1.
Columbus, Ohio
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Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
The Philadelphia Story (film)
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The Philadelphia Story is a 1940 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor, starring Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn, and James Stewart and featuring Ruth Hussey. She acquired the rights to the play, which she had also starred in, with the help of Howard Hughes. Nominated for six Academy Awards, the film won two, James Stewart for Best Actor and Donald Ogden Stewart for Best Adapted Screenplay and it was remade in 1956 as a musical, retitled High Society. The Philadelphia Story was produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1995, Tracy Lord is the elder daughter of a wealthy Philadelphia Main Line socialite family. Now she is about to marry nouveau riche man of the people George Kittredge, Spy magazine publisher Sidney Kidd is eager to cover the wedding, and assigns reporter Macaulay Mike Connor and photographer Liz Imbrie. He can get them into the affair with the assistance of Dexter Haven, Dexter will introduce them as friends of Tracys brother Junius. Tracy is not fooled, but Dexter threatens her with an article about her father Seths affair with a dancer. Tracy deeply resents her fathers infidelity, which has caused her parents to live separately, to protect her familys reputation, she agrees to let Mike and Liz stay. Dexter is welcomed back with arms by Tracys mother Margaret and teenage sister Dinah. In addition, she discovers that Mike has admirable qualities. As the wedding nears, she finds herself torn between George, Dexter, and Mike, the night before the wedding, Tracy gets drunk for only the second time in her life and takes an innocent midnight swim with Mike. When George sees Mike carrying an intoxicated Tracy into the house afterward, the next day, he tells her that he was shocked and feels entitled to an explanation before going ahead with the wedding. She takes exception to his lack of faith in her and breaks off the engagement, then she realizes that all the guests have arrived and are waiting for the ceremony to begin. Mike volunteers to marry her, but she graciously declines and she also realizes, for the first time, that she isnt perfect and shouldnt constantly condemn others for their weaknesses. At this point, Dexter offers to marry her again, Dexter Haven Katharine Hepburn as Tracy Samantha Lord James Stewart as Mike Connor Ruth Hussey as Elizabeth Imbrie John Howard as George Kittredge Roland Young as William Q. Costarring with Hepburn on Broadway were Joseph Cotten as Dexter Haven, Van Heflin as Mike Connor and she then convinced MGMs Mayer to buy them from her for only $250,000 in return for Hepburn having veto over producer, director, screenwriter and cast. Hepburn wanted Clark Gable to play Dexter Haven and Spencer Tracy to play Mike Connor, Grant agreed to play the part on condition that he be given top billing and that his salary would be $137,000, which he donated to the British War Relief Society. The pairing of Cukor and Gable would have been problematic in any case, as they had not gotten along on the recent Gone with the Wind, the film was in production from 5 July to 14 August 1940 at MGMs studios in Culver City
4.
Philip Barry
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Philip James Quinn Barry was an American dramatist best known for his plays Holiday and The Philadelphia Story, which were both made into films starring Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant. Philip Barry was born on June 18,1896 in Rochester, James died from appendicitis a year after Philips birth, and the familys marble-and-tile business faltered from then on. His oldest brother, Edmund, who was sixteen at the time, left school to take over the business, Barrys play The Youngest, written when he was twenty-eight, is an autobiographical account of his family history following his fathers death. Family conflicts ensued, he claimed he had never intended to keep the money. At the end of the war, he returned to college, where he studied writing with Henry Seidel Canby and his mother and two elder brothers vehemently wanted him to return to the family in Rochester after college and take a place in the family business. He was, however, determined to out on his own and, knowing that he wanted to be a writer. Barrys life as a started at the age of nine when he had a story called Tab the Cat published by a Rochester newspaper. Four precocious years later, he wrote a drama called No Thoroughfare. When he was at Yale, he devoted his time to writing poetry, in 1919, when he returned from London, the Yale Dramatic Club staged his one-act play, Autonomy. By the time he had enrolled in Bakers class at the end of the year and his first full-length play for the class was A Punch for Judy, written in the spring 1921. The Harvard workshop took A Punch for Judy on tour to Worcester, Utica, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Columbus, playwright Robert E. Sherwood met Barry at this time and thought him a exasperating young twirp. Sherwood would eventually become a friend and colleague who came to appreciate what he termed Barrys Irish, impish sense of comedy. Many years later, Sherwood would finish writing Second Threshold, left incomplete at the time of Barrys death, while still living in Cambridge, Barry became engaged to Ellen Semple but was determined to establish himself as a playwright before settling down. The play won the Herndon Prize in 1922 as the best drama written in Bakers workshop, renamed You and I, the play opened on Broadway on February 19,1923 and was a critical and commercial success. As theater critic Brooks Atkinson wrote, If did not make Barry exactly a revolutionary, the story spoke to the tenor of the times, a decade that both glamorized and questioned the energetic pursuit of financial success. You and I ran for 170 performances, was followed by a tour and many productions in college and regional theaters. One person who was not happy with Barrys success was a classmate in Bakers seminar, Thomas Wolfe, Barrys second work for the stage, The Youngest, was produced the following year to considerably less acclaim. The story dealt with a rich, provincial family who cannot accept the ways of one of its members
5.
Tarnished Lady
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Tarnished Lady is a 1931 American Pre-Code drama film directed by George Cukor. The screenplay by Donald Ogden Stewart is based on his short story, Nancy Courtney, a once wealthy socialite, has had to struggle to maintain a facade of prosperity ever since her fathers death. Although she loves writer DeWitt Taylor, who is indifferent to amassing a fortune, Nancy acquiesces to her mothers wishes but, despite the fact her new husband does everything he can to please her, she is miserable in her marriage. Meanwhile, DeWitt has begun romancing Normans former girl friend Germaine Prentiss and she realizes DeWitts relationship with Germaine is changing him into a social climber. Unaware Normans firm has just been barred from the market and he is facing financial ruin. She learns of Normans bankruptcy in the newspaper and, together with her friend Ben Sterner and she and Ben bring some of the bar patrons to his home, where they encounter Norman, who is waiting there to discuss a business transaction with Ben. Seeing his wife in such a state, he tells her he never wants to see her again. Nancy tries to live on her own but, lacking any skills, she is unable to find employment and becomes destitute. When she discovers she is pregnant, Ben offers her a place to live and, after the birth of her child, Norman and Germaine come in to purchase a fur coat, and Norman is stunned to find Nancy in a menial position. Germaine tries to warn Nancy away, but realizing her husband loves her. Germaine bows out and leaves Norman with his wife and infant son. Mrs. Courtney Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times observed, Miss Bankhead acquits herself with considerable distinction, in fact, only in a few spots is the authors fine hand discernible. Variety called it a weepy and ragged melodrama has little outside its cast to be recommended, cast, as a whole, deports in a manner suggesting they were under orders to give way before Bankhead. Ordinarily a fine actor, he slumps here in trying to get some of the silly dialog. Tarnished Lady at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Love Affair (1939 film)
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Love Affair is a 1939 American romantic film starring Irene Dunne and Charles Boyer and featuring Maria Ouspenskaya. It was directed by Leo McCarey and written by Delmer Daves and Donald Ogden Stewart, based on a story by McCarey, french painter Michel Marnet meets American singer Terry McKay aboard a liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean. They are both already engaged, he to heiress Lois Clarke, she to Kenneth Bradley and they begin to flirt and to dine together on the ship, but his notoriety and popularity on the ship make them conscious that others are watching. Eventually, they decide that they should dine separately and not associate with each other, at a stop at Madeira, they visit Michels grandmother Janou, who approves of Terry and wants Michel to settle down. As the ship is ready to disembark at New York City, Michel chooses six months because that is the amount of time he needs to decide whether he can drop the life of a playboy and start making money to support a relationship with Terry. When the rendezvous date arrives, they head to the Empire State Building. However, Terry is struck by a car right as she arrives, not wanting to be a burden to Michel, she does not contact him, preferring to let him think the worst. Meanwhile, Terry recovers at an orphanage teaching the children how to sing, six months go by, and during Terrys first outing since the accident, the two couples meet by accident at the theater, though Terry manages to conceal her condition. Michel then visits her at her apartment and finally learns the truth and he assures her that they will be together no matter what the diagnosis will be. Because of this, the film is available on home video. The film can be downloaded legally for free on the Internet Archive
7.
