on 29 September 2008, the Museu do Futebol was inaugurated. It was created to tell the history of Brazilian football, the museum covers 6,900 square metres, it was built at a cost of R$32.5 millions, and is located below the stadiums bleachers. The 680 workers hired to build the museum completed the construction in 13 months, enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro, Aretê Editorial S/A,2001
19.
Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB
20.
News media
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The news media or news industry are those elements of the mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. These include print media, broadcast news, and more recently the Internet, a medium is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects, a medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the media are often called the media. In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular rather than as the traditional plural, broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals to a number of recipients that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, the sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, by coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services. A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the time, through several channels, for example BBC One. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble, when broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used. Broadcasting forms a large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to a narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting. In a broadcast system, journalists or reporters are also involved editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the story at the beginning or end of the video clip. In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts examine, interpret, anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters. News films can vary in length, there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have begun to host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail
21.
Law
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Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. Law as a system helps regulate and ensure that a community show respect, private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, the law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. Islamic Sharia law is the worlds most widely used religious law, the adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas referred to as Criminal law and Civil law. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order, Civil law deals with the resolution of lawsuits between individuals or organizations. Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, there is an old saying that all are equal before the law, although Jonathan Swift argued that Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through. In 1894, the author Anatole France said sarcastically, In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets, and steal loaves of bread. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual, mikhail Bakunin said, All law has for its object to confirm and exalt into a system the exploitation of the workers by a ruling class. Cicero said more law, less justice, marxist doctrine asserts that law will not be required once the state has withered away. Regardless of ones view of the law, it today a completely central institution. Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries, at the same time, it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior, for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance. There have been attempts to produce a universally acceptable definition of law. In 1972, one indicated that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question what is law, glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word law depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, early customary law and municipal law were contexts where the law had two different and irreconcilable meanings. Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word law and it is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word law. The history of law links closely to the development of civilization, Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books
22.
Quorum
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A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised, the requirement for a quorum is protection against totally unrepresentative action in the name of the body by a small number of persons. The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, of whom, genitive plural of qui, as a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin formation. Each assembly determines the number of members constitutes a quorum in its governing documents. The quorum may also be set by law, in the absence of such a provision, a quorum in an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership. In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, in a mass meeting or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting. In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise, the board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power. In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided, in online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually present. The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination, an example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as present if enough members state that they are present at the designated meeting time. The chair of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present, in addition, any member can raise a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum. When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions, in legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum. This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power, when a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in, the arrested members may be charged a fee. In the United States Senate, the procedure was used in the morning hours of February 25,1988. Byrds motion was approved 45-3 and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans, after a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open, Packwood was carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers and sustained bruised knuckles
23.
Constitution of Brazil
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The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil is the supreme law of Brazil. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and it provides the framework for the organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states, to citizens, and to all people within Brazil. The current Brazilian Constitution is the seventh enacted since the independence in 1822. It was promulgated on October 5,1988 after a process in which it was written from scratch. Among the new constitutional guarantees are the errand of injunction and the habeas data and it also anticipated the existence of a Consumers Defence Code, of a Childrens and Youth Code and of a new Civil Code. It was the first constitution to demand punishment for breaches of civil liberties. Consequently, Brazil later approved a law making the propagation of prejudice against any minority or ethnic group an unbailable crime and this law provided legal remedy against those who spread hate speech or those who do not treat all citizens equally. This second aspect helped disabled people to have a percentage of jobs in the public service and large companies. The Constitution also established many forms of popular participation besides regular voting, such as plebiscite, referendum. The mention of God in the preamble of the Constitution was opposed by most leftists as incompatible with freedom of religion because it does not recognise the rights of polytheists or atheists. The preamble to the Federal Constitution is an introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose. The text reads, Title 1 is devoted to the principles of the Republic. This section comprises the base of the Republic, stating the States, the cities and it also establishes three independent, harmonic branches and lists the nationss main goals. One of the most important excerpts from this title is in Article 1, single paragraph, stating and this chapter ensures basic rights to all citizens and aliens, prohibits capital punishment, defines citizenship requirements, political rights, among other regulations. Title 3 regulates the State Organization and this title establishes Brasília as the Nations capital, the rights and duties for the Union, the States and the Cities, as well rules for the public staff. Title 4 disposes about the branches of government and this chapter describes the attributes for every government branch, and the rules for Amendment to the Constitution as well. Title 5 regulates the Defense of the State and its Democratic Institutions and this title rules the deployment of the armed forces, the national security baselines, and declaration of state of siege. Title 6 comprises the Taxation and the nations Budget, such title disposes on tax distribution among the Union components and their competencies, and the Nations budget
24.
