1.
Macleay River
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Macleay River, an open and trained mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia. Formed by the confluence of the Gara River, Salisbury Waters and Bakers Creek, the river descends 460 metres over its 298 kilometres course. The river flows adjacent to the city of Kempsey, at Frederickton the river is traversed by the Pacific Highway via the Macleay River Bridge, the longest road bridge in Australia. The river is traversed by the North Coast railway line. The Macleay River is liable to flooding in the Kempsey area, during times of peak flooding, the Macleay River can hold over 200,000 gigalitres of water. Archaeological evidence of Aboriginal camp sites have found on the upper terraces of the Macleay. John Oxley, failed to realize the potential of this river in 1820 when he did not navigate far enough up the river to see the magnificent stands of timber, the river was vaguely referred to as the New River from descriptions given by Aborigines. In 1826 Captain Wright travelled overland from Port Macquarie and explored to the head of navigation at Belgrave Falls, a series of rapids to the west of the present town of Kempsey. Then called Wrights River, Major Archibald Clunes Innes, Commandant of Port Macquarie Penal Settlement, sent the first government gang of Australian red cedar cutters to work here in 1827. More cedar camps were established on the Macleay during the 1830s, by 1841, about 200 cutters were working on the river area, where violence and theft of logs was not uncommon. Demand and prices dropped in 1842 and cutting along the Macleay diminished although it continued in the upper tributaries, when Europeans arrived in the area around the 1820s the river mouth was just south of Grassy Head, and almost a mile wide with a sand spit in the middle. The small town of Stuarts Point was established on the river just inside to serve arriving ships, the coastal strip extending from South West Rocks to Grassy Head is a wide delta with various channels connected to the river. Around 1885 English marine engineer John Coode advised on improvements to various rivers and ports in Australia, the Department of Public Works prepared four plans for improvements to the mouth, Coode favoured improving the existing entrance. Work on the new entrance commenced in April 1896, improving the channel, a new pilot station was built in 1902, establishing the town of South West Rocks. Today the old mouth has silted up, leaving Stuarts Point on a dead-end reach, Rivers of New South Wales List of rivers of Australia Macleay River Bridge - the longest road bridge in Australia. Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Macleay River
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Nganyaywana language
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Nganyaywana is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of New South Wales. Once included in the Kuric languages, Bowern classifies Nganyaywana as a separate Anēwan branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages, besides Nganyaywana, Anewan may include Enneewin, with which shares about 65% of its vocabulary. Crowley counts these as distinct languages, whereas Wafer and Lissarrague consider them to be dialects, dyangadi languages Bibliography of Nganyaywana language and people resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
4.
Point Lookout (New South Wales)
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With an altitude of 1,564 metres above sea level, Point Lookout is the second highest peak in the region. During cold spells the mountain may receive a dusting of snow. Point Lookout is also the name of the main location in the New England National Park. The Point Lookout Road is accessed via Waterfall Way and is 85 kilometres east of Armidale and 75 kilometres from Dorrigo, near Ebor. The lookouts have spectacular views east across the Bellinger River valley, out to the developed areas of the north coast of New South Wales. On the escarpment only 10 minutes walk south is Banksia Point, there are a number of cabins and a hut here. These are available from the National Parks and Wildlife Service for short stays in the park. List of mountains of New South Wales
5.
Mount Royal Range
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The Mount Royal Range is a mountain range in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The Mount Royal Range is a spur on the side of the Great Dividing Range. It diverges from the Liverpool Range at a point north of Scone, New South Wales, the range generally extends to the southeast for about 45 kilometres and then generally to the south southwest for about 50 kilometres to Mount Royal. The range generally forms the divide between the Hunter River and Manning River drainage basins, both of which drain to the Tasman Sea. To provide water for the Bayswater Power Station, the Barnard River Scheme was constructed in the 1980s so water could be transported over the range into the Hunter River, the Mount Royal range forms the northern rim of the Hunter Region. The Barrington Tops, a plateau at the headwaters of the Barrington River, are part of the Mount Royal Range. The World Heritage listed Barrington Tops National Park includes this area
6.
