1.
North West Leicestershire
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North West Leicestershire is a local government district in Leicestershire, England. The population of the Local Authority at the 2011 census was 93,348 and its main towns are Ashby-de-la-Zouch and Coalville. The district contains East Midlands Airport, which operates flights to the rest of Britain and it is also notable as the location of Castle Donington and Donington Park, a grand-prix circuit and a major venue for music festivals. The district is represented in the UK Parliament by the constituency of the same name, the area has a long history of mineral extraction, with coal, brick clay, gravel and granite amongst the products. All the deep mines in the area have closed. Like many other districts, authority over North West Leicestershire is shared between the district council and the county council. Areas of responsibility of the council include local planning, building control, council housing, refuse collection, recycling. The current political make-up of the council is as follows, The council has an executive known as the Cabinet which is made up of councillors who have special responsibilities. As the Conservatives won overall control of the council in 2007, BMI, an airline, was headquartered in Donington Hall. The airline moved its headquarters to Donington Hall in 1982, the subsidiary bmibaby also had its head office in Donington Hall. Prior to its disestablishment, Excalibur Airways had its office on the grounds of East Midlands Airport in Castle Donington. Prior to its disestablishment, Orion Airways had its office on the grounds of East Midlands Airport
2.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
3.
British Touring Car Championship
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The British Touring Car Championship is a touring car racing series held each year in the United Kingdom, currently organised and administered by TOCA. It was established in 1958 as the British Saloon Car Championship and was renamed as the British Touring Car Championship in 1987. The championship has run to various national and international regulations over the years including FIA Group 2, FIA Group 5, FIA Group 1, FIA Group A, FIA Super Touring. A lower-key Group N series for production cars ran from 2000 until 2003, the championship was initially run with a mix of classes, divided according to engine capacity, racing simultaneously. The new one-class system was popular with manufacturers from the beginning with six manufacturer supported teams from BMW, Ford, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, to this day, the super touring era during the 1990s is still looked at as the most successful period of the BTCC. The high number of manufacturer-backed teams provided very close competition, close and hard fought racing on track, in order to reduce the costs to compete in the championship, the organisers introduced new regulations for the 2001 season. The BTC Touring regulations cut costs dramatically but both manufacturer and spectator interest was low, however, the Super 2000 rules were observed for the overall championship from the 2007 season. The 2000s saw cheaper cars than the later Supertouring era, with factory teams. In 2009, the BTCC released details of its Next Generation Touring Car specification, the NGTC specification also aimed to cut costs by reducing reliance on WTCC/S2000 equipment, due to increasing costs/complexity and concerns as to its future sustainability and direction. Currently, the cars used are a mix of 2, S2000 cars continued running in the Jack Sears Trophy until the 2014 season. BTCC teams are a mixture of manufacturer entries and independent teams such as BTC Norlin, in 2010, following Vauxhalls decision to pull out of the series, there were two new works teams, Chevrolet, run by RML, and Honda, run by Team Dynamics. This included finishing all 30 championship races that year, something no other driver has achieved before or since and this ended Vauxhalls run of 4 victories in the drivers and teams championships between 2001 and 2004. Neal and Dynamics were also victorious in 2006, before Vauxhall won the 2007 title with Italian Fabrizio Giovanardi. Team Dynamics also achieved the first overall race win in the Supertouring era when Neal won a round of the 1999 BTCC at Donington park. These cost reductions saw a rise in independent entries – teams or individuals entering cars purchased from the teams when they update their chassis. With the introduction of the NGTC rules, all share a number of common components provided through a contract with RML Group. This has allowed many independent teams to enter without the need for manufacturer support, and negating the need to source ex-works cars. Teams can install an engine from their marques broad family of cars, or opt to lease an engine from TOCA, to further keep costs in check, the BTCC uses a single tyre supplier, with Dunlop the current supplier of rubber to all the teams
4.