George Cukor
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George Dewey Cukor was an American film director. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations and his career flourished at RKO when David O. Selznick, the studios Head of Production, assigned Cukor to direct several of RKOs major films, including What Price Hollywood. A Bill of Divorcement, Our Betters, and Little Women, when Selznick moved to MGM in 1933, Cukor followed and directed Dinner at Eight and David Copperfield for Selznick and Romeo and Juliet and Camille for Irving Thalberg. He was replaced as the director of Gone with the Wind, but he went on to direct The Philadelphia Story, Gaslight, Adams Rib, Born Yesterday, A Star Is Born, Bhowani Junction and he continued to work into the 1980s. Cukor was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, the child and only son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants Viktor, an assistant district attorney. His parents selected his middle name in honor of Spanish–American War hero George Dewey, as a result, he was ambivalent about his faith and dismissive of old world traditions from childhood, and as an adult he embraced Anglophilia to remove himself even further from his roots. As a teenager, Cukor frequently was taken to the New York Hippodrome by his uncle, infatuated with theatre, he often cut classes at DeWitt Clinton High School to attend afternoon matinees. During his senior year, he worked as a supernumerary with the Metropolitan Opera, earning 50¢ per appearance, following his graduation in 1917, Cukor was expected to follow in his fathers footsteps and pursue a career in law. He halfheartedly enrolled in the City College of New York, where he entered the Students Army Training Corps in October 1918 and his military experience was limited, Germany surrendered in early November, and Cukors duty ended after only two months. In 1925 he formed the C. F. and Z, Production Company with Walter Folmer and John Zwicki, which gave him his first opportunity to direct. Following their first season, he made his Broadway directorial debut with Antonia by Hungarian playwright Melchior Lengyel, then returned to Rochester, lasting only one season with the company was Bette Davis. Cukor later recalled, Her talent was apparent, but she did buck at direction and she had her own ideas, and though she only did bits and ingenue roles, she didnt hesitate to express them. For the next decades, Davis claimed she was fired. For the next few years, Cukor alternated between Rochester in the months and Broadway in the winter. His direction of a 1926 stage adaptation of The Great Gatsby by Owen Davis brought him to the attention of the New York critics. Writing in the Brooklyn Eagle, drama critic Arthur Pollock called it a piece of work by a director not nearly so well known as he should be. Cukor directed six more Broadway productions before departing for Hollywood in 1929, when Hollywood began to recruit New York theater talent for sound films, Cukor immediately answered the call. In December 1928, Paramount Pictures signed him to a contract that reimbursed him for his airfare and he arrived in Hollywood in February 1929, and his first assignment was to coach the cast of River of Romance to speak with an acceptable Southern accent
8.
Michael Curtiz
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Michael Curtiz was a Hungarian-born American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history. He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywoods Golden Age, Curtiz was already a well-known director in Europe when Warner Bros. invited him to Hollywood in 1926, when he was 38 years of age. He had already directed 64 films in Europe, and soon helped Warner Bros. become the movie studio. He directed 102 films during his Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtizs direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for Sons of Liberty and he introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles. He was versatile and could handle any kind of picture, melodrama, comedy, love story, film noir, musical, war story, Western, or historical epic. He always paid attention to the human interest aspect of story, stating that the human. Curtiz helped popularize the swashbuckler with films such as Captain Blood. He directed many dramas which today are considered classics, Angels with Dirty Faces, The Sea Wolf, Casablanca. He directed leading musicals, including Yankee Doodle Dandy, This Is the Army and White Christmas, Curtiz was born Mihaly Kertesz to a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary in 1886, where his father was a carpenter and his mother an opera singer. Curtiz had a lower to middle-class upbringing and he recalled during an interview that his familys home was a cramped apartment, where he had to share a small room with his two brothers and a sister. Many times we are hungry, he added, after graduating high school, he studied at Markoszy University, followed by the Royal Academy of Theater and Art, in Budapest, before beginning his career. Curtiz became attracted to the theater when he was a child in Hungary and he built a little theater in the cellar of his house when he was 8 years old, where he and five of his friends reenacted plays. They set up the stage, with scenery and props, after he graduated college at age 19, he took a job as an actor with a traveling theater company where he began working as one their traveling players. From that job, he became a pantomimist with a circus for a while and they played Ibsen and Shakespeare in various languages, depending on what country they were in. They performed throughout Europe, including France, Hungary, Italy and Germany and he had various responsibilities, We had to do everything—make bill posters, print programs, set scenery, mend wardrobe, sometimes even arrange chairs in the auditoriums. Sometimes we traveled in trains, sometimes in stage coaches, sometimes on horseback, sometimes we played in town halls, sometimes in little restaurants with no scenery at all
9.
Ernst Lubitsch
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Ernst Lubitsch was a German American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywoods most elegant and sophisticated director, as his prestige grew, in 1946, he received an Honorary Academy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture. Ernst Lubitsch was born on January 29,1892 in Berlin, Germany, the son of Anna and Simon Lubitsch and his family was Ashkenazi Jewish, his father born in Grodno in the Russian Empire and his mother from Wriezen, outside Berlin. He turned his back on his fathers tailoring business to enter the theater, in 1913, Lubitsch made his film debut as an actor in The Ideal Wife. He gradually abandoned acting to concentrate on directing and he appeared in approximately thirty films as an actor between 1912 and 1920. His last film appearance as an actor was in the 1920 drama Sumurun, opposite Pola Negri and Paul Wegener, in 1918, he made his mark as a serious director with Die Augen der Mumie Ma, starring Pola Negri. Lubitsch alternated between escapist comedies and large-scale historical dramas, enjoying international success with both. His reputation as a master of world cinema reached a new peak after the release of his spectacles Madame Du Barry. Both of these films found American distributorship by early 1921 and they, along with Lubitschs Carmen were selected by The New York Times on its list of the 15 most important movies of 1921. With glowing reviews under his belt, and American money flowing his way, Lubitsch formed his own production company, however, with World War I still fresh, and with a slew of German New Wave releases encroaching on American movie workers livelihoods, Lubitsch was not gladly received. He cut his trip short after little more than three weeks and returned to Germany, but he had already seen enough of the American film industry to know that its resources far outstripped the spartan German companies. Lubitsch finally left Germany for Hollywood in 1922, contracted as a director by Mary Pickford, settling in America, Lubitsch established his reputation for sophisticated comedy with such stylish films as The Marriage Circle, Lady Windermeres Fan, and So This Is Paris. But his films were only marginally profitable for Warner Brothers, and Lubitschs contract was dissolved by mutual consent, with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His first film for MGM, The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg, was well regarded, the Patriot, produced by Paramount, earned him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Directing. Lubitsch seized upon the advent of talkies to direct musicals, with his first sound film, The Love Parade, starring Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald, Lubitsch hit his stride as a maker of worldly musical comedies. The Love Parade, Monte Carlo, and The Smiling Lieutenant were hailed by critics as masterpieces of the emerging musical genre. Lubitsch served on the faculty of the University of Southern California for a time and his next film was a romantic comedy, written with Samson Raphaelson, Trouble in Paradise. Later described as amoral by critic David Thomson, the cynical comedy was popular both with critics and with audiences
10.
The Sun Also Rises
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An early and enduring modernist novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is recognized as Hemingways greatest work, the novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by the publishing house Scribners. A year later, the London publishing house Jonathan Cape published the novel with the title of Fiesta, since then it has been continuously in print. Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday in 1925, finishing the draft manuscript barely two months later in September, after setting aside the manuscript for a short period, he worked on revisions during the winter of 1926. The basis for the novel was Hemingways 1925 trip to Spain, the setting was unique and memorable, showing seedy café life in Paris, and the excitement of the Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees. Hemingways sparse writing style, combined with his use of description to convey characterizations and action. The novel is a roman à clef, the characters are based on people of Hemingways circle. In the novel, Hemingway presents his notion that the Lost Generation, considered to have been decadent, dissolute and irretrievably damaged by World War I, was resilient, additionally, Hemingway investigates the themes of love, death, renewal in nature, and the nature of masculinity. In the 1920s Hemingway lived in Paris, was foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, with his wife Hadley Richardson, Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, in 1923, where he was following his recent passion for bullfighting. The couple returned to Pamplona in 1924—enjoying the trip immensely—this time accompanied by Chink Dorman-Smith, John Dos Passos, the two returned a third time in June 1925 and stayed at the hotel of his friend Juanito Quintana. In Pamplona, the group quickly disintegrated, Hemingway, attracted to Duff, was jealous of Loeb, who had recently been on a romantic getaway with her, by the end of the week the two men had a public fistfight. Against this background was the influence of the young matador from Ronda, Cayetano Ordóñez, Ordóñez honored Hemingways wife by presenting her, from the bullring, with the ear of a bull he killed. Outside of Pamplona, the trip to the Irati River was marred by polluted water. Hemingway had intended to write a book about bullfighting. A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday, by 17 August, with 14 chapters written and a working title of Fiesta chosen, Hemingway returned to Paris. He finished the draft on 21 September 1925, writing a foreword the following weekend, a few months later, in December 1925, Hemingway and his wife spent the winter in Schruns, Austria, where he began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January, and—against Richardsons advice—urged him to sign a contract with Scribners, Hemingway left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pauline. He returned to Schruns to finish the revisions in March, in June, he was in Pamplona with both Richardson and Pfeiffer
11.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
12.