Walcha, New South Wales
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Walcha is a town at the south-eastern edge of the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. The town serves as the seat of Walcha Shire, Walcha is located 425 kilometres by road from Sydney at the intersection of the Oxley Highway and Thunderbolts Way. The Apsley River passes through the town to tumble over the Apsley Falls before joining the Macleay River further on, originally the river caused flooding in the town prior to a levee bank being constructed and saving the town from more floods. At the 2011 census, Walcha had a population of 1,482 people, the Main North railway line is located some distance away, at a separate village called Walcha Road which serves as the railhead. This is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service between Sydney and Armidale, the railway line was built at Walcha Road, because it was the closest point they could get to the town, due to the steep climb over the Great Dividing Range. The area is thought to have been occupied by the Danggadi Aborigines prior to European settlement, in 1818, John Oxley became the first white person to discover the area and the falls which were later to be named Apsley Falls. Hamilton Collins Sempill was the first settler in the New England area when he took up the Wolka run in 1832, other early runs around the district were Bergen-op-Zoom, Ohio, Europambela, Surveyor’s Creek, Emu Creek, Ingalba, Orandumbie, Tiara and Winterbourne. A severe depression from 1841 to 1843, and low demand for wool created hardship for many of early settlers. In 1848 Walcha run is recorded as being 64,000 acres, during 1854 Walcha was sold to Rundle and Dangar who held the mortgage for Jamison and Connal. Later John Fletcher acquired Walcha and moved from Branga Plains to Oorundumby, after being sold in 1905, Oorundumby was resumed for soldier settlement in 1947 and subdivided into 22 holdings. A ‘wool’ road to Port Macquarie was under construction in 1842 for the transportation of wool from New England to the coast, Walcha Post Office opened on 1 July 1850. The mail arrived from Macdonald River, Walcha was gazetted as a village site in 1852, when town allotments were sold, with annual sales following. At that time there was a shop, a general store. A Roman Catholic chapel was erected in 1854, a station and the first Presbyterian church was built in 1857. In 1861 the population was recorded at 355 and the Anglican church was built in 1862 of stone taken from the homestead, Villa Walcha. The old church has fine stained-glass windows which bear tribute to some of the towns pioneers, the population dropped in the 1860s but the town soon began to grow for two reasons, firstly, red cedar getters were active in the areas rainforests by about 1870. Gold was discovered near Walcha in the 1870s at Glen Morrison, Tia, The Cells River, antimony, copper, graphite, manganese, silver and high quality slate was also mined in the district. On 5 April 1878 Walcha was proclaimed a town, when it was gazetted, the boundaries defined, a rail link to Sydney and Uralla opened at Walcha Road in 1882
7.
Manning River
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Manning River, an open and trained mature wave dominated barrier estuary, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia. The river flows past the towns of Wingham and Taree, at Taree, the river splits and becomes a double delta. The southern arm reaches its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, within the delta there are several channels dividing coastal land into large islands, such as Mitchells and Oxley islands. Between Croki and east of Bohnock, Scotts Creek links both the northern and southern passages of the river, the Manning River is one of Australias few large river systems that have not been dammed for water supply purposes anywhere along its catchment. The local water supply is fed by Bootawa Dam, which is a dam, however, water is pumped from the river to the dam whenever river turbidity. The scheme is shutdown until needed but as of 2006 this Scheme was partly decommissioned due to its rare use, the Manning River is one of only a few Australian mainland rivers to receive annual winter melting snow deposits. The Manning River is variously transversed by the Pacific Highway between Taree and Coopernook, and the North Coast railway line at Taree, in 1818, John Oxley crossed and named Harrington and Farquhar inlets during a trip from the Hastings River, near Port Macquarie, to Port Stephens. The Manning River itself was first surveyed by Henry Dangar in 1825, later in 1826, the river was named Mannings River for the Deputy Governor of the Australian Agricultural Company, William Manning. In the same year it was declared that the Manning was the limit of the Nineteen Counties. Until 1913, ships servicing the coast brought goods and supplies up the river, Wingham was established at the furthest point supply boats could reach up the river and became the regions major port. The old cargo wharf at Wingham Brush has since been refurbished, the town of Tinonee was also settled on the river near Taree. The Manning River is a producer of Australian oysters and is home to many fish, the most common being the Dusky Flathead. The Manning River is frequented by dolphins and sharks, with some venturing as far up the river to Wingham, whales also frequent the river, mainly at the larger Harrington Inlet, although some do enter the Farquar Inlet and generally do not venture far up river. However, on 16 September 1994 a rare tropical Brydes whale measuring 9-metre long, nicknamed Free Willy by locals, Taree is home to the annual Manning River Summer Festival, which features rowing, and sailing. The Taree Powerboat Club Spectacular is held in the Manning River during the Easter long weekend, commercial fishing and oyster farming are both practiced in the Manning. The peak season for oyster production is September to March, the link between Taree and the oyster industry is shown by the presence in Taree of the Big Oyster, a building constructed in the shape of an open oyster shell. The Manning River area is popular for domestic tourism, rivers of New South Wales List of rivers in New South Wales List of rivers of Australia Manning River catchments
8.
Toona ciliata
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Toona ciliata is a forest tree in the mahogany family which grows throughout southern Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and Australia. It is commonly known as the red cedar, toon or toona, Australian redcedar, Burma cedar, Indian cedar and it is also known as Indian mahogany. In Australia its natural habitat is now extensively cleared subtropical rainforests of New South Wales, the Australian population was formerly treated as distinct species under the name Toona australis. The species can grow to around 60 m in height and its trunk can reach 3 m in girth, the largest recorded T. ciliata tree in Australia grew near Nulla Nulla Creek, west of Kempsey, New South Wales and was felled in 1883. The southernmost limit of distribution is on basaltic soils, growing west of the Princes Highway near the village of Termeil, south of Ulladulla, southern Illawarra. It also naturally occurs at Norfolk Island and it is one of Australias few native deciduous trees. The timber is red in colour, easy to work and very highly valued and it was used extensively for furniture, wood panelling and construction, including shipbuilding, and was referred to as red gold by Australian settlers. Heavily and unsustainably exploited in the 19th Century and early 20th Century, almost all the trees have been cut out. Availability of this timber is now limited, timber is currently also harvested in New Guinea. Although it is not generally a viable plantation species, trees are harvested by Forestry in the Atherton region of Queensland. The tree exudes a chemical that the cedar tip moth seeks out. The red cedar is planted in subtropical and tropical parts of the world as a shade tree. It is grown in the Hawaiian Islands and southern and eastern Africa, in parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa, it has naturalised, growing to maturity and spreading from seed. It is a seed producer and establishes readily. Cedar wood Macleay River Toona sureni Australian timbers National Register of Big Trees Distribution Map
9.
Squatting (pastoral)
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In Australian history, a squatter was typically a man, either a free settler or ex-convict, who occupied a large tract of Crown land in order to graze livestock. Initially often having no rights to the land, they gained its usage by being the first Europeans in the area. Eventually, the term Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, developed to refer to some of these squatters, the term ‘squatter’ derives from its English usage as a term of contempt for a person who had taken up residence at a place without having legal claim. In its early derogatory context the term was applied to the illegitimate occupation of land by ticket-of-leave convicts or ex-convicts. From the mid-1820s, however, the occupation of Crown land without legal title became more widespread, as wool began to be exported to England and the colonial population increased the occupation of pastoral land for raising cattle and sheep progressively became a more lucrative enterprise. ‘Squatting’ had become so widespread by the mid-1830s that Government policy in New South Wales towards the practice shifted from opposition to regulation, by that stage the term ‘squatter’ was applied to those who occupied Crown land under a lease or license, without the negative connotation of earlier times. The term soon developed an association, suggesting an elevated socio-economic status. By 1840 squatters were recognized as being amongst the wealthiest men in the colony of New South Wales, many of them from upper, as unoccupied land with frontage to permanent water became more scarce, the acquisition of runs increasingly required larger capital outlays. Eventually the term came to refer to a person of high social prestige who grazes livestock on a large scale. In Australia the term is used to describe large landowners. Hence the term, Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, when the British settled at Sydney Cove in 1788 the colonial government in Australia claimed all lands for the Crown. Governors of New South Wales were given authority to make grants to free settlers, emancipists. When land grants were made they were subject to conditions such as a quit rent. In line with the British governments policy of concentrated land settlement for the colony Governors of New South Wales tended to be prudent in making land grants. By the end of Governor Macquarie’s tenure in 1821 less than 1,000 square miles of land had been granted in the colony of New South Wales, during Governor Brisbanes term, however, land grants were more readily made. In addition regulations introduced during Brisbane’s term enabled settlers to purchase up to 4,000 acres at 5s an acre, during Governor Brisbanes four years in office the total amount of land in private hands virtually doubled. The impetus for squatting activities during early phase was an expanding market for meat as the population of Sydney increased. The first steps in establishing wool production in New South Wales also created a demand for land
10.
Station (Australian agriculture)
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In Australia, a station is a large landholding used for producing livestock, predominantly cattle or sheep, that need an extensive range of grazing land. It corresponds to American ranches that operate under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 on public lands, the owner of a station is called a pastoralist or a grazier. Originally station referred to the homestead – the owners house and associated outbuildings of a pastoral property, stations in Australia are on Crown land pastoral leases, and are known colloquially as sheep stations or cattle stations as most are stock specific, dependent upon the country and rainfall. The operators or owners are known as pastoralists. Sheep and cattle stations can be thousands of kilometres in area. Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the worlds largest working cattle station, because of the extended distances, there is a School of the Air so that children can attend classes from their homes, originally using pedal powered radios to communicate with the teachers. The larger stations have their own school and teacher to educate the children on the station until at least they commence high school, large isolated stations have their own stores to supply workers with their needs. A station hand is an employee, who is involved in duties on a station. Some stations are in areas that are not easy to access. Accommodation for couples and families may be limited, consequently, many station employees are young and temporary. An important example is the jackaroo or jillaroo, a person who works on a station for several years in a form of apprenticeship. Aborigines have played a big part in the cattle industry where they were competent stockmen on the cattle stations. Nowadays staff on these stations may work in the homestead and in stock camps, stockmen, especially ringers, may be seasonal employees. Others include boremen, managers, mechanics, machinery operators, station and camp cooks, veterinary surgeons also fly to some of the more distant cattle and sheep stations. The long-running television drama McLeods Daughters is set on an Australian cattle station, the film Australia was set on a fictional station Faraway Downs, but parts were filmed on Home Valley Station. Jeannie Gunn arrived at Elsey Station in 1902, leaving after her husband died, Elsey also featured in the 1946 film The Overlanders, the crew set up camp on the property for a month. The river crossing sequence was shot at the Roper River, pastoral lease List of ranches and stations § Australia List of the largest stations in Australia Outstation Station Media related to Sheep and cattle stations in Australia at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Australian frontier wars
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The Australian frontier wars were a series of conflicts that were fought between Indigenous Australians and mainly British settlers that spanned a total of 146 years. The first fighting took place months after the landing of the First Fleet in January 1788. The most common estimates of fatalities in the fighting are at least 20,000 Indigenous Australians, however, recent scholarship on the frontier wars in what is now the state of Queensland indicates that Indigenous fatalities may have been significantly higher. Far more devastating in their impact on the Aboriginal population, however, were the effects of disease, infertility, loss of hunting grounds, in 1770 a British expedition under the command of then-Lieutenant James Cook made the first voyage by Europeans along the Australian east coast. On 29 April Cook and a landing party fired on a group of Tharawal people who sought to prevent the British from landing near their camp at Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men made threatening gestures and a stone was thrown to underline that the whites were not welcome to land at that spot, Cook then ordered a musket to be fired with small-shot and the elder of the two was hit in a leg. This caused the two Tharawal men to run to their huts and seize their spears and shields, subsequently a single spear was thrown at the whites which happily hurt nobody. This then caused Cook to order a third musket with small-shots to be fired, upon one of them threw another lance. Cook, in his voyage up the east coast of Australia, some historians argue that under prevailing European law such land was deemed terra nullius or land belonging to nobody or land empty of inhabitants. Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for Britain on 23 August 1770, the British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. The colonys Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip, was instructed to live in amity and kindness with Indigenous Australians and sought to avoid conflict. Instead, nomadic hunter-gatherers seemed, to the Europeans, to be concerned only with the right to hunt and kill the wild game, which was their principal source of food. The British settlement of Australia commenced with the First Fleet in mid-January 1788 in the south-east in what is now the state of New South Wales. This process then continued into Tasmania and Victoria from 1803 onward, since then the population density of white people has remained highest in this section of the Australian continent. The Australian frontier wars however, were never as intense and bloody in the colonies as they were in Queensland or the north-eastern sections of the continent. More settlers as well as Indigenous Australians were killed on the Queensland frontier than any other Australian colony, the reason is simple, and is reflected in all evidence and sources dealing with this subject, There were more Aborigines in Queensland. Violence between Indigenous Australians and Europeans began several months after the First Fleet established Sydney on 26 January 1788, the local Indigenous people became suspicious when the British began to clear land and catch fish, and in May 1788 five convicts were killed and an Indigenous man was wounded. The British grew increasingly concerned when groups of up to three hundred Indigenous people were sighted at the outskirts of the settlement in June, despite this, Phillip attempted to avoid conflict, and forbade reprisals after being speared in 1790
12.
Cattle raiding
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Cattle raiding is the act of stealing cattle. In Australia, such stealing is often referred to as duffing, in North America, especially in cowboy culture, cattle theft is dubbed rustling and an individual who engages in it is a rustler. The act of cattle rustling is quite ancient, historically, the first suspected raids occurred over seven thousand years ago. Cattle raiding is one of the oldest known aspects of Proto-Indo-European culture with a modern legacy, abduction of women and theft of livestock were and are practiced in many pastoral cultures. These myths are often paired with myths of the abduction of women, in the American frontier, rustling was considered a serious offense, and in some cases resulted in vigilantes hanging the thieves. One cause of tensions between Mexico and the United States in the leading up to the Mexican–American War was the frequent raiding of cattle by Native Americans from north of the border. Mexicos military and diplomatic capabilities had declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the vulnerable to the Apache, Comanche. The Indian raids left thousands of dead and devastated northern Mexico. When American troops entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found a people and little resistance from the civilian population. Mexican rustlers were an issue during the American Civil War. American rustlers also stole Mexican cattle from across the border, failure to brand new calves facilitated theft. Conflict over alleged rustling was an issue in the Johnson County War in the U. S. state of Wyoming. The transition from open range to fenced grazing gradually reduced the practice of rustling in North America, in the 20th century, so called suburban rustling became more common, with rustlers anesthetizing cattle and taking them directly to auction. This often takes place at night, posing problems for law enforcement, the Pokot and Samburu Nilotic populations in northwestern Kenya often raid each other for cattle. Cattle rustling is a problem in rural areas of South Sudan. In the state of Jonglei, cattle raids in August 2011 left around 600 people dead. Once again in January 2012, ethnic clashes related to cattle theft killed between 2,000 and 3,000 people and displaced as many as 34,500 in the area around Pibor. Several indigenous groups and outlaws, such as the Boroano and Ranquel peoples, to prevent the cattle raiding, the Argentine government built a system of trenches called Zanja de Alsina in the 1870s
13.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
15.
University of New South Wales
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The University of New South Wales is an Australian public research university located in the suburb of Kensington in Sydney. Established in 1949, it is regarded as one of the leading universities. In 2016, it was the one university preference for high school students in the State of New South Wales. In the 2016 QS World University Rankings UNSW was ranked globally as 49th overall, 11th in the world for Accounting and Finance, 14th for law, UNSW has produced more millionaires than any other university in Australia. The university comprises eight faculties, through which it offers bachelor, master, the main campus is located on a 38-hectare site in the Sydney suburb of Kensington, seven kilometres from the centre of Sydney. Research stations are located throughout the state of New South Wales, UNSW is a founding member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of Australian research-intensive universities, and of Universitas 21, a global network of research universities. It has international exchange and research partnerships with over 200 universities around the world, the origins of the university can be traced to the Sydney Mechanics School of Arts established in 1833 and the Sydney Technical College established in 1878. This led to the proposal to establish the Institute of Technology, submitted by the then New South Wales Minister for Education Bob Heffron, accepted on 9 July 1946. In March 1948, classes commenced with a first intake of 46 students pursuing programs including engineering, mechanical engineering, mining engineering. At that time the programs were innovative. Each course embodied a specified and substantial period of training in the relevant industry. It was also unprecedented for tertiary institutions at that time to include instruction in humanities. Initially, the university operated from the inner Sydney Technical College city campus in Ultimo, in 1958, the universitys name was changed to the University of New South Wales to reflect its transformation from a technology-based institution to a generalist university. In 1960, it established faculties of arts and medicine and shortly after decided to add the Faculty of Law, the universitys first director was Arthur Denning, who made important contributions to founding the university. In 1953, he was replaced by Philip Baxter, who continued as vice-chancellor when this title was changed in 1955. Baxters dynamic, if authoritarian, management was central to the universitys first 20 years and his visionary, but at times controversial, energies saw the university grow from a handful to 15,000 students by 1968. The 1990s saw the addition of fine arts to the university, the university established colleges in Newcastle and Wollongong, which eventually became the University of Newcastle and the University of Wollongong in 1965 and 1975 respectively. At present, private sources contribute 45% of its annual funding, the university is home to the Lowy Cancer Research Centre, one of Australias largest cancer research facilities
16.
Norman Tindale
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Norman Barnett Tindale AO was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. The family returned to Perth, and in 1917 moved to Adelaide where Tindale took up a position as a cadet at the Adelaide Public Library. Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in a gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing. In January 1919 he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologists Assistant to Arthur Mills Lea and he had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale is best remembered for his work mapping the various groupings of Indigenous Australians. This interest began with a trip to Groote Eylandt where an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale very detailed descriptions of which land was his. This led Tindale to question the orthodoxy of the time which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindales methodology and his notion of the tribe have been superseded. Quite a number of now-important record films were made by Tindale, in 1942 Tindale joined the Royal Australian Air Force and was assigned the rank of Wing Commander. He had previously tried to enlist in the Australian army at the outbreak of WWII but was rejected due to his damaged eyesight, in 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with a doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980, during 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia, this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum Boards named a public gallery in his honour, Tindale published extensively, both as sole author and collaborator. Note that the archives contain 2,804 items related to Dr Tindale
17.
Aboriginal Australians
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Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members of the Aboriginal race of Australia. Until the 1980s, the legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to human rights depended upon your race. If you were a full blooded Aboriginal native, the Constitution of Australia, in its original form as of 1901, referred to Aboriginals twice, but without definition. Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to the people of any throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of this provision was to give the Commonwealth power to regulate non-white immigrant workers, the only other reference, Section 127, provided simply that aboriginal natives shall not be counted in reckoning the size of the population of the Commonwealth or any part of it. The purpose of section 127 was to prevent the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations of the distribution of House of Representatives seats amongst the states and territories, after both of these references were removed by the 1967 referendum, the Australian Constitution had no references to Aboriginals. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians, the change to Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a race. The case concerned an application of legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians and it was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a race for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a race, Deane said, It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase people of any race in s.51. Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning, the phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals, while Deanes three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion to individuals self-identification, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary. It has been difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts, biological descent has been a fall-back criterion. If it is to be used to refer to us as a group of people. This has just really crept up on us and we are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because theyre our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia and her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms urban, traditional and of Indigenous descent as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said, Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us, governments insistence on categorising us with modern words like urban, traditional and of Aboriginal descent are really only replacing old terms half-caste and full-blood – based on our colouring
18.
Koori
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The Koori People are Indigenous Australians of New South Wales and Victoria. This is their preferred term, expressing pride in their heritage, the word Koori is from Awabakal language gurri, It is an Indigenous Australian language that was spoken in the area of what is today Newcastle. A Koori Court is a division of the Magistrates court in Victoria, Koori Radio is a community radio station based in Redfern broadcasting to Sydney on a city-wide licence. It is part of the Gadigal Information Service and is the radio station in Sydney providing full-time broadcasting to the Aboriginal. Koori Mail is a national Indigenous newspaper based in Lismore, New South Wales, the NSW Koori Rugby League Knockout is one of the largest gatherings of Indigenous people in Australia. A modern-day corroboree for the Koori people of NSW, it has been held annually over the October long weekend since 1971
19.
Kuringgai
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The indigenous people identify themselves as Guringai. Their taurai is known to extend north to the Macleay River, Fraser came up with the name Kuringgai being a conjunction of the native words Koori/Guri to mean black man and Ngai, meaning black woman, or belonging to. According to Fraser, the Kuringgai were bordered by the Wachigari and the Paikalyung to the north, the Kamalarai to the northwest, the Wiradhari to the west and the Murrinjari to the south. However, Norman Tindale would later say in 1974 that the Awabakal are the one of a series of tribes to which the arbitrary term Kuringgai has been applied by Fraser. He divided the area Fraser labelled Kuringgai into several tribes, including the Tharawal, Eora, Dharuk, Darkinjang, Awabakal, Worimi, Birpai, Ngamba, the clan groups are the Garigal, Cammeragal, Borregegal, Awaba, Walkeloa with hundreds more. They were hunters and gatherers within their land, the Guringai lives were dictated by the seasons and the seasonal travels throughout their lands, with great ceremony. The Guringai still live in their traditional homelands, the Aborigines of New South Wales. Sauchie House, West Maitland, University of Newcastle, bibliography of Ku-ring-gai people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
20.
Awabakal
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Their traditional territory spreads from Wollombi in the south, to the Lower Hunter River near Newcastle and Lake Macquarie in the north. In the traditional language, Awaba is the word for Lake Macquarie, meaning flat or plain surface, hence, the Awabakal were bounded to the north–west by the Wonnarua, the Worimi to the north–east, and the Darkinjung peoples to the west and south. The Awabakal people, like most of the Aboriginal Australian tribes in Australia, awabagal is a common alternate name for the Awabakal people. Awaba is now the name of a town in the region. Tindale claims that the Ninyowa clan were from the Newcastle area, the Awabakal language was used by the Awabakal people and also by the Wonnarua people. Oral historians and linguists are reviewing the language in order to develop a dictionary of the language of the Hunter River. The eaglehawk or wedge-tailed eagle has special significance for the Awabakal people, koun, their celestial entity, looks like an Aboriginal man, but in flight resembles an eagle-hawk. The Awabakal people played a significant part in shaping the environment of their region and they practised fire-stick farming extensively, which helped them to hunt and to navigate through dense prickly scrub along the coast. Tracks and paths were also maintained, including a path from the shore to the top of a hill which later became Watt Street in Newcastle, fishing, particularly for shellfish, was a significant part of the Awabakal peoples diet and culture pre-colonisation. Academic research by Webb indicates east coast Australia tribes were violent, the Awabakal Newcastle Aboriginal Cooperative Limited is a not-for-profit community controlled organisation operating in the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and Hunter Region with 195 members. In 2014 financial year, Awabakal had income of $10. 7million, approximately half of the income is used on employee benefits expenses, being $5. 87million in 2014. Total assets for both 2013 and 2014 were ca, also in 1976, the Awabakal Environmental Education Centre began operating. It is a NSW Department of Education and Communities facility, the centre provides opportunities for teachers and students in the Hunter Region to learn about the environment and human interactions with the natural world. The Centre contains examples of habitats including perched lagoons, creek catchments, dry and wet sclerophyll forest. Being located on Awabakal land, the centre provides the opportunity for students to learn about Aboriginal perspectives, issues, knowledge. There is also a significant Awabakal presence at the Wollotuka Institute at the University of Newcastle, Wollotuka is an Awabakal word meaning eating and meeting place. Attempts by the Awabakal Local Aboriginal Land Council to claim native title over land within Newcastle, biraban – a recognised headman of the Awaba clan who assisted the Rev Lancelot Threlkeld compile the first grammar of an Aboriginal language in Australia
21.
Bundjalung
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Bundjalung people all share in common descent from ancestors who once spoke as their first, preferred language, one or more of the dialects of the Bandjalang language. The Arakwal people are a sub-group or tribe of the Bundjalung people of Byron Bay, wollumbin itself is the site at which one of the chief warriors lies, and it is said his face can still be seen in the mountains rocks when viewed from the north. Much of the Bundjalung peoples culture and heritage continues to be celebrated, nowadays people gather annually in the Bundjalung national park as a community to celebrate as a Bundjalung Peoples Gathering. We want to celebrate our Aboriginal traditions and customs, in November 2007 the Federal Court made a positive determination regarding the existence of native title within Githabul country. Throughout Australia, Aborigines believe that illness and death is caused by spirits or persons who intentionally and deliberately cause or inflict harm towards others. Even trivial ailments, or accidents such as falling from a tree, are attributed to malevolence. These spiritual doctors ware men and women of great wisdom and stature with immense power, trained from an early age by their elders and initiated into the deepest of tribal secrets, they are the supreme authorities on spiritual matters. They can visit the skies, witness events from afar, only they can pronounce the cause of serious illness or death, and only they, by performing sacred rites, can effect a cure. Medicine men and women usually employ plants and herbs in their rites, the healing of trivial non-spiritual complaints, using herbs and other remedies, is still practiced by most Aboriginal People, although older women were usually the experts. To ensure success, plants and magic were often prescribed side-by-side, plants ware prepared as remedies in a number of ways. Leafy branches are placed over a fire while the patient squats on top. Sprigs of aromatic leaves might be crushed and inhaled, inserted into the nasal septum, to make an infusion, leaves or bark are crushed and soaked in water, which is then drunk, or washed over the body. Ointment is prepared by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat, other external treatment includes rubbing down the patient with crushed seed paste, fruit pulp or animal oil, or dripping milky sap or a gummy solution over them. Most plant medicines are externally applied, medicine plants are always common plants. Aboriginal People carried no medicine kits and have remedies that grow at hand when needed, if a preferred herb is unavailable, there is usually a local substitute. Except for ointments, which were made by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat, very occasionally two plants are used together. Aboriginal medicines are never quantified, — there are no measured doses or specific times of treatment, since most remedies are applied externally, there is little risk of overdosing. Some medicines are known to vary in strength with the seasons, one area of Aboriginal medicine with no obvious Western parallel was baby medicine
22.
Darug
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Other versions of the name include Daruk, Dharruk, Dharrook, Darrook, Dharug, Broken Bay tribe, and Dharung. There is some dispute about the extent of the Darug nation, while some historians believe the coastal Eora people were a separate group to the Darug people, others believe the two groups were part of the same grouping. Taking the first perspective, the Darug were situated North-West of the Eora, convesely, the territory that was indisputably Darug Boorooberongal-Warmuli was the Cumberland Plain in western Sydney, that stretches from Wisemans Ferry in the north down to around Camden in the south. Some think the Darug people extended into the foothills of the Blue Mountains and they likely extended into the Hills District to the east. A strong centre of cultural attachment for the Darug people has been the Blacks Town in the Blacktown local government area, however, in September 2012 the Blacktown City Council de-recognised the Darug tribe, which it had previously recognised as the former owners of the area. The Council also passed a motion, opposed by some Councillors, an online petition was launched which called for the official re-recognition of the Darug. According to one of the Liberal Councillors, Cr Jess Diaz, there was a cultural divide between the western Darug and the coastal Darug. The coastal Darug were katungal or sea people and they built canoes and their diet was primarily seafood including fish and shellfish from Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay and their associated rivers. The inland Darug were paiendra or tomahawk people and they hunted kangaroos, emus and other land animals and used stone axes more extensively. The Darug nation was divided up into a number of clans who tended to live in a certain geographic area. This geographic area would also house descendant clans, each clan typically included 50 to 100 people. Numbers in a geographic descendant clan area were kept at the lowest levels necessary for the survival of the clan and it was often the case that men and women married between the clans, and thus the members of the clans were interrelated. They lived in the caves and overhangs in the sandstone of the Hawksbury region, although some did choose to make huts out of bark, sticks
23.
Dunghutti
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Dunghutti country includes the main towns of Kempsey, Bellbrook, South West Rocks, Crescent Head, and Walcha. From evidence found in the area, the Dunghutti peoples territory extends over the entire Macleay River valley including the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, the Dunghutti occupied the upper catchment of the Macleay River system. Above the river valleys, the Anaiwain tribal group occupied the Tablelands, archaeological evidence of camp sites have been found on the upper terraces of the Macleay and Apsley rivers. To the north Dunghutti share a border with Gumbaynggirr and to the west Anaiwan, the southern linguistic border is with Biripi language. The Dunghutti people have living in the Macleay Valley for at least 6,000 to 9,000 years going by the dating of the Clybucca midden in the Gumbaynggirr territory. However it is longer because the sea level rose to about current levels 6,000 years ago. In the Clybucca area are ancient camp sites with shell beds in the form of mounds which are up to 2 metres high. These are places where kitchen waste was placed in orderly fashion, food was plentiful especially in the lower Macleay. The people in the climates of the upper Macleay could easily move into warmer places on the floor of the valley during winter. There are significant sites remaining in the Dunghutti land away from ground which has been cultivated, stone implements have been found which give evidence of antiquity. Spears, boomerangs, shields, digging sticks, water and food carriers have been collected, in the colder areas cloaks were made from possum skins. Sacred sites were marked with carved trees and stone arrangements, gatherings took place to celebrate ceremonies to mark special events in the lives of the people. The last great gathering took place towards the end of the nineteenth century, other language groups from north and south of the Macleay gathered near Smoky Range not long before the last marked tree was cut down and taken to the Australian Museum for preservation. Dunghutti people were hunters and gathers, a group who shared a common language and they lived in harmony with the land and their pattern of life was governed by codes of conduct regarded as sacred, having been handed down through countless generations. Remnants of the ancient culture remain in Macleay valley — middens and a trap in the Limeburners Creek Nature Reserve. Along the creeks and on the tablelands there are artefact scatters, scarred trees, the Macleay River and the tidal creeks supplied fruits and fish, but due to the dense growth of rainforest in these areas, these areas were generally not suitable for camping unless cleared. The adjacent dunes provided pigface and other plants, as well as grasses for grazing kangaroos, wallabies, snakes and lizards, as well as worms, grubs. The four main tribes of the Dunghutti people are the Dangaddi, many non-Aboriginal writers and some Aboriginal people have recorded these creation stories from different parts of the country over time
24.
Eora
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Contact with the first white settlements bridgehead into Australia quickly devastated much of the population through epidemics of smallpox and other diseases. Their descendants live on, though the language, social system, way of life and traditions are mostly lost. The language spoken by the Eora has, since the time of R. H. Mathews, been called Dharuk, the Australian bush term bogey comes from a Port Jackson Dharuk root buugi-. In terms of boundaries, the Kuringgai lay to the north, on the Western edges were the Darug, and to the south, around Kundul were the Gwiyagal. Eora is used specifically of the people around the first area of settlement in Sydney. The generic term Eora generally is used with a wider denotation to embrace some 29 bands, which in turn constituted clans that spoke several distinct languages. Thus, Eora is used collectively to refer to all tribes in the area of the settlement area, the Guringai to the north, the Tharawal people to the south. These have been classified into the language groups. The sizes of bands, as opposed to clans, averaged around 50 members, -gal denominates the clan affixed to the place name. Muringong Camden Cattai Windsor Kurrajong Kurrajong Boo-bain-ora Wentworthville Mulgoa Penrith 4, dharawal South Gweagal Norongerragal Illawarra Threawal Tagary Wandeandegal The Cadigal people are the traditional owners of the inner Sydney city region. Their traditional land and waters are south of Port Jackson, stretching from South Head to Petersham, the people described by British settlers as the Eora people were probably Cadigal people, the Aboriginal tribe of the inner Sydney region in 1788 at the time of first European settlement. The Cadigal clan western boundary is approximately the Balmain peninsula, the traditional territory of the Wanegal people begins around Goat Island and runs west past Concord to what is now called Parramatta, and includes parts of Lane Cove River. The Cammeraygal peoples traditional territory is on the present-day lower North Shore of Port Jackson, the traditional Eora people were largely coastal dwellers and lived mainly from the produce of the sea. They were expert in navigation, fishing, cooking, and eating in the bays. The Eora people did not grow or plant crops, although the women picked herbs which were used in herbal remedies, the Eora placed a time limit on formal battles engaged in order to settle inter-tribal grievances. Such fights were regulated to begin late in the afternoon, the first contact occurred when James Cooks Endeavour anchored in Botany Bay. A drawing, thought recently to be the handiwork of the Polynesian navigator Turpaia who was on board Cooks ship, survives depicting Aboriginals in Botany Bay, around Kurnel. When the First Fleet of 1300 convicts, guards, and administrators arrived in January 1788, by early 1789 frequent remarks were made of great numbers of decomposed bodies of Eora natives which settlers and sailors came across on beaches, in coves and in the bays
25.
Gamilaraay
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The Kamilaroi is one of the four largest indigenous nations in Australia. The Kamilaroi language is classified in the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages, the Kamilaroi Highway, Sydney Ferries Limiteds vehicular ferry Kamilaroi, and a cultivar of Durum wheat have all been named after the Kamilaroi people. The language is no longer spoken, though parts have bneen reconstructed by late field work. Robert M. W. Dixon and his student Peter Austin recorded some around Moree, while Corinne Williams wrote a thesis on the Yuwaaliyaay dialect spoken at Walgett, the Gamilaroi were hunters and gatherers with a band-level social organization. Important vegetable foods were yams and other roots, as well as a sterculia grain, insect larvae, frogs, and eggs of several different animals were also gathered. Various birds, kangaroos, emus, iguanas, possums, echidnas, dingo pups were regarded as a delicacy. Fish were also consumed, as were crayfish, mussels, men typically hunted, cleaned, and prepared the game for cooking. Women did the cooking, in addition to fishing and gathering. Individual Kamilaroi did not eat animals that were their totems, the Gamilaroi or Gomilaroi from the word Kamil or Gamil meaning no, are a large nation of Aborigines consisting of many tribes. The Gamilaroi are the second largest Aboriginal nation on the side of Australia. The nation was made up of smaller family groups who had their own parcels of land to sustain them. One of the great Kings of this tribe was Red Chief, the last link with tribal law and custom in Mungindi would be the forebear of the present Cubby family, who was the last known Respected Elder in the tribe. The Kamilaroi were regarded as fierce warriors and there is evidence of intertribal warfare. The Northern Gamilaroi people have a cultural connection with the Bigambul people. Kamilaroi tradition includes Baiame, the ancestor or patron god, the Baiame story tells how Baiame came down from the sky to the land, and created rivers, mountains, and forests. He then gave the people their laws of life, traditions, songs and he also created the first initiation site. This is known as a bora, a place where boys were initiated into manhood, when he had finished, he returned to the sky, and people called him the Sky Hero or All Father or Sky Father. He is said to be married to Birrahgnooloo, who is identified as an emu
26.
Himberrong
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Himberrong is a clan of the Anēwan Aboriginal tribe of what is now known as the New England Tablelands region in northeast New South Wales. The territory of the Himberrong clan stretches from the Moonbi Range in the west, past Yarrowitch and Kunderang in the east, border disputes over the Moonbi Range were common between the Himberrong and a clan of the Gamilaraay. The main camp of the Himberrong was on the bank of the Muluerindie/Macdonald River about two miles upriver from where the 140-acre Inglebah Aboriginal Reserve now stands. Inglebah is the Anaiwan word for whirlpools of crayfish, the swamps, traditionally Aboriginal people camped around Inglebah for fishing and ceremonial activities. Inglebah was favored because it was a sheltered, secure camping spot nestled between hills and the banks of the MacDonald River. It has a permanent water supply from the springs in the area, an elicitation of Anaiwan words was recorded on tape by Harry Wright in 1963 as they were spoken by tribesmen coming into Armidale from Inglebah. At the time of first contact, the Himberrong clan numbered around 600, two Himberrong men by the names of Bungaree and Yarry were the first of their clan to encounter colonists in the early 1800s. On returning from their trips, the clan would have a great corroboree. In the late 1800s, colonists used explosives to massacre the Himberrong clan at their main camp
