1.
DivX, Inc.
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DivX, Inc. based in San Diego, California, is a subsidiary of NeuLion, Inc. as of January,2015. DivX, LLC is best known as a producer of three codecs, an MPEG-4 Part 2-based codec, the H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC DivX Plus codec, the companys software has been downloaded over 1 billion times since January 2003. DivX, LLCs offerings have expanded beyond the codec to include software for viewing and authoring DivX-encoded video, DivX, LLC also licenses its technologies to manufacturers of consumer electronics devices and components used in these devices, of which over 1 billion DivX-enabled devices have shipped worldwide. DivX certifies that these products are able to properly play DivX-encoded video. The origin of DivX, Inc. began with video engineer Jerome Rota, Gej was looking for a way to compress his portfolio so he could transmit it using the Audio Video Interleave file format. The codec became popular because it enabled reasonable quality video transmission over the internet, co-founder Jordan Greenhall, a former Mp3. com executive, learned of the codec from friends, and used it to download a copy of The Matrix. Greenhall eventually got in touch with Gej through an underground Dutch hacker group after a multi-month search, in early 2000, Greenhall put forward the idea of using the DivX, -) codec to found a company. With co-founders Joe Bezdek, Darrius Thompson and Tay Nguyen, Greenhall and Gej created DivXNetworks, after coming under scrutiny for the original DivX, -) codec, which was not a clean room design codec, DivXNetworks created a new, clean room codec. DivX, Inc. incurred net losses from its creation through the quarter of 2005. The company was profitable for fiscal years 2005–07, DivX, Inc. went public on September 27,2006. In December 2006, DivX, Inc. was added to the Russell 2000, in October 2010, Sonic Solutions completed their acquisition of DivX. In February 2011, Rovi Corporation acquired Sonic Solutions, in April 2014, Rovi Corporation sold the DivX and MainConcept business to Parallax Capital Partners and StepStone Group. In February 2015, NeuLion, Inc. acquired DivX, LLC, DivX, LLC licenses its technologies to manufacturers of consumer electronic devices. DivX, LLC also licenses its technologies to manufacturers of integrated circuits designed to be used in electronic devices. For example, on September 12,2007, DivX, Inc. announced an agreement with Qualcomm that allows the chip manufacturer to include DivX. In addition to licensing, DivX, Inc. also certifies devices that can encode and/or play-back videos using the companys codec according to DivX, the company has certified DVD players, digital televisions, digital cameras, portable video players, and portable video recorders. DivX, Inc. s partners have shipped over 1 billion certified consumer electronic devices, Partners include LG Electronics, Philips Electronics, Samsung Electronics, and Sony Electronics. Royalties resulting from licensing are approximately $1 to $2 per unit shipped, prior to November 2007, DivX, Inc. also received revenue from Google by providing the option to download the Google Toolbar when downloading the DivX Player from the companys website
2.
Dr. DivX
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Dr. DivX was an application created by DivX, Inc. that is capable of transcoding many video formats to DivX encoded video. Dr. DivX was originally a closed source encoding application that was based upon royalty charging libraries and this version terminated at 1.06 for DivX5.21. A new open source version was begun after DivX6 shipped, while open source, the project is currently implemented by one programmer employed by DivX, Inc. Because the original application used closed libraries, work had to begin from scratch, typically the encoded video is muxed into the standard AVI media container for the widest device compatibility. However, this offers fewer features than other formats, including the DivX Media Format introduced with version 6 of the DivX codec. Multi pass, or dual pass encoding, generally takes as much as twice as long as single pass, typically H.263 optimized is now recommended as the default quantization matrix with DivX encoding. In simple terms this can be described as a softening matrix, in comparison, the MPEG-2 matrix, can be likened to a sharpening filter, better suited to higher bit rates. Various frame types are used under the MPEG-4 standard, which can be seen as fixed points, i-frame - This is the fundamental and most complete frame type, which stores all data and from which motion changes are described. P-Frame - Stores differences between I-Frames or other P-frames, b-frame - This is a bidirectional frame, which stores the differences between past or future frames. The most compressible frame type, holding least information, typically used in fast action sequences, since the human eye perceives details more accurately in slow moving or stationary scenes, the bits are more effectively allocated to those scenes. Adaptive Multiple Consecutive - Will give smoother motion, but at the expense of file size, keyframes, are the pictures you see when you fast forward through a DVD. They are inserted by one of two methods under MPEG-4, max Keyframe interval - typically this is done by multiplying the framerate of the movie by 10, to deliver an automatic keyframe insert every 10 seconds. Typically left at the value under DivX. Keyframe threshold - this intelligently tracks the percentage of blocks not tracked by the search algorithm. Typically it is best left at 50%, but can be varied between 40% and 60%, for example, at default, if more than 50% of blocks have changed between frames, a new key frame is inserted. Bicubic is the option, offering superior quality to the simpler bilinear option. Image operations such as sharpening, are better performed with filters. Frame cropping, where black bars on wide screen movies are removed from the area to be encoded, typically the AVI files contain MP3 audio, as this is part of the baseline DivX profile
3.
