1.
Glitterball
–
Glitterball was a live, late night, interactive television quiz show in the United Kingdom. It was broadcast under the ITV Play branding on ITV a few nights a week from around midnight, the show launched on 19 February 2007. Both Glitterball and Make Your Play alternated their days of broadcast, Glitterballs final show broadcast on the morning of Sunday 30 September 2007. Glitterball was created by Ludus, ETV and produced from studios at 3SixtyMedia, the programme was broadcast on ITV and ITV2 from Sunday to Wednesdays. The show started on 19 February 2007, if successful, they would be placed on hold and then transferred live to the studio to deliver their answer. An announcement on 12 September 2007 confirmed that the show, along with late night phone-ins. Similar to The Mint, presenters refer the studio set as The Starlight Theatre and if a caller wins, the studio was also used to produce sister programme Make Your Play. Kéllé Bryan Zoe Hardman Alex Kramer - formerly a presenter on Make Your Play, katy Pullinger Craig Stevens - formerly a presenter of The Mint. Like The Mint, Glitterball was presented by two presenters at a time, later on in the show, the presenters screen times were split up. Guest Presenters Yolly Koppel Charlie McArdle Russ Spencer Most of the Glitterballs games were shown on a big screen in the studio and this game started off with a long word, called the Glitterword. The viewers had to make a three or more letter word from the letters in the Glitterword. For example the word for the first show was Thrilling, so the ring can be made. If the Glitterword was guessed, the game ended, the viewers were shown pictures of five celebrities which were numbered from one to five, and the callers had to sort them out in order of youngest to oldest and just say the numbers. This was a 3D crossword setup in the studio, and a copy was shown on the big studio screen. Callers had to guess the words in the crossword, answers were all based on a theme, to make the answer appear on the 3D crossword, the presenter had to flip each letter over. A Winner Board was also on the screen on the studio, to show who had won, the game had six lines of letters in total. Callers were given two letters on the top line, they then had to add another letter to this first line. They were then given another letter to add to the line, to create a four letter word
Glitterball
–
Glitterball
2.
Sphere
–
A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball. This distance r is the radius of the ball, and the point is the center of the mathematical ball. The longest straight line through the ball, connecting two points of the sphere, passes through the center and its length is twice the radius. While outside mathematics the terms sphere and ball are used interchangeably. The ball and the share the same radius, diameter. The surface area of a sphere is, A =4 π r 2, at any given radius r, the incremental volume equals the product of the surface area at radius r and the thickness of a shell, δ V ≈ A ⋅ δ r. The total volume is the summation of all volumes, V ≈ ∑ A ⋅ δ r. In the limit as δr approaches zero this equation becomes, V = ∫0 r A d r ′, substitute V,43 π r 3 = ∫0 r A d r ′. Differentiating both sides of equation with respect to r yields A as a function of r,4 π r 2 = A. Which is generally abbreviated as, A =4 π r 2, alternatively, the area element on the sphere is given in spherical coordinates by dA = r2 sin θ dθ dφ. In Cartesian coordinates, the element is d S = r r 2 − ∑ i ≠ k x i 2 ∏ i ≠ k d x i, ∀ k. For more generality, see area element, the total area can thus be obtained by integration, A = ∫02 π ∫0 π r 2 sin θ d θ d φ =4 π r 2. In three dimensions, the volume inside a sphere is derived to be V =43 π r 3 where r is the radius of the sphere, archimedes first derived this formula, which shows that the volume inside a sphere is 2/3 that of a circumscribed cylinder. In modern mathematics, this formula can be derived using integral calculus, at any given x, the incremental volume equals the product of the cross-sectional area of the disk at x and its thickness, δ V ≈ π y 2 ⋅ δ x. The total volume is the summation of all volumes, V ≈ ∑ π y 2 ⋅ δ x. In the limit as δx approaches zero this equation becomes, V = ∫ − r r π y 2 d x. At any given x, a right-angled triangle connects x, y and r to the origin, hence, applying the Pythagorean theorem yields, thus, substituting y with a function of x gives, V = ∫ − r r π d x. Which can now be evaluated as follows, V = π − r r = π − π =43 π r 3
Sphere
–
Circumscribed cylinder to a sphere
Sphere
–
A two-dimensional
perspective projection of a sphere
Sphere
Sphere
–
Deck of playing cards illustrating engineering instruments, England, 1702.
King of spades: Spheres
3.
Facet
–
Facets are flat faces on geometric shapes. The organization of naturally occurring facets was key to early developments in crystallography, gemstones commonly have facets cut into them in order to improve their appearance by allowing them to reflect light. Of the hundreds of arrangements that have been used, the most famous is probably the round brilliant cut, used for diamond. This first early version of what would become the modern Brilliant Cut is said to have been devised by an Italian named Peruzzi, later on, the first angles for an ideal cut diamond were calculated by Marcel Tolkowsky in 1919. Slight modifications have made since then, but angles for ideal cut diamonds are still similar to Tolkowskys formula. Sometimes a 58th facet, called a culet is cut on the bottom of the stone to prevent chipping of the pavilion point. Earlier brilliant cuts often have very large culets, while modern brilliant cut diamonds generally lack the culet facet, the art of cutting a gem is an exacting procedure performed on a faceting machine. Typically transparent to translucent stones are faceted, although opaque materials may occasionally be faceted as the luster of the gem will produce appealing reflections, pleonaste and black diamond are examples of opaque faceted gemstones. The angles used for each play a crucial role in the final outcome of a gem. The angles used will vary based on the index of the gem material. When light passes through a gemstone and strikes a polished facet, if the ray of light strikes a surface lower than this angle, it will leave the gem material instead of reflecting through the gem as brilliance. These lost light rays are sometimes referred to as light leakage, and this is especially common in poorly cut commercial gemstones. This machine uses a motor-driven plate to hold a precisely flat disk for the purpose of cutting or polishing, water is typically used for cutting, while either oil or water is used for the polishing process. The stone is bonded to a rod known as a dop or dop stick and is held in place by part of the mast referred to as the quill. The dopped stone is ground at precise angles and indexes on cutting laps of progressively finer grit, accurate repetition of angles in the cutting and polishing process is aided by the angle readout and index gear. The physical process of polishing is a subject of debate, one commonly accepted theory is that the fine abrasive particles of a polishing compound produce abrasions smaller than the wavelengths of light, thus making the minute scratches invisible. Since gemstones have two sides, a device called a transfer jig is used to flip the stone so that each side may be cut. Cleaving relies on planar weaknesses of the bonds in the crystal structure of a mineral
Facet
–
A cut
ruby, with facets visible.
