1.
Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
2.
People of the Dominican Republic
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Dominicans are a multi-ethnic people who originate from the Dominican Republic. Dominican was historically the demonym for the inhabitants of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the majority of Dominicans reside in the Dominican Republic, although there is also a large Dominican diaspora, mainly in the United States. The population of the Dominican Republic in 2007 was estimated by the United Nations at 9,760,000, for most of its history the colony was known as Santo Domingo, the name of its present capital, and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. Hence the residents were called Dominicanos, which is the form of Domingo. It was often referred to as the Republic of San Domingo in English language 19th Century publications, another name thats been commonly used is Quisqueyanos. In the national anthem of the Dominican Republic the author uses the poetic term Quisqueyanos, the word Quisqueya is a derivative from a native tongue of the Taino Indians which means, Mother of all Lands. It is often used in songs as another name for the country, the genetic makeup of the Dominican Republics population is estimated to be 52. 15% European,39. 57% Black African, and 8. 28% Native American on average according to recent genealogical DNA testing. African input is higher in the plain, and generally in coastal areas. Most Dominicans fall within three major ethno-racial groups, the last census conducted in the country estimated the population as 73% mixed race, 16% White European, and 11% Black African. Other groups in the include the descendants of West Asians—mostly Lebanese. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians can also be found throughout the population, some of the Sephardic Jews still presently reside in Sosúa while others are dispersed throughout the country. In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs, Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers, waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist Peoples Liberation Army, arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 50,000, the Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate. They worked on plantations and docks and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macorís and Puerto Plata. There is a number of Puerto Rican immigrants in and around Santo Domingo. Before and during World War II800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic, nationwide, there are an estimated 100 Jews left. Immigration from Europe and the United States is at an all-time high,82,000 Americans,40,000 Italians,1,900 French,1,400 Britons, and 800 Germans. The 2010 Census registered 311,969 Haitians,24,457 Americans,6,691 Spaniards,5,763 Puerto Ricans, and 5,132 Venezuelans
3.
Dominican Republic
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The Dominican Republic is a sovereign state occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western one-third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, christopher Columbus landed on the Western part of Hispaniola, in what is now Haiti, on December 6,1492. The island became the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World, the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 but were forcefully annexed by their more powerful neighbor Haiti in February 1822. After the 1844 victory in the Dominican War of Independence against Haitian rule the country again under Spanish colonial rule until the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865. The Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal strife until 1916, a civil war in 1965, the countrys last, was ended by another U. S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996. Danilo Medina, the Dominican Republics current president, succeeded Fernandez in 2012, the Dominican Republic has the ninth-largest economy in Latin America and is the largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region. Though long known for agriculture and mining, the economy is now dominated by services. Over the last two decades, the Dominican Republic have been standing out as one of the economies in the Americas – with an average real GDP growth rate of 5. 4% between 1992 and 2014. GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7. 0%, respectively, in the first half of 2016 the Dominican economy grew 7. 4% continuing its trend of rapid economic growth. Recent growth has been driven by construction, manufacturing and tourism, private consumption has been strong, as a result of low inflation, job creation, as well as high level of remittances. The Dominican Republic has a market, Bolsa de Valores de la Republica Dominicana. and advanced telecommunication system. Nevertheless, unemployment, government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems, the country also has marked income inequality. International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives, mass illegal Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues. A large Dominican diaspora exists, mostly in the United States, contributes to development, the Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean. The year-round golf courses are major attractions, the island has an average temperature of 26 °C and great climatic and biological diversity. The country is also the site of the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress built in all of the Americas, located in Santo Domingos Colonial Zone, a World Heritage Site. Music and sport are of importance in the Dominican culture, with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music
4.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
5.
Afro-Spaniard
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Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Mali, additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Africana, the Encyclopedia of African and African American Experience, afro-Hispanic people} Dominicans in Spain Fernandino peoples Spanish Guinea Spanish Equatoguineans African immigration to Europe
6.
Mexican immigration to Spain
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Mexican immigration to Spain refers to the Mexican population in Spain and their Spanish-born descendants. The Mexicans living in Spain are composed primarily of students, skilled professionals, spouses of Spaniards, to this number must be added those with dual nationality, who are not in Spanish records as foreigners. Mexican and Spanish laws allow dual citizenship, and many Mexicans who have asked for it, the main destinations of the Mexican community according to the INE, are the autonomous communities of Madrid with 4,138, Catalonia with 4,482 and Andalusia with 2,822. The typical profile of the Mexican immigrant is an individual from the upper-middle class, concentrated in Madrid, Barcelona. There are many examples of graduate students who have built working relationships, after Spain completed the conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the first marriages between the daughters of the Emperor Moctezuma Ilhuilcamina and the Spanish soldiers of Extremadura were carried out. During the early century, there was already a permanent Mexican community in Spain. Some Porfirian families chose to be exiled rather than continue to live under the new government, at the beginning of Spanish Civil War, many Mexicans were part of the armed movements in the territory of Spain, supporting the Republican fighters. As for concerning Spanish cuisine, the influence of Hispanic flavors in the kitchen is very marked in the rest of Hispanic America, the Spanish kitchen also was enriched with Mexican products such as tomatoes, corn, avocado, vanilla and fine chocolate, which was Mesoamerican origin. Ranchera and mariachi music are appreciated and disseminated within the Spanish society. There are important interpreters of music that express the different rhythms, rocío Dúrcal and Chavela Vargas are icons that have been well identified with the ranchera genres. Sheraton Bilbao and Housing Parque Europa in Madrid hotel are constructions with shapes and styles of contemporary Mexican architecture, Spain is the third country where Mexicans immigrant too. It is noteworthy that there is no relationship with the Mexican immigration to the United States or to Canada, note also a known but anecdotal case, and this rapid acculturation of the majority of Mexicans to the prevalent cultural and ethnic idiosyncrasies in Spain at a regional level immigrants. One could infer a latent inclination by these cohorts at foreigner so from their respective country, Mexican companies have found an important development among Spanish consumers by the similar way that the Mexican entrepreneurs do business in connection with Americans. Mexican migration to Spain differs from that to the United States in many ways, Mexican immigrants represent a small proportion of immigrants in Spain They have a relatively short history of migration to the Kingdom of Spain, with most arriving since the 1620s. While approximately 1,000 Mexicans enter Spain each year as students or construction contract workers. Mexican prisoners After the United States, the Foreign Ministry has in its Mexican embassy in Madrid the second busiest processes related to drug trafficking, embassy of Mexico in Spain, Madrid. Honorary Consulate in La Coruna, Galicia, juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Novohispanic poet. Eduardo Noriega, actor Spanish immigration to Mexico Mexico–Spain relations Immigration to Spain Mexicans in Spain Mexicanos. com. es
7.
Spanish people of Filipino ancestry
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There is a large number of Spanish people of Filipino ancestry, consisting of the descendants of early migrants from the Philippines to Spain. The number of Filipinos with dual citizenship is of 115,362 as of 2007, there are also 40,000 expatriates from the Philippines living in Spain that do not hold the Spanish citizenship. The first Filipino settlement in Spain dates back to the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines between the 16th and 19th century, today, Filipinos are one of the largest Asian communities in Spain, with a number of individuals obtaining Spanish citizenship. Most Filipinos in Spain work in jobs and companies such as domestic and healthcare services, some individuals also work in education. There is also a number of mixed blood Spanish Filipinos working in the entertainment
8.
Chinese people in Spain
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Chinese people in Spain form the ninth-largest non-European Union foreign community in Spain. The first recorded arrivals of Chinese people to Spain date from the late 16th century, bernardino de Escalante in his Discurso de la navegación. Says that among his sources of information were Chinese themselves, who came to Spain, Diego called on Esteban to give evidence as a witness on his behalf. Diego recalled that he was taken as a slave by Francisco de Casteñeda from Mexico, to Nicaragua, then to Lima in Peru, then to Panama, and eventually to Spain via Lisbon, while he was still a boy. Esteban testified that he knew Diego as a boy in Limpoa and it worked in their favor and in July 1575 the Council issued a ruling siding with Diego. Juana de Castañeda also testified on behalf of Diego, claiming that she knew Diego in Lima, juana was an native woman from Lima. Juana was around 40 years old when she testified on behalf of Diego in 1572, another native woman from Panama, Isabel García also testified in favor of Diego, saying she knew him while he was in Panama. Estebans will dated 15 March 1599 left his property to his daughter Francisca de Altamirana and her husband Miguel de la Cruz who was a tailor, a family of tailors was started by Esteban. Tristán de la China was taken as a slave by the Portuguese, while he was still a boy and in the 1520s was obtained by Cristobál de Haro in Lisbon and he was paid for his service as a translator on the 1525 Loaísa expedition. During which he was still an adolescent, the survivors, including Tristan, were shipwrecked for a decade until 1537 when they were returned to Lisbon by a Portuguese ship. Several Asians took advantage of requiring that the Spanish state pay for their return to their homeland after being trafficked to Spain illegally. A Chinese named Juan Castelindala Moreno petitioned to be sent home in 1632. - The people in community of diverse Asians in Mexico were called los indios chinos by the Spanish. Some of these Asian slaves were brought to Lima in Peru, where there was a small community of Asians including Chinese, Japanese. The first large wave of Chinese immigrants came to Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, after World War II, they branched out into the restaurant industry, and later into textiles and trade. However, the vast majority of Chinese residents in Spain started arriving in the country around the 1980s, nowadays, Madrid, Barcelona, and the Canary Islands are home to the largest Chinese communities of Spain. Unlike earlier waves of Chinese immigrants in other countries, over 80% of the Chinese in Spain come from Zhejiangs Qingtian County, with numbers from Guangdong. Others have come from Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, Latin America, in September 2004, protests in Elche over cheap imported shoes from China undercutting local shoe markets resulted in the burning of a Chinese-owned shoe warehouse. Crime is a problem in the Chinese community due to the Triads, however, the Triads have not established themselves as drug distributors due to competition from other groups
9.
Japanese people in Spain
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Japanese people in Spain consist largely of expatriate managers in Japanese corporations, as well as international students. There are also people of Japanese ancestry in Spain, including descendants of 17th-century migrants to Spain. According to Spains National Statistical Institute,4,898 Japanese citizens resided in the country as of 2009, the first Japanese people to settle in Spain were the members of an embassy led by Hasekura Tsunenaga. Instead of returning to Japan in 1617, six remained in Coria del Río. The surname Japón is conserved among approximately 700 inhabitants of Coria del Río, the first Japanese business established in Spain was SANYO España. S. A. in 1969. Since then Catalonia became the point of Japanese business operations in Spain. Between the 1970s and 1980s, Nikkeis—people of Japanese ancestry from various countries of Latin America—settled in Spain, since the 1970s, many Japanese have also come to Spain as businesspeople and students. In 1966, there were only about 280 Japanese nationals in Spain, as of 20015,167 Japanese citizens resided in Spain, with 1,189 of them in Barcelona and 87 of them in the remainder of Catalonia. Most residing in Catalonia are employees of Japanese companies, the peak number of the Japanese population in Las Palmas registered with the Japanese consulate there was 365 people in 1977. The Barcelona Suiyokai is an association of Japanese companies that operates in Barcelona and it operates a Japanese new year festival. In 200457 companies were a part of the association, in addition to the Japanese consulate, in Las Palmas there was the Casa de Japan and a Japanese association. The Casa opened in 1967 in Monte Lentiscal and its annex opened in October 1973, the main building closed in June 1981 and the annex closed in December 1985. From 1971 to 1981 there were Japanese nurses sent to the Queen Victoria, Spain has two Japanese international schools, the Japanese School in Barcelona and the Colegio Japonés de Madrid. The two cities, Barcelona and Madrid, also have weekend Japanese education programmes, the Las Palmas Japanese School previously existed. Located in Tafira Baja, it opened in October 1973, making it the first Japanese school in Spain, there is a Japanese library in Eixample, Barcelona that opened in 1992. Most of the patrons are Japanese, though locals may use the facilities. The library is located inside a flat, avance del Padrón a 1 de enero de 2009. Datos provisionales, Spain, Instituto Nacional de Estadística,2009, retrieved 2009-06-13 Ávila Tàpies, Rosalía, the Canary Islands in the Japanese Imaginary, The Analysis of Three Contemporary Narratives
10.
Demographics of Spain
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As of January 1,2014, Spain had a total population of 46,507,760, which represents a 0. 5% decrease since 2013. The CIA Factbook gives a description of composite of Mediterranean. This reflects the formation of the modern Kingdom of Spain by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms, i. e. León, Castile, Navarre, Spains population peaked in 2012, at 46,818,216 people. Spains official population fell by 206,000 to 47.1 million, mostly because of immigrants returning home due to the effects of the European economic and its population density, at 91.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, is lower than that of most Western European countries. With the exception of the capital Madrid, the most densely populated areas lie around the coast, no fewer than eleven of Spains fifty provinces saw an absolute decline in population over the century. The last quarter of the century saw a fall in birth rates. Spains fertility rate of 1.47 is lower than the EU average, the birth rate has climbed in 10 years from 9.10 births per 1000 people per year in 1996 to 10.9 in 2006. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 abolished the Roman Catholic Church as the state religion. 76. 7% of the population define themselves as Catholic,20. 0% as non-believers or atheists, among believers,55. 3% assert they almost never go to any religious service, by contrast,17. 0% attend one or more masses almost every week. The population of Spain doubled during the century as a result of the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s. Many demographers have linked Spains very low fertility rate to the lack of any real family planning policy. Spain spends the least on family support out all western European countries—0. 5% of GDP, in emigration/immigration terms, after centuries of net emigration, Spain, has recently experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. According to the Spanish government there were 5,730,667 foreign residents in Spain as of January 2011, of these, more than 860,000 were Romanian, and half 760,000 were Moroccan while the number of Ecuadorians was around 390,000. Colombian population amounted to around 300,000, there are also a significant number of British and German citizens, mainly in Alicante, Málaga provinces, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands. Immigrants from several sub-Saharan African countries have settled in Spain as contract workers. This trend is far from being reversed at the present moment and, in 2005 alone, the growing population of immigrants is the main reason for the slight increase in Spains fertility rate. From 2002 through 2008 the Spanish population grew by 8%, of which 7% were foreign, notable events in modern Spanish demography,1898. Loss of the war against the United States, economic depression and mass emigration to American countries ensued