British Superbike Championship
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The championship is managed and organised by MotorSport Vision, who also own many of the circuits the series meets at. The Series and Race Director is Stuart Higgs, with event marshals provided by the Racesafe Marshals Association, the Showdown format was introduced in 2010 in order to prevent a rider from making a runaway victory in the championship. From 2008, the championship followed the Superbike World Championship in appointing Pirelli as the control tyre supplier. The British Superbike Championship began in 1988, with bikes conforming to 750cc TT Formula I regulations, which the championship used through to 1993, niall Mackenzie was the most successful rider of the 1990s, with three titles. Other past champions include Neil Hodgson, Australian Troy Bayliss and Steve Hislop, chris the Stalker Walker has finished as runner up 4 times. Many riders from the series have gone on to race in the Superbike World Championship or MotoGP, the 2006 British Superbike Championship was won by Ryuichi Kiyonari, in what was one of the most exciting climaxes to a British Superbike season in years. Guintoli, Brookes and Richards all missed races, allowing Stuart Easton of Hydrex Honda and this is due to the race two grid being set by the fastest laps of each rider in race one. Also introduced is a chance system if a rider crashes on lap one. At the pair of triple-race meetings, the rules apply for race two, but will also be applied for race three. The first nine meetings form the Main Season of the championship, the championship change has been introduced after Leon Camier clinched the 2009 title with four races to spare, thus introducing a crescendo of competition. The normal FIM point-scoring system still applies, with 25 for the winner, at the end of the Main Season, all riders then drop their two worst scores, which must be from events they have at least qualified for. Using the first nineteen races of Camiers 2009 campaign, Camier would have had 547 points due to his fifteen wins, the standard points scoring format from the Main Season then continues for The Showdown, with all points scores from the final seven races counting. All riders outside of the Title Fighters continue to race for the BSB Riders Cup and this also applies to the new Evolution class. For the 2012 season, MSVR announced a number of changes to the regulations to enhance the spectacle of the British Superbike Championship. The championship was to be limited to 32 entries,16 two-bike teams and this was intended to be a way to reward the teams that have raced in BSB, year in, year out. Teams within the current BSB were invited to enter their two teams initially, with teams who wish to graduate to the BSB class having to buy an entry. Being a national championship, the British Superbike Championship has visited circuits throughout the United Kingdom, as well as European venues, in 2014, the series visits nine different tracks in England, Scotland and the Netherlands. These tracks are, Brands Hatch, Oulton Park, Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, Knockhill Racing Circuit, Thruxton Circuit, Cadwell Park, Donington Park, TT Circuit Assen and Silverstone Circuit
5.
Superbike World Championship
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Superbike World Championship is the worldwide Superbike racing Championship. The championship was founded in 1988, the Superbike World Championship consists of a series of rounds held on permanent racing facilities. Each round has two races and the results of each race are combined to two annual World Championships, one for riders and one for manufacturers. The motorcycles that race in the championship are tuned versions of motorcycles available for sale to the public, MotoGP is the motorcycle worlds equivalent of Formula One, whereas Superbike racing is similar to touring car racing. Europe is Superbike World Championships traditional centre and leading market, an Indonesian race was also proposed for the 2008 season, but this was later canceled by the FIM. The championship is regulated by the FIM, the governing body of motorcycle racing. FGSport became part of the Infront Group in 2007 and in 2008 was rebranded as Infront Motor Sports, as of 2013 the championship is organised by Dorna. The Superbike World Championship began in 1988, being open to modified versions of road bike models available to the public, for many years, the formula allowed for machines with 1,000 cc V-twin engines to go up against the 750 cc four-cylinder engines. For the first few seasons Honda won with the RC30, using 1,000 cc V-twin engines benefited Ducati and it was able to dominate the championship for many years, but the 750 cc was second or third each year between 1994 and 1999. Held under the FIM, the Formula TT from 1977 to 1989 once constituted the official motorcycle World Cup. Having proven itself both popular and commercially viable, it was decided by the end of the 1990 season to end the Formula TT, from 1993 to 1999 Carl Fogarty and Ducati dominated, Fogarty won the title a record 4 times and finished as runner-up twice on factory Ducatis. Troy Corser also won the 1996 title and finished as runner-up in 1995, realizing that 1,000 cc V-twin engines suited the superbike racing formula more, Honda introduced its own V-Twin powered motorcycle the VTR1000 SPW in 2000. The result was clear right away as Colin Edwards won the championship in the bikes first year of competition, Ducati regained the title in 2001 with Troy Bayliss. Colin Edwards again reclaimed the title in 2002 on the same VTR1000 SPW bike, Colin Edwards won his 2nd championship in what was arguably the most impressive comeback in the history of motorcycle racing. The season started with Troy Bayliss winning the first 6 races, Race 2 at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca was the start of Colin Edwards comeback, he went on to win all 9 remaining races and Edwards won the championship at the final race of the season at Imola. The final race of the season saw both riders fighting wheel to wheel for the entire race, the race is known by fans as the Showdown at Imola. The manufacturers championship was won by Ducati, during these years the Superbike World Championship reached the zenith of its popularity, with global fan and full factory support. In 2003 the FIM changed the rules to allow 1,000 cc machines to race, rule changes in MotoGP to allow four-stroke engines meant that the Japanese manufacturers focused their resources there, leaving the Superbike World Championship with limited factory involvement
6.