Facet
–
A faceted
spodumene, with reflecting internal inclusion.
4.
Mirror
–
This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not preserve much of the original wave signal other than color and diffuse reflected light. The most familiar type of mirror is the mirror, which has a flat screen surface. Curved mirrors are used, to produce magnified or diminished images or focus light or simply distort the reflected image. Mirrors are commonly used for personal grooming or admiring oneself, decoration, Mirrors are also used in scientific apparatus such as telescopes and lasers, cameras, and industrial machinery. Most mirrors are designed for light, however, mirrors designed for other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are also used. The first mirrors used by people were most likely pools of dark, still water, the requirements for making a good mirror are a surface with a very high degree of flatness, and a surface roughness smaller than the wavelength of the light. The earliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such as obsidian, examples of obsidian mirrors found in Anatolia have been dated to around 6000 BC. Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BC, polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date from around 2000 BC onwards. In China, bronze mirrors were manufactured from around 2000 BC, some of the earliest bronze, Mirrors made of other metal mixtures such as copper and tin speculum metal may have also been produced in China and India. Mirrors of speculum metal or any precious metal were hard to produce and were owned by the wealthy. Stone mirrors often had poor reflectivity compared to metals, yet metals scratch or tarnish easily, depending upon the color, both often yielded reflections with poor color rendering. The poor image quality of ancient mirrors explains 1 Corinthians 13s reference to seeing as in a mirror, glass was a desirable material for mirrors. Because the surface of glass is smooth, it produces reflections with very little blur. In addition, glass is very hard and scratch resistant, however, glass by itself has little reflectivity, so people began coating it with metals to increase the reflectivity. According to Pliny, the people of Sidon developed a technique for creating crude mirrors by coating glass with molten lead. Glass mirrors backed with gold leaf are mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History and these circular mirrors were typically small, from only a fraction of an inch to as much as eight inches in diameter. These small mirrors produced distorted images, yet were prized objects of high value and these ancient glass mirrors were very thin, thus very fragile, because the glass needed to be extremely thin to prevent cracking when coated with a hot, molten metal. Due to the quality, high cost, and small size of these ancient glass mirrors
Mirror
–
A mirror, reflecting a
vase
Mirror
–
A
first surface mirror coated with aluminum and enhanced with
dielectric coatings. The angle of the incident light (represented by both the light in the mirror and the shadow behind it) exactly matches the angle of reflection (the reflected light shining on the table).
Mirror
–
Seated woman holding a mirror.
Ancient Greek Attic
red-figure lekythos, c. 470–460 BC,
National Archaeological Museum, Athens
Mirror
–
A sculpture of a lady looking into a mirror, India
5.
Rotation
–
A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center of rotation. A three-dimensional object always rotates around a line called a rotation axis. If the axis passes through the center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself. A rotation about a point, e. g. the Earth about the Sun, is called a revolution or orbital revolution. The axis is called a pole, mathematically, a rotation is a rigid body movement which, unlike a translation, keeps a point fixed. This definition applies to rotations within both two and three dimensions All rigid body movements are rotations, translations, or combinations of the two, a rotation is simply a progressive radial orientation to a common point. That common point lies within the axis of that motion, the axis is 90 degrees perpendicular to the plane of the motion. If the axis of the rotation lies external of the body in question then the body is said to orbit, there is no fundamental difference between a “rotation” and an “orbit” and or spin. The key distinction is simply where the axis of the rotation lies and this distinction can be demonstrated for both “rigid” and “non rigid” bodies. If a rotation around a point or axis is followed by a rotation around the same point/axis. The reverse of a rotation is also a rotation, thus, the rotations around a point/axis form a group. However, a rotation around a point or axis and a rotation around a different point/axis may result in something other than a rotation, Rotations around the x, y and z axes are called principal rotations. Rotation around any axis can be performed by taking a rotation around the x axis, followed by a rotation around the y axis and that is to say, any spatial rotation can be decomposed into a combination of principal rotations. In flight dynamics, the rotations are known as yaw, pitch. This terminology is used in computer graphics. In astronomy, rotation is an observed phenomenon. Stars, planets and similar bodies all spin around on their axes, the rotation rate of planets in the solar system was first measured by tracking visual features. Stellar rotation is measured through Doppler shift or by tracking active surface features and this rotation induces a centrifugal acceleration in the reference frame of the Earth which slightly counteracts the effect of gravity the closer one is to the equator
Rotation
–
Star trails caused by the
Earth's rotation during the
camera's long exposure time.
Rotation
–
A
sphere rotating about an axis
6.
Louisiana Five
–
The Louisiana Five was an early dixieland jazz band that was active from 1917–1920. It was among the earliest jazz groups to record extensively, the Louisiana Five was led by Anton Lada, who played the drums. The Louisiana Five which is known to posterity was formed in New York City, Lada recruited the other four members, pianist Joe Cawley, trombonist Charlie Panelli, and banjoist Karl Berger. Clarinetist Alcide Yellow Nunez was in New York with Bert Kellys band in 1918 before joining the Louisiana Five, the band recorded extensively for various companies including Emerson Records, Columbia Records, and Edison Records. They went on to such hits as Clarinet Squawk and Slow. On one recording session they were joined by multi-instrumentalist Bernard Doc Beherendson on cornet, the band was popular in the New York City area in 1919, and also made tours of Texas and Oklahoma. After Nunez left the band, the group made one more pair of recordings in 1920 with a violin replacing the clarinet
Louisiana Five
–
Left to right: Anton Lada, Karl Berger, Yellow Nunez, Joe Cawley, Charles Panelli
Louisiana Five
–
A 1919 Emerson disc by the Louisiana Five
Louisiana Five
–
A 1919 Medallion Record by the Louisiana Five
7.
