Doctor of Science
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A Doctor of Science is a higher science doctorate awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. A Doctor of Science degree signifies advanced expertise and significant contributions to a scie
Aquatint of a Doctor in divinity at the University of Oxford, shown wearing convocation dress.
Habilitation
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Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The cand
Doctor of Science
…in East Germany also awarded the Dr Sc. However, the East German Dr Sc was not equivalent to the PhD since it was adopted to replace the German Habilitation and therefore was equivalent to this higher-level qualification. After reunification the Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in Eastern…
Habilitation Certificate from LMU Munich
Example of Italian professional qualification: Diploma in Agriculture