P. G. Wodehouse
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Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse KBE was an English author and one of the most widely read humorists of the 20th century. Born in Guildford, the son of a British magistrate based in Hong Kong, Wodehouse spent happy years at Dulwich College. After leaving school he was employed by a bank but disliked the work and his early novels were mostly school stories, but he later switched to comic fiction, creating several regular characters who became familiar to the public over the years. Although most of Wodehouses fiction is set in England, he spent much of his life in the US and used New York and Hollywood as settings for some of his novels and short stories. During and after the First World War, together with Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern and he began the 1930s writing for MGM in Hollywood. In a 1931 interview, his revelations of incompetence and extravagance at Hollywood studios caused a furore. In the same decade, his career reached a new peak. In 1934 Wodehouse moved to France for tax reasons, in 1940 he was prisoner at Le Touquet by the invading Germans. After his release he made six broadcasts from German radio in Berlin to the US, the talks were comic and apolitical, but his broadcasting over enemy radio prompted anger and strident controversy in Britain, and a threat of prosecution. From 1947 until his death he lived in the US, taking dual British-American citizenship in 1955 and he was a prolific writer throughout his life, publishing more than ninety books, forty plays, two hundred short stories and other writings between 1902 and 1974. He died in 1975, at the age of 93, in Southampton, Wodehouse worked extensively on his books, sometimes having two or more in preparation simultaneously. He would take up to two years to build a plot and write a scenario of about thirty thousand words, after the scenario was complete he would write the story. Early in his career he would produce a novel in three months, but he slowed in old age to around six months. Some critics of Wodehouse have considered his work flippant, but among his fans are former British prime ministers, the Wodehouses, who traced their ancestry back to the 13th century, belonged to a collateral branch of the family of the earls of Kimberley. Eleanor Wodehouse was also of ancient aristocratic ancestry and she was visiting one of her sisters in Guildford when Wodehouse was born there prematurely. The boy was baptised at the Church of St Nicolas, Guildford, Wodehouse wrote in 1957, If you ask me to tell you frankly if I like the name Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, I must confess that I do not. I was named after a godfather, and not a thing to show for it, the first name was rapidly elided to Plum, the name by which Wodehouse became known to family and friends. Mother and son sailed for Hong Kong, where for his first two years Wodehouse was raised by a Chinese amah, alongside his elder brothers Peveril and Armine
13.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
14.
Delta Kappa Epsilon
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Delta Kappa Epsilon is one of the oldest North American fraternities, with 71 active chapters across the United States and Canada. The fraternity was founded at Yale College in 1844 by 15 sophomores that were disaffected by the houses on campus. They established a fellowship where the candidate most favored was he who combined in the most equal proportions the gentleman, the scholar, and the jolly good fellow. The private gentlemans club the DKE Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City. The fraternity was founded June 22,1844, in room number 12 Old South Hall, Yale College, New Haven, at this meeting, the Fraternitys secret and open Greek mottos were devised, as were the pin and secret handshake. The open motto is Kerothen Philoi Aei and this first chapter was denoted Phi chapter. Delta Kappa Epsilon administers an organization called the Rampant Lion Foundation. The pin of Delta Kappa Epsilon shows the Greek letters ΔΚΕ on a scroll upon a black diamond with gold rope trim. DKEs heraldic colours are azure, or, and gules and its flag is a triband of those colours with a dexter rampant lion in the middle. Within three years of the founding at Yale, chapters were founded at Bowdoin, Princeton University, Colby College, DKE has grown to 54 chapters and has initiated over 85,000 members across North America. Traditionally an Eastern Seaboard fraternity, DKEs Yale chapter had a reputation as a Southerners fraternity. Two of the founders were from the South and 13 out of 38 members of 1845 and 1846 were from the South. Although Vanderbilt University claims DKEs first chapter in the South, Vanderbilt University was not founded until 1873, Psi chapter at the University of Alabama was founded in 1847. Syracuse Universitys chapter house was used as a safe harbor by Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Delta Kappa Epsilons first West Coast chapter was founded at the University of California, Berkeley on Halloween night,1876. The DKE chapter at Colgate University is one of the only DKE chapters having a Temple building, the Lambda Chapter at Kenyon College in 1854 built the first fraternity lodge in America. The Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City, Delta Kappa Epsilon became an international fraternity with the addition of the Alpha Phi chapter in 1898 at the University of Toronto, Canada. Delta Kappa Epsilon members have included five of forty-four Presidents of the United States, Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. Vice President of the United States, Dan Quayle, became a DKE brother at DePauw University, in the election of 1876, the Republican Party chose between two DKE members, nominating Hayes rather than rival and fellow DKE James G. Blaine
15.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
16.
The Outline of History
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It sold more than two million copies, was translated into many languages, and had a considerable impact on the teaching of history in institutions of higher education. Wells modelled the Outline on the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot, many revised versions were produced during Wellss lifetime, and the author kept notes on factual corrections he received from around the world. The last revision in his lifetime was published in 1937, in 1949, an expanded version was produced by Raymond Postgate, who extended the narrative through World War II, and later up to 1969. Postgate wrote that readers wish to hear the views of Wells, not those of Postgate, and endeavoured to preserve Wellss voice throughout. In later editions, G. P. Wells, the son, updated early chapters about prehistory to reflect current theories, previous editions, for instance. The final edition appeared in 1971, but earlier editions are still in print, from Neolithic times on, he history of mankind. Wells was uncertain whether to place the beginnings of settled communities living in towns in Mesopotamia or Egypt and he was equally unsure whether to consider the development of civilisation something that arose from the widely diffused Heliolithic Neolithic culture or something that arose separately. According to Wells, this dialectical antagonism reflected not only a struggle for power and resources, civilization, as this outline has shown, arose as a community of obedience, and was essentially a community of obedience. But. here was an influx of masterful will from the forests, parklands. The human spirit had at last rebelled altogether against the blind obedience of the common life, to achieve a new and better sort of civilization that should also be a community of will. Wells regarded the democratic movements of modernity as an aspect of this movement and they mark a new step forward in the power and range of the human mind, extending the temporal horizons of the human imagination. He saw in the ancient Greeks another definitive advance of these capacities, the beginnings of what is becoming at last nowadays a dominant power in human affairs, the first individual he distinguishes as embodying free intelligence is the Greek historian Herodotus. The Hebrew prophets and the tradition they founded he calls a parallel development of the conscience of mankind. Much later, he singles out Roger Bacon as a precursor of a movement in Europe. Toward reality that contributed to the development of intelligence, but t was only in the eighties of the nineteenth century that this body of inquiry began to yield results to impress the vulgar mind. Then suddenly came electric light and electric traction, and the transmutation of forces, began to come through to the ideas of ordinary people. Although The Outline of History is marked here and there by racialist thinking, Wells is firm in rejecting any theories of racial or, indeed, civilizational superiority. On race, Wells writes that Mankind from the point of view of a biologist is a species in a state of arrested differentiation
17.
H. G. Wells
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Herbert George H. G. Wells was an English writer. He was prolific in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. Wellss earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context and he was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often sympathising with pacifist views. His later works became increasingly political and didactic, and he wrote science fiction. A diabetic, in 1934, Wells co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association, Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House,46 High Street in Bromley, Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called Bertie in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper, the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn an income, but little of it came from the shop. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, a defining incident of young Wellss life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading books from the local library and he soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access, they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morleys Commercial Academy, a school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morleys earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, Wells continued at Morleys Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh, the accident effectively put an end to Josephs career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income. No longer able to support financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. Wellss parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant, when his mother returned to work as a ladys maid, one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other, as a consequence, Herberts personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemists assistant
18.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
19.