Nightclubs
–
A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
Nightclubs
–
Laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a
trance music event in a nightclub
Nightclubs
–
People dance at an
industrial music event in a nightclub, some of them drinking refreshments,
alcoholic beverages or
soft drinks
Nightclubs
–
"The Cave" in the basement of
the Gruenwald (later Roosevelt) Hotel,
New Orleans opened in 1912; said by some to be one of the first "nightclubs" in the United States
Nightclubs
–
A
Disk Jockey playing music in a club
8.
Silent film
–
A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
Silent film
–
Scene from
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), one of the highest-grossing silent films.
Silent film
–
The iconic clock scene from
Safety Last! (1923)
Silent film
–
Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers, working from 1912 to 1987
Silent film
–
Cinématographe Lumière at the
Institut Lumière, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras.
9.
Louisville, Kentucky
–
Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
Louisville, Kentucky
–
From top:
Louisville downtown skyline at night,
Cathedral of the Assumption,
Thunder Over Louisville fireworks during the
Kentucky Derby Festival,
Kentucky Derby,
Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory,
Fourth Street Live!,
The Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts
Louisville, Kentucky
–
Louisville's founder,
George Rogers Clark
Louisville, Kentucky
–
View of Main Street Louisville in 1846
Louisville, Kentucky
–
Memorial to the
1890 tornado, on Main Street in
downtown Louisville
10.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
11.
Nicole LeFavour
–
Nicole LeFavour is an American politician and educator from Idaho, served as an Idaho State Senator from 2008 to 2012. LeFavour previously served in the Idaho House of Representatives from 2004 until 2008, nicole LeFavour was born in Colorado to Pat and Bruce LeFavour. She grew up in Central Idaho in Custer County, near the Frank Church Wilderness where she later worked, LeFavour received her bachelors degree in cognitive science from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Masters of Fine Arts in writing from the University of Montana-Missoula. She moved to Boise in 1990, LeFavour taught at the University of Montana from 1989-1990. In 1991, taught at the Boise River School and she worked for the Snake River Alliance from 1992-1994. In 1996, LeFavour taught at the Fort Boise School and she was a news reporter for the Boise Weekly from 1997-1998. She was a member for the Ada County Human Rights Task Force from 1999-2002. She was also a member of the Choices in Community Giving from 2000-2002. She worked for the Idaho Center on Budget & Tax Policy from 2000-2004, in 2004, she was a lobbyist for the Idaho Community Action Network. In 2007, LeFavour was a delegate for the European Human Rights Mission, in 2004, incumbent Democrat State Representative Ken Robison of Idahos 19B House District decided to retire. LeFavour decided to run in the 19th district, which was placed in parts of the city of Boise and she won the three-way Democratic primary with 2,163 votes. She won the election with 13,350 votes. In 2006, she ran unopposed and won re-election to a term with 14,217 votes. In 2006, LeFavour criticized the passage of Idaho Amendment 2 and she has heavily criticized many of the states budgets which have in her view cut taxes and spending too much, thus eliminating thousands of jobs. In 2007, she was named Idaho Business Review Women of the Year and she fought to reduce prison population by improving the states substance abuse and mental health programs. In 2008, LeFavour was named Legislator of the Year by the Idaho State Planning Council on Mental Health, in the general election, LeFavour defeated Chuck Meissner with 15,163 votes. In 2010, LeFavour was re-elected to a term with 10,246 votes. LeFavour was extremely active in Idahos Add The Words campaign, which ultimately did not make it out of committee and she proposed amending Idahos Human Rights Act to cover discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
Nicole LeFavour
–
Nicole LeFavour
Nicole LeFavour
–
LeFavour is a strong proponent of bicycling infrastructure
Nicole LeFavour
–
At a demonstration inside the
Statehouse to add the words "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to Idaho's
civil rights statutes.
Nicole LeFavour
–
A
co-optation of the
Keep Calm and Carry On meme on behalf of the
LGBT Add The Words, Idaho human rights campaign
12.
Currier House (Harvard College)
–
Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Opened in September 1970, it is named after Audrey Bruce Currier, along with Cabot House and Pforzheimer House, Currier is part of the former Radcliffe Quadrangle, known colloquially within the college as simply, The Quad. Beginning in September 2008, Currier House will welcome new Housemasters Richard Wrangham, Wrangham and Ross first came to the United States after living in Great Britain. Wrangham has taught courses in human biology and anthropology since 1989. Ross, whose background is in immunology, is the founder and executive director of the Kasiisi Project. The Allston Burr Resident Dean is Laura Johnson, previous masters have included scholar of Islam and current Dean of Harvard Divinity School William A. Graham, chemist and Nobel laureate Dudley R. Herschbach, and classicist Gregory Nagy. Students routinely rank Curriers dining hall highest among Harvard dining halls in food quality, in 2005, Currier renovated a common space known as the Fishbowl to create an entertainment center complete with a big screen projector and surround sound system. In early 2006, Currier painted many of its walls to produce a more colorful atmosphere. Additionally, Currier House has a Solarium, a penthouse balcony suite that houses ten students in ten single bedrooms, atop Gilbert, Bingham, in 2004–2005, Currier House won the Straus Cup for the first time in over twenty years. The cup is given to the house that scores the most points in intramural athletic competition during the school year, Currier House consists of four towers containing mostly single rooms adjoined by a sink room or bathroom. Student Government in Currier House consists of the Currier House Committee, the committee operates separate from the Harvard Undergraduate Council, to organize student events and manage funding. The Currier HoCo, as the student government organizations in the Houses, are funded by the UC. Elections for the two Chair positions, as well as all other social positions, are held every January during the Super Bowl Halftime show. The two HoCo co-chairs are Jacob Miller and Annie Garofalo, famous alumni include Paul Attanasio, Michael Chertoff, Bill Gates, Steve Ballmer, Caroline Kennedy, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Alan Khazei, Yo-Yo Ma, Seth Moulton, and Damien Chazelle. Gates and Ballmer met in Currier House, where the two lived on the floor, and formed a friendship that later led Gates to recruit his college friend to join his budding software company. Gates also described during his 2007 commencement address at Harvard how he initiated one of his first software deals while making a call from his room in Currier House, Currier House official site Harvard Quadrangle map Photo album featuring Currier House life, by the Harvard Gazette
Currier House (Harvard College)
–
Currier House entrance
Currier House (Harvard College)
–
Currier House Shield
Currier House (Harvard College)
–
Currier dining hall with its stone fountain
Currier House (Harvard College)
–
History
13.
