1.
Division of Denison (state)
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The Electoral Division of Denison is one of the five electorates in the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The division is named after Sir William Denison, who was Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land, the division shares its name and boundaries with the federal division of Denision. At each state election, five members are elected to Denison through the single transferable vote, the division is located on the western side of the Derwent River and includes most of the inner ring of the Hobart area. It includes the City of Hobart, the City of Glenorchy, covering an area of 290 km² it is the smallest of the five electoral divisions. The electorate has the highest Green vote in Tasmania, the Australian Labor Party polls strongly in Glenorchy and Moonah, whereas the Greens and Liberals obtain most of their votes in Hobart and Sandy Bay. Remarkably two of its current members Scott Bacon and Matthew Groom are both sons of former Premiers Jim Bacon and Ray Groom respectively
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Australian House of Representatives
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The Australian House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Australia. It is referred to as the house, with the Senate being referred to as the upper house. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses, a member of the House may be referred to as a Member of Parliament, while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator. The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve, the House of Representatives currently consists of 150 members, elected by and representing single member districts, known as electoral divisions. The number of members is not fixed, but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, the most recent overall increase in the size of the House, which came into effect at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, each division elects one member using full-preference Instant-runoff voting. This was put in place after the 1918 Swan by-election, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote, the Nationalist government of the time changed the lower house voting system from first-past-the-post to full-preference preferential voting, effective from the 1919 general election. This system has remained in place since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the same seats, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act of 1900 established the House of Representatives as part of the new system of dominion government in newly federated Australia. The House is presided over by the Speaker, Members of the House are elected from single member electorates. One vote one value legislation requires all electorates to have approximately the number of voters with a maximum 10% variation. However, the quota for the number of voters in an electorate is determined by the number of voters in the state in which that electorate is found. Meanwhile, all the states except Tasmania have electorates approximately within the same 10% tolerance, voting is by the preferential system, also known as instant-runoff voting. A full allocation of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal and this allows for a calculation of the two-party-preferred vote. Under Section 24 of the Constitution, each state is entitled to members based on a quota determined from the latest statistics of the Commonwealth. These statistics arise from the census conducted under the auspices of section 51, the parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established by the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of Senators. This is known as the Nexus Provision, the reasons for this are twofold, to maintain a constant influence for the smaller states and to maintain a constant balance of the two Houses in case of a joint sitting after a double dissolution. The population of state and territory is then divided by this quota to determine the number of members to which each state. Under the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at least five members, the Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory should have at least one member each
4.
Australian federal election, 2016
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It was the first double dissolution election since the 1987 election and the first under a new voting system for the Senate that replaced group voting tickets with optional preferential voting. After a week of vote counting, still no party had won seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives to form a majority government. Many political commentators predicted a hung parliament such as occurred at the 2010 election, Turnbull claimed victory later that day. In the closest federal majority result since the 1961 election, the ABC declared on 11 July that the incumbent Coalition would be able to form a majority government. In the 150-seat House of Representatives, the one-term incumbent Liberal/National Coalition government was re-elected with a reduced 76 seats, the Coalitions victory marked the first time since 2004 that a government had been reelected with an absolute majority in the House of Representatives. Resulting from the national two-party swing against the government, the Labor opposition picked up a significant number of previously government-held seats − totaling 69 seats, on the crossbench the Greens, the Nick Xenophon Team, Katters Australian Party, and independents Wilkie and McGowan won a seat each. On 19 July the Australian Electoral Commission announced a re-count for the Coalition-held, at the start of the Herbert re-count, Labor led by eight votes. The AEC announced on 31 July that Labor had won Herbert by 37 votes, the final outcome in the 76-seat Australian Senate took over four weeks to complete despite significant voting changes. Earlier in 2016, legislation changed the Senate voting system from a single transferable vote with group voting tickets to an optional-preferential single transferable vote. The final Senate result was announced on 4 August, Liberal/National Coalition 30 seats, Labor 26 seats, Greens 9 seats, One Nation 4 seats and Nick Xenophon Team 3 seats. Former broadcaster and founder of the Justice Party Derryn Hinch, won a seat, while Jacqui Lambie, Liberal Democrat David Leyonhjelm, the number of crossbenchers increased by two to a record 20. The Liberal/National Coalition will require at least nine additional votes to reach a Senate majority and this approach differs to the recount method, whereby the Senators who would have been elected in a normal half-Senate election are allocated a six-year term instead. By choosing the order elected method rather than the recount method, Labor, independents, Andrew Wilkie, Cathy McGowan Members in italics did not re-contest their House of Representatives seats at this election. Notes 1 As a result of the 2015 boundary redistribution, the New South Wales Liberal-held seats of Barton, Dobell,2 A re-count commenced on 19 July in the Queensland division of Herbert. Prior to the re-count, Labor was provisionally ahead of its LNP candidate by eight votes, on 31 July the Australian Electoral Commission announced Labor had won Herbert by 37 votes. The LNP was considering a challenge to the result. The final Senate result was announced on 4 August, the Labor opposition won 26 seats, a gain of one − a Senator in Western Australia. The number of crossbenchers increased by two to a record 20, the Liberal/National Coalition will require at least nine additional votes to reach a Senate majority, an increase of three
5.
Andrew Wilkie
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Andrew Damien Wilkie is an Australian politician and independent federal member for Denison. He has been an officer and an intelligence analyst. Following his resignation he said, Iraqs weapons of mass destruction program is very disjointed and contained by the regime thats been in place since the last Gulf War, and there is no hard intelligence linking the Iraqi regime to al-Qaeda in any substantial or worrisome way. He opposed Australias contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq under the Howard government, Wilkie later argued the Iraq War was based on a lie. Since 2003 he has active in Australian politics. He was a Greens candidate for the federal Division of Bennelong in the 2004 federal election, in 2010 he stood as an independent candidate for the state seat of Denison at the Tasmanian state election, narrowly missing out on the final vacancy. Wilkie finished first on the vote at the 2013 federal election. Wilkie trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and graduated in 1984 and he joined the Young Liberals while a cadet. He also studied at the University of New South Wales, and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Graduate Diploma of Management, after graduation and being stationed in Brisbane, he joined the Liberal Party before allowing his membership to lapse. His military career spanned 1980–2000 and he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel and he was seconded to the Office of National Assessments, an Australian intelligence agency, from 1999 until late 2000. After a stint with US defence company Raytheon, Wilkie returned to the ONA shortly after the 11 September attacks, Iraq failed to comply with demands to allow unfettered arms inspections, and the Howard Government elected to send forces to support the 2003 US invasion of Iraq. While the Government was considering the case for war, Wilkie was asked to report on humanitarian considerations, according to a leaked report published in the Herald Sun, in December 2002 Wilkie had submitted an ONA report on the humanitarian implications of war in Iraq to the Government. In it he cautioned against unpredictable but potentially serious humanitarian consequences of war against Saddam and he told the ABC, I think that invading Iraq at this time would be wrong. For a start, Iraq does not pose a security threat to any country at this point in time. Its military is very weak, its a fraction of the size of the military at the time of the invasion of Kuwait and its weapons of mass destruction program is very disjointed and contained by the regime thats been in place since the last Gulf War. And there is no hard intelligence linking the Iraqi regime to al-Qaeda in any substantial or worrisome way, Wilkie later told the press that in the lead up to his resignation he had increasingly encountered ethical conflict between his duty as an intelligence officer and his respect for the truth. In response to opposition to the war, Wilkie gave extensive television interviews. He subsequently gave evidence to official British and Australian inquiries into the case for involvement in the Iraq war
6.
William Denison
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Sir William Thomas Denison, KCB was Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1847 to 1855, Governor of New South Wales from 1855 to 1861, and Governor of Madras from 1861 to 1866. According to Percival Serle, Denison was a man of high character and he showed great interest in the life of the colony, and helped to foster education, science and trade, during the period when Tasmania was developing into a prosperous colony. In New South Wales his task was easier, and he had no difficulty in coping adequately with the problems arose during the early days of responsible government in Australia. In November 1838 he married Caroline Hornby, Lt. Denison was one of the junior Royal Engineers who worked under Lt. Colonel John By on the Rideau Canal in Upper Canada. Of note, Denison carried out experiments under the direction of Lt. Col, by to determine the strength, for construction purposes of the old growth Canadian timber in the vicinity of Bytown. His findings were published by the Institution of Civil Engineers in England who bestowed him the prestigious Telford Medal in silver. He returned to England in 1831 and worked at Woolwich and as an instructor at Chatham from 1833 and he worked at Greenwich observatory with Ramsdens zenith sector and in 1837 he was engineer in charge of Woolwich Dockyard. He was promoted to captaion in 1841 and he visited Bermuda in 1842, in 1844-5 he worked with the royal commission on the health of towns. Denison was knighted for his work in the Admiralty in 1846, Denison was offered the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land in 1846 on the recommendation of Sir John Burgoyne, and arrived at Hobart on 25 January 1847. There had been a strong protest from members of the Anti-Transportation League, Denison was told that no convicts would be sent so that he could fix the problem. The Tasmanian Legislative Council had no quorum and he became at odds with the two judges, the power of the Council to levy taxes. This had arisen after a case of dog tax that John Morgan, Denison thereupon charged the judges with neglect of duty in failing to identify the faults in the laws before they were enacted. He suggested that the Chief Justice should apply for leave of absence, Denison was afterwards reprimanded by the Secretary of State, Earl Grey, for his conduct towards Pedder, but the dismissal of Montagu was confirmed. He, however, succeeded in conciliating some of the citizens by granting 5 acres of land in Hobart as a site for an unsectarian school, subsequently, the British Government began sending convicts in large numbers. The Anti-Transportation League formed to oppose transportation had the support of all the leading colonists of Tasmania. While this movement had been going on, the question of granting responsible government had much to the front. In 1850 an act for the government of the Australian colonies was passed. A council of 16 members was elected in Tasmania, all supporting the Anti-Transportation movement, and he, however, incurred some criticism by proclaiming pre-emptive right land regulations before the new Council met
7.
Voting
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Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting, residents of a place represented by an elected official are called constituents, and those constituents who cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called voters. In a democracy, a government is chosen by voting in an election, in a representative democracy voting is the method by which the electorate appoints its representatives in its government. In a direct democracy, voting is the method by which the electorate directly make decisions, turn bills into laws, a secret ballot has come to be the practice to prevent voters from being intimidated and to protect their political privacy. Voting usually takes place at a station, it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others. Different voting systems use different types of votes, a Plurality voting system does not require the winner to achieve a vote majority, or more than fifty percent of the total votes cast. In a voting system uses a single vote per race. A side effect of a vote per race is vote splitting, which tends to elect candidates that do not support centrism. An alternative to a system is approval voting. To understand why a vote per race tends to favor less centric candidates. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed up for election, the reason is that the three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than sixty percent of the voters prefer green. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority will still rarely win, in other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-vote system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority. A development on the single system is to have two-round elections. The winner must receive a majority, which is more than half, if subsequent votes must be used, often a candidate, the one with the fewest votes or anyone who wants to move their support to another candidate, is removed from the ballot. An alternative to the Two-round voting system is the single round instant-runoff voting system as used in elections in Australia, Ireland. Voters rank each candidate in order of preference, votes are distributed to each candidate according to the preferences allocated. If no single candidate has 50% or more votes than the candidate with the least votes is excluded, the process repeating itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes
8.
Tasmania
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Tasmania is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, the state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 519,100, just over forty percent of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, Tasmanias area is 68,401 km2, of which the main island covers 64,519 km2. Though an island state, due to an error the state shares a land border with Victoria at its northernmost terrestrial point, Boundary Islet. The Bishop and Clerk Islets, about 37 km south of Macquarie Island, are the southernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania, the island is believed to have been occupied by Aboriginals for 40,000 years before British colonisation. It is thought Tasmanian Aboriginals were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form Bass Strait. The conflict, which peaked between 1825 and 1831 and led to more than three years of law, cost the lives of almost 1100 Aboriginals and settlers. The near-destruction of Tasmanias Aboriginal population has been described by historians as an act of genocide by the British. The island was part of the Colony of New South Wales. In 1854 the present Constitution of Tasmania was passed and the year the state received permission to change its name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state through the process of the Federation of Australia, the state is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island Anthony van Diemens Land after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the name was later shortened to Van Diemens Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856, Tasmania was sometimes referred to as Dervon, as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is Tassie, Tasmania is also colloquially shortened to Tas, especially when used in business names and website addresses. TAS is also the Australia Post abbreviation for the state, the reconstructed Palawa kani language name for Tasmania is Lutriwita. The island was adjoined to the mainland of Australia until the end of the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago, much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions through other rock types, sometimes forming large columnar joints. Tasmania has the worlds largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains, the central plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly dolerite. Mount Wellington above Hobart is an example, showing distinct columns known as the Organ Pipes
9.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
10.
Van Diemen's Land
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Van Diemens Land was the original name used by most Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. The name was changed from Van Diemens Land to Tasmania in 1856, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to land on the shores of Tasmania in 1642. Between 1772 and 1798, only the portion of the island was visited. Tasmania was not known to be an island until Matthew Flinders, after receiving no response from the Spanish government, Peyroux proposed it to the French government, as Mémoire sur les avantages qui résulteraient dune colonie puissante à la terre de Diémen. In 1802 and 1803, the French expedition commanded by Nicolas Baudin explored DEntrecasteaux Channel and Maria Island, the demonym for Van Diemens Land was Van Diemonian, though contemporaries used the spelling Vandemonian. In 1856, the colony was granted responsible self-government with its own parliament. Main articles, Port Arthur, Tasmania, Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania From the 1800s to the 1853 abolition of penal transportation, following the suspension of transportation to New South Wales, all transported convicts were sent to Van Diemens Land. In total, some 75,000 convicts were transported to Van Diemens Land, male convicts served their sentences as assigned labour to free settlers or in gangs assigned to public works. Only the most difficult convicts were sent to the Tasman Peninsula prison known as Port Arthur, female convicts were assigned as servants in free settler households or sent to a female factory. There were five female factories in Van Diemens Land, Convicts completing their sentences or earning their ticket-of-leave often promptly left Van Diemens Land. Many settled in the new colony of Victoria, to the dismay of the free settlers in towns such as Melbourne. Anthony Trollope used the term Vandemonian, They are united in their declaration that the cessation of the coming of convicts has been their ruin, in 1856, Van Diemens Land was renamed Tasmania, meaning that it technically still exists but under a different name. This removed the unsavoury criminal connotations with the name Van Diemens Land, while honouring Abel Tasman, the last penal settlement in Tasmania at Port Arthur closed in 1877. The film was nominated for a Rose dOr, an Irish Film and Television Award, the feature film Van Diemens Land focuses on the true story of convict Alexander Pearce and his infamous escape from Macquarie Harbour in 1822. Van Diemens Land is the title of the track from the rock band U2s album Rattle. The lyrics were written and sung by The Edge, the song is dedicated to a Fenian poet named John Boyle OReilly, who was deported to Australia because of his poetry. Steeleye Span does a rendition of the folk song on their album They Called Her Babylon The chorus to the English folk song Maggie May says Theyve sent you to Van Diemens cruel shore. Shirley Collins and the Albion Country Band record a version of Van Diemens Land in No Roses Carla Bruni sings the poem If You Were Coming In The Fall, the song includes a reference to Van Diemens land subtracting till my fingers dropped, into Van Diemens Land
11.
Hobart
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Hobart is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. It is the least populated state capital in Australia, founded in 1803 as a penal colony, Hobart is Australias second oldest capital city after Sydney, New South Wales. The modern history of Hobart dates to its foundation as a British colony in 1803, prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years, by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuennone, or South-East tribe. The descendants of the indigenous Tasmanians now refer to themselves as Palawa, Hobart has experienced both booms and busts over its history. In the later years of the 20th century, migrants arrived to settle in Hobart from Asia. In June 2015, the city had an area population of approximately 221,000. The city is located in the states south-east on the estuary of the Derwent River and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world. Its skyline is dominated by the 1, 271-metre kunanyi/Mount Wellington, the metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart, to differentiate it from the City of Hobart, one of the five local government areas that cover the city. The first European settlement began in 1803 as a colony at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the Derwent River. In 1804 it was moved to a location at the present site of Hobart at Sullivans Cove. The city, initially known as Hobart Town or Hobarton, was named after Lord Hobart, the British secretary of state for war, the areas indigenous inhabitants were members of the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe. Charles Darwin visited Hobart Town in February 1836 as part of the Beagle expedition, I was chiefly struck with the comparative fewness of the large houses, either built or building. Hobart Town, from the census of 1835, contained 13,826 inhabitants, the Derwent River was one of Australias finest deepwater ports and was the centre of the Southern Ocean whaling and sealing trades. The settlement rapidly grew into a port, with allied industries such as shipbuilding. Hobart Town became a city on 21 August 1842, and was renamed Hobart from the beginning of 1881, Hobart is located on the estuary of the Derwent River in the states south-east. Geologically Hobart is built predominantly on Jurassic dolerite around the foothills interspersed with areas of Triassic siltstone. Both of these areas rest on the younger Jurassic dolerite deposits, before stretching into the areas such as the beaches of Sandy Bay in the south. South of the Derwent estuary lies Storm Bay and the Tasman Peninsula, the Eastern Shore also extends from the Derwent valley area in a southerly direction hugging the Meehan Range in the east before sprawling into flatter land in suburbs such as Bellerive
12.
River Derwent (Tasmania)
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The Derwent is a river in Tasmania, Australia. The banks of the Derwent were once covered by forests and occupied by Tasmanian Aborigines, european settlers farmed the area and during the 20th century many dams were built on its tributaries for the generation of hydro-electricity. Agriculture, forestry, hydropower generation and fish hatcheries dominate catchment land use, the Derwent is also an important source of water for irrigation and water supply. Most of Hobarts water supply is taken from the lower Derwent River, nearly 40% of Tasmanias population lives around the estuarys margins and the Derwent is widely used for recreation, boating, recreational fishing, marine transportation and industry. It was named after the River Derwent, Cumbria, by British Commodore John Hayes who explored it in 1793, the name is Brythonic Celtic for valley thick with oaks. John Hayes placed the name Derwent River only in the part of the river. Matthew Flinders placed the name on all of the river, the Derwent River valley was inhabited by the Mouheneener people for at least 8,000 years before British settlement. Evidence of their occupation is found in many middens along the banks of the river, in 1793, John Hayes named it after the River Derwent, which runs past his birthplace of Bridekirk, Cumberland. When first explored by Europeans, the parts of the valley were clad in thick she-oak forests, remnants of which remain in various parts of the lower foreshore. There was a whaling industry until the 1840s when the industry rapidly declined due to over-exploitation. Flows average in range from 50 to 140 cubic metres per second, the largest vessel to ever travel the Derwent is the 113, 000-tonne, 61-metre high, ocean liner Diamond Princess, which made her first visit in January 2006. At points in its lower reaches the river is nearly 3 kilometres wide, until the construction of several hydro-electric dams between 1934 and 1968, the river was prone to flooding. The Upper Derwent is affected by agricultural run-off, particularly land clearing. The Lower Derwent suffers from high levels of metal contamination in sediments. The Tasmanian Government-backed Derwent Estuary Program has commented that the levels of mercury, lead, zinc, in 2015 the program recommended against consuming shellfish and cautioned against consuming fish in general. Nutrient levels in the Derwent between 2010 and 2015 increased in the estuary where there had been algal blooms. The Derwent adjoins or flows through the Pittwater–Orielton Lagoon, Interlaken Lakeside Reserve and Goulds Lagoon, in recent years, southern right whales finally started making appearance in the river during months in winter and spring when their migration takes place. In the winter months of 2014, humpback whales and a minke whale have been recorded feeding in the Derwent River for the first time since the days of the 1800s
13.
City of Hobart
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The City of Hobart is a local government area of Tasmania, Australia. It is one of five local government areas covering the area of the state capital, Hobart. With 48,703 people it is the third most populated council in Tasmania, the present municipal council was created in 1852 by act of parliament, and the city mayor raised to Lord Mayor in 1934. The City of Hobart is governed by the Hobart City Council, the present Lord Mayor is Sue Hickey. Aldermen are elected every four years, the Hobart City Council estimates that on weekdays close to 50% of the population of Greater Hobart would be in the City for working, shopping, education, personal business or leisure purposes. Mount Wellington and the River Derwent are major features of the environment of the City of Hobart. 61% of the area is bushland, yaizu, Japan LAquila, l’Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy Hobart City Council website
14.
City of Glenorchy
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The City of Glenorchy is a local government area of Tasmania which covers several northern suburbs of Hobart including the suburb of Glenorchy by the same name. The city is managed by Glenorchy City Council, the Tasmanian Minister for Planning and Local Government, the Hon Peter Gutwein MP, suspended the Glenorchy City Council Aldermen for a six month period, effective from 8 February,2017. Former Legislative Council president Sue Smith has been appointed as commissioner to supervise council affairs over the period of this suspension, the Glenorchy City Council aldermen affected by this suspension were elected in October 2014. Matt Stevenson Tasmanian Aboriginals were the first inhabitants of the area where Glenorchy lies today, the first European to arrive in Glenorchy was a Frenchman, who was a member of Bruni dEntrecasteauxs crew, in 1793. An English expedition arrived two months later, under the command of John Hayes, Hayes sailed up the river which he referred to as the Derwent. He named Prince of Wales Bay and called the area around New Town and Moonah, Hayes named the Glenorchy area as New Cumberland. This French presence was the influence in Lieutenant Governor Bowens decision to settle where Hobart now exists. The period between 1840 and 1860 was where steady growth was seen in Glenorchy, culminating in the area becoming a municipality in 1864, Glenorchy is believed to have been so named by governor Lachlan Macquarie after his wifes home in Scotland. The name means glen of tumbling waters, City status was given to Glenorchy on 24 October 1964, exactly one hundred years after it was first proclaimed a municipality. The greater Hobart area has a population of around 211,656 people, the city of Glenorchy local government area has a population of 44,656, making Glenorchy the third most populated city in the greater area of Hobart. The city hosts annual events, including a regatta at Montrose Bay while at the showgrounds there is the annual Royal Hobart Show. Glenorchy has an amount of entertainment to offer, considering its size. Located on the road there is the only ice rink in the greater area of Hobart, as well as a Village Cinemas complex at Glenorchy Central. The Derwent Entertainment Centre provides the city with the opportunity to host many local and international artists, some of the artists that have played here include, Dire Straits, INXS, Elton John, John Farnham, Kylie Minogue and Bob Dylan. The DEC is also used for expos, trade shows and sporting events, the Moorilla Estate often holds musical performances during the period of summer. Some of the artists that have played at this venue include, Grinspoon, Paul Kelly, the Museum of Old and New Art opened on the Moorilla estate in 2011, and quickly became a popular tourist attraction. KGV Oval is just one of the places where sport is played seriously within the city, the city of Glenorchy has the second largest shopping district in southern Tasmania. The city has three Major commercial areas include Moonah, Glenorchy CBD and Claremont. Claremont has one shopping center and a few retail outlets
15.
Kingborough Council, Tasmania
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Kingborough Council is a Local Government Area in Tasmania, Australia. Its seat and major town is Kingston, generally considered a satellite of the Tasmanian capital Hobart. Kingborough borders the Huon Valley Council and the City of Hobart, beyond Kingston important towns include Taroona, Kettering, Margate, Snug, Blackmans Bay and Woodbridge. The origin of Kingborough Council is a derivation from the name of the main town. The name Kingston was suggested by Mr Lucas in 1851, why he suggested this name is unknown. Kingborough Councils district was first settled by white colonialists in 1808, the town and district were both known as Browns River during the earliest periods of settlement. The Lucas family settled the area and built The Red House, early Kingston developed primarily around The Red House. Development of Kingborough was slow and the first post office opened only in the 1840s, the first road to Hobart, Proctors Road, was opened in 1835. Kingston was proclaimed a town in 1851, the towns name was suggested by the then Police Magistrate, a member of the Lucas family. By 1890 Kingston had a population of 249 and in 1877 Keens Curry was invented in the municipality, the area developed as a holiday area, especially the suburbs of Kingston Beach and Blackmans Bay. Margate and Kettering operated fishing fleets and Taroona created had a manufacturing industry, sandfly became a center for small fruits and apple orcharding
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Taroona
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Taroona is a major residential suburb approximately 15 minutes drive from the centre of Hobart, Tasmania on the scenic route between Hobart and Kingston. Although on the edges of the City of Hobart, Taroona is actually part of the municipality of Kingborough, the traditional owners of the lands now known as Taroona were the Aboriginal people of the Derwent estuary known as the Mouheneener people. Relatively little is known about the peoples use of these lands. This district was known as Crayfish Point and the diaries of Robert Knopwood contain reference to expeditions to catch crayfish there. The first European settlement at Taroona took place in the early 19th century, for the remainder of that century, the area was largely used for farming, and was sparsely populated. In the mid 1890s, Clarendon James Cox Lord purchased an 18 acre property which he called Taroona, Lord built himself a pretty homestead and also established tea rooms where visitors could indulge in delicacies such as strawberries and cream while overlooking the River Derwent, Hobart. In the first half of the 20th century, more large and elegant residences were built, as well as beach shacks, Taroona Post Office opened on 2 August 1906. It is reputed to be the oldest European grave in Tasmania, after WWII, significant subdivision of Taroona was undertaken, and the suburbs population rapidly expanded. In 1958 a public High School was established on a parcel of land on the Channel Highway central to the suburb. In 1960 the Taroona Primary School re-located to the same site and those original primary school buildings were adapted for kindergarten and pre-school, but were burnt down by an arsonist in 1974. The kindergarten and pre-school were then re-built adjacent to the primary school, Taroona High School and Taroona Primary school are completely separate educational institutions, although they do share one oval. There are now approximately 700 students in the school, now only drawing students from the southern suburbs of Hobart. The current principal is John ORourke, in February 1967, southern Tasmania was engulfed in the most vicious wildfires on record, resulting in many deaths. Taroona was the closest suburb to the city of Hobart to take the brunt of the fires, which swept across the suburb in the mid afternoon, wreaking havoc. Children and residents fled to the river, and many peoples survival was due to the refuge the safe waters provided. Lead vocalist of The Seekers, Judith Durham lived in Taroona as a young girl and she joined The Seekers in 1963. David Bartlett, former Tasmanian premier, was raised in Taroona. Gwen Harwood, poet and librettist, lived in Taroona with her family for a number of years in the nineteen fifties, situated on the Channel Highway just south of Taroona is one of the States most unusual historic buildings, the Shot Tower
17.
Huon Highway
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The Huon Highway is an 87-kilometre highway in southern Tasmania, Australia. The highway forms part of the A6 and connects Hobart with the parts of Tasmania. The original Huon Highway was a twisty two-lane road skirting around Mount Wellington and this provided a more direct, and higher traffic-capacity, route between Hobart and the Huon Valley. A few sections of the old remain, all within the Huon Valley. Australian Roads portal Highways in Australia List of highways in Tasmania
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Mount Wellington (Tasmania)
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Mount Wellington, officially known as kunanyi / Mount Wellington, is a mountain in the southeast coastal region of Tasmania, Australia. The mountain is the summit of the Wellington Range on whose foothills is built much of the city of Hobart, there is also a sealed narrow road to the summit, about 22 kilometres from Hobart central business district. An enclosed lookout near the summit provides views of the city below and to the east, the Derwent estuary. From Hobart, the most distinctive feature of Mount Wellington is the cliff of dolerite columns known as the Organ Pipes and it has extensive views of Hobart and is one of the citys biggest tourist destinations. The low-lying areas and foothills of Mount Wellington were formed by slow geological upsurge when the whole Hobart area was a low-lying cold shallow seabed and it is often incorrectly considered to be a dormant volcano. Mount Wellington was originally referred by the original Tasmanian nations of the area as Unghbanyahletta, Poorawetter, the Palawa, the surviving descendants of the original indigenous Tasmanians, tend to prefer the latter name. In 2013, a Tasmanian dual naming policy was announced and Kunanyi / Mount Wellington was named as one of the inaugural dual named geographic features. In 1793 Commodore John Hayes arrived at the Derwent River, naming the mountain Skiddaw, after the mountain in the Lake District, in 1798 Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigated the island. Bruni dEntrecasteauxs men were the first European to sail up the river, later Nicholas Baudin led another French expedition in 1802, and whilst sheltering in the Derwent River Baudin also referred to the mountain as ‘Montagne du Plateau’. However, the British first settled in the Hobart area in 1804, in February 1836, Charles Darwin visited Hobart Town and climbed Mount Wellington. In his book The Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin described the mountain thus, in many parts the Eucalypti grew to a great size, and composed a noble forest. The fronds forming the most elegant parasols, produced a gloomy shade, the summit of the mountain is broad and flat, and is composed of huge angular masses of naked greenstone. Its elevation is 3,100 feet above the level of the sea, the first weather station was set up on Mount Wellington in 1895 by Clement Lindley Wragge. Mount Wellington has played host to some notorious characters over time, especially the bushranger Rocky Whelan, the cave where he lived is known appropriately as Rocky Whelans Cave, and is an easy walk from the Springs. Throughout the 19th and into the 20th centuries, the Mountain was a popular day-resort for residents of Hobart, to that end, many excursion huts were built over the lower slopes of the mountain. Sadly, many of the more remote huts have suffered from vandalism, the road to the summit was constructed in the early 1930s as a relief scheme for the unemployed, an idea initiated by Albert Ogilvie, the Premier of Tasmania of the day. Today the trees have grown again but the scar most people see today is not actually the road but a line of rocks with no trees 50–100 m above the road. The road itself was opened in August 1937, after two years of work, by Governor Sir Ernest Clark
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Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
20.
Australian federal election, 1987
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 11 July 1987, following the granting of a double dissolution on 5 June by the Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen. Consequently, all 148 seats in the House of Representatives as well as all 76 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Australian Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke, defeated the opposition Liberal Party of Australia, led by John Howard and the National Party of Australia led by Ian Sinclair. The Hawke Government had been in power since the election of 1983. Meanwhile, for much of the 1984-87 term, the opposition Liberal-National coalition led in the polls, however, both coalition parties were also wracked by infighting throughout the parliament. Moreover, Howard and National Party leader Ian Sinclair faced challenges from the right as well as the left of the coalition, within the Queensland National Party, the party president Sir Robert Sparkes enforced support for Bjelke-Petersen, making practical opposition within the Queensland ranks unlikely. However, it was at point that Bob Sparkes reneged on his loyalty to Bjelke-Petersen. With his pool of supporters steadily decreasing, the likelihood of a challenge to the federal Coalition from Bjelke-Petersen began to collapse. When the election was called on May 27, Bjelke-Petersen was in the United States, however, the federal coalition had been broken, and Howards credibility as a challenger to the Hawke government had been severely damaged. The 1987 federal election was called 6 months early by Prime Minister Hawke to capitalise on the disunity in the opposition. Labor therefore chose to campaign strongly on the disunity amongst the opposition parties and this election was the last time the Liberals and Nationals competed directly against each other in a federal election. Note, As this was an election, all Senate seats were contested. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election, the Liberals suffered a net loss of two seats, primarily due to losses in Queensland, although they did make small gains in Howards native New South Wales and in Victoria. The federal National Party also suffered a net loss of two seats, failing to expand upon its traditional base and hampered by disunity within its ranks. This was the most recent election in every seat in the House of Representatives was won by either Labor or the Coalition. Following the election, John Howard stayed on as leader of the Liberal party, however, the experience of the 1987 campaign is said to have been the origin of his oft-repeated remark that, in politics, disunity is death
21.