Fernando Collor de Mello
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Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government. He is also the youngest President in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40 and he was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazils Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence. Fernando Collor was born into a political family, Collor is a Portuguese adaptation of the German surname Koehler, from his maternal grandfather Lindolfo Leopoldo Boeckel Collor. Collor has been serving as Senator for Alagoas since February 2007, having been first elected in 2006, Collor became the president of Brazilian football club Centro Sportivo Alagoano in 1976. During his term as governor, he attracted a lot of publicity by allegedly fighting the payment of super-salaries to public servants, the efficacy of his policies in reducing public expense is disputed, but it certainly made him popular over the country. This helped boost his career, with the help of television appearances in nationwide broadcasts. In 1989 Collor defeated Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a controversial two-round presidential race and 35 million votes, in December 1989, days prior to the second round, Abílio dos Santos Diniz was the victim of a sensational political kidnapping. The act is recognized as an attempt to sabotage Lulas chances of victory, by associating the kidnapping with the left wing. At the time, Brazilian law barred any party from addressing the media on the prior to election day. Lulas party thus had no opportunity to clarify the accusations that the party was involved in the kidnapping, Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent the years of his government allegedly battling inflation. The very day he took office, Collor launched the Plano Collor, in the month before Collor took power, hyperinflation was 25 percent per month and growing. All accounts over 50,000 Cruzeiros, were frozen for several weeks and he also proposed freezes in wages and prices, as well as major cuts in government spending. The measures were received unenthusiastically by the people, though felt that radical measures were necessary to kill the hyperinflation. Within a few months, however, inflation resumed, eventually reaching rates of 10 percent per month, during the course of his government, Collor was accused of condoning an influence peddling scheme. The accusations weighed on the government and they led Collor and his team to an institutional crisis leading to a loss of credibility that reached the finance minister and this political crisis had negative consequences on his ability to carry out his policies and reforms. The Plano Collor I, under Zélia would be renewed with the implementation of the Plano Collor II, the failure of Zélia and Plano Collor I led to their substitution by Marcílio Marques Moreira and his Plano Collor II. Moreiras plan tried to correct some aspects of the first plan, Collors administration was paralyzed by the fast deterioration of his image, through a succession of corruption accusations
25.
Teresina
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Teresina is the capital and most populous municipality in the Brazilian state of Piauí. Being located in North-central Piauí366 km from the coast, it is the capital in the Brazilian Northeast that is not located on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. With 814,439 inhabitants, Teresina is the 19th largest city in Brazil, and the 15th largest state capital in the country. Together with Timon in the state of Maranhão, it forms a conurbation with a population of about 953,172 inhabitants. The only natural barrier that separates Teresina from Timon is the Parnaíba river, Teresina is the second capital with the best quality of life in the North-Northeast according to FIRJAN. According to IPEA it is the third safest capital of Brazil and its motto is the Latin phrase Omnia in Charitatis, which means, in English, All for charity. The city is the birthplace of, among the others, Torquato Neto and its Cathedral Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora das Dores, dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows, is the archiepiscopal see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Teresina. Teresina was founded on August 16,1852 under the name of Vila Nova do Poty as the capital of the state of Piauí and it was the first planned city in the Brazil and the only northeast capital located out of the coast. The colonization of the place where Teresina is now located dates back to the 18th century, the chosen place was a small community of fishermen, in 1760, nearby Poty and Panaíba rivers. In the 19th century, it was initially called Vila Nova do Poty, but later the city was renamed Teresina, in honor of the Empress Teresa Cristina, Teresina is the hottest city in the country and the third city with the major incidence of lightning in the world. Nowadays, Teresina’s economy is based on manufacturing industries and trade. Parque Zoobotânico, a zoo with animals of the Brazilian fauna. Igreja de São Benedito, the main Catholic church of the city Museu do Piaui, with elements of the history of Teresina and of Piauí in general, including antiques, furniture. Teresina is located near the border with the state of Maranhão, on the western border, the city is separated from the city of Timon by the Parnaíba River. The town is situated between the Poti River and the Parnaíba River, in the northern city, the two rivers join and flow toward the Atlantic Ocean, an environmental park with gazebos is located nearby. Teresina is the largest capital in the territorial extension, with 1.755,698 km². In the region there are remnants of Teresina Atlantic Forest. Teresina has a wet and dry climate with two seasons with semi-humid characteristics, the rainy season and the dry season
26.
Ponta Grossa
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Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil is a municipality in the state of Paraná, Brazil. With a population of over 330,000 inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous city of Paraná and it is the second industrial pole of the State, exceeded only by Curitiba—the States capital and largest city. Ponta Grossa, also known as the Princesa dos Campos — Princess of the Fields — is the home of the Ponta Grossa State University. Ponta Grossa is also home town of the Parque Estadual da Vila Velha, each rock formation has its own name, depending on which object/animal they look like. Ponta Grossa was founded in 1822, being created in 1823 the Star Town, in April 1855, the town became a city, being separated from Castro and named Ponta Grossa. Nowadays, Ponta Grossa has the biggest road and rail complex of the region of the country. The city already was the second biggest city in the Paraná State and was the capital for five days during Ragamuffin War. The population is composed of different ethnicities. In the earlier days, it was made up of explorers, from the beginning of the twentieth century on, numerous Slavic and German families settled in the city, along with Dutch, Italian, Lebanese and Japanese immigrants. Germans and Slavs are the most numerous ones, the area is served by many rivers. Among the most important are, Tibagi, Verde, Pitangui, Chapada Creek, as well as the basin of Botuquara, Rio da Morte, Terra Vermelha Creek, the climate is subtropical with mild or warm summers with an average of 21.4 °C. The winters are cool with an average of 13 °C, temperature drops below freezing point at least once a year. Year-round average temperature stands at 17 °C, all-time extremes were 36 °C and -8 °C. To north are the towns of Castro and Carambeí, to south the towns of Palmeira and Teixeira Soares, to east the city of Campo Largo, visitors have many tourist attractions, many of them not accessible by public transport. Old Town State Park Priests Hole and Mariquinha Fall – both private properties, for nautical sports, the tourists and ponta-grossenses have the Alagados,7,5 miles from the downtown. All these places are considered very pretty and calm for family tour, the access to them are by paved and unpaved roads. For one day trips, attractions from the region of Campos Gerais are also available, most notably are Guartela Canyon, on the city of Tibagi, and the Dutch village and its historical mill in Castroland District and the Tropeiro Museum, both in Castro. Some of the attractions are the Resurrection Monastery, Rosario Church, Santa Barbara chapel