Novelties
–
A novelty item is an object which is specifically designed to serve no practical purpose, and is sold for its uniqueness, humor, or simply as something new. The term also applies to items with fanciful or nonfunctional additions. The term is applied to small objects, and is generally not used to describe larger items such as roadside attractions. Items may have an advertising or promotional purpose, or be a souvenir and this term covers a range of small manufactured goods, such as collectables, gadgets and executive toys. Novelty items are generally devices that do not primarily have a practical function, toys for adults are often classed as novelties. Some products have a period as a novelty item when they are actually new, only to become an established, commonly used product. Others may have an element, such as Crookes radiometer, Newtons cradle or the drinking bird. Sex toys are described as novelty items, and some products sold in sex shops may not have any practical sexual function, if operating primarily as a humorous gift. Some food products may be considered novelty items, especially when first introduced, the French mathematician and astronomer Pierre Hérigone describes a novelty item that was a camera obscura in the form of a goblet. Hérigones device was constructed in such a way that you could spy on others while taking a drink and its 45-degree mirror had a stylized opening for the lens and the lid bore a magnifying lens at the top. Lenticular printing was developed in the 1940s, and is used extensively in the production of novelty items, paper clothing, which has some practical purpose, was briefly novel in the United States in the 1960s. One of the popular novelty items in recent history was the singing Big Mouth Billy Bass. It is estimated that over 20 million original pieces were sold in 12 months during 2000 and 2001, novelty items based on mathematical objects that cannot exist, such as Klein bottles, and Penrose triangles, have been manufactured. Models of Moebius Strips, which can exist, are made in place of regular bands
Novelties
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A fake gun that shoots out a "BANG!" flag and a cigarette lighter that shoots water
Novelties
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Pet rocks with
googly eyes, popular from c. 1970s
Novelties
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A
3D printed Penrose triangle
Novelties
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Sigmund Freud bobblehead
14.
Rear-view mirror
–
A rear-view mirror is a mirror in automobiles and other vehicles, designed to allow the driver to see rearward through the vehicles rear window. The rear-view mirror is augmented by one or more side-view mirrors, the Argus Dash Mirror, adjustable to any position to see the road behind, appeared in 1908. Earliest known rear-view mirror mounted on a racing vehicle appeared on Ray Harrouns Marmon race car at the inaugural Indianapolis 500 race in 1911, harroun himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a horse-drawn vehicle in 1904. Harroun also claimed that the mirror vibrated constantly due to the brick surface. As many as 50 small children are killed by SUVs every year in the USA because the driver cannot see them in their rear-view mirrors, camera systems are usually mounted to the rear bumper or lower parts of the car, allowing for better rear visibility. Aftermarket secondary rear-view mirrors are available and they attach to the main rear-view mirror and are independently adjustable to view the back seat. This is useful to enable adults to children in the back seat. This type of mirror is made of a piece of glass that is wedge-shaped in cross section—its front, on manual tilt versions, a tab is used to adjust the mirror between day and night positions. In the day view position, the front surface is tilted, when the mirror is moved to the night view position, its reflecting rear surface is tilted out of line with the drivers view. This view is actually a reflection off the front surface. Manual tilt day/night mirrors first began appearing in the 1930s and became standard equipment on most passenger cars, in the 1950s, American inventor Jacob Rabinow developed a light-sensitive automatic mechanism for the wedge-type day/night mirror. Several automakers began offering rear-view mirrors with automatic dimming again in 1983, current systems usually use photosensors mounted in the rear-view mirror to detect light and dim the mirror by means of electrochromism. This electrochromic feature has also incorporated into side-view mirrors allowing them to dim. On trucks and buses the load often blocks rearward vision out the backlight. In the U. S. virtually all trucks and buses have a side mirror on each side, often mounted on the doors and viewed out the side windows. These mirrors leave a large area behind the vehicle, which tapers down as the distance increases. This is a safety issue which the driver must compensate for, often with a person guiding the truck back in congested areas, or by backing in a curve. “Spot mirrors”, a mirror which provides a distorted image of the entire side of the vehicle, are commonly mounted on at least the right side of a vehicle
Rear-view mirror
–
Rear-view mirror showing cars parked behind the vehicle containing the mirror
Rear-view mirror
–
Ray Harroun 's
Marmon "Wasp" with its rear-view mirror mounted on struts above the car on display in the
Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum.
Rear-view mirror
–
Glare from a following vehicle's
headlamps in a rear view mirror
15.
Christmas ornament
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Christmas ornaments are decorations that are used to festoon a Christmas tree. Ornaments take many different forms, from a round ball to highly artistic designs. Such collections are passed on and augmented from generation to generation. Santa Claus is a commonly used figure, candy canes, fruit, animals, snowmen, angels and snowflake images are also popular choices. There were shining flags and lanterns, and bird-cages, and nests with birds sitting on them, baskets of fruit, gilt apples, the modern-day mold-blown colored glass Christmas ornament was invented in the small German town of Lauscha in the mid-19th century. A bauble is a spherical decoration commonly used to adorn Christmas trees, the bauble is one of the most popular Christmas ornament designs, and they have been in production since 1847. Baubles can have designs on them, from babys first Christmas to a favorite sports team to a simple shiny sphere of a single color. The first decorated trees were adorned with apples, white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars, hearts, glass baubles were first made in Lauscha, Germany, by Hans Greiner who produced garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees. The popularity of these grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds. The artisans heated a glass tube over a flame, then inserted the tube into a clay mold, the original ornaments were only in the shape of fruits and nuts. After the glass cooled, a silver nitrate solution was swirled into it, after the nitrate solution dried, the ornament was hand-painted and topped with a cap and hook. Other glassblowers in Lauscha recognised the growing popularity of Christmas baubles, soon, the whole of Germany began buying Christmas glassware from Lauscha. On Christmas Eve 1832, a young Victoria wrote about her delight at having a tree, hung with lights, ornaments, in the 1880s, American F. W. Woolworth discovered Lauschas baubles during a visit to Germany. He made a fortune by importing the German glass ornaments to the United States, the first American-made glass ornaments were created by William DeMuth in New York in 1870. In 1880, Woolworths began selling Lauscha glass ornaments, other stores began selling Christmas ornaments by the late 19th century and by 1910, Woolworths had gone national with over 1000 stores bringing Christmas ornaments across America. New suppliers popped up everywhere including Dresden die-cut fiberboard ornaments which were popular among families with small children, by the 20th century, Woolworths had imported 200,000 ornaments and topped $25 million in sales from Christmas decorations alone. As of 2009, the Christmas decoration industry ranks second to gifts in seasonal sales, after World War II, the East German government turned most of Lauschas glassworks into state-owned entities, and production of baubles in Lauscha ceased. After the Berlin Wall came down, most of the firms were reestablished as private companies, as of 2009, there are still about 20 small glass-blowing firms active in Lauscha that produce baubles
Christmas ornament
–
Glass ornaments
Christmas ornament
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Christmas tree lights and bauble.