Philip Fysh
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Sir Philip Oakley Fysh, KCMG was an Australian politician, Premier of Tasmania and a member of the first federal ministry. Fysh was born in Highbury, London, the son of John Fysh and he was educated at the Denmark Hill school in Islington. At 13 years of age, Fysh commenced work in a London stockbrokers office, then he obtained a position in the office of a firm, L. Stevenson & Sons. Fysh migrated to Tasmania in 1859, becoming a merchant, hop-grower. A Protectionist, Fysh was a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1866–69, 1870–73, 1884–90, Fysh became Premier and Chief Secretary of Tasmania in 1877, serving initially until 1878 and returning to the positions in 1887, serving to 1892. He was again elected to the assembly and was treasurer in Braddons ministry from April 1894 to December 1898, Fysh took an important part in the federal movement in Tasmania. He was a representative of his colony at the 1891 and 1897 conventions, Fysh was elected to the Australian House of Representatives in 1901 as a member for Division of Tasmania and was minister without portfolio until 1903. After Tasmania was split into five divisions in 1903, Fysh was elected for the Division of Denison. Fysh was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and he died in December 1919, aged 84. He was survived by five sons and four daughters, fyshs wife, Esther Kentish Willis, was the daughter of William, a straw-hat manufacturer of Luton, Bedfordshire, who was also father of the judge and M. P. William Willis. The Canberra suburb of Fyshwick was named after him, barton Ministry Parliamentary Library profile Serle, Percival. Quentin Beresford, Fysh, Sir Philip Oakley, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, MUP,1981, pp 602–603
22.
Athol Townley
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Athol Gordon Townley was an Australian politician and Minister for Defence. Townley was born in Hobart and educated at Elizabeth Street State School and Hobart High School and he qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist in 1928 and in 1930 found a job looking after quality control for a Sydney baker. In 1931, he married Hazel Florence Greenwood and they moved back to Hobart where he formed a partnership with his brother, Rex. He joined the Royal Australian Navy in September 1940, and in February 1941, he was sent to England to train in bomb- and mine-disposal work. He returned to Australia and commanded the patrol boat Steady Hour and he was put in command of the Fairmile B motor launch ML817 in January 1943, promoted to acting lieutenant commander in March and was involved in the New Guinea campaign. Townley was opposed to Ben Chifleys bank nationalisation and won the Australian House of Representatives seat of Denison in the 1949 election for the Liberal Party of Australia. Menzies appointed Townley Minister for Air and Minister for Civil Aviation in July 1954, Minister for Immigration in October 1956, Townley became Minister for Defence in December 1958. On 24 May 1962 he announced that Australia would be sending thirty army advisers to South Vietnam and he suffered ill health during the 1960s, including a heart attack and bouts of pneumonia
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Minister for Defence (Australia)
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The Australian Minister for Defence is currently Senator the Honourable Marise Payne. Senator Payne became the first female Minister for Defence on 21 September 2015 and he retained this position until the fall of his government, and then held the post in the brief government of Arthur Fadden. John Curtin initially followed the arrangement as Menzies in his ministry until 14 April 1942. There had also been a separate Navy portfolio between 1915 and 1921. defence. gov. au
24.
Paul Keating
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Paul John Keating is an Australian politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1991 to 1996. Keating was appointed Treasurer by newly elected Prime Minister Hawke in 1983, although lacking any formal education in economics, Keating went on to become arguably one of the most reforming Treasurers in Australian history. In 1990 he was elected Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, Keating later challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991, and resigned from the ministry following defeat. Six months later he challenged Hawke again, this time successfully, Policy package, despite consistently poor government opinion polls following the effects of the early 1990s recession. After being resoundingly defeated by John Howard at the 1996 election, Keating resigned as Prime Minister, Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four born to Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade union representative of Irish Catholic descent. His siblings include Anne Keating, a director and businesswoman. He then worked as assistant for a trade union, having joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of NSW Young Labor, in the 1960s, Keating also managed rock band The Ramrods. Through his contacts in the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as Laurie Brereton, Graham Richardson and he also developed a friendship with former New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party, after Labors defeat in the election one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman, as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, however, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keatings support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the election just six weeks later. Following Labors victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed Treasurer of Australia by Prime Minister Bob Hawke – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. That the deficit had increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the Fraser government. According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition became a stick with which we were able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years. Keating was one of the driving forces behind the various extensive macro-
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Kevin Rudd
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Kevin Michael Rudd is an Australian former politician who was twice Prime Minister of Australia, from 2007 to 2010 and again in 2013. Having previously served as a diplomat, and then as an official for the Queensland Government and he was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet in 2001 as Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. In December 2006, he successfully challenged Kim Beazley to become the Leader of the Labor Party, Labor won the 2007 election by a landslide, with a 23-seat swing in its favour, and Rudd was sworn in as the 26th Prime Minister of Australia on 3 December. The Rudd Governments first acts included signing the Kyoto Protocol and delivering an apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, the previous governments industrial relations legislation, WorkChoices, was largely dismantled, Australias remaining Iraq War combat personnel were withdrawn, and the Australia 2020 Summit was held. In response to the financial crisis, the government provided economic stimulus packages. With the next election drawing near, there was growing dissatisfaction with Rudds leadership within the Labor Party, eventually, Rudds deputy, Julia Gillard, announced on 23 June 2010 that she would challenge him for the leadership the following day. Knowing he would be defeated if he contested the leadership, on the morning of the ballot Rudd resigned as prime minister, after his resignation, he successfully re-contested his seat at the 2010 election, after which Labor formed a minority government. Rudd contested the leadership, but lost, following persistent tensions, Gillard announced another caucus ballot on the leadership on 26 June 2013, from which Rudd emerged victorious. He was sworn in as minister for a second time the following day, and formed his second Cabinet. He also became the first serving Australian prime minister to publicly support same-sex marriage, despite an initial rise in opinion polls following his return, Labor was defeated in the 2013 election. Rudd resigned as minister for a second time on 18 September. On 22 November, Rudd formally tendered his resignation to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in September 2014, he became a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute, a think tank at the University of Chicago. He is also the inaugural President of the Asia Society Policy Institute, and chairs the Independent Commission on Multilateralism, in 2016, Rudd asked the Government of Australia to nominate him for Secretary-General of the United Nations. However, there remains dispute over what if any earlier assurances Turnbull may have given to Rudd, Rudd was born in Nambour, Queensland, to Albert and Margaret Rudd, the youngest son of four children, and grew up on a dairy farm in nearby Eumundi. At an early age, he contracted fever and spent a considerable time at home convalescing. It damaged his heart, in particular the valves, for which he has thus far had two aortic valve replacement surgeries, but this was discovered only some 12 years later. Farm life, which required the use of horses and guns, is where he developed his love of horse riding and shooting clay targets. When Rudd was 11, his father, a farmer and Country Party member
26.