Stage6
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Stage6 was a video sharing website owned and operated by DivX, Inc. where users could upload, share, and view video clips. Stage6 was different from other services in that it streamed high quality video clips that were user-encoded with DivX. The website never went beyond beta status, and was shut down by DivX Inc. on February 29,2008 because of apparent inability to support Stage6 financially, in June 2008, CNET hailed Stage6 as one of the greatest defunct websites in history. First launched in 2006 by DivX, Inc. and in public beta, at approximately 16,00 GMT on February 9,2008, Stage6 was hacked. People that visited the front page of the website were redirected to multiple shock sites, service to the site was restored at approximately 11,30 GMT on February 10,2008. The upload and publishing functions were disabled after the attack, the motive for the attack and extent of damage remain unclear to this day. On July 24,2007, DivX, Inc. announced that it would be seeking to separate Stage6 as a company from the rest of DivX, Inc. Co-founder and Executive Chairman Jordan Greenhall would be switching from his current role as CEO to manage the separating Stage6, by January 2008, Stage6 had a total of 10.7 million views. A day later than stated, Stage6 ceased to operate, directing users to a Veoh welcome page designed specifically for the purpose of receiving the Stage6 community. On March 11,2008, DivX Inc. disclosed significant costs, on February 25,2008, LiveUniverse Inc. offered to acquire Stage6 prior to the site being shut down by DivX. The offer consisted of 3 million USD lump sum,5 million USD in online advertising credits for DivX to use on their sites, if, after three years, DivX should decide to cash out its stake, LiveUniverse would pay a minimum of 3 million USD for it. The net payment would total to 11 million USD, however, after LiveUniverse made its first offer, DivX Board refused to engage in any direct dialogue for over five days, during which it shut down Stage6. According to the web-news blog TechCrunch, the reason for the shutdown was not the Stage6-generated bandwidth costs. The reason for the decline of the deal is described by TechCrunch as a Serious Drama, unregistered users could view and download to hard-drive all videos on the site, except those containing potentially offensive content. The users who went through the registration had access to additional features. These usually containing pornography or other content, excessive blood. Note that Stage6 did not censor offensive content, the users had the ability to either rate the video as good, by clicking on the thumb up-button, or respectively bad, by clicking the thumb down-button. After a significant number of hits, the site then rated the videos popularity on its search or front pages, the videos with higher rating were then displayed higher in the search results
4.
Data compression
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In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy, no information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information, the process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called coding in opposition to channel coding. Compression is useful because it reduces resources required to store and transmit data, computational resources are consumed in the compression process and, usually, in the reversal of the process. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off, Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy, for example, an image may have areas of color that do not change over several pixels, instead of coding red pixel, red pixel. The data may be encoded as 279 red pixels and this is a basic example of run-length encoding, there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy. The Lempel–Ziv compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage, DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip, and PNG, LZW is used in GIF images. LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data, for most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded, current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsofts CAB format, the best modern lossless compressors use probabilistic models, such as prediction by partial matching. The Burrows–Wheeler transform can also be viewed as a form of statistical modelling. The basic task of grammar-based codes is constructing a context-free grammar deriving a single string, sequitur and Re-Pair are practical grammar compression algorithms for which software is publicly available. In a further refinement of the use of probabilistic modelling. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols
5.
Circuit City Corporation
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Circuit City is an American multinational consumer electronics company. It was founded in 1949 by Samuel Wurtzel as the Wards Company, after multiple purchases and a successful run on the NYSE, it changed its name to Circuit City Stores Inc. In early 1949 Wurtzel was on vacation in Richmond, Virginia when, while at a barber shop. Imagining the opportunities, in late 1949, he moved his family to Richmond, later, Abraham L. Hecht joined him as a partner in the business. By 1959, Wards Company operated four television and home appliance stores in Richmond, the company continued to grow and acquired stores in other locations including Albany, New York, Mobile, Alabama, Washington, D. C. and Costa Mesa, California. During the 1970s and early 1980s, it also sold mail-order under the name Dixie Hi Fi, Wards experimented with several retail formats in Richmond, including smaller mall outlets branded Sight-n-Sound and Circuit City. Wards Company officially changed its name to Circuit City and became listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1984, One of the companys early slogans was Circuit City — Where the Streets are Paved with Bargains. The company, which had leased space from the Zodys department stores as well as other department stores, began acquiring retail stores. The first of these occurred in Knoxville, Tennessee, Charleston, South Carolina. In 1981, Circuit City entered the New York City market by acquiring the six remaining stores of the bankrupt Lafayette Radio chain, Wurtzel served as president of the company until 1970. He remained the chairman until 1984, when he stepped down, his son Alan served as chairman until 1994. Wards purchased a new building at 2040 Thalbro Street in Richmond, Virginia and in the extra space opened Wards Loading Dock. The large-format store was popular with customers. The company continued to expand with the new format modeled after Wards Loading Dock, Circuit City began to replace its smaller stores with the Superstore format and started a nationwide expansion. In 1988, the company constructing the new plug design Superstore stores. During this era, Circuit City became known for its exceptional service and its slogan, likewise, was Welcome to Circuit City, Where Service Is State of the Art. Later, Circuit City returned to New York City opening a 40,000 sq ft superstore in Union Square, also in 1998, Circuit City introduced the Pluggie mascot that was seen on television and in-store advertising. The mascot was a similar to the one seen on Circuit City television commercials plugging into store fronts
6.
Emoticon
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An emoticon, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters, usually written to express a persons feelings or mood. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at an angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji that can be understood without tilting ones head to the left and this style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. As social media has become widespread, emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology and they offer another range of tone and feeling through texting that portrays specific emotions through facial gestures while in the midst of text-based cyber communication. The word is a word of the English words emotion and icon. In web forums, instant messengers and online games, text emoticons are often replaced with small corresponding images. Emoticons for a face, -) and sad face, - and, - From, Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c> I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers. Actually, it is more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes. For this, use, - which omits the nose is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but each of them can be transformed by being rotated, with or without a hyphen. There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express a new feeling. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the users age and it is also common for the user to replace the rounded brackets used for the mouth with other, similar brackets, such as ] instead of ). Some variants are more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts. For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia, where the keys for = and ) are placed right beside each other, however, the, ) variant is without a doubt the dominant one in Scandinavia, making the =) version a rarity. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as an emoticon, as the version of, O and. Users from Japan popularized a style of emoticons that can be understood without tilting ones head to the left and this style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. Similar looking emoticons were used by Byte Information Exchange around the same time and these emoticons are usually found in a format similar to. The asterisks indicate the eyes, the character, commonly an underscore, the mouth, and the parentheses
7.
Smiley
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A smiley is a stylized representation of a smiling humanoid face, an important part of popular culture. The classic form designed in 1963 comprises a circle with two black dots representing eyes and a black arc representing the mouth. Smiley is also used as a generic term for any emoticon. The smiley has been referenced in all areas of Western culture including music, movies. The smiley has also associated with 1980s rave culture. The plural form smilies is commonly used, but the variant spelling smilie is not as common as the y spelling, the poet and author Johannes V. Jensen was amongst other things famous for experimenting with the form of his writing. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900 he includes both a face and a sad face, resembling the modern smiley. A commercial version of a face with the word THANKS above it was available in 1919. The round face was more detailed than the one depicted above, having eyebrows, nose, teeth, chin, facial creases and shading. In 1953 and 1958, similar happy faces were used in campaigns for the films Lili. The smiley was first introduced to popular culture as part of a promotion by New York radio station WMCA beginning in 1962, listeners who answered their phone WMCA Good Guys. were rewarded with a WMCA good guys sweatshirt that incorporated a happy face into its design. Thousands of these sweatshirts were given away, the WMCA smiley was yellow with black dots as eyes, but it had a slightly crooked smile instead of a full smile, and no creases in the mouth. As per Smithsonian, the face as we know it today was created by Harvey Ross Ball. In 1963, Harvey Ball was employed by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, Ball created the design in ten minutes and was paid $45. His rendition, with yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, however, Ball’s rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version. In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, tenagis design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by Charles Strouse lyrics in Put on a Happy Face from the musical Bye Bye Birdie, Stern, the man behind this campaign, incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993
8.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
9.
Hacker culture
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The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming limitations of software systems to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities in a spirit of playfulness, however, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves, but the manner in which it is done and whether it is something exciting and meaningful. Therefore, the hacker culture originally emerged in academia in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology s Tech Model Railroad Club, Richard Stallman explains about hackers who program, What they had in common was mainly love of excellence and programming. They wanted to make their programs that they used be as good as they could and they also wanted to make them do neat things. They wanted to be able to do something in an exciting way than anyone believed possible. I bet you didnt believe this could be done, as documented in the Jargon File, these hackers are disappointed by the mass media and general publics usage of the word hacker to refer to security breakers, calling them crackers instead. The word hacker derives from the word of a lusty laborer who harvested fields by dogged. Although the idea of hacking has existed long before the term hacker—with the most notable example of Lightning Ellsworth, in fact, many of the first programmers were from engineering or physics backgrounds. With this definition in mind, it can be clear where the negative implications of the word hacker, some common nicknames among this culture include crackers who are unskilled thieves who mainly rely on luck. Others include phreak—which refers to a type of skilled crackers and warez d00dz—which is a kind of cracker that acquires reproductions of copyrighted software, within all hackers are tiers of hackers such as the samurai who are hackers that hire themselves out for legal electronic locksmith work. Furthermore, there are other hackers who are hired to test security, the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University were particularly well-known hotbeds of early hacker culture. Over time, the hacker subculture has tended to become more conscious, more cohesive. The concentration of academic hacker subculture has paralleled and partly driven by the commoditization of computer and networking technology. Many of the values and tenets of the free and open software movement stem from the hacker ethics that originated at MIT. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race and you can create art and beauty on a computer. Computers can change your life for the better, Hacker ethics are concerned primarily with sharing, openness, collaboration, and engaging in the hands-on imperative. Hack value is the used by hackers to express that something is worth doing or is interesting. This is something that often feel intuitively about a problem or solution
10.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
11.
Advanced Systems Format
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Advanced Systems Format is Microsofts proprietary digital audio/digital video container format, especially meant for streaming media. ASF is part of the Media Foundation framework, ASF is based on serialized objects which are essentially byte sequences identified by a GUID marker. The format does not specify how the video or audio should be encoded and this is similar to the function performed by the QuickTime, AVI, or Ogg container formats. One of the objectives of ASF was to support playback from digital media servers, HTTP servers, the most common media contained within an ASF file are Windows Media Audio and Windows Media Video. The most common file extensions for ASF files are extension. WMA and these files are identical to the old. ASF files but for their extension and MIME-type. The different extensions are used to make it easier to identify the content of a media file. ASF files can contain objects representing metadata, such as the artist, title, album and genre for an audio track, or the director of a video track. It supports scalable media types and stream prioritization, as such, the ASF container provides the framework for digital rights management in Windows Media Audio and Windows Media Video. ASF container-based media are still streamed on the internet either through the MMS protocol or the RTSP protocol. The Library of Congress Digital Preservation project considers ASF as de facto successor of RIFF, in 2010 Google picked RIFF as container format for WebP. The author of the software project VirtualDub reported that a Microsoft employee informed him that his software violated a Microsoft patent regarding ASF playback
12.
Mayonnaise
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Mayonnaise is a thick, creamy dressing often used as a condiment. It is an emulsion of oil, egg yolk, and either vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs. Proteins and lecithin in the egg yolk serve as emulsifiers in both mayonnaise and hollandaise sauce, commercial egg-free alternatives are available for vegans and others who want to avoid animal products and cholesterol, or who are allergic to eggs. Mayonnaise varies in color, but is white, cream. It may range in texture from that of light cream to a thick gel, the word mayonnaise was not used for a dressing before the start of the 19th century. The earliest reference appears to be by Alexandre Viard, who never quite gives a recipe for the dressing itself. At that point, the sauce was made with aspic or jelly, in 1815, Louis Eustache Ude wrote, No 58. —Mayonnaise. Take three spoonfuls of Allemande, six ditto of aspic, and two of oil, add a little tarragon vinegar, that has not boiled, some pepper and salt, and minced ravigotte, or merely some parsley. Then put in the members of fowl, or fillets of soles and your mayonnaise must be put to ice, neither are you to put the members into your sauce till it begins to freeze. Next dish your meat or fish, mask with the sauce before it be quite frozen, and garnish your dish with whatever you think proper, as beet root, jelly, nasturtiums, &c. In a 1820 work, Viard describes something like the more familiar emulsified version, This sauce is made to take in many ways, with raw egg yolks, with gelatine and this sauce is used for cold fish entrees, or salad of vegetables cooked in salt water. According to this version, the sauce was known as salsa mayonesa in Spanish and maonesa in Catalan. The Larousse Gastronomique suggests, Mayonnaise, in our view, is a corruption of moyeunaise, derived from the very old French word moyeu. It is highly probable that wherever olive oil existed, a preparation of oil and egg came about — particularly in the Mediterranean region. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term mayonnaise was in use in English as early as 1823 in the journal of Lady Blessington, traditional mayonnaise is a mixture of egg, vinegar, oil and spices. Mayonnaise made in this fashion typically contains 70–80% fat, despite the high oil content relative to water, mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion. This emulsion is formed by first mixing the eggs, vinegar and mustard and this results in an emulsion consisting of a closely packed foam of oil droplets. By contrast, if the oil and aqueous phases are mixed all at once the result is a water-in-oil emulsion similar in viscosity to the oil from which it is made, oil may account for 75% or more of the total volume
13.
Fork (software development)
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The term often implies not merely a development branch, but also a split in the developer community, a form of schism. Free and open-source software is that which, by definition, may be forked from the development team without prior permission without violating copyright law. However, licensed forks of proprietary software also happen, the word fork stems from the Latin word furca, meaning a fork or similarly shaped instrument. Fork in the meaning of to divide in branches, go separate ways has been used as early as the 14th century. In the software environment, the word evokes the fork system call, however, fork was in use in the present sense by 1995 to describe the XEmacs split, and was an understood usage in the GNU Project by 1996. Thus, there is a penalty associated with forking. The relationship between the different teams can be cordial or very bitter and he notes in the Jargon File, David A. Wheeler notes four possible outcomes of a fork, with examples, The death of the fork. This is by far the most common case and it is easy to declare a fork, but considerable effort to continue independent development and support. With a DVCS such as Mercurial or Git, the way to contribute to a project is to first branch the repository. Forks often restart version numbering from 0.1 or 1.0 even if the software was at version 3.0,4.0. An exception is when the software is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the original project. In proprietary software, the copyright is held by the employing entity. This is almost always an economic decision to generate a greater market share, a notable proprietary fork not of this kind is the many varieties of proprietary Unix—almost all derived from AT&T Unix under license and all called Unix, but increasingly mutually incompatible. The BSD licenses permit forks to become proprietary software, and some say that commercial incentives thus make proprietisation almost inevitable, examples include macOS, Cedega and CrossOver, EnterpriseDB, Supported PostgreSQL with their proprietary ESM storage system, and Netezzas proprietary highly scalable derivative of PostgreSQL. Some of these vendors contribute back changes to the community project, while some keep their changes as their own competitive advantages
14.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
15.
Xvid
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Xvid is a video codec library following the MPEG-4 video coding standard, specifically MPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile. It uses ASP features such as b-frames, global and quarter pixel motion compensation, lumi masking, trellis quantization, Xvid is a primary competitor of the DivX Pro Codec. In contrast with the DivX codec, which is software developed by DivX. Xvid is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, in January 2001, DivXNetworks founded OpenDivX as part of Project Mayo which was intended to be a home for open source multimedia projects. OpenDivX was an open-source MPEG-4 video codec based on a stripped version of the MoMuSys reference MPEG-4 encoder. The source code, however, was placed under a restrictive license, in early 2001, DARC member Sparky wrote an improved version of the encoding core called encore2. This was updated several times before, in April, it was removed from CVS without warning, the explanation given by Sparky was We decided that we are not ready to have it in public yet. Soon after, DARC released a version of their closed-source commercial DivX4 codec. It was after this that a fork of OpenDivX was created, since then, all the OpenDivX code has been replaced and Xvid has been published under the GNU General Public License. As an implementation of MPEG-4 Part 2, Xvid uses many patented technologies, for this reason, Xvid 0.9. x versions were not licensed in countries where these software patents are recognized. With the 1.0. x releases, a GNU GPL v2 license is used with no explicit geographical restriction, however, the legal usage of Xvid may still be restricted by local laws. In July 2002, Sigma Designs released an MPEG-4 video codec called the REALmagic MPEG-4 Video Codec, before long, people testing this new codec found that it contained considerable portions of Xvid code. Sigma Designs was contacted and confirmed that a programmer had based REALmagic on Xvid, the Xvid developers decided to stop work and go public to force Sigma Designs to respect the terms of the GPL. After articles were published in Slashdot and The Inquirer, in August 2002 Sigma Designs agreed to publish their source code, Xvid is not a video format, it is a program for compressing to and decompressing from the MPEG-4 ASP format. Since Xvid uses MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile compression, video encoded with Xvid is MPEG-4 ASP video and this includes a large number of media players and decoders based on libavcodec. As of 2016, xvid. com carries binaries for using the codec, Xvid encoded files can be written to a CD or DVD and played in some DivX compatible DVD players and media players. However, Xvid can optionally encode video with advanced MPEG-4 features that most DivX Certified set-top players do not support, for example, Xvid specifies three warp points for its implementation of global motion compensation as opposed to the single warp point implementation of DivX. Enabling some of the more advanced encoding features can compromise player compatibility, some issues exist with the custom quantization matrices used in tools such as AutoGK that automate encoding with Xvid
16.
TiVo Corporation
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TiVo Corporation is an American technology company. The company holds over 6,000 pending and registered patents, the company also provides analytics and recommendation platforms for the video industry. In 2016, Rovi acquired digital video recorder maker TiVo Inc. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film The Cotton Club was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985, by the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. John O. Ryan and William A. Krepick led the company through an IPO in 1997 priced at $9.00 a share. In July 2005, the company hired Alfred J. Amoroso as chief officer and president to succeed William A. Krepick. Macrovision acquired Gemstar-TV Guide on May 2,2008, in a deal worth about $2.8 billion. The combined company would seek to be “the homepage for the TV experience, the divestiture of the software business unit closed on April 1,2008, becoming Acresso Software. Macrovision also ultimately sold off parts of Gemstar-TV Guide not focused on entertainment, including TryMedia, eMeta, TV Guide Magazine, TV Guide Network. The company also bought two companies providing entertainment metadata, All Media Guide on November 6,2007, and substantially all the assets of Muze, on July 16,2009, Macrovision Solution Corporation announced the official change of its name to Rovi Corporation. Rovi announced its first product on January 7,2010 – TotalGuide, on March 16,2010, Rovi acquired MediaUnbound for an undisclosed amount. MediaUnbound had helped build static and dynamic personalization and recommendation engines for such as Napster, eMusic. On June 16,2010, the announced the Rovi Advertising Network which bundled guide advertising. On December 23,2010, the announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions. Sonic provided digital video processing, playback and distribution technologies and owned RoxioNow an OTT technology provider, on March 1,2011, Rovi announced its acquisition of online video guide SideReel. The company announced Amorosos intention to retire on May 26,2011, tom Carson, formerly the executive vice president of sales and marketing, was appointed CEO and President in December 2011. Continuing on this path, the made a similar announcement in January 2014 indicating its intent to sell the DivX. On April 1,2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach, a provider of predictive analysis services, the technology would be integrated into Rovis audience analysis services
17.
Sonic Solutions
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Sonic Solutions, acquired by Rovi Corporation in 2010, was an American computer software company headquartered in Novato, California. In addition to having a number of offices in the U. S. the company maintained offices in Europe. Sonic Solutions was created by former Lucasfilm employees who developed the SoundDroid digital audio editing system as part of the Droidworks project, Sonic developed and marketed The Sonic System, a professional non-linear digital audio workstation for music editing, restoration and CD preparation. Sonic received an Emmy Award for technical achievement in 1996, in the same year the company worked with numerous Hollywood studios and consumer electronic manufactures to introduce the first commercial DVD production system. Sonic extended its business to enterprise software areas with its DVD authoring systems for use as well as retail. In 2002, Sonic spun off their entire audio division as Sonic Studio, LLC, to concentrate solely on the DVD marketplace, enterprise software and licensing of IP, notable customers included Microsoft, Apple, Google, Adobe and Avid. Its middleware and embedded chip included deals with Texas Instruments, Broadcom, Scientific Atlanta/Cisco, Marvell and it grew to command a 64% market share in its category. In 2005, Sonic began moving its consumer business to a SAAS model. By 2010 Sonic was one of the largest providers of premium movies via the Web and CE devices, Sonic held the rights to the movies and provided cloud delivery as a white label provider. Sonic’s major acquisitions include the Desktop and Mobile Division of VERITAS Software Corporation in 2002, Roxio in 2003, in October 2010, the company acquired DivX Inc. in a $326 million stock and cash deal as the digital-media provider moves to enhance online video offerings. On December 23,2010, Rovi Corporation announced its intention to acquire the company, the sale was a cash stock deal for just under $1 billion. According to a February 2011 article in Business Insider, Sonic yielded the highest return of any publicly traded company on the NYSE or NASDAQ markets, both stocks rose on the deal announcement, creating a 66% premium above market. The acquisition was completed early the next year, in January 2012, Rovi announced that it would be selling the Roxio division and product line to Corel. CinemaNow CinePlayer Creator DivX Easy VHS to DVD MyDVD PhotoShow Toast BD PowerStation CineVision MainConcept Reference Scenarist Official website
18.
The Blackstone Group
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The Blackstone Group L. P. is an American multinational private equity, alternative asset management and financial services firm based in New York City. As the largest alternative investment firm in the world, Blackstone specializes in equity, credit. Blackstone was founded in 1985 as a mergers and acquisitions boutique by Peter G. Peterson and Stephen A. Schwarzman, over the course of two decades, Blackstone has evolved into one of the worlds largest private equity investment firms. In 2007, Blackstone completed a $4 billion initial public offering to become one of the first major private equity firms to list shares in its management company on a public exchange. Hamilton E. James is the current president, chief operating officer, as of 2011, Blackstone is the worlds fifth-largest private equity firm by committed capital, focusing primarily on leveraged buyouts of more mature companies. The firm also invests through minority investments, corporate partnerships, and industry consolidations, the firm focuses on friendly investments in large capitalization companies. Blackstones private equity business employs approximately 120 investment employees in New York City, London, Menlo Park, California, Mumbai, Hong Kong, in 2009 Blackstone purchased Busch Entertainment. In 2012, Blackstone acquired a controlling interest in Utah-based Vivint, Inc. a home automation, security, former notable investments include Universal Studios Parks, which was sold to Comcast. The real estate business has raised approximately $28 billion for a variety of vehicles, including six US-focused funds. Blackstone also raised a real estate special situations fund focusing on non-controlling debt, the special situations fund invests directly in real estate as well as private and publicly traded real estate-related securities. The purchase and subsequent profitable IPO of Southern Cross led to controversy in the UK, part of the purchase involved splitting the business into a property company, NHP, and a care home business, which Blackstone claimed would become the leading company in the elderly care market. In May 2011, Southern Cross, now independent, was almost bankrupt and it denied blame, although Blackstone was widely accused in the media for selling on the company with an unsustainable business model and crippled with an impossible sale and leaseback strategy. After the subprime mortgage crisis, Blackstone Group LP has bought more than $5.5 billion single-family homes for rent, to be sold when the prices rise. Blackstone has agreed to sell a selection of Northern California office buildings for the sum of $3.5 billion, in 1990, Blackstone created a fund of hedge funds business to manage the internal assets for Blackstone and its senior managers. Over the years, this evolved into Blackstones marketable alternative asset management segment. Among the investments included in this segment are funds of funds, mezzanine funds, senior debt vehicles, proprietary hedge funds. The combination of Blackstone and GSO created one of the largest credit platforms in the asset management business. GSO was founded in 2005 by Bennett Goodman, Tripp Smith, the GSO team had previously managed the leveraged finance businesses at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette and later Credit Suisse First Boston, after the acquisition of DLJ
19.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
20.
NeuLion
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NeuLion is an online video technology company headquartered in Plainview, New York, USA. The company specializes in video broadcasting, distribution and monetization of live and on-demand content, up to 4K. 2004, NeuLion was founded in as a privately held technology company, october 2008, NeuLion finalized a merger with Internet streaming company JumpTV combining technology and client partnerships in sports, international and variety programming. July 2009, JumpTV Inc. changed its name to NeuLion, Inc. and continued trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the new name, november 2009, NeuLion acquired Vancouver based webcasting company Interactive Netcasting Systems which held among other properties, eight North American based hockey leagues. October 2010, the NeuLion closed an acquisition of TransVideo International, TransVideo is a Chinese-based IPTV technology provider and a manufacturer of set top boxes utilized by the company. February 2015, NeuLion acquired DivX, Inc. a digital video solutions provider and Kanaan Jemili, june 2016, NeuLion acquired Saffron Digital, a UK-based company building multi-platform digital video services for entertainment delivered over-the-top to internet connected devices. NeuLion works with content providers and aggregators, and has approximately 525 employees worldwide, neuLion’s technology and services include multi-screen video delivery solutions, consumer electronics licensing, professional content tools and consumer software. The SDK is currently licensed by Samsung Electronics, Sony, LG Electronics, consumer Software NeuLions DivX® Software enables mobile video consumption, desktop and web video playback up to 4K resolution, and DLNA streaming to devices. The NeuLion 4K Mobile App enables users to stream video up to 4K60 frames per second from a smartphone to smart TVs when both devices are connected to the same WiFi network. Key Markets, Broadcasters, Operators, Sports Leagues and Teams, Sports Networks, Colleges and Conferences, Content Rights Holders, CE, Service Providers, Video Production, OTT Services and Consumers
21.
Fortress Investment Group
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Fortress Investment Group is an investment management firm based in New York City. As of June 30,2016, the firm managed approximately $70.2 billion alternative assets in private equity, liquid hedge funds, in 2014, Fortress Investment Group was named Hedge Fund Manager of the Year by Institutional Investor and Management Firm of the Year by HFMWeek. Fortress has previously recognized by Institutional Investor as “Discretionary Macro-Focused Hedge Fund of the Year” for 2012. Fortress Investment Group LLC was founded as an equity firm in 1998 by Wesley R. Edens. Rob Kauffman, a director of UBS, and Randal A. Nardone. Fortress quickly expanded into hedge funds, real estate-related investments and debt securities, run by Michael Novogratz and Pete Briger, Fortress Investment Groups investments grew rapidly, with its private equity funds netting 39. 7% between 1999 and 2006. In autumn 2014, Fortress hired Jeff Feig, formerly the Global Head of Foreign Exchange at Citigroup to join Novogratz as co-CIO of the Fortress Macro Fund. However, as of October 13,2015, the announced that the $2.3 billion Macro Fund was to close down. This development came after Feig stepped down as co-CIO of the fund in July 2015, according to the firm, Novogratz, the remaining CIO, was expected to retire from the firm by the end of 2015. On February 14,2017, SoftBank Group agreed to buy Fortress Investment Group LLC for $3.3 billion, on November 15,2006, RailAmerica Inc. announced that a Fortress-managed fund would acquire the company, offering $16.35 per share. The transaction was completed in February 2007, Fortress later sold RailAmerica via initial public offering in October 2009.5 billion. The Surface Transportation Board approved the transaction in September 2007, although RailAmerica operated FEC for a time, the two were never merged, and after the RailAmerica IPO Fortress retained FEC. On June 15,2007, Fortress announced that it would partner with Centerbridge Partners to acquire Penn National Gaming, Penn National shareholders were to receive $67 cash for each share. On July 3,2008, Fortress backed away from the agreement amidst the economic climate. Fortress co-chairman Wesley Edens assumes a seat on the board of Penn National as part of the agreement, Fortress has taken several of its portfolio companies public, such as Aircastle Ltd. Fortress has said it lost $125 million purchasing fraudulent promissory notes from Marc Dreier, Fortress filed a lawsuit against the law firm Dechert in an attempt to recover the loss. The lawsuit was filed in New York state court, alleging Dechert issued a legal opinion letter that Dreier used to defraud Fortress. Fortresss private equity investment portfolio includes Aircastle Limited, Alea Group Holdings Ltd, AMRESCO, Boxclever, Capstead Mortgage Corporation, CW Financial Services, Eurocastle Investment Limited, Flagler, Florida East Coast Railway, GAGFAH, GateHouse Media, Inc
22.
DVD-Video
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DVD-Video is a consumer video format used to store digital video on DVD discs, and as of 2003 is the dominant consumer video format in Asia, North America, Europe, and Australia. Discs using the DVD-Video specification require a DVD drive and an MPEG-2 decoder, commercial DVD movies are encoded using a combination MPEG-2 compressed video and audio of varying formats. Typically, the rate for DVD movies ranges from 3 Mbit/s to 9.5 Mbit/s. It was first available in November 1996 in Japan, the DVD-Video specification was created by DVD Forum and can be obtained from DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation for a fee of $5,000. The specification is not publicly available and every subscriber must sign a non-disclosure agreement, certain information in the DVD Book is proprietary and confidential. To record moving pictures, DVD-Video uses either H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 compression at up to 9.8 Mbit/s or MPEG-1 Part 2 compression at up to 1.856 Mbit/s. DVD-Video supports video with a bit depth of 8-bits per color YCbCr with 4,2,0 chroma subsampling,704 ×480 pixels 352 ×480 pixels. Widescreen video is supported only in D-1 resolutions, the MPEG-1 Part 2 format does not support interlaced video. The H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 format supports both interlaced and progressive-scan content, Content with a frame rate different from one of the rates shown above can be encoded to H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 by using pulldown. This is most commonly used to encode 23.976 frame/s content for playback at 29.97 frame/s. Alternately, the content can be encoded on the disc itself at one of several alternate frame rates, such flags can be added in video stream by the H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 encoder. A DVD player uses these flags to convert progressive content into interlaced video in real-time during playback and these flags also allow reproducing progressive content at their original, non-interlaced format when used with compatible DVD players and progressive-scan television sets. The audio data on a DVD movie can be PCM, DTS, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, a similar standard exists in countries using the NTSC system, though with no requirement mandating the use of or support for the MP2 format. DTS audio is optional for all players, as DTS was not part of the draft standard and was added later, thus. Only PCM and DTS support 96 kHz sampling rate, because PCM, being uncompressed, requires a lot of bandwidth and DTS is not universally supported by players,96 kHz sampling rate is rare for DVDs. The vast majority of commercial DVD-Video releases today employ AC-3 audio. The official allowed formats for the tracks on a DVD Video are, PCM,48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling rate,16 bit or 24 bit Linear PCM,2 to 6 channels, up to 6,144 kbit/s. DVDs can contain more than one channel of audio to go together with the video content and this is most commonly used for different audio formats – DTS5.1, AC-32.0 etc. – as well as for commentary and audio tracks in different languages
23.
VirtualDubMod
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VirtualDubMod was an open source video capture and processing tool for Microsoft Windows, based on Avery Lees VirtualDub. Version 1.5.10.2 was released on 21 February 2006, virtualDubs author, which hosts VirtualDubMods forums, claimed that development had been abandoned. A version labeled as VirtualDubMod 1.6.0.0 SURROUND, a Version 1.5.10.3 build 2550 was released by VirtualDub-Fr. VirtualDubMod merged several specialized forks of VirtualDub posted on the Doom9 forums, added features included Matroska support, OGM support, and MPEG-2 support. One notable feature that remains missing in VirtualDubMod is the ability to program timed video captures, despite the abandonment of development of VirtualDubMod, some of its features can be added to VirtualDub through input plugins and ACM codecs provided by users on VirtualDub forums. Avidemux - a cross platform program similar to VirtualDub, available for Linux, Windows, comparison of video editing software Official website VirtualDubMod on SourceForge. net Forums
24.
Digital rights management
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Digital rights management schemes are various access control technologies that are used to restrict usage of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. DRM technologies try to control the use, modification, and distribution of copyrighted works, the use of digital rights management is not universally accepted. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Free Software Foundation consider the use of DRM systems to be an anti-competitive practice. Worldwide, many laws have been created which criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about such circumvention, such laws are part of the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the European Unions Copyright Directive. The term DRM is also referred to as copy protection, technical protection measures, copy prevention, or copy control. The advent of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has vastly increased the concerns of copyright-owning individuals and these concerns are particularly prevalent within the music and movie industries, because these sectors are partly or wholly dependent on the revenue generated from such works. This, combined with the Internet and popular file-sharing tools, has made unauthorized distribution of copies of copyrighted digital media much easier, DRM technologies enable content publishers to enforce their own access policies on content, such as restrictions on copying or viewing. These technologies have been criticized for restricting individuals from copying or using the content legally, DRM is in common use by the entertainment industry. However, Apple dropped DRM from all iTunes music files around 2009, for instance, tractor companies try to prevent the DIY repairing by the owning farmers under usage of DRM-laws as DMCA. Digital Rights Management Techniques include, Restrictive Licensing Agreements, The access to materials, copyright. Some restrictive licenses are imposed on consumers as a condition of entering a website or when downloading software, encryption, Scrambling of expressive material and embedding of a tag, This technology is designed to control access and reproduction of information. This includes backup copies for personal use, computer games sometimes use DRM technologies to limit the number of systems the game can be installed on by requiring authentication with an online server. Most games with this restriction allow three or five installs, although some allow an installation to be recovered when the game is uninstalled. In mid-2008, the publication of Mass Effect marked the start of a wave of titles primarily making use of SecuROM for DRM, the use of the DRM scheme in 2008s Spore backfired and there were protests, resulting in a considerable number of users seeking an unlicensed version instead. This backlash against the limit was a significant factor in Spore becoming the most pirated game in 2008. Additionally, other games that use intrusive DRM such as BioShock, Crysis Warhead. Although Ubisoft has not commented on the results of the experiment, Ubisoft formally announced a return to online authentication on 9 February 2010, through its Uplay online gaming platform, starting with Silent Hunter 5, The Settlers 7, and Assassins Creed II. Silent Hunter 5 was first reported to have been compromised within 24 hours of release, the Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game-code from Ubisofts servers as the game progresses