Christmas ornament
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Glassblower workshop from Lauscha, around 1930 (Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde Erfurt)
Christmas ornament
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Christmas tree fully decorated
16.
Sparkleball
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A sparkleball is an ornament handmade out of Christmas lights and plastic cups. Instructions for making these illuminated spheres have been passed by word of mouth for forty or more years, different methods can be used to attach the cups including soldering, cable ties, hot glue gun, and stapling with a plier stapler. One or more bulbs from a strand of lights is inserted through a hole in the cup bottoms, the size and shape of the cup determine the size of the sparkleball. Distant relative of the ball and an American outsider craft, sparkleballs can be spotted all over the United States, particularly in campgrounds. Residents of North Yale, Princeton, Union and Nutwood Avenues in Fullerton, California have made a tradition of hanging hundreds of sparkleballs from their trees at Christmas
Sparkleball
Sparkleball
Sparkleball
Sparkleball
17.
Christmas lights (holiday decoration)
–
Christmas lights are lights used for decoration in preparation for Christmas and for display throughout the Christmastide. Christmas trees displayed publicly and illuminated with electric lights became popular in the early 20th century, by the mid-20th century, it became customary to display strings of electric lights as along streets and on buildings Christmas decorations detached from the Christmas tree itself. In the United States, it became popular to outline private homes with such Christmas lights in tract housing beginning in the 1960s, by the late 20th century, the custom had also been adopted in non-western countries / regions, notably in Japan and Hong Kong. Throughout Christendom, Christmas lights continue to retain their symbolism of Jesus as the light of the world, in many countries, such as Sweden, people start to set up their Christmas lights, as well as other Christmas decorations, on the first day of Advent. Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is historically considered to be inauspicious, the Christmas tree was adopted in upper-class homes in 18th-century Germany, where it was occasionally decorated with candles, which at the time was a comparatively expensive light source. Candles for the tree were glued with melted wax to a branch or attached by pins. Around 1890, candleholders were first used for Christmas candles, between 1902 and 1914, small lanterns and glass balls to hold the candles started to be used. Early electric Christmas lights were introduced with electrification, beginning in the 1880s, the illuminated Christmas tree became established in the United Kingdom during Queen Victorias reign, and through emigration spread to North America and Australia. In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832, the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote and we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room. There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments, all the presents being placed round the trees. Until the availability of electrical power in the early twentieth century. In the United Kingdom, electrically powered Christmas lights are known as fairy lights. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre, London was the first building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity, the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree was the creation of Edward H. Johnson, an associate of inventor Thomas Edison. While he was president of the Edison Electric Light Company. Local newspapers ignored the story, seeing it as a publicity stunt, however, it was published by a Detroit newspaper reporter, and Johnson has become widely regarded as the Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights. By 1900, businesses started stringing up Christmas lights behind their windows, Christmas lights were too expensive for the average person, as such, electric Christmas lights did not become the majority replacement for candles until 1930. In 1895, U. S. President Grover Cleveland proudly sponsored the first electrically lit Christmas tree in the White House and it was a huge specimen, featuring more than a hundred multicolored lights. The first commercially produced Christmas tree lamps were manufactured in strings of multiples of eight sockets by the General Electric Co. of Harrison, each socket took a miniature two-candela carbon-filament lamp
Christmas lights (holiday decoration)
–
Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree with lights in
London,
United Kingdom
Christmas lights (holiday decoration)
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The
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in
New York City
Christmas lights (holiday decoration)
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Decorations, wreaths and lights adorn the Perth Post Office in
Perth,
Australia
Christmas lights (holiday decoration)
–
A set of fluorescent Christmas lights
18.
Plastic cups
–
A plastic cup is a cup made out of plastic. It is most commonly used as a container to hold beverages, some are reusable while others are intended for a single use followed by recycling or disposal. Plastic cups come in a variety of colours, textures and sizes, plastic cups are often used for gatherings where it would be inconvenient to wash dishes afterward, due to factors such as location or number of guests. Plastic cups can be used for storing most liquids, but hot liquids may melt or warp the material, most plastic cups are designed for single uses and then disposal or recycling. A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper and plastic shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner, production of 1 tonne of plastic cup emits 135 pounds of green house gases. The choice between paper cups and plastic cups resides in the life of the such after use, a paper cup may biodegrade faster than a Styrofoam cup or a plastic cup. In general cardboard or paper takes 1 to 3 months for biodegradation as the majority of the content, as for a plastic cup it can take up to 90 years, depending on the type of plastic. Plastic cups are made with oil, which is not a renewable source, plastic cups, specially made with polystyrene are also a possible health hazard as chemicals may leach into the beverage. This is more likely to happen with warm drinks than with cold drinks, coffee cup Cup drink Cup holder Paper cup Polylactic acid Pythagorean cup
Plastic cups
–
Assorted plastic cups
Plastic cups
–
A plastic
measuring cup
Plastic cups
–
A red plastic cup with a
drinking straw.
19.