Julia Gillard
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Julia Eileen Gillard, AC is a former Australian politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Australia from 2010 to 2013, as leader of the Australian Labor Party. She was the first and to date only woman to hold the positions of deputy prime minister, born in Barry, Wales, in the United Kingdom, Gillard migrated with her family to Adelaide, South Australia, in 1966. She attended Mitcham Demonstration School and Unley High School, Gillard later graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Laws degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1987, she joined the law firm Slater & Gordon and became a partner in 1990, specialising in industrial law. A departure from the law firm in 1996 saw Gillard serve as chief of staff to the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria John Brumby, Gillard was first elected to the Australian House of Representatives at the 1998 federal election for the seat of Lalor. Following the 2001 federal election, she was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and was given the portfolio of Population and Immigration, in 2003, she took on the responsibility for both Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs and Health. In December 2006, when Kevin Rudd was elected as Labor Leader and became Leader of the Opposition, Gillard was elected unopposed as his deputy. On 24 June 2010, after Rudd lost the support of his party and resigned, Gillard was elected unopposed as the Leader of the Labor Party, the subsequent 2010 federal election saw the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election. Gillard was able to form a minority government with the support of a Green MP, on 26 June 2013, after a leadership spill, Gillard lost the leadership of the Labor Party to Rudd. Her resignation as Prime Minister took effect the following day, Gillard retired from politics on 5 August 2013, before the impending federal election. Gillard released her memoirs, My Story, in September 2014. She has been on the board of the health organisation beyondblue since December 2014. In addition to her various appointments, Gillard has served as the chairwoman of the Global Partnership for Education since February 2014, Gillard was born on 29 September 1961 in the town of Barry, located in the UK country of Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were advised it would aid her if they were to live in a warmer climate. This led the family to migrate to Australia in 1966, settling in Adelaide, the Gillard familys first month in Australia was spent in the Pennington Hostel, a now-closed migrant facility located in Pennington, South Australia. In 1974, eight years after they arrived, Gillard and her family became Australian citizens, as a result, Gillard held dual Australian/British citizenship until she renounced her British citizenship prior to entering the Australian parliament in 1998. Her father, John Oliver Gillard, was of English, Irish and Welsh descent, Gillards mother, Moira Gillard, worked at the local Salvation Army nursing home and currently lives in Pasadena, South Australia. Moiras ancestry is Scottish and Irish, Gillard also has a sister, Alison, who is three years older
27.
Australian federal election, 2010
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A federal election was held on Saturday,21 August 2010 for members of the 43rd Parliament of Australia. Six crossbenchers held the balance of power, Greens MP Adam Bandt and independent MPs Andrew Wilkie, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply. Independent MP Bob Katter and National Party of Western Australia MP Tony Crook declared their support for the Coalition on confidence, the resulting 76–74 margin entitled Labor to form a minority government. The Prime Minister, government ministers and parliamentary secretaries were sworn in on 14 September 2010 by the Governor-General Quentin Bryce, the Coalition was reduced from 37 to 34 and Labor was reduced from 32 to 31. The two remaining seats were occupied by Xenophon and Victorias new Democratic Labor Party Senator John Madigan, Family First Party Senator Steve Fielding was defeated. These changes took effect in the Senate on 1 July 2011, more than 14 million Australians were enrolled to vote at the time of the election. The election was conducted by the Australian Electoral Commission, Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, a loss of eleven and a gain of seven respectively. Labor won their largest two-party preferred vote in Victoria and Tasmania since official two-party records began in 1949, on the crossbench, one member of the Australian Greens, one member of the National Party of Western Australia and four independent members held the balance of power. After gaining the support of four crossbenchers Labor was able to form a minority government, on the crossbenches, Adam Bandt won the first seat for the Greens at a general election in the seat of Melbourne. He had previously announced he would align with Labor in the event of a hung parliament, on 1 September the Greens declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply. Andrew Wilkie, a former Greens candidate and now independent, was elected as the Member for Denison, on 2 September 2010 he declared his support for Labor on confidence and supply. Tony Crook won the seat of OConnor for the National Party of Western Australia, there was dispute over affiliation, with some classing Crook as a member of the Coalition and including him in their Coalition totals. The WA National Party subsequently issued a statement saying in part, Crook says, In every news report and press report we see, my number is being allocated in with the Coalition and it shouldnt be. On 6 September Crook declared his support for the Coalition on confidence and supply, on 6 May 2012, it was announced that Crook would join the Nationals party room and be formally part of the Coalition. Bob Katter, Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott, all independents, were re-elected, both Katter and Windsor were successful at previous elections, while Oakeshott was elected at the 2008 Lyne by-election. All are former members of the National Party, a party in the Coalition. However, all three said they would be open to negotiating with either side to form government and they said they would engage in discussion as a bloc but vote individually. On 7 September, Katter declared his support for the Coalition on confidence, later that day, Windsor and Oakeshott declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply
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Division of Bass
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The Division of Bass is an Australian electoral division in Tasmania. The division was one of the five established when the former Division of Tasmania was redistributed on 2 October 1903 and is named for the explorer George Bass. It has always been based on the city of Launceston and surrounding rural areas, for most of its history it has been a marginal seat, changing hands between the Australian Labor Party and the conservative parties—since 1949 the Liberal Party. Its most notable member has been Lance Barnard, who was Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam Government and his resignation in 1975 was followed by Labors heavy defeat in the Bass by-election, which is seen as the beginning of the end of the Whitlam government. Labor won the seat at the 2016 election, together with Bendigo, Denison and Swan, Bass has had the most different members of any federal electorate at sixteen. Division of Bass - Australian Electoral Commission
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Division of Bendigo
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The Division of Bendigo is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. The division was created in 1900 and was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election and it is named for the city of Bendigo. The division is situated on the foothills of the Great Dividing Range in North Central Victoria. It covers an area of approximately 6,255 square kilometres and provides the southern gateway to the Murray Darling Basin, in addition to the city of Bendigo, other large population centres in the division include Castlemaine, Heathcote, Kyneton and Woodend. The current Member for the Division of Bendigo, since the 2013 federal election, is Lisa Chesters, a member of the Australian Labor Party. In the early years of federation the seat consisted of more than Bendigo itself. Bendigo has been a seat, changing hands regularly between the Labor Party and the conservative parties, typically mirroring voting patterns in state elections. However, it has remained a Labor seat since the 1998 federal election, Bendigo has had 16 members, the highest number of any federal electorate, equal to Denison, Bass and Swan. John Brumby, who held the seat from 1983 to 1990, reid has a minor claim to fame through being the third candidate in the contest for Liberal leadership between John Hewson and John Howard after the partys 1993 election defeat. Reid attracted one vote, presumably his own, Division of Bendigo - Australian Electoral Commission
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Division of Swan
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The Division of Swan is an Australian electoral division located in Western Australia. The division is named after the Swan River, a redistribution ahead of the 2010 election added the strongly Labor-voting suburb of Langford, which was previously within Tangney, which made it a notionally Labor seat. Langford was redistributed to Burt in 2016, the division was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election. Historically, the electorate was a country seat extending north to Dongara, east to Merredin and it contracted to an area east of the Darling Range and became a safe Country Party seat. Prior to the 1949 election, its old area became the new seat of Moore, while Swan moved into approximately its present position, although initially extending as far north-east as Midland. From 2004 to 2007 it was the third most marginal electorate in Australia, after Hindmarsh and Kingston, in the 2007 election, Liberal candidate Steve Irons won the seat with a swing of 0. 19%. Irons was the only Coalition challenger to unseat a Labor incumbent in the 2007 election, however, the election came at a very bad time for the state Labor government, which was only polling at 49 percent support at the time the writs were dropped. Irons was reelected with an increased majority in 2010, making it a fairly safe Liberal seat. Following the Election contest in 2016 with Tammy Solonec, Swan returned to being somewhat marginal or very slightly safe. Swan is bordered by Swan River in the north and west, Canning River and City of Canning in the south, suburbs include, Division of Swan - Australian Electoral Commission
31.
Protectionist Party
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The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and it had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, the party was centred on New South Wales, where its leaders were George Dibbs and William Lyne. It dominated New South Wales colonial politics before federation and it first contested the 1887 New South Wales election. At the first federal election in 1901, the Protectionists won 31 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, Labours program, however, was frequently too radical for many Protectionists, creating internal conflict between those who, like H. B. Higgins, were sympathetic to Labour, while conservatives like Allan McLean preferred to support the Free Trade Party, on 25 August 1903 legislation to set up the High Court of Australia consisting of three judges was finally passed. Barton resigned his party position on 24 September 1903 to be replaced by Deakin who then formed the first Deakin government. At the election, the number of seats won by the Protectionists declined to 26 while Labours increased to 22, after a falling out in April 1904 between Labours Watson and Deakin, Deakin resigned office. Free Trade leader George Reid declined to take office, leaving Watson and Labour to form its first minority government, in August 1904, Reid was able to form a Free Trade government with Protectionist support. Reids government lasted until 5 July 1905, when the Protectionists and Labour reconciled, higgins was Attorney-General in the Labour government of 1904, and Isaacs was Attorney-General in 1905 in the Deakin government. The Free Trade Party recognised that the issue of tariffs had been settled, before the 1906 federal election, held in December, it changed its name to the Anti-Socialist Party. Labour now under Andrew Fisher withdrew its support of the Deakin government on 13 November 1908, the Fisher government passed a large number of its legislation. The more liberal Protectionists opposed a merger, the party wound up splitting as a result. The more liberal Protectionists defected to Labour, Deakin and the new CLP now held a majority on the floor of the House of Representatives and the Fisher government fell in a vote on 27 May 1909. Fisher failed to persuade the Governor-General Lord Dudley to dissolve Parliament, Deakin retired from Parliament in April 1913 and Cook took over the Liberal leadership before the calling of the 1913 election. The Liberals under Cook won government in 1913 by a single seat, Cook called a double dissolution, the first time one would be called. When the Senate rejected a bill twice, Cook called the 1914 election, the election had been called before the declaration of war in August 1914, and the campaign was conducted with the caretaker government going onto a war footing. At the election the Liberals were soundly defeated with another Labor majority in both houses, however, Labor could also take credit as many of the bills were passed during the Protectionist-Labour minority governments as part of Labours agreement for supporting a Protectionist government
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Australian federal election, 1903
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 16 December 1903. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The election outcome saw a finely balanced House of Representatives, with the three parties each holding around a third of seats − the Protectionists on 26, the Free Traders on 24, additionally, the Watson government was the worlds first Labour Party government at a national level. Independent, Frederick Holder, James Wilkinson Independent, William Trenwith The election saw the Labour party make significant gains outside New South Wales, as a result of Labours gains, the numbers of the three parties in Parliament were very close to equal, leading to unstable governments. Alfred Deakin would describe it as a parliament of three elevens, the Free Trade Party was again led by George Reid. The only significant difference in policy between these parties was on trade issues, the Protectionists sought to protect Australian industry and agriculture by placing tariffs on imports. The Free Traders downgraded the view they had last election of having no tariffs to campaigning on minimal tariffs, the other major party contesting the election was the Labour Party. This election also saw a party, the Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party gain an MHR. Prior to the 1901 election, the Free Trade Party had been known as the Revenue Tariff Party in some states, however, in 1903 a separate Revenue Tariff Party competed against the FTP in Tasmania. Nevertheless, both of the Revenue Tariff Party members elected joined the Free Trade Party, when the new parliament began sitting. Women were given the vote in all states, following the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, like the 1901 election, voting was voluntary and candidates were elected by the First-past-the-post system. Candidates were contesting all 75 House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 Senate seats and this had since changed and there were now single member electorates in both states. The newly created seats were Adelaide, Angas, Barker, Boothby, Grey, Hindmarsh and Wakefield and Bass, Darwin, Denison, Franklin, each state elected six Senators regardless of population. The Senate was elected by bloc voting rather than the current single transferable vote system, half the Senators retired as their terms expired, and there was one casual vacancy. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
33.
Free Trade Party
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It advocated the abolition of protectionism, especially protective tariffs and other restrictions on trade, arguing that this would create greater prosperity for all. However, many members also advocated use of tariffs for government revenue purposes only. Its most prominent leader was George Reid, who was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia, the party was centred on New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It dominated New South Wales colonial politics before federation and it first contested the 1887 New South Wales election. Reid became the Parliaments first Opposition Leader with William McMillan as his deputy, Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party on McMillans retirement in 1903. A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party contested the 1903 federal election in Tasmania, after the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid cast around for another cause to justify his partys existence. He settled on opposition to socialism, criticising both the Australian Labour Party and the support offered to it by the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. Reid adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs non-Labour lines – prior to the 1906 election, Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protectionist Party in the middle. This attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the Westminster tradition, the Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength at the expense of the Protectionist vote. Some Protectionists continued their exodus to Labor and the ASP, when Deakin proposed the Commonwealth Liberal Party, a Fusion of the two non-Labour parties, Reid resigned as party leader on 16 November 1908. The following day, Joseph Cook was made leader until the parties merged, Liberalism in Australia Liberalism worldwide Australian federal election,1901 New South Wales colonial election,1887 McMinn, W. G. Reid, Sir George Houstoun
34.
Australian federal election, 1906
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 12 December 1906. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, watson resigned as Labour leader in October 1907 and was replaced by Andrew Fisher. The Protectionist minority government fell in November 1908 to Labour, a few days before Reid resigned as Anti-Socialist leader, the Labour minority government fell in June 1909 to the newly formed Commonwealth Liberal Party led by Deakin. The merger didnt sit well with several of the more liberal Protectionists, the 113 acts passed in the second Fisher government exceeded even the output of the second Deakin government over a similar period. At the time, it represented the culmination of Labours involvement in politics and it was a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s under John Curtin and Ben Chifley. It was the federal election in Australia following the adoption of the federal government. It would also see if all parties could survive the implementation of protectionist policies which differentiated the two, george Reid adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs non-Labour lines – before the election, he renamed his Free Trade Party to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protectionist Party in the middle and this attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the Westminster tradition and regarded a two-party system as very much the norm. Since the Protectionist primary platform of government tariffs had been dealt with by previous governments and those who remained were largely supporting the Partys leader, Alfred Deakin, rather than its policies. The first federal referendum in Australias history was held in conjunction with the election, the proposed alteration to the Constitution, to change the start date of Senators terms from 1 January to 1 July, passed in all states and was carried. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
35.
Commonwealth Liberal Party
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The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a political movement active in Australia from 1909 to 1917, shortly after Federation. The CLP came about as a result of a merger between the two parties, the Protectionist Party and the Anti-Socialist Party which most of their MPs accepted. The CLP is the earliest direct ancestor of the current Liberal Party of Australia, george Reid adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs non-Labour lines – prior to the 1906 election, he renamed his Free Trade Party to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protectionist Party in the middle and this attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the Westminster tradition and regarded a two-party system as very much the norm. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was formed in response to Labor forming its government under Andrew Fisher in 1908. In 1909, the two parties at a meeting in Melbournes Parliament House agreed to merge into the CLP, based on a shared anti-Labor platform, Deakin was the new partys first leader, with Cook as deputy leader. The merger didnt sit well with several of the more liberal Protectionists, between them, the Protectionists and Anti-Socialists held a majority of seats on the floor of the House of Representatives. As a result, the merged party used its numbers to force Fisher to hand power to Deakin. However, the CLP was defeated by Labor at the 1910 election, Cook took over the leadership from Deakin shortly before the 1913 election and won government by a single seat. However, only a later, Cook deliberately introduced a bill abolishing preferential treatment for public-service union members. Cook knew the Labor-controlled Senate would vote the bill down, giving him an excuse to call a double dissolution election, when the Senate rejected the bill twice, Cook called the 1914 election. The CLP was again defeated with Labor again winning a majority in both houses, in February 1917, the CLP and National Labor formally merged to form the Nationalist Party of Australia. Although the merged party was dominated by former Liberals, Hughes became its leader with Cook as his deputy, stanley Bruce subsequently became Prime Minister. The Commonwealth Liberal Party is often referred to by the retronym Deakinite Liberal Party in order to distinguish it from the later Liberal Party of Australia, which was officially founded in 1945
36.
William Laird Smith
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William Henry Laird Smith, Australian politician and Minister for the Navy. Smith was born in Westbury, Tasmania and educated in schools in Victoria and Tasmania. He became an electrician in Devonport and later an official in the Amalgamated Engineers Union, Smith was elected as the Australian Labor Party member for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Denison at the 1910 election. In December 1915, he married Mabel Ellen Russell—they had no children and he was an Assistant Minister during the Second Hughes Ministry from 14 November 1916 to 17 February 1917. He was a supporter of Prime Minister Billy Hughes and campaigned for conscription at the October 1916 plebiscite. Smith left the Labor Party with Hughes and joined the Nationalist Party when it was established, in the Fifth Hughes Ministry he was an Honorary Minister from 4 February 1920 until he was made Minister for the Navy on 28 July 1920. He was Minister for the Navy until 21 December 1921 and he was obliged to carry out a significant reduction in the capacity of the Royal Australian Navy, placing more of Australias defence in the hands of the Royal Navy. In December 1921, Hughes repaid Smiths loyalty by abolishing the position of naval minister, at the 1922 election, he was opposed by Labor and two other independent Nationalist candidates and lost to Labors David OKeefe. Smith moved to Burnie and married his second wife Hermione Elsie Boldt in 1922, at the 1934 election, he ran against Prime Minister Joseph Lyons as a supporter of social credit. In 1938 he successfully applied for re-entry to the Labor Party, while officiating at an address by a Labor minister in Burnie in 1942 he suddenly died, survived by his wife and their adopted son
37.
Australian federal election, 1910
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 April 1910. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, the incumbent Commonwealth Liberal Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin was defeated by the opposition Australian Labour Party led by Andrew Fisher. It also remains the election in Australias federal history to have occurred following expiration of a full three-year parliamentary term by the effluxion of time. Two referenda to approve proposed amendments to the Constitution were held on the same day, the State Debts referendum was carried, but the Surplus Revenue referendum was not carried. The 113 acts passed in the second Fisher government exceeded even the output of the second Alfred Deakin government over a similar period, at the time, it represented the culmination of Labours involvement in politics. It was a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s under John Curtin, independents, William Lyne, George Wise Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
38.
David O'Keefe (Australian politician)
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David John OKeefe was an Australian politician. Born in Longford, Tasmania, he was educated at schools before becoming a farm worker and miner. He was involved in the movement as a journalist and an organiser of the Australian Workers Union. He was defeated in 1906, but re-elected in 1910, serving until his defeat in 1919, in 1922, he was elected to the House of Representatives, defeating Labor-turned-Nationalist MP William Laird Smith for the seat of Denison. He was the first Tasmanian to have served in both houses of federal parliament and he was defeated in 1925 by Nationalist Sir John Gellibrand and worked in Western Australia for some time before returning to Tasmania in 1931. In 1934 OKeefe was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly, immediately taking the position of Speaker and he held the Speakers position until 1942 and died the following year
39.
Australian federal election, 1922
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 16 December 1922. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, the incumbent Nationalist Party of Australia led by Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes lost its majority. Hughes was replaced by Stanley Bruce, independents, William Watson Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
40.
John Gellibrand
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He served in the South African War, participating in the Relief of Ladysmith. In May 1900 he was promoted to captain in the Manchester Regiment and he graduated from the Staff College, Camberley, in December 1907, and served on the staff of the garrison commander in Ceylon. Frustrated at the prospects for promotion, he resigned his British Army commission in April 1912. When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Gellibrand offered his services and he landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915, and served in the Gallipoli Campaign until he was wounded on 11 May. He returned to Anzac on 31 May 1915, but put in for a transfer to the staff of the 2nd Division. In December, he was given command of the 12th Infantry Battalion, the 1st Divisions Tasmanian battalion, then resting on Lemnos, but did not return to Anzac, which was evacuated in December. On 1 March 1916 he was promoted to general and given command of the 6th Infantry Brigade. He was relieved of his command at his own request, and he returned to the Western Front in November 1917 to command of the 12th Infantry Brigade, which he led in the Battle of Dernancourt in April 1918. He was promoted to general on 1 June 1918, and commanded the 3rd Division in the Battle of Amiens. After the war, Gellibrand returned to Tasmania, in 1919 he accepted the post of Public Service Commissioner in Tasmania. He investigated the conditions of the service, and recommended reforms and he then took up a position as Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police in Victoria, but failed to get the Victorian government to agree with his recommendations for reform, and resigned in 1922. While in Melbourne, Gellibrand commanded the 3rd Division, but had to resign when he returned to Tasmania in 1922 and he entered Federal politics in 1925, and was elected the member for Denison. He was defeated in the 1928 and 1929 elections, and returned to farming, first in Tasmania, in the late 1930s, he was consulted by Prime Ministers Joseph Lyons and Robert Menzies about defence matters. In June 1940, he was appointed commandant of the Victorian Volunteer Defence Corps, the Australian version of the British Home Guard, but ill-health forced him to resign. Thomas Lloyd was the son of Joseph Gellibrand, a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1856 to 1861, and a captain in a Militia unit, the 3rd Rifles. Gellibrand had two brothers, Tom and Walter, three sisters, Annie, Lina and Mary, and a younger brother, Blake. His father died on 9 November 1874, and on 7 February 1876, his mother took her seven children to live in England, sailing on the clipper Sobroan. En route she met the surgeon, Dr Edward Clayton Ling, and they were married in Saxmundham, Suffolk
41.
Nationalist Party of Australia
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The Nationalist Party of Australia was an Australian political party. The Nationalist Party was in government until electoral defeat in 1929, in October 1915 the Australian Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher of the Australian Labor Party, retired, Billy Hughes was chosen unanimously by the Labor caucus to succeed him. A majority of his party, most notably Roman Catholics and trade representatives, was opposed to this. In October Hughes held a plebiscite to try to gain approval for conscription, daniel Mannix, the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, was his main opponent on the conscription issue. The defeat did not deter Hughes, who continued to argue in favour of conscription. This produced a deep and bitter split within the Australian public, on 15 September 1916 the New South Wales executive of the Political Labour League expelled Hughes from the Labor Party. When the Federal Parliamentary Labor caucus met on 14 November 1916, the remaining 43 members of the caucus then passed a motion of no confidence in the leadership, effectively expelling Hughes and the other members. Hughes and his followers formed a minority Government, with support from Cook, with the war dragging on, Hughes began negotiations with Cook to turn their confidence-and-supply agreement into formal party unity. That February, at the urging of the Governor-General, Sir Robert Munro Ferguson, the new party was dominated by former Liberals, and as such was basically an upper- and middle-class party. However, the presence of many former Labor men—many of whom had been leaders in that party—allowed the Nationalists to project an image of national unity. In May 1917 the Nationalists won an electoral victory. The size of the landslide was magnified by the number of Labor MPs who followed Hughes into the Nationalist Party. At this election Hughes abandoned his working-class division of West Sydney and he had promised to resign if his Government did not win the power to conscript. A second plebiscite on conscription was held in December 1917, but the proposition was again defeated, Hughes, after receiving a vote of confidence in his leadership by his party, resigned as Prime Minister. However, there were no alternative candidates available, Ferguson used his reserve power to immediately re-commission Hughes as Prime Minister, thus allowing him to remain in office while having kept his promise to resign. Hughes and the Nationalists governed on their own until the elections of 1922, the Nationalists could not govern without Country Party support, and it was obvious that a confidence-and-supply agreement would not be enough to keep the Nationalists in office. However, the Country Party had never liked Hughes rural policy, several of the more conservative elements of the Nationalist Party had only tolerated Hughes after the war, suspecting he was still a socialist at heart. Pages demand finally gave them an excuse to dump Hughes, who was forced to resign in January 1923, former Treasurer Stanley Bruce was chosen as leader, and quickly entered into a coalition with the Country Party