British GT Championship
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The Avon Tyres British GT Championship is a sports car racing series based in the United Kingdom, although selected races do take place outside of the country. The series was created by the British Racing Drivers Club in 1993 and. The series is run by the Stéphane Ratel Organisation, while Pirelli will begin its first season as the championships official sole tyre supplier in 2016. Two classes currently compete in the championship, GT3 and GT4, a consolidation of GT regulations and significant manufacturer support saw British GT first introduce a GT3 class in 2005. The category later mirrored that of the FIA GT3 European Championship and has used near-identical regulations from 2006 onwards, GT3 rules include extensive performance balancing and handicap weights to make cars artificially more equal. Cost-saving measures saw the previous premier class, GT2, phased out at the end of 2006. The FIA GT4 class was adopted in 2008 as a stepping stone towards GT3, regulations governing GT4 ensure the cars more closely resemble their road-going counterparts than GT3 machines. This replaced the unique GTC category that was previously a part of British GT, British GT has featured a number of other classes since its inception, including the likes of GT1. The following drivers have won the British GT championships in their respective classes. An overall championship for all classes combined was also awarded until 1998, British Formula Three Championship Official British GT website
7.
Truck racing
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Truck racing is a form of motor racing which involves modified versions of heavy tractor units on racing circuits. The sport started in the United States at the Atlanta Motor Speedway on June 17,1979 and was the scene in the movie Smokey. As a sanctioned sport it began as ATRA in 1979 then was sold to N. Linn Henndershott in 1982, the races were run on dirt and paved ovals mostly in the Eastern United States. The last sanctioned GATR race in the US was in July 1993 at Rolling Wheels NY, the FIA European Truck Racing Championship was created in 1985. In Brazil, the Fórmula Truck has been held since 1996, maximum race speed is restricted to 160 km/h for safety reasons, and a minimum weight limit is 5500 kg. Races start from a start, and commonly races last from 8 to 12 laps. Although a non contact sport, due to the physical size, however, injuries to drivers are very rare. Unlike other forms of sport, race trucks look like their road-going counterparts. Mexico also started its own truck racing version called Tractocamiones, which ran from 1992 to 2000 and was revived in 2015, T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship is a truck racing championship in India by Tata Motors. This was also on the calendar of Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile and this event was held 23 March 2014 at Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida. In England, however, in the last few years the profile of truck racing has increased, the makes of truck currently represented in truck racing cover most of the common marques over the last 20 years. The regulations allow for trucks to compete in two classes, so trucks with less sophisticated engine management systems, suspension, and braking systems can compete effectively, the organising body for truck racing in the United Kingdom is the British Truck Racing Association founded in 1984. The British Championships and race events are organised by the British Automobile Racing Club, provisional Dates for the 2014 British Truck Racing Association Championship are as follows, Fórmula Truck T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship British Truck Racing Association website
8.
Download Festival
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Download Festival is a British rock festival, held annually at Donington Park in Leicestershire, England, since 2003. The 2015 festival featured massive technological surveillance by police in conjunction with festival organizers Live Nation UK, RFID wristbands and facial recognition technology was used to compare visual scans of attendees against a European criminal database. The Download Festival was conceived as a follow up to the Monsters of Rock festivals which had held at the Donington Park circuit between 1980 and 1996. The first Download Festival was created by Stuart Galbraith, Tom Pyke, rather than run as a single day event Download was initially a two-day event, expanding to three days in 2005. The name Download was chosen for the festival for two reasons, downloading was a dirty word in the music industry at the time, due to file sharing, and rock is seen as a rebellious genre of music. Also Download was to be a Monsters of Rock for the 21st century, the 2003 festival tickets had a code on them, which would allow festival goers to download tracks from bands which had played. Although this idea has been dropped in subsequent years, the organizers have nurtured an online community through the Download Festival Forums. The forums also provide face to face feedback through the Fan Forum meetings and organise the Boardie BBQ and the Boardie Takeover night, football tournaments, campers who arrive on a Wednesday night. When Download began, it took place on the Donington Park circuit infield as had Monsters of Rock, however in 2008 developments for Formula One meant that the infield was no longer suitable as a festival site. 2008 saw a move to the Sunday Markets site to the west of the circuit, although adequate, numbers were limited and the location of the campsite meant that getting from tents to the arena was quite a hike. 2009 saw the move to a much more suitable location to the south of the circuit. Security for the festival has constantly been undertaken by professional crowd management specialists Showsec, since 2009 there has been on-site radio broadcasting from Rock Radio on 87. 7FM. This RSL broadcast has aired music from bands, interviews and news to the festival site. The Download Dog is the mascot of the Download Festival. The first Download Festival was held on 31 May –1 June 2003, the headliners were originally Iron Maiden and Limp Bizkit, although Limp Bizkit pulled out and were replaced by Audioslave. Metallica attempted to step in as headliners, but were due to already being headliners at that years Reading. Instead, they played an unannounced secret slot in the afternoon on the stage, with no sound check. Chevelle were scheduled to play the Scuzz stage on Sunday but pulled out at the last minute, instruction, playing their second set of the festival, stepped in as the replacements
9.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
10.