Strictly Come Dancing
–
Each couple is scored out of 10 by a panel of judges. The title of the show suggests a continuation of the long-running series Come Dancing, the format has been exported to over 40 other countries, and has also inspired a modern dance-themed spin-off Strictly Dance Fever. The show is presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman. The thirteenth series ended on 19 December 2015, a further eleven stand-alone Christmas specials have also been produced, in consecutive years from 2004 onwards. Nine charity specials have also produced since 2008. Since the fourth series, the show has also aired in high definition on BBC HD. He stepped down permanently in 2014, the first year of broadcast 2004 there were 2 Series while all the other years there was only one series. Producer Richard Hopkins, who had produced the first UK series of Big Brother, later, entertainment executive Fenia Vardanis also suggested reviving Come Dancing, so Jane Lush, the then head of BBC Entertainment, put Hopkins and Vardanis together to develop the show. Hopkins then called in Karen Smith, who had just produced Comic Relief Does Fame Academy for BBC One and The Games for Channel 4, to lead the development of the show. Smith was the show running Executive Producer of the first three series, and of sister show It Takes Two and she then took the role of Creative Director of BBC Entertainment whilst still overseeing series 4 and 5. Hopkins later took the format to America himself when the BBC dismissed the idea of selling it abroad, from series 1 to 11, Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly presented the pro-celebrity ballroom dancing competition. Winkleman has joined Daly as full-time co-presenter for series 12 following Forsyths departure after the 2013 series, through telephone voting, viewers vote for who they would like to be in the next round, the results of the poll being combined with the ranking of the judges. For example, with ten contestants left, the judges favourite would receive ten points, second favourite nine points, and so on, the bottom ranked couple gets one point. The profits from the lines were donated to Sport Relief in series 1. The show is broadcast live on BBC One on Saturday evenings, Sir Bruce Forsyth presented the live shows alongside Daly from 2004 to 2013, announcing his departure in 2014. He was to continue to present special editions of the show, the judging panel initially consisted of Bruno Tonioli, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman and Craig Revel Horwood. Tonioli commutes weekly between Hollywood and London to judge both the American and British versions of the show simultaneously, each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of forty. The voice-over announcer is Alan Dedicoat, the singers on the show are Tommy Blaize, Hayley Sanderson, Lance Ellington, Andrea Grant and formerly the well known UK dance music vocalist Tara McDonald
Strictly Come Dancing
–
Strictly Come Dancing
20.
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
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Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1,2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing, the show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season 18. Lisa Canning was co-host in season 1, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons 2 through 9, the series has been renewed through seasons 23 and 24 as of March 3,2016. The 24th season premiered on March 20,2017, the format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer. Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges points, the couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains. Tom Bergeron has been the host since the premiere in 2005. In season 1, his co-host was Lisa Canning and she was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9, who was then replaced by Brooke Burke-Charvet from seasons 10 through 17. Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18, Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave. Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19, due to commitments with the 2014 World Series, season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21, due to Bergerons ailing father. The regular judges are Len Goodman, who serves as judge, Carrie Ann Inaba. Goodman was absent for much of season 19, all of season 21, and much of season 23. Julianne Hough, who was a dancing partner for seasons 4–8, was added as a full-time judge on the panel for 3 seasons, 19–21. She did not return for season 22, Hough did return as a full-time judge for season 23 on. Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200, including Hélio Castroneves, Mel B, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, Kelly Osbourne, color key, A total of 273 celebrities have appeared in the 24 seasons of the series. For each season, the celebrities are paired with a partner who instructs them in the various dances each week. A total of 43 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities, some for one season. Key, In season 12, the introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners. The 1st troupe in season 12 included Tristan MacManus, Peta Murgatroyd, Kiki Nyemchek, Nicole Volynets, Ted Volynets, members of the season 24 troupe are Brandon Armstrong, Alan Bersten, Brittany Cherry, Hayley Erbert, KC Monnie, and Britt Stewart
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
–
Dancing with the Stars
21.
Yes (band)
–
Yes are an English rock band formed in London in 1968 by singer Jon Anderson and bassist Chris Squire. The band has undergone numerous formations throughout its history, nineteen musicians have been full-time members, since June 2015, it has consisted of guitarist Steve Howe, drummer Alan White, keyboardist Geoff Downes, singer Jon Davison, and bassist Billy Sherwood. Yes adopted several changes in style, from rearranged covers to progressive and art rock in the 1970s. They have sold 13.5 million RIAA-certified albums in the US, Yes changed their name from Mabel Greers Toyshop and performed rearranged covers of rock, pop, blues and jazz songs as evident on their first two albums. Yes toured as a rock act that earned the band a reputation for their elaborate stage sets, light displays. The success of Roundabout, the single from Fragile, cemented their popularity across the decade, in 1983, Yes reformed with a new line-up that included guitarist Trevor Rabin and a more commercial and pop-oriented musical direction. The result was 90125, their album which contained the US number one single. From 1990 to 1992, Yes were an eight-member formation after they merged with Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe to release Union, since 1994, Yes have released albums with varied levels of success and completed tours from 1997 to 2004. After a four-year break in activity, they resumed touring in 2008 and continue to release albums, Yes are one of the most successful, influential, and longest-lasting progressive rock bands. In 1985, they won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance with Cinema, Yes have headlined annual progressive rock-themed cruises since 2013 named Cruise to the Edge. Their discography spans 21 studio albums, the band will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2017. In 1967, bassist Chris Squire joined the rock band Mabel Greers Toyshop, with singer and guitarist Clive Bayley, drummer Bob Hagger and they played at the Marquee Club in Soho, London where Jack Barrie, owner of the nearby La Chasse club, saw them perform. There was nothing outstanding about them, he recalled, the musicianship was very good, Barrie introduced Squire to singer Jon Anderson, a worker at the bar in La Chasse, who found they shared interests in Simon & Garfunkel and harmony singing. That evening at Squires house they wrote Sweetness, which was included on the first Yes album, meanwhile, Banks had left Mabel Greers Toyshop to join Neat Change, but he was dismissed by this group on 7 April 1968. In June 1968, Hagger was replaced in the nascent Yes by Bill Bruford, who had placed an advertisement in Melody Maker, finally, the classically trained organist and pianist Tony Kaye, of Johnny Taylors Star Combo and The Federals, became the keyboardist and the fifth member. The newborn band rehearsed in the basement of The Lucky Horseshoe cafe on Shaftesbury Avenue between 10 June and 9 July 1968, Anderson suggested that they call the new band Life while Squire suggested that it be called World. At Banks suggestion, the first gig under the new brand followed at a camp in East Mersea. Early sets were formed of songs from artists such as the Beatles
Yes (band)
–
Yes in concert, 1977 Left to right: Steve Howe, Alan White, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman
Yes (band)
–
Jon Anderson in 1973.