Dorothy Parker
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Dorothy Parker was an American poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks and eye for 20th-century urban foibles. From a conflicted and unhappy childhood, Parker rose to acclaim, following the breakup of the circle, Parker traveled to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting. Her successes there, including two Academy Award nominations, were curtailed when her involvement in left-wing politics led to a place on the Hollywood blacklist, dismissive of her own talents, she deplored her reputation as a wisecracker. Nevertheless, her output and reputation for sharp wit have endured. Also known as Dot or Dottie, Parker was born Dorothy Rothschild to Jacob Henry and Eliza Annie Rothschild at 732 Ocean Avenue in Long Branch, New Jersey, dorothys mother was of Scottish descent, and her father was of German Jewish descent. Parker wrote in her essay My Hometown that her parents got her back to their Manhattan apartment shortly after Labor Day so she could be called a true New Yorker and her mother died in West End in July 1898, when Parker was a month shy of turning five. Her father remarried in 1900 to a woman named Eleanor Francis Lewis, Parker once joked that she was asked to leave following her characterization of the Immaculate Conception as spontaneous combustion. Her stepmother died in 1903, when Parker was nine, Parker later went to Miss Danas School, a finishing school in Morristown, New Jersey. She graduated from Miss Danas School in 1911, at the age of 18, following her fathers death in 1913, she played piano at a dancing school to earn a living while she worked on her verse. She sold her first poem to Vanity Fair magazine in 1914 and some months later was hired as an assistant for another Condé Nast magazine. She moved to Vanity Fair as a writer after two years at Vogue. In 1917, she met and married a Wall Street stockbroker, Edwin Pond Parker II and she had ambivalent feelings about her Jewish heritage given the strong antisemitism of that era and joked that she married to escape her name. Her career took off while she was writing criticism for Vanity Fair. At the magazine, she met Robert Benchley, who became a close friend, the trio began lunching at the Algonquin Hotel on a near-daily basis and became founding members of the Algonquin Round Table. The Round Table numbered among its members the newspaper columnists Franklin Pierce Adams, through their re-printing of her lunchtime remarks and short verses, particularly in Adams column The Conning Tower, Dorothy began developing a national reputation as a wit. One of her most famous comments was made when the group was informed that famously taciturn former president Calvin Coolidge had died, Parker remarked, How could they tell. Parkers caustic wit as a critic initially proved popular, but she was terminated by Vanity Fair in 1920 after her criticisms began to offend powerful producers too often. In solidarity, both Benchley and Sherwood resigned in protest, when Harold Ross founded The New Yorker in 1925, Parker and Benchley were part of a board of editors established by Ross to allay concerns of his investors
20.
Robert Benchley
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Robert Charles Benchley was an American humorist best known for his work as a newspaper columnist and film actor. Benchley is best remembered for his contributions to The New Yorker and his legacy includes written work and numerous short film appearances. Robert Benchley was born on September 15,1889 in Worcester, Massachusetts, Roberts older brother, Edmund, was rushed to the Spanish–American War days after graduation from West Point, and was killed almost immediately. The Benchley family were attending a public Fourth of July picnic when a messenger brought the notification telegram. In unthinking, stunned reaction, Maria Benchley cried out Why couldnt it have been Robert, while the latter, who was nine years old, was standing by her side. Mrs. Benchley apologized profusely and tried hard to atone for the remark, Edmunds death had considerable effects on and unintended consequences for Roberts life, particularly in the form of Edmunds fiancee Lillian Duryea, a wealthy heiress. It is believed that Edmunds death in battle seeded pacifist leanings in Robert Benchleys writings, the period, however, was full of strong literary reactions to the Great War, and Benchley was aware of, for instance, the anti-war writings of A. A. Robert Benchley met Gertrude Darling in high school in Worcester and they became engaged during his senior year at Harvard, and they married in June 1914. Their first child, Nathaniel Benchley, was born a year later, a second son, Robert Benchley, Jr. was born in 1919. Nathaniel became a writer himself, and penned a biography of his father in 1955 and he was a well-respected fiction and childrens book author. Nathaniel had talented sons as well, Peter Benchley was best known for the book Jaws, Robert grew up and attended school in Worcester and was involved in academic and traveling theatrical productions during high school. Thanks to financial aid from his brothers fiancee, Lillian Duryea, he could attend Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter. Benchley reveled in the atmosphere at the Academy, and he remained active in extracurricular activities. Benchley enrolled at Harvard University in 1908, again with Duryeas financial help and he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity in his first year, and continued to partake in the camaraderie that he had enjoyed at Phillips Exeter while still doing well in school. He did especially well in his English and government classes and his performances gave him some local fame, and most entertainment programs on campus and many off-campus meetings recruited Benchleys talents. During his first two years at Harvard, Benchley worked with the Harvard Advocate and the Harvard Lampoon and he was elected to the Lampoons board of directors in his third year. The election of Benchley was unusual, as he was the art editor. Along with his duties at the Lampoon, Benchley acted in a number of productions, including Hasty Pudding productions of The Crystal Gazer
21.
George S. Kaufman
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George Simon Kaufman was an American playwright, theatre director and producer, humorist, and drama critic. In addition to comedies and political satire, he wrote several musicals, One play and one musical that he wrote won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, You Cant Take It with You, and Of Thee I Sing. He also won the Tony Award as a Director, for the musical Guys, Kaufman then began his career as a journalist and drama critic, he was the drama editor for The New York Times from 1917 through 1930. Kaufman took his editorial responsibilities very seriously, according to legend, on one occasion a press agent asked, How do I get our leading ladys name in the Times. He worked with Moss Hart in 1930 on the Broadway hit Once in a Lifetime and also with Hart, wrote You Cant Take it With You, Kaufmans Broadway debut was September 4,1918 at the Knickerbocker Theatre, with the premiere of the melodrama Someone in the House. He coauthored the play with Walter C, percival, based on a magazine story written by Larry Evans. The play opened on Broadway during that years serious flu epidemic, with dour glee, Kaufman suggested that the best way to avoid crowds in New York City was to attend his play. In every Broadway season from 1921 through 1958, there was a written or directed by Kaufman. Since Kaufmans death in 1961, there have been revivals of his work on Broadway in the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, the 2000s, Kaufman wrote only one play alone, The Butter and Egg Man in 1925. Marquand he wrote an adaptation of Marquands novel The Late George Apley. According to his biography on PBS, he wrote some of the American theaters most enduring comedies with Moss Hart. Their work includes Once in a Lifetime, Merrily We Roll Along, The Man Who Came to Dinner and You Cant Take It with You, for a period, Kaufman lived at 158 West 58th Street in New York City. The building later would be the setting for Stage Door and it is now the Park Savoy Hotel and for many years was considered a single room occupancy hotel. Musical theatre Despite his claim that he knew nothing about music and hated it in the theatre, according to Charlotte Chandler, By the time Animal Crackers opened. The Marx Brothers were becoming famous enough to interest Hollywood, paramount signed them to a contract. Kaufman was one of the writers who excelled in writing intelligent nonsense for Groucho Marx, though the Marx Brothers were notoriously critical of their writers, Groucho and Harpo Marx expressed admiration and gratitude towards Kaufman. Dick Cavett, introducing Groucho onstage at Carnegie Hall in 1972, while The Cocoanuts was being developed in Atlantic City, Irving Berlin was hugely enthusiastic about a song he had written for the show. Kaufman was less enthusiastic, and refused to rework the libretto to include this number, the discarded song was Always, ultimately a huge hit for Berlin, recorded by many popular performers
22.
George H. Doran Company
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George H. Doran Company was an American book publishing company established by George Henry Doran. He organized the company in Toronto and moved it to New York City on February 22,1908, the firm prospered, becoming one of the major publishing houses in the United States. The firm published in many genres, from literary works to working-class novels, how to play golf books, religious books, romances, children and juvenile adventure fiction. Doran published a number of books on the war including two by James W. Gerard, the American Ambassador to Germany. George H. Doran Company merged with Doubleday, Page & Company in 1927, making Doubleday, the Doran name disappeared in 1946 when the company became known simply as Doubleday & Company. George H. Doran was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1869 and he moved frequently from New York City to London, England during his publishing career, and was well acquainted with most of the writers he published. In 1935, George Doran wrote Chronicles of Barabbas 1884-1934, that told about the publishing business and it was republished in 1952 with Further chronicles and Comment added to the title. Media related to George H. Doran Company at Wikimedia Commons
23.