Ayrton Senna
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He was killed in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix for Williams. Senna began his career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year, in 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One, Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994. Senna has often voted as the best and most influential Formula One driver of all time in various motorsport polls. He was recognised for his speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and he holds a record six victories at the Monaco Grand Prix, and is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Prost, in the Japanese Grands Prix of 1989 and 1990, each of which decided the championship of that year, collisions between Senna and Prost determined the eventual winner. Senna was born in the Pro-Matre Maternity Hospital of Santana, a neighbourhood of São Paulo, the middle child of wealthy Brazilian landowner and factory owner Milton da Silva and his wife Neide Senna da Silva, he had an older sister, Viviane and a younger brother, Leonardo. The house where Senna spent the first four years of his life belonged to Neides father, Senna was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four. He also suffered from poor coordination and had trouble climbing stairways by the age of three. An electroencephalogram found that Senna was not suffering from any problems and his parents gave Senna the nickname Beco. At the age of seven, Senna first learned to drive a Jeep around his familys farm, Senna attended Colegio Rio Branco in the São Paulo neighbourhood of Jardins and graduated in 1977 with a grade 5 in physics along with other grades in mathematics, chemistry, and English. He later enrolled in a college that specialised in business administration, overall, his grades amounted up to 68%. Sennas first kart was built by his father using a small 1-HP lawnmower engine, Senna started racing at Interlagos and entered a karting competition at the age of 13. He started his first race on pole position, facing rivals who were some older than him, despite this. His father supported his son and Lucio Pascal Gascon soon managed the developing talent, Senna went on to win the South American Kart Championship in 1977
11.
McLaren MP4/8
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The McLaren MP4/8 was a Formula One racing car which competed in the 1993 season. It raced in all sixteen Grands Prix, scoring five wins, the engine was a Ford HBD73.5 V8. Honda had supplied McLaren with engines from 1988–92, the first four years where the team had dominated the drivers and Constructors Championships. However, Honda departed F1 after 1992 due to the worldwide recession, because Benetton had a pre-existing contract as the Ford factory team, McLaren had to settle for a customer engine which lacked some of the technological advancements of Benettons factory engine. McLaren did secure a supply of the higher spec Ford engines after the British Grand Prix. The customer spec Ford engine was rated at around 680 bhp compared to the 700 bhp of the works Ford engine in the Benetton. During the season, McLaren improved their car and engine performance with technology from TAG Electronics, although the Ford-Cosworth V8 was lighter than the Renault V10, the power-to weight ratio of the Renault was greater than the Ford. However, the MP4/8 was competitive enough to some remarkable successes. The MP4/8 was known for having a shorter wheelbase than the FW15C and was a noticeably smaller car in length than Prosts Williams. Later in the season, the Frenchman asserted the dominance of his Williams to take the lead for good, while Senna fell off pace during the half of the schedule. While Prost clinched the championship two races to spare, Senna went on to win the last two races in Japan and Australia. The Brazilian had five wins in total, and finished second in the Drivers Championship to Alain Prost, whilst McLaren finished runners up to Williams in the Constructors Championship. The car scored 84 points during the season,73 of which came from Senna, the other drivers of the MP4/8 were F1 rookie Michael Andretti, the 1992 American CART series champion and son of the 1978 F1 World Champion Mario Andretti, and Finnish driver Mika Häkkinen. While Senna took the battle to the last few rounds, Andretti had only a few points scoring finishes. Some factors were outside his control, for instance he never tested a Formula One car in the wet, Andretti also never came to grips with highly technical aspects such as active suspension and traction control, two gizmos not found in the simpler CART. Lastly, Andretti continued to reside in the United States, commuting to F1 races, by mutual agreement, Andretti was released from his contract after he scored his only podium for the team. Häkkinen however, ran too close to the Ferrari at the 5th gear final corner, losing downforce and understeering onto the grass, for the remainder of the season he went on to score one podium, and another retirement from a competitive position. During 1993 the McLaren team built a version of the MP4/8, dubbed the MP4/8B
12.