Yes (band)
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Geoff Downes (left) and Trevor Horn formed the duo
The Buggles in 1977; in 1980, they both joined Yes.
Yes (band)
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Trevor Rabin, pictured here at a Yes concert in 1994. Rabin joined the band when it reformed in 1982, and stayed until 1994, when he decided to become a
film composer.
22.
Close to the Edge (Yes album)
–
Close to the Edge is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes, released on 13 September 1972 by Atlantic Records. Following a tour in support of their previous album, Fragile, produced by the band and audio engineer Eddy Offord, the album consists of three tracks, Close to the Edge on side one, And You and I and Siberian Khatru on side two. When recording for the finished, drummer Bill Bruford, frustrated by the bands style and laborious recording in the studio. Close to the Edge became the bands greatest commercial success at the time of its release, reaching number 3 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, Yes supported the album with their 1972–73 world tour, their biggest since their formation. A two-part edit of And You and I released in the United States reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, Close to the Edge was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1998 for shipments of over one million copies. It was reissued in 1994,2003, and 2013, the latter included unreleased tracks, critical reception was mixed on release, though the album is retrospectively regarded as one of the bands best works, and a landmark recording in progressive rock. By 1972, Yes had stabilised with a line-up of lead vocalist Jon Anderson, bassist Chris Squire, drummer Bill Bruford, guitarist Steve Howe, in March 1972, they wrapped their six-month 1971–72 tour of the UK and North America to support their previous album, 1971s Fragile. On 1 and 2 February 1972, during one of the tours rest periods, after a short break from touring, they took another break before they entered rehearsals at the Una Billings School of Dance in Shepherds Bush in May. On several occasions the arrangements that the group had started to assemble were so complex that they were forgotten by the time the days session began. This led to the start of having each rehearsal put on tape for future reference, Bruford devised the albums title to reflect the state of the band at the time. By June 1972, Yes had relocated to Advision Studios to record Close to the Edge, having worked on the bands sound on tour, Offord wished to recreate the high feeling the band had on nights when they performed well inside the studio. The studio also housed a booth-like structure constructed of boards which Howe performed in to further enhance his sound. During the recording, the decided to use a particular take for a track. A scramble in the bins outside the studio ensued, and the piece was found. During their month of recording, Melody Maker reporter and band biographer Chris Welch visited the studio to observe the recording progress. Welch described an atmosphere, coupled with outbursts of anarchy from Bruford, Howe and Wakeman. Wakeman and Bruford, to Welch, remained innocent bystanders in the matter, in one instance, Welch arrived at the studio to hear a preview of a completed passage that took several days of round the clock work to produce. He heard a thud, to find Offord had fallen asleep on top of the mixing console from exhaustion
Close to the Edge (Yes album)
–
Close to the Edge
Close to the Edge (Yes album)
–
Bill Bruford, pictured in 2009
23.
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead in 1980. Left to right: Jerry Garcia, Bill Kreutzmann, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh. Not pictured: Brent Mydland.
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead in 1970, from a promotional photo shoot. Left to right: Bill Kreutzmann, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh.
The Grateful Dead
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The
Mantra-Rock Dance promotional poster featuring the Grateful Dead
The Grateful Dead
–
Grateful Dead performing at
Red Rocks Amphitheatre in 1987: Jerry Garcia (guitar), Mickey Hart (drums).
24.
The Grateful Dead Movie
–
These concerts marked the beginning of a hiatus, with the October 20,1974 show billed as The Last One. The band would return to touring in 1976, the film features the Wall of Sound concert sound system that the Dead used for all of 1974. The movie also portrays the burgeoning Deadhead scene, two albums have been released in conjunction with the film and the concert run, Steal Your Face and The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack. There is nothing like a Grateful Dead concert was a fan epithet, coined by Dead family member, in performance, the Dead emphasized musical improvisation and jamming, varying their set lists nightly. To Deadheads, their music was best appreciated in person, at live concerts, furthermore, Dead shows were known for their positive, exuberant and celebratory atmosphere as the band and the audience interacted, fostering a special environment of musical celebration. Capturing this phenomenon on film was the goal of The Grateful Dead Movie. To document the Grateful Dead experience, the film showcases the more than was usual in a concert movie at the time. They are shown enjoying the show, discussing the music and the band, the film also includes interviews with members of the Dead and vintage footage from their colorful history and early days in the band. The film opens with a uniquely Grateful Dead animated sequence, featuring the Uncle Sam skeleton, the psychedelic animation was created by Gary Gutierrez, using techniques that he developed specifically for the project. By 1974, lead guitarist Jerry Garcia wanted to stop touring, before beginning a hiatus of uncertain length, a five-show farewell run was set for October 16-20,1974 at Winterland in San Francisco. An idea developed to film the shows and then send the movie out on tour as a substitute, manager Ron Rakow also sold the idea for a soundtrack album to United Artists Records. At the beginning of the set of the final show on October 20,1974. Hart had been a member of the Dead from September 1967 to February 1971 and this appearance would lead to his permanent return to the band, in 1976. At various times during these shows, the band was joined by frequent guest keyboardist Ned Lagin, however, due to recording and mixing problems, he is mostly inaudible. Lagin is only seen in fulfillment of a request he made to Jerry Garcia. With filmmaker Leon Gast directing, the footage was shot on six film cameras. Gast remembered They were at a point where they were ready to break up, what Jerry and Ron Rakow wanted to do was shoot a full Grateful Dead performance, from beginning to end. It was going to be five nights at the Winterland and they said, Sometimes it happens, there will be one night when it will be magic
The Grateful Dead Movie
–
The Grateful Dead Movie DVD cover
25.