Ugly American (pejorative)
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Ugly American is a pejorative term used to refer to perceptions of loud, arrogant, demeaning, thoughtless, ignorant, and ethnocentric behavior of American citizens mainly abroad, but also at home. Although the term is associated with or applied to travelers and tourists. In 1963, the book was made into a directed by George Englund. The best-selling, loosely fictional account provided contrasting characters with different approaches to opposing Communist influence in Southeast Asia, a minority are effective because they employ knowledge of the local language and culture, but most of these are marginalized and some even considered suspect. As a result, their influence is more limited than it should be, the title character, Homer Atkins, is introduced late in the book. He is ugly only in his physical appearance, perversely, Atkins embodies the opposite traits from the pejorative traits now popularly associated with the term Ugly American. Atkins unattractive features, rough clothing and dirty hands are contrasted with the freshly pressed clothes, clean fingers. The book led to a move by President Dwight Eisenhower to study, in the book, a fictional Burmese journalist wrote, For some reason, the people I meet in my country are not the same as the ones I knew in the United States. A mysterious change seems to come over Americans when they go to a foreign land, perhaps theyre frightened and defensive, or maybe theyre not properly trained and make mistakes out of ignorance. The idea of the ignorant or badly behaving American traveler long predates this book, mark Twain wrote about The Innocents Abroad in the nineteenth century, and Algonquin Round Table member Donald Ogden Stewart wrote Mr and Mrs Haddock Abroad in 1924. The term has also widely used in the international sporting arena. At the 33rd Ryder Cup held in September 1999, the United States zealously celebrated after Justin Leonard holed a 45-foot putt on the 17th green, resulting in extensive, one foreign journalist called the incident one of the most cringe-making exhibitions that the Olympics has seen. This event was heavily criticized by the American press and public. The members of the team were contrite and apologized for the incident the same day. A lesser-known teammate was sent home for fighting in a bar, in tennis, the term was used at the 1987 Davis Cup against West Germany for unsportsmanlike conduct. John McEnroe was regularly cited in the media as being an Ugly American for his on-court tantrums and off-court negative comments about London, in contrast, Andre Agassi who early in his tennis career was labeled a potential ugly American, managed to transform himself into a crowd favourite. In womens tennis, Serena Williamss outburst at the 2009 US Open semifinal against Kim Clijsters, at the same Olympics, Gold medalist Ryan Lochte was named the ugly American by media outlets after falsely reporting a robbery at gunpoint during the tournament. Local police investigation showed that he and fellow swimmers in fact caused damage to a station in Rio and were demanded to pay for the damage
24.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
25.
Not So Dumb
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Not So Dumb is a 1930 pre-Code comedy motion picture starring Marion Davies, directed by King Vidor, and produced for Cosmopolitan Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It is based on the stage play Dulcy by George S. Kaufman, the film resulted in a financial loss for the studio of $39,000. The New York Times, February 8,1930, Not So Dumb at the Internet Movie Database Not So Dumb at the TCM Movie Database
26.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
27.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
28.
Communist Party USA
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The Communist Party USA is a communist political party in the United States. Established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America, it has a long, complex history that is tied with the U. S. labor movement. For the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party was an influential force in various struggles for democratic rights. It played a prominent role in the U. S. S, by August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist Party claimed 50,000 to 60,000 members. Members also included anarchists and other radical leftists, at the time, the older and more moderate Socialist Party of America, suffering from criminal prosecutions for its antiwar stance during World War I, had declined to 40,000 members. But the Communist Partys early labor and organizing successes did not last, by 1957, membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the FBI. At the same time, the partys aging membership demographics and noticeably hollow calls for peaceful coexistence failed to speak to a new Left in the United States. In 1989, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union cut off funding to the CPUSA due to its opposition to glasnost. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party held its convention, the majority reasserted the partys now purely Marxist outlook, prompting a minority faction which urged social democrats to exit the now reduced party. The party has since adopted Marxism-Leninism within its program, in 2014, the new draft of the party constitution declared, We apply the scientific outlook developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and others in the context of our American history, culture, and traditions. The Communist Party USA is based in New York City, for decades, its West Coast newspaper was the Peoples World, and its East Coast newspaper was The Daily World. The two newspapers merged in 1986 into the Peoples Weekly World, the PWW has since become an online only publication, called Peoples World. The partys former theoretical journal, Political Affairs Magazine, is now published exclusively online. In June 2014, the Party held its 30th National Convention in Chicago, against homophobia and all manifestations of discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender people. Among the points in the partys Immediate Program are a minimum wage for all workers, national universal health care. The Communist Party USA emphasizes a vision of socialism as an extension of American democracy, millions of workers are unemployed, underemployed, or insecure in their jobs, even during economic upswings and periods of recovery from recessions. Most workers experience long years of stagnant and declining wages, while health. Many workers are forced to second and third jobs to make ends meet
29.
McCarthyism
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McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It originated with President Trumans Executive Order 9835 of March 21,1947, McCarthyism soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The term is now used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators, many people suffered loss of employment or destruction of their careers, some even suffered imprisonment. McCarthyism was a social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate. The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthys own involvement in it, many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare, inspired by Communisms emergence as a recognized political force. While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. That same year, Mao Zedongs Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang, in 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U. S. U. N. and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China. The following year saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities. In January 1950, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury, in Great Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets and were executed in 1953, there were also more subtle forces encouraging the rise of McCarthyism. It had long been a practice of conservative politicians to refer to progressive reforms such as child labor laws. This tendency increased in the 1930s in reaction to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in general, the vaguely defined danger of Communist influence was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-Communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity. He produced a piece of paper which he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department and this speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and established the path that made him one of the most recognized politicians in the United States. The first recorded use of the term McCarthyism was in a cartoon by Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herbert Block. The cartoon depicted four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant to stand on a platform atop a stack of ten tar buckets. Block later wrote that there was nothing particularly ingenious about the term, if anyone has a prior claim on it, hes welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. I will also throw in a set of dishes and a case of soap
30.
Blacklist
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Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority, compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as not being acceptable to those making the list. A blacklist can list people to be discriminated against, refused employment, as a verb, blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list. The English dramatist Philip Massinger used the black list in his 1639 tragedy The Unnaturall Combat. After the Restoration of the English monarchy brought Charles II of England to the throne in 1660, the first published reference to blacklisting of an employee dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American mining towns and company towns, though the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported trade unions or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use. Since then, lawsuits for unfair dismissal have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, in the summer of 1940, the SS printed a secret list called Sonderfahndungsliste G. B. Blacklisting by multiple providers is an act by doctors to deny care to a certain patient or patients. It is done in ways for various reasons, blacklisting is not new. In 1907 the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance, in this case, there was a physical list kept by the community of physicians. A physical list is not necessary to blacklist patients but the effect is the same, the United States Department of Health & Human Services found that reviewed hospitals did not generate incident reports for 93% of adverse events. The 7% of the time when they did generate reports, the information was inaccurate 63% of the time, problems causing harm to patients were reported accurately only 2% of the time. Those patients are further injured by not having the accurate record necessary for getting care for the injuries, in the US the list is called TMF/MATCH. In computing, a blacklist is a control system that denies entry to a specific list of users, programs. Many can expect to pay a price for a time to come. There has been controversy as to whether this is a response to the passage of Proposition 8 on the part of those opposed to it. The Suppression of Salt of the Earth, How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America
31.
Writers and Editors War Tax Protest
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Tax resistance has probably existed ever since rulers began imposing taxes on their subjects. It has been suggested that tax resistance played a significant role in the collapse of empires, including the Egyptian, Roman, Spanish. Many rebellions and revolutions have been prompted by resentment of taxation or had tax refusal as a component, examples of historic events that originated as tax revolts include the Magna Carta, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. This page is a partial list of tax revolts and tax resistance actions that have come to the attention of Wikipedias editors. In the 1st century AD, Jewish Zealots in Judaea resisted the poll tax instituted by the Roman Empire, jesus was accused of promoting tax resistance prior to his torture and execution. After the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, Jews, particularly those exiled to Egypt, in 578 AD residents of Limoges, encouraged by the local clergy, rioted, destroying tax-collecting paraphernalia and threatening the assessor. The government responded harshly, with punishments including torture and crucifixion, in councils organized by the Peace and Truce of God movement, Christian clergy resisted the exaction of taxes against church property by warlords. In 1041, residents of Worcester rebelled against the Danegeld being collected by King Harthacnut, Harthacnut responded by burning Worcester to the ground. In the legend of Lady Godiva′s ride, Godiva continuously pleaded with Leofric to reduce taxes on the people of Coventry. Leofric, doubting the strength of her commitment to the cause and she called his bluff, rode in the buff, and that was enough. A war tax instituted by the Florentine seigniory in 1288 and increased in 1289 led to mass tax resistance that forced the government to abandon the tax. Archbishop Robert Winchelsey used this as the basis for his refusal to pay taxes to Edward I of England, in Normandy in June 1348, tax resisters attacked the tax collectors of King Philip VI, pillaging and burning their houses. In August 1351, citizens of Rouen rioted, destroying the counters, boxes, in 1355, Geoffroy of Harcourt urged residents of Rouen to refuse to pay the hearth tax and allied with Charles the Bad against John II′s taxes. In 1381, the Peasants Revolt occurred in England, when Wat Tyler led an uprising over a new poll tax. Tyler marched an army of tens of thousands of peasants from Kent to Canterbury, then to London, beheaded the archbishop, and exacted radical concessions from King Richard II. During the negotiations, Tyler was killed by officers of the King and was publicly beheaded, in 1381 there was widespread tax rebellion in France. In Rouen workers in the textile trade gathered in the Old Market, chose one of their own to represent the king, in Paris the collectors′ threat to seize a greengrocer′s still on the Right Bank roused local residents to assemble, shout Down with taxes. And chase off the tax collectors, the rebellion then spread to Caen and other towns in Normandy and to towns in Picardy, where opposition was especially virulent in Amiens
32.
Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle
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Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle is a 1994 American film scripted by screenwriter/director Alan Rudolph and former Washington Star reporter Randy Sue Coburn. The film was an Official Selection at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme dOr, the film was a critical but not a commercial success. Peter Benchley, who played editor Frank Crowninshield, was the grandson of Robert Benchley, actor Wallace Shawn was the son of William Shawn, the longtime editor of The New Yorker. After making The Moderns, a film about American expatriates in 1920s Paris and he began work on a screenplay with novelist and former Washington Star journalist Randy Sue Coburn about legendary writer Dorothy Parker. In 1992, Rudolph attended a Fourth of July party hosted by filmmaker Robert Altman who introduced him to actress Jennifer Jason Leigh, Rudolph was surprised by her physical resemblance to Parker and was impressed by her knowledge of the Jazz Age. Leigh was so committed to doing the film that she agreed to make it for a tenth of what I normally get for a film, the screenplay originally focused on the platonic relationship between Parker and Robert Benchley, but this did not appeal to any financial backers. There still was no interest even when Altman came on board as producer, the emphasis on Parker was the next change to the script, but Rudolph still had no luck finding financing for a period biography of a literate woman. Altman claimed that he forced the film to be made by putting his own money into it, Rudolph shot the film in Montreal because the building facades in its old city most closely resembled period New York City. Full financing was not acquired until four weeks into principal photography, the films large cast followed Leighs lead and agreed to work for much lower than their usual salaries. Rudolph invited them to write their own dialogue, which resulted in a chaotic first couple of days of principal photography, actor Campbell Scott remembered, Everyone hung on to what they knew about their characters and just sort of threw it out there. As such, many of the actors had much larger parts that were edited down to nearly nothing, the cast trusted their director during the 40-day shoot. They stayed in a run-down hotel dubbed Camp Rudolph and engaged in poker games. Leigh chose not to participate in activities, preferring to stay in character on. She did a great amount of research for the role and said, to this end, Leigh stayed for a week at the Algonquin Hotel and read Parkers entire body of work. In addition, the actress listened repeatedly to the two existing audio recordings of Parker in order to perfect the writers distinctive voice, Leigh found that Parker had a sensibility that I understand very, very well. A rough cut of Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle was screened at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival where it divided film critics and it was rumored afterwards that Leigh re-recorded several scenes that were too difficult to understand because of her accent but she denied that this happened. The film was an Official Selection at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme dOr, the film currently holds a 74% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews. For her performance in the film, Jennifer Jason Leigh was nominated for both the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
33.
Brown of Harvard (1926 film)
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Brown of Harvard is a 1926 American silent film directed by Jack Conway and starring William Haines, Jack Pickford, and Mary Brian. The film is the best known of the three Brown of Harvard films, presenting the screen debut of John Wayne, uncredited, Wayne played a Yale football player. Grady Sutton and Robert Livingston, both of whom went on to long and successful careers, also appear uncredited, the 1918 film included future Boston Redskins coach William Lone Star Dietz and the only Washington State University football team to win a Rose Bowl. Harvard University student Tom Brown is a handsome, athletic, although he is popular on campus, he finds himself at odds with Bob McAndrew, a studious, reserved boy who becomes his chief rival for the affections of beautiful Mary Abbott, a professors daughter. Tom rooms with Jim Doolittle, an awkward weakling but goodhearted backwoods youth who idolizes him, the brash and cocky Brown easily wins over his dormitory mates, but refuses to let them ostracize Jim. One night at a party, Tom forcibly kisses Mary, which initiates a fight with Bob, afterwards, Tom challenges Bob to a rowing competition, Bob is stroker on the college rowing team. When he forces a confession of love from Mary, he begins to drink in shame, when he replaces Bob in a match against Yale, Tom collapses and is disgraced. He is persuaded by his father to go out for football, to save his friends reputation, the sickly Jim goes out and takes his place in the rain and is soon hospitalized. Tom plays in the game against Yale and at a crucial point gives Bob a chance to score for the team, after the game, Tom goes to the hospital to tell Jim of the victory, but Jim dies shortly afterward. Tom is acclaimed a hero and is happily united with Mary. William Haines as Tom Brown Jack Pickford as Jim Doolittle Mary Brian as Mary Abbott Ralph Bushman as Bob McAndrew Mary Alden as Mrs. Brown David Torrence as Mr
34.
Laughter (film)
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Laughter is a 1930 film directed by Harry dAbbadie dArrast and starring Nancy Carroll, Fredric March and Frank Morgan. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story, a copy has been preserved at the Library of Congress. In 1931, a German-language version called Die Männer um Lucie was released starring Liane Haid, Peggy is a Follies dancer who forsakes her life of carefree attachments in order to meet her goal of marrying a millionaire. Alas, her husband, broker C. Morton Gibson, is a well-meaning bore. A year after their marriage, three significant events occur almost simultaneously, peggys former boyfriend, Paul Lockridge, a composer and pianist who is in love with her and seems to have a funny quip for every occasion, returns from Paris. She reunites with him as he offers her his companionship as a diversion from her stuffy life. Also, Ralph Le Saint, a young sculptor who is still in love with Peggy, plans his suicide in a mood of bitterness. Marjorie is soon paired with Ralph, and the romance develops between them is paralleled by the adult affair between Peggy and Paul. Ralph and Marjories escapades result in trouble for Morton, while Paul implores Peggy to go to Paris with him. You need laughter to make you clean, but she refuses, when Marjorie plans to elope with Ralph, Peggy exposes the sculptor as a fortune hunter, and dejected, he commits suicide. As a result, Peggy confesses her unhappiness to Gibson, then joins Paul, laughter at the Internet Movie Database
35.
Smilin' Through (1932 film)
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Smilin Through is a 1932 American pre-Code MGM romantic drama film based on the play by Jane Cowl and Jane Murfin, also named Smilin Through. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture for 1932 and it was adapted from Cowl and Murfins play by James Bernard Fagan, Donald Ogden Stewart, Ernest Vajda and Claudine West. The movie was directed by Sidney Franklin and starred Norma Shearer, Fredric March, Leslie Howard, John Carteret is a wealthy man with a huge estate. John has spent the rest of his life in mourning, however, Moonyeen has kept in touch with him from the next life. He runs the estate, and has a retreat where he communicates with her spirit. His close friend Dr. Owens tells him of Moonyeens niece Kathleen and he begs John to adopt the child, and he does. Kathleen is five, but as she grows older she looks exactly like the dead Moonyeen and her childhood friend Willie wants to marry her, but she is interested in Kenneth Wayne, whom she meets in dangerous and romantic circumstances. However, Kenneth is the son of Jeremy, Moonyeens killer, John refuses to let them marry and threatens to disinherit her. She leaves with Kenneth, but he sends her back again because he not want to ruin her life. However, John has been affected by the events and has lost his ability to communicate with his dead wife. Kenneth enlists in the Army and is gone for four years and he hides his condition, claims he no longer cares for Kathleen, and plans to go to America. John finds out the truth from Dr. Owens and he sees that Kenneth really cares for Kathleen and is not like his wastrel father. He tells Kathleen, and she runs off to tell Kenneth she still cares for him, John sits down to play chess with Dr. Owens, but apparently dozes off. Amused, Dr. Owens leaves him so that he can take his nap, John, however, has actually died, and he is reunited with Moonyeen, just as Kathleen is heard returning with Kenneth. Norma Shearer as Kathleen /Moonyeen Fredric March as Kenneth Wayne /Jeremy Wayne Leslie Howard as Sir John Carteret O. P. Heggie as Dr. Owen Ralph Forbes as Willie Ainley Beryl Mercer as Mrs and it made a profit of $529,000. In 1934, Smilin Through was nominated for the Academy Award for Outstanding Production at the 6th Academy Awards, in 2002, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFIs 100 Years.100 Passions. Smilin Through Smilin Through Smilin Through Smilin Through Smilin Through at the Internet Movie Database Smilin Through at the TCM Movie Database Smilin Through at AllMovie
36.
Dinner at Eight (film)
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Dinner at Eight is a 1933 American Pre-Code comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. Dinner at Eight continues to be acclaimed by critics, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval among 17 critics, Millicent fusses about finding an extra man for her single female guest, former stage star Carlotta Vance, who resides in Europe. Meanwhile, Oliver faces distressing news about his business, which has been struck hard by the Depression. Carlotta, a retired actress and former lover of Oliver, visits Oliver at his office and asks him to buy her stock in the company. Dan Packard, a magnate, stops by long enough for Oliver to ask him to buy some company stock. Dan agrees only to consider the proposition, he brags to his wife Kitty that he will take the shipping business through deceit. Unknown to Dan, Oliver has convinced Millicent to invite the Packards to her dinner with the hopes that it will increase Dans wish to buy the stock, Dans young trophy-wife, the ill-mannered but socially ambitious Kitty, eagerly has accepted. Also unknown to Dan, one of Millicents other guests, Dr. Wayne Talbot, has been having an affair with Kitty while pretending to be tending to her feigned illnesses. At Paulas urging, Larry, a three-time divorcé and hardened alcoholic, accepts the invitation, after Paula stubbornly refuses to take Larrys admonitions seriously, she is seen leaving his room by Carlotta, who is residing at the same hotel. Later that evening, Larry is visited by his agent, Max Kane, Max breaks the news to Larry that the plays new producer, Jo Stengel, wants another actor in the lead but is willing to consider him in a bit part. Talbot then is rushed to see Oliver, who has come to the office with severe chest pains. Although Talbot tries to hide his prognosis of terminal thrombosis of the heart, although anxious to tell Millicent about Larry, Paula, too, is turned away by her upset mother and faces the prospect of facing Ernest alone. At the Packards, meanwhile, Kitty reveals to Dan in a fit of anger that she is having an affair, just before he is to leave for the dinner, Larry is visited by Max and Jo Stengel and drunkenly berates Stengel for insulting him with his paltry offer. After a frustrated Max denounces him for ruining his last career chance, at the ill-fated dinner, Carlotta confides in private with Paula, who is just about to break her engagement with Ernest, about Larrys demise and counsels the young woman to stay with her fiancé. At the same time, Millicent learns from Talbot about Olivers illness, finally awakened to her selfishness, Millicent announces to Oliver that she is ready to make sacrifices for the family and be a more attentive wife. Then, as the guests are about to go in to dinner, Dan, with prodding from Kitty. In 2000, American Film Institute included the film in the list AFIs 100 Years.100 Laughs, come to Dinner,22 minutes in length, is a 1934 Broadway Brevity parody of Dinner at Eight using look-alike actors. It is included in the 2005 Warner Video DVD of Dinner at Eight
37.
Going Hollywood
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Going Hollywood is a 1933 American pre-Code musical film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Marion Davies and Bing Crosby. It was written by Donald Ogden Stewart and based on a story by Frances Marion, Going Hollywood was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on December 22,1933. The film tells how an infatuated school-teacher, Sylvia Bruce, follows Bill Williams, on board the train she obtains a job as maid to Bills French fiancee and leading lady, Lili Yvonne, and meets the films director, Conroy, and promoter, Baker. On arrival in Hollywood she is befriended by Jill and shares her rooms, at the Independent Art Studio in Hollywood, where the film is being made, Lilis temperament and lack of talent cause Conroy much concern. Eventually, after losing her temper with a woman who asks for her autograph and she is persuaded to stay and production continues with her singing Cinderellas Fella but Conroy is still not satisfied and an angry Lili walks out. Sylvia impersonates Lilis version of the song and ends with an imitation of Lilis tantrums, Lili returns in time to hear Sylvia and there is a brawl in which Lili gets a black eye. Baker, who has also heard Sylvia, intervenes by firing Lili, Baker asks Sylvia to accompany him to a party but withdraws when Bill expresses his own interest in her. Bill takes Sylvia to dinner and the party but a quarrel ensues, Bill deserts the film and goes with Lili to Tijuana where, drinking heavily, he receives a telephone call from the Studio with the ultimatum that if he does not return they will get a replacement. Lili advises him to let them do so and suggests that they fly together to New York, Sylvia finds him and pleads for him to come back to the Studio but returns without him. In Hollywood there is difficulty with the chosen to replace Bill. The song Beautiful Girl is sung by Crosby at the beginning of the film before his departure for Hollywood when technicians arrive to record it, when he boards the train at Grand Central Terminal there is a big production number where he and the chorus sing Going Hollywood. He also sings a few lines of Just an Echo in the Valley, Crosby is also heard singing Our Big Love Scene on the radio when Jill is showing Sylvia her apartment. Well Make Hay While the Sun Shines is a production number with thunderstorm effects at the Studio and is featured by Crosby, Marion Davies, chorus. An impersonation act by The Radio Rogues is also filmed at the Studio, russ Columbo, Morton Downey and Rudy Vallee. Crosby sings After Sundown at the party, temptation was an early film attempt to fit a song into the story pattern and was presented dramatically by Crosby whilst drinking tequila in a bar at Tijuana. Marion Davies as Sylvia Bruce Bing Crosby as Bill Billy Williams Fifi DOrsay as Lili Yvonne Stuart Erwin as Ernest Pratt Baker, Going Hollywood was released on home video in May 1993. Warner released it on DVD in July 2013, the New York Times welcomed the film. Blended properly with the humors, Going Hollywood has enough basic liveliness to produce a sprightly
38.
The White Sister (1933 film)
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The White Sister is a 1933 American pre-Code romantic drama film directed by Victor Fleming. The film stars Helen Hayes and Clark Gable and it was based on the 1909 novel by F. Marion Crawford and was a remake of the silent film, The White Sister, starring Lillian Gish and Ronald Colman. Italian aristocrat Angela Chiaromonte spurns the potential husband chosen by her father in favor of Giovanni Severi, when her lover is reported killed in World War I, Hayes renounces the world to become a nun. After she takes her vows, the lieutenant shows up very much alive and he implores her to give up the order, but she refuses. The lieutenant is later injured in a raid, he dies. Director Fleming completed all of the interiors and backlot sequences at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios at Culver City, second unit director Cullen Tate was in charge of all the aerial sequences filmed in Reno, Nevada. Aerial coordinator Paul Mantz gathered all the required, Stearman C3, Curtiss Fledgling and Travel Air J-5 biplanes. All the aircraft were repainted to stand in as Italian and German fighters, the White Sister generally received favorable reviews, with Variety saying, Helen Hayes is the sorrowing Angela, as solid and satisfying a bit of acting as comes to the screen in a blue moon. Clark Gable is a gallant soldier hero and leaves nothing to be desired, reviewer Mourdant Hall from The New York Times reflected, It is a beautiful production, but its scenes never seem as real as those of the old mute work. According to MGM records, the film earned $750,000 in the United States and Canada and $922,000 elsewhere, the White Sister at the TCM Movie Database The White Sister at the Internet Movie Database The White Sister at AllMovie
39.
Manhattan Melodrama
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Manhattan Melodrama is a 1934 American pre-Code crime melodrama film, produced by MGM, directed by W. S. Van Dyke, and starring Clark Gable, William Powell, and Myrna Loy. The movie also provided one of the earliest film roles for Mickey Rooney, the film is based on a story by Arthur Caesar, who won the Academy Award for Best Story for this film. This was Myrna Loy and William Powell in their first of fourteen screen pairings, notorious criminal John Dillinger attended a showing of the film at Chicagos Biograph Theater on July 22,1934. After leaving the theater, he was shot to death by federal agents, Myrna Loy was among those who expressed distaste at the studios willingness to exploit this event for the financial benefit of the film. Scenes from Manhattan Melodrama, in addition to Dillingers death, are depicted in the 2009 film Public Enemies, on June 15,1904, the ship General Slocum catches fire and sinks in New Yorks East River. Two boys, Blackie Gallagher and Jim Wade, are rescued by a priest, Father Joe and they are taken in by another survivor, Poppa Rosen, who lost his young son in the sinking. The boys live with Poppa Rosen for a short while, then Rosen, a Russian Jew, is trampled to death by a horse after he heckles Leon Trotsky at a Communist rally. The boys remain close friends, though their lives diverge, studious from the very beginning, Jim gets his law degree and eventually becomes the assistant district attorney. Blackie is a cheerful, happy-go-lucky kid who loves to throw dice and trick other kids out of their money, he becomes the owner of a fancy, if illegal, casino. Though his casino is raided, the cops have been paid off. Blackies girlfriend Eleanor loves him, but pleads with him in vain to marry her and give up his dangerous life. Blackie, always a supporter and admirer of Jims, arranges to meet him for a celebration, but something comes up, Jim and Eleanor talk the night away. Afterward, she gives Blackie one last chance to marry her, when Blackie refuses, she leaves him. Months later, Jim and Eleanor meet by chance and start keeping company, meanwhile, Blackie kills Manny Arnold for not paying his gambling debts. Jim summons him to his office, where he tells him that he, Blackie is sincerely happy for both of them. Jim also informs his friend that he is a suspect in the Arnold murder, however, there is no real evidence, so the crime goes unsolved. Though Jim invites him to be the best man at his wedding, after returning from his honeymoon, Jim runs for governor of New York. Snow, who had been his assistant until Jim fired him for corruption
40.
The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film)
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The Barretts of Wimpole Street is a 1934 American film depicting the real-life romance between poets Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning, despite the opposition of her father Edward Moulton-Barrett. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and it was written by Ernest Vajda, Claudine West and Donald Ogden Stewart, from the play by Rudolf Besier. The film was directed by Sidney Franklin and this film was based upon the famous 1930 play, The Barretts of Wimpole Street, starring Katharine Cornell. Subsequent film in 1957 The Barretts of Wimpole Street starred Jennifer Jones, the bulk of the story takes place in the lavish home of Edward Barrett and his adult children. Upstairs, Elizabeth, called Ba, the oldest girl, consults with her doctor and she is recovering from an undisclosed illness and is extremely weak – standing and walking are painful – but the doctor advises that a full recovery is possible. However, Edward – her father – is displeased by the rambunctiousness in Elizabeths room and he wastes no opportunity to remind Elizabeth that she is very ill and possibly in danger of death. Perversely, he determined to keep her confined, as though he does not want to allow her to make a full recovery. His tyranny over the boys is more sketchily shown, but clearly, meanwhile, Henrietta is interested in marrying her brothers friend Surtees, who has a promising career in the military. She cannot see any way around her insanely possessive father, who has any of his children – including his six boys – to marry. Robert Browning arrives in a snowstorm, and immediately sweeps Ba off her feet and her poetry has caused him to fall madly in love with her. When she expresses her fear that death may be at hand, he laughs it off, when he leaves her room, she rises from her settee for the first time and drags herself to the window so she can see him as he departs. Months pass, Ba is able to slowly and to go downstairs to see Robert. Edward warns her not to overdo it and tells her its just a temporary recovery, the doctors prescribe a trip to Italy for the winter. Edward is considering it, when chatty Cousin Bella spills the beans that Bas relationship with Robert isnt just a meeting of minds. Edward immediately vetoes the trip and leaves the house, saying hes got another idea that may help her get the fresh air, while hes out, Robert and Ba meet in Kensington Gardens. He assures her that he take her himself to Italy. She says shell think about it, edwards plan turns out to be a scheme to get Ba out of London, away from friends and activity. He writes, bidding her tell her siblings that hes about to sell the house and move all out to Surrey
41.
No More Ladies
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No More Ladies is a 1935 film directed by Edward H. Griffith. The film stars Joan Crawford and Robert Montgomery, and co-stars Charlie Ruggles, Franchot Tone, the screenplay credited to Donald Ogden Stewart and Horace Jackson is based on a stage comedy of the same name by A. E. Thomas. Marcia is a socialite who shares her New York home with her alcoholic grandmother. Marcia is a believer that a couple should be faithful to one another. Marcia meets Jim, who agrees with her on the subject of a couples monogamy, Marcia, however, decides to pursue Sherry, whom Marcia sees as a challenge and seeks to cure him of his philandering nature. After a night at a club where some of Sherrys past flings swirl about him, in spite of this, Marcia and Sherry are married, yet Sherry continues as before. Indeed, even on their honeymoon, Sherry flirts with the gorgeous Sally French, later, when the newly married couple returns home, Sherry goes home with a friends date, Theresa German and doesnt return that night. It is then that Marcia realizes her husband has already ruined their marriage. Sherry admits to spending the night with Theresa and admits his infidelity in a rather abrupt, Marcia decides to teach her husband a lesson by having a party to which she invites Sherrys former flames along with their mates. Marcia announces that she intends to be unfaithful to her husband, by having a fling with Jim, Marcia and Jim escape from the party during a game of charades, and she returns the next morning. Sherry then sees how much his wife loves him and is convinced to reform his former ways, in the end, however, Marcia stayed true to her beliefs and did not go through as she planned. Griffiths illness prevented him from finishing the film, so George Cukor took over as director, Crawford made the film in her tenth year as an MGM contract player, the film was Joan Fontaines big-screen debut. According to Andre Sennwald of The New York Times, the photoplay, if it is less furiously arch than that modern classic of sledgehammer whimsey, it is also somewhat less successful as entertainment. Out of the labors of the brigade of writers who tinkered with the play, there remain a sprinkling of nifties which make for moments of hilarity in an expanse of tedium. Writing for The Spectator, Graham Greene described the film as slickly problem, second rate, according to MGM records the film earned $1,117,000 in the US and Canada and $506,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $166,000. No More Ladies at the Internet Movie Database No More Ladies at the TCM Movie Database No More Ladies at AllMovie
42.
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937 film)
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The Prisoner of Zenda is a 1937 American black-and-white adventure film based on the Anthony Hope 1894 novel of the same name and the 1896 play. The film starred Ronald Colman, Madeleine Carroll and Douglas Fairbanks, aubrey Smith, Raymond Massey, Mary Astor and David Niven. It was directed by John Cromwell, produced by David O. Selznick for Selznick International Pictures, and distributed by United Artists. The screenplay was written by John L. Alfred Newman received the first of his 45 Academy Award nominations, for Original Music Score, while Lyle R. Wheeler was nominated for Best Art Direction. In 1991, the film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in June 1897, English gentleman Rudolf Rassendyll takes a fishing vacation in a small country in the Balkans. While there, he is puzzled by the odd reactions of the natives to him, Rassendyll discovers why when he meets Colonel Zapt and Captain Fritz von Tarlenheim. Zapt introduces him to the king, Rudolf V, who turns out to be not only his distant relative. The king, astounded at first, takes a liking to the Englishman. They celebrate their acquaintance by drinking late into the night, Rudolf is particularly delighted with the bottle of wine sent to him by his half-brother, Duke Michael, so much so that he drinks it all himself. The next morning brings a disastrous discovery, the wine was drugged, Rudolf cannot be awakened, and if he cannot attend his coronation that day, Michael will try to usurp the throne. It is revealed that Michael is bitter that, because his mother was not of royal blood, Zapt convinces a reluctant Rassendyll to impersonate Rudolf for the ceremony. Rassendyll meets Rudolfs betrothed, Princess Flavia and she had always detested her cousin Rudolf, but now finds him greatly changed – very much for the better, in her opinion. As they spend together, they fall in love. With the coronation accomplished, Rassendyll returns to resume his real identity, only to find the king has been kidnapped by Rupert of Hentzau, Rassendyll is forced to continue the impersonation while Zapt searches for Rudolf. Fortunately, Michael cannot denounce the masquerade without incriminating himself, help comes from an unexpected quarter. To be king, Michael must marry his cousin Flavia, Antoinette de Mauban, Michaels jealous French mistress, reveals that the king is being held in Michaels castle near Zenda and promises to help rescue him. Since Rudolf would be executed at the first sign of an attempt, she proposes that one man swim the moat. Rassendyll decides that he is man, over Zapts strenuous objections