1993 European Grand Prix
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The 1993 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 11 April 1993 at Donington Park. It was the round of the 1993 Formula One season. The race was contested over 76 laps and was won by Ayrton Senna for the McLaren team, ahead of second-placed Damon Hill and third-placed Alain Prost, both driving for the Williams team. The race was the first held under the European Grand Prix title since 1985, after plans to hold an Asian Grand Prix at the Nippon Autopolis in Japan failed to materialise, the first European Grand Prix for eight years was run as the third race of the 1993 season. Donington Park was awarded the race, having unsuccessfully bid to host the British Grand Prix, videogame company Sega sponsored the race and the logo could be seen throughout the Grand Prix and on the podium. Sega also had naming rights to the Grand Prix, the Williams cars were 1–2 in qualifying with Prost on pole ahead of Hill, Schumacher, Senna, Wendlinger and Andretti. At the start, it was damp and Schumacher blocked Senna, having dropped to fifth, Senna quickly passed Schumacher at the third corner. He then went after Wendlinger, passing him through the Craner Curves with Schumacher, Schumacher went through but Andretti hit Wendlinger and both were out. Senna went after Hill now and took second at McLeans Corner, now Prost was the target and the lead was taken at the penultimate corner – the Melbourne Hairpin. Going into the lap, Senna led Prost, Hill, Barrichello, Alesi, Schumacher. The track began to dry and everyone pitted for dry tyres, Lehto was fifth, having started from the pit lane, but he retired with handling problems on lap 14. Berger took the place but he too retired with suspension problems six laps later and it rained again and the leaders now pitted for wets. Schumacher stayed out and was leading but spun off on lap 23 because he was on the wrong tyres, the track began to dry and everyone pitted once again with Senna having a problem and losing 20 seconds. Prost now led Senna, Hill, Rubens Barrichello, Derek Warwick and it began to rain and the two Williams stopped for wets while Senna stayed out. It was the decision because it began to dry again. The Williams stopped yet again for dries, Prost stalled in the pits in his stop and when he rejoined, he was a lap behind and down in fourth. Barrichello was now second but it rained and then stopped again and he went to the pits twice and by now Hill was in second, albeit a lap down. Barrichello, third, had trouble with his pressure and retired
13.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
14.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
15.
Benetton B197
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The Benetton B197 was the car with which the Benetton Formula One team competed in the 1997 Formula One season. It was driven by Jean Alesi and Gerhard Berger, who were both in their season with the team. The car was a development of the B196, from both drivers had found difficult to extract maximum performance in 1996. The B197 proved competitive at nearly every race, but only scored one win when Berger made his faultless return to the cockpit at Hockenheim, the main problem with the car was its inability to bring its tyres up to temperature on low-grip circuits, particularly in qualifying. However, Berger and Alesi did secure one pole position each during the course of the season, by the end of the season, it was clear that Benetton would adopt a new driver line-up for 1998, with Berger retiring and Alesi moving to Sauber. The team eventually finished third in the Constructors Championship, with 67 points, the Benetton B197 can still be seen competing in the EuroBoss series. AUTOCOURSE 1997-98, Henry, Alan, Hazleton Publishing Ltd
16.
BOSS GP
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The BOSS GP is a motor racing series in Europe. The category originated in 1995 as the BOSS series and evolved into the EuroBOSS Series, BOSS is an acronym that stands for Big Open Single Seaters. The BOSS series was founded in 1995 under the regulations of the RAC Motor Sports Association, later renamed European BOSS following the involvement of Paul Stoddarts European Aviation and their expansion into European circuits. It mainly saw grids of around 12–15 cars but on occasions dropped as few as five cars have competed, common EuroBOSS entries included Formula One machines from Benetton, Jordan, Tyrrell, Minardi and on occasions a V12 Ferrari has appeared. The Panoz Champ Car DP01 chassis from 2007 is also now legal, after the 2009 season, drivers Marijn van Kalmthout, Klaas Zwart, Henk de Boer and Frits van Eerd decided to split off and organize their own race series. For 2010 EuroBOSS and BOSS GP both existed, EuroBOSS saw small fields and decided to cancel the last 3 rounds. BOSS GP, on the hand, flourished with many drivers making the switch to the new series. Subsequently most of the entries have been recent secondary level single seaters such as GP2 cars, as of 2013 two rounds of the BOSS GP series form an official German championship sanctioned by the DMSB. EuroBOSS is the European equivalent of USBOSS and OZBOSS, EuroBOSS tends to have mainly F1 Cars, while USBOSS mainly comprises Indy and Champ Cars and OZBOSS tends to have Formula 4000 or equivalent. Over the years the classes have been updated, nowadays relative new cars like the Dallara GP2/08, Dallara T08 and Lola B05/52 are allowed in the series. For 2010 EuroBOSS allowed the Tatuus N. T07 International Formula Master car to race in the series, the car was never allowed in the BOSS GP series
17.
Motorsport
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The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
18.
Race track
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A race track is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals. A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses, racetracks are also used in the study of animal locomotion. Some motorsport tracks are called speedways, a racetrack is a permanent facility or building. Racecourse is a term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong. Race tracks built for bicycles are known as velodromes, circuit is a common alternate term for racetrack, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. A race course, as opposed to a racecourse, is a term for non-permanent tracks for sports, particularly running, water sports, road racing. Many sports usually held on racetracks also can occur on temporary tracks, there is some evidence of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient racetracks were the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks, both of these structures were designed for horse and chariot racing. The stadium of the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators, racing facilities existed during the Middle Ages, and there are records of a public racecourse being opened at Newmarket in London in 1174. In 1780 the Earl of Derby created a course on his estate at Epsom. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks, in the United States, the race tracks are dirt. With the advent of the automobile in the late twentieth century. The earliest tracks were modified horse racing courses, racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, at Narragansett Park in Cranston, Rhode Island. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909, beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks called board tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on the AAA Championship circuit were run on board tracks. Modern racetracks are designed with safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator. These often involve run off areas, barriers, and high fencing, several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for such as motocross, cycling
19.
Castle Donington
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Castle Donington is a small market town and civil parish in Leicestershire, England. It is situated on the edge of the National Forest close to East Midlands Airport, Castle Donington stands on the former Nottingham to Birmingham trunk road. The town is a mix of the old and new, with modern shops mixed with dignified Georgian, several timber framed houses dating from the 17th century and earlier survive along the main road. The town has no station, but East Midlands Parkway opened early in 2008 at Ratcliffe-on-Soar providing links on the Midland Main Line. In 1868 the Midland Railway opened the Castle Donington Line, which included Castle Donington, the station was closed to regular passenger traffic in 1930, and closed completely and demolished in 1968. The access driveway still exists but for only, and is the start of a footpath to Hemington, running past the site of the old goods yard. The railway remains open for substantial flows of traffic as an alternative to the route via Derby. Kings Mill, the crossing on the River Trent, is mentioned in a charter issued by Æthelred the Unready in 1009 regarding the boundaries of Weston-on-Trent. Dunintune or Dunitone is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having land belonging to Countess Ælfgifu and it is called Castoldonyngtoin in a duchy of Lancaster warrant of 1484. In 1278, King Edward I granted a charter for a weekly market, the Fair continues in Borough Street for three days each October. Lace-making was an important industry up until the 1850s, when a decline in the population is recorded. The population did not recover to the level until a century later. Bondgate, Borough Street and Clapgun Street formed the nucleus of the historic village and it was abandoned and its stone used to build Donington Hall within Donington Park. In the early 1950s local councils from Derby, Nottingham and Leicester were seeking a site to build an airport for the region. The airport opened in 1955 and is now the tenth largest airport in the UK, the airport site is now an important economic center, and a major employer in the area. Castle Donington Power Station was built in 1958 as one of the largest coal-fired power stations in Europe and it was closed in September 1994 and demolished in 1996. Castle Donington has two schools, St Edwards and Orchard Primary School, each serving roughly one half of the town. East Midlands Airport is served by airlines including flyBE, bmi regional, Ryanair, Jet2. Com, Thomson Airways
20.
Leicestershire
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Leicestershire is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street, the county has a population of just under 1 million with over half the population living in Leicesters built-up area. Leicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book in four wapentakes, Guthlaxton, Framland, Goscote and these later became hundreds, with the division of Goscote into West Goscote and East Goscote, and the addition of Sparkenhoe hundred. In 1087, the first recorded use of the name was as Laegrecastrescir, Leicestershires external boundaries have changed little since the Domesday Survey. These actions were reversed on 1 April 1997, when Rutland, Rutland became a distinct Ceremonial County once again, although it continues to be policed by Leicestershire Constabulary. The symbol of the county council, Leicestershire County Cricket Club, Leicestershire is considered to be the birthplace of fox hunting as it is known today. Hugo Meynell, who lived in Quorn, is known as the father of fox hunting, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough have associations with fox hunting, as has neighbouring Rutland. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, the highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres, which is also a Marilyn. The lowest point is about 24. 8m, north of Bottesford where the River Devon leaves Leicestershire, the population of Leicestershire is 609,578 people. The county covers an area of 2,084 km2 and its largest population centre is the city of Leicester, followed by the town of Loughborough. Other large towns include Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coalville, Hinckley, Market Harborough, Melton Mowbray, Oadby, Wigston, some of the larger of villages are, Burbage Birstall, Broughton Astley, Castle Donington, Kibworth Beauchamp, Great Glen, Ibstock, Countesthorpe and Kegworth. One of the most rapidly expanding villages is Anstey, which has seen a large number of development schemes. The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a resident population for Leicester of 279,921. Approximately 62,000 were aged under 16,199,000 were aged 16–74,76. 9% of Leicesters population claim they have been born in the UK, according to the 2001 UK Census. Mid-year estimates for 2006 indicate that the population of the City of Leicester stood at 289,700 making Leicester the most populous city in East Midlands, the population density is 3, 814/km2 and for every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Leicester,38. 5% had no academic qualifications,23. 0% of Leicesters residents were born outside of the United Kingdom, more than double than the English average of 9. 2%. Engineering has long been an important part of the economy of Leicestershire, John Taylor Bellfounders continues a history of bellfounding in Loughborough since the 14th century. In 1881 John Taylors cast the largest bell in Britain, Great Paul, snibston Discovery Park is built on one of three coal mines that operated in Coalville from the 1820s until 1986
21.
Jonathan Palmer
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Jonathan Charles Palmer is a British former Formula One racing driver. Also a doctor, he practised medicine before he opted for a career in motorsport. Active in Formula One between 1983 and 1989, Palmer drove for Tyrrell, Williams, RAM, and Zakspeed and he won 14 Championship points from 83 starts. Palmer helped develop the McLaren F1 road car, and drove one to a new speed record for production cars and he has taken a role in the racing careers of Jolyon Palmer and Will Palmer, his two sons. He is currently the majority shareholder and chief executive of MotorSport Vision, following his education at Brighton College, Palmer raced an Austin Healey Sprite and a Marcos in club events while he was a medical student at Guy’s Hospital. He went on to work as a doctor at Buckfield and Brighton hospitals and he won the British Formula 3 Championship in 1981, and landed a Williams Formula One test drive in 1982. The following year he won the European Formula Two Championship, Palmer made his Formula One debut at Brands Hatch on 25 September 1983, driving a Williams in the European Grand Prix. He finished 25th out of 30 starters, moving to the Skoal Bandit RAM March team in 1984, his six finishes yielded one 8th place, three 9th, one 10th, and one 13th. He joined Zakspeed in 1985, starting in eight races and retiring from all except the 1985 Detroit Grand Prix, sixteen starts with the same team in 1986 resulted in eight retirements and a best finish of 8th in Detroit. In 1987, Palmer talked with McLaren boss Ron Dennis about becoming the teams No.2 driver to double World Champion Alain Prost, Dennis ultimately signed Stefan Johansson, and Palmer joined Tyrrell a week before the season’s opening race in Brazil. Although outpaced by its competitors, Tyrrell’s normally-aspirated Cosworth-powered car proved reliable. Palmer won championship points in three races, and it was in the Australian Grand Prix that he achieved his career-best fourth-place finish and he also won the Jim Clark Cup, a championship for drivers of normally aspirated cars. He stayed with Tyrrell for the two seasons, during which his best results were two 5th-place finishes and three 6th. At the end of 1989 he signed as McLaren’s test driver, between 1983 and 1990 Palmer competed in the World Sportscar Championship at the wheel of a Group C Porsche. With co-driver Jan Lammers he won the 19841000 km of Brands Hatch, at Le Mans, his best result from five starts was second place in 1985, with co-drivers James Weaver and Richard Lloyd. In 1991 Palmer came 7th in the British Touring Car Championship, also that year he formed PalmerSport, a corporate driving organization, and became a pit lane reporter for the BBC F1 commentary team. Following James Hunt’s death from an attack after the 1993 Canadian Grand Prix. At the end of 1996 the BBC lost the rights to broadcast F1, palmer’s work with McLaren included development of the McLaren F1 road car, and he drove one to a record-breaking 231 mph at the Nardo test track
22.
Donington Hall
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Donington Hall is a house and residential 1, 100-acre estate in Castle Donington, North West Leicestershire, located close to the city of Derby. The hall served as the headquarters for the airline British Midland International until it was merged into British Airways on 28 October 2012 and it is now the headquarters of the Norton Motorcycle Company. The house was built from c 1790 for Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira, in a fanciful Gothic manner by the plasterer, from 1902 Donington was the property of the Gillies Shields family. The hall was requisitioned at the start of World War I by the British government, while interned at Donington Hall in 1915, the German naval pilot Gunther Plüschow made the only successful escape from Britain in either World War. The circuit at Donington Park was closed in 1939 due to World War II, with the whole estate needing extensive renovations after the war, the family rented the estate out as farm land. They retained the Hall, which after the Soviet Army ensured a Communist regime in Hungary, became a camp for those who came to the East Midlands. ”In 1971, Tom Wheatcroft bought part of the estate, including the famous pre-war racing circuit. In 1976, British Midland Airways purchased the hall from the Shields family, British Midland Airways moved to Donington Hall in 1982. The airline was rebranded as British Midland International, and in 2007 employed 800 workers at Donington Hall. In 2012 International Airlines Group announced it may lay off up to 1,200 BMI employees, then in March 2013 the Norton Motorcycle Company bought Donington Hall from International Airlines Group. Norton makes the bikes from a building called Hastings House. In 2016 Nortons chief executive Stuart Garner bought the property to Donington Hall. The purchase expanded his hospitality business which he also runs, the combined properties feature 80 acres of grounds, which are boarded by an ancient deer park and the River Trent
23.
Silver Arrows
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Silver Arrows was the name given by the press to Germanys dominant Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union Grand Prix motor racing cars between 1934 and 1939. The name was applied to the Mercedes-Benz Formula One and sports cars in 1954 and 1955. For decades until the introduction of sponsorship liveries, each country had its colour in automobile racing. On the other hand, Mercedes won the Italian Targa Florio with cars painted red in 1922 and 1924, the big supercharged 200 hp Mercedes-Benz SSKL with which Rudolf Caracciola won the 1931 Mille Miglia was called the White Elephant. In 1958 Alfred Neubauers biography was published, and he described the origin of the Silver Arrows as being accidental, in 1934 the international governing body of motor sport prescribed a maximum weight limit of 750 kg for Grand Prix racing cars, excluding tyres and fuel. Neubauer said that when in spring 1934, the Mercedes-Benz team placed its new Mercedes-Benz W25 on the scrutineering scales prior to the Eifelrennen at the Nürburgring, the story continues that the next day the shining silver aluminium beneath was exposed and scrutineering was passed. After the 350 hp car of Von Brauchitsch won the race, there is however, controversy and doubt regarding this story. It did not appear until 1958, and no reference to it has found in contemporary sources. It has since established that von Brauchitsch had raced a streamlined silver SSKL on the AVUS in 1932. Also, in 1934, both Mercedes and Auto Union had entered the Avusrennen with silver cars. The next big event was the 1934 Eifelrennen, but as few cars complying to the new rules were ready, it was held for Formule Libre, by the 1930s, modern stressed-skin aircraft fuselage construction was already using polished and unpainted aluminium panels for streamlining and to save weight. Also the wealthy motor-racing fraternity would have been aware that in heraldry, white and silver are the colour, or tincture. The Silver Arrows of Mercedes and Auto Union cars reached speeds of well over 300 kilometres per hour in 1937, and well over 400 km/h during land speed record runs. The superiority of these vehicles in motor racing established the term Silver Arrow as a legend. The names Rudolf Caracciola, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hermann Lang, and later Stirling Moss and Juan Manuel Fangio, will always be associated with the eras of these racing cars. Now a traditional colour for road-cars in reference to the Silver Arrows, most German car companies have a shade of silver in their catalogues conforming to Silberpfeil-Grau, however, Audi and Mercedes-Benz are not the only German car companies who paint their cars in a silver colour. Porsche has also inherited the tradition of silver arrows, but the BMW company still paints its cars in the traditional white colour. Since 2010, the cars of Mercedes Formula One teams have been nicknamed Silver Arrows by the press, the modern cars race with the majority of their body painted in a traditional silver shade, trimmed in Petronas green
24.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
25.
Tom Wheatcroft
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Frederick Bernard Tom Wheatcroft was an English businessman and car collector. He made his fortune through building and construction, and was known for resurrecting the Donington Park motor racing circuit, frederick Bernard Wheatcroft was born in Castle Donington, Leicestershire, in 1922. Early in life he was nicknamed Tom-Tom by an uncle, owing to his habit of repeatedly patting his stomach, Wheatcroft had only 20 months of formal schooling, and following the end of this he became an apprentice plasterer. However, he preferred to bicycle from his parents home in Leicester to Donington Park to watch pre-war motor racing and he was in attendance at the circuit during the 1937 and 1938 Donington Grand Prix races, During World War II Wheatcroft served as a tank driver. He saw action in many theatres, including Madagascar, India and the Middle East, toward the end of the conflict he was invalided home after he was temporarily blinded by a nearby mortar explosion. Following the end of the war Wheatcroft returned to the industry as a labourer. When a storm caused significant damage to parts of Leicester he organised repairs, using the money made from this he funded the construction of two houses, and from there he rapidly built a thriving construction business, Bernