Distillation
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Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances by selective boiling of the mixture a
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd-century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis (as imagined by the anonymous illustrator of the 15th-century Byzantine Greek manuscript Codex Parisinus graecus 2327).
Hieronymus Brunschwig's Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis (Strassburg, 1512) Science History Institute
A retort
Old Ukrainian vodka still
Vacuum distillation
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Vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient press
Figure 1: At atmospheric pressure, dimethyl sulfoxide boils at 189 °C. In the vacuum apparatus here, it distills off into the connected receiver flask on the left at only 70 °C.
Figure 3: Large-scale vacuum distillation tower at the Fawley oil refinery
Kugelrohr – a short path vacuum distillation apparatus
Vacuum distillation apparatus