Winterland Ballroom
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Winterland Ballroom was an ice skating rink and music venue in San Francisco, California. Graham later formed a company called Winterland which sold concert shirts, memorabilia. Winterland was built in 1928 for the astronomical cost of $1 million. Opened on June 29,1928, it was known as the New Dreamland Auditorium. Sometime in the late 1930s, the name was changed to Winterland and it served as an ice skating rink which was convertible into a seated entertainment venue. Early acts/shows at Winterland included Shipstads and Johnson Ice Follies, in November 1944 it played host to an authorized production of the Folies Bergère. It also was host to opera, and boxing and tennis matches, after closing the Fillmore West in 1971, he began to hold regular weekend shows at Winterland. Various popular rock acts played there, including bands and musicians as Bruce Springsteen, The Rolling Stones. Cale, Spirit, Chambers Brothers, Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, Foghat, Mountain, B. B. King, led Zeppelin first performed their song Whole Lotta Love there. Many of the rock acts from the 1960s and 1970s played at Winterland or played two blocks away across Geary Boulevard at the original Fillmore Auditorium. Peter Frampton recorded parts of the fourth best-selling live album ever, the Grateful Dead made Winterland their home base and The Band played their famous last show there on Thanksgiving Day 1976. Winterland was also host to the Sex Pistols final show on January 14,1978, a concert at the music venue in 1973 hosted by the Grateful Dead was mentioned in the film The Presidio by Jay Austin as being his first show and being a Deadhead since. During Winterlands final month of existence, shows were booked nearly every night, acts included The Tubes, Ramones, Smokey Robinson, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and on December 15–16,1978, Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band. Springsteens December 15 show was simulcast on radio station KSAN-FM. Winterland closed on New Years 1978/1979 with a concert by the Grateful Dead, New Riders of the Purple Sage, the show lasted for over eight hours, with the Grateful Deads performance — documented on DVD and CD as The Closing of Winterland — lasting nearly six hours itself. The final show was simulcast on radio station KSAN-FM and also broadcast live on the local PBS TV station KQED
Winterland Ballroom
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The Band playing at Winterland Ballroom on 25 November 1976
26.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd in January 1968, from the only known photo-shoot of all five members. Clockwise from bottom: Gilmour, Mason, Barrett, Waters, Wright
Pink Floyd
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The psychedelic artwork for
A Saucerful of Secrets was the first of many Pink Floyd covers designed by
Hipgnosis
Pink Floyd
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Waters performing with Pink Floyd at
Leeds University in 1970
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd in 1973
27.
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
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Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide, or HMI, is the trademark name of Osrams brand of metal-halide gas discharge medium arc-length lamp, made specifically for film and entertainment applications. Unlike traditional lighting units using incandescent light bulbs, HMIs need electrical ballasts, the efficiency advantage is near fourfold, with approximately 85–108 lumens per watt of electricity. The high CRI and color temperature are due to the specific lamp chemistry, in the late 1960s German television producers sought out lamp developer OSRAM to create a less expensive replacement for incandescent lights for the film industry. Osram developed and began producing HMI bulbs at their request, philips produced a variation on the HMI, a single-ended version called MSR. It uses a standard two-prong lampbase, in order to avoid the colour shift during use they added a secondary envelope around the gas-chamber. Several other bulb variations exist, including GEMI, CID, CSI, DAYMAX, all are variations on, and different names for, essentially the same concept. Within the last ten years, a lot of research has gone into making HMI lamps smaller because of their use in moving light fixtures such as manufactured by Vari-Lite, Martin, Robe. Multi-kilowatt HMI lights are used in the industry and for large-screen slide projection because of their daylight-balanced light output. Similar to fluorescent lights, HMIs present problems with color temperature when used for film or video lighting applications and this closely matches the color of sunlight, because the suns surface is a 6000 K blackbody radiator. With HMI bulbs, color temperature varies significantly with lamp age, a new bulb generally will output at a color temperature close to 15,000 K during its first few hours. As the bulb ages, the temperature reaches its nominal value of around 5600 K or 6000 K. With age, the arc length becomes larger as more of the electrodes burn away and this requires greater voltage to sustain the arc, and as voltage increases, color temperature decreases proportionately at a rate of approximately 0. 5–1 kelvin for every hour burnt. For this reason, and other safety reasons, HMI bulbs are not recommended to be used past half their lifetime, HMI bulbs need a current limiting unit to function. Two ways of doing this are described in the ballast section below, the problem of flickering exists only when using the bulb in combination with magnetic ballast. HMI bulbs present an inherent problem of producing light on film or video with a noticeable flicker. This is caused by the method by which the unit produces light, an HMI, like an incandescent lighting unit, runs on mains power, which means that the lamp cycles on and off 100 or 120 times per second. Although not visible to the eye, a film or video camera must be properly synchronized to this cycle or each frame recorded will show different light output. Although incandescent lamps also run off power, they dont exhibit perceptible flicker because their filaments dont cool down enough between cycles for their light output to decrease very much
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
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An HMI head on a stand
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
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An HMI ballast
28.
Delicate Sound of Thunder (film)
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Delicate Sound of Thunder is a Pink Floyd concert video taken from A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour. It was released on VHS and Laserdisc formats and it has never been officially released on DVD. Each song in common with the CD release uses the performance with the audience a little higher in the mix. The remaining three songs—Signs of Life, On the Run, and One Slip—all come from Nassau as well, the two tracks from the A Momentary Lapse of Reason LP were recorded on 23 August 1988, while On the Run was recorded on 19 August 1988. The determining factor in figuring out which of the songs was from which night was the clothing differences
Delicate Sound of Thunder (film)
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VHS cover of Delicate Sound of Thunder (U.S./JP/AUS versions)
29.
Pulse (1995 film)
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Pulse is a Pink Floyd concert video taken from the 20 October 1994 concert at Earls Court, London, England in The Division Bell Tour. It was originally released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1995, there was considerable delay in the release of the DVD edition of Pulse, with new features announced with each setback. The cause of the delays was reputed to be the continued modifications and additions to produce a high-quality release. The previous planned release date of 22 September 2005 for the two-disc DVD set was changed to 10 July 2006 for the UK and Europe, for purposes of space and continuity, Another Brick in the Wall and One of These Days were moved to the beginning of side 3. This permitted the performance of The Dark Side of the Moon on side 2 without interruption. During The Division Bell Tour the word Enigma or Publius Enigma would be visible on part of the stage and these were connected to the Enigma competition surrounding the album and tour. On 20 October 1994, during Another Brick in the Wall the screen displayed the word Enigma instead of E=MC2 which is what was shown at other shows, this is shown on the original 1995 release. The DVD, however, has an altered back-drop displaying E=MC2, although if the DVD is paused at the correct moment the word Enigma is still visible
Pulse (1995 film)
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DVD cover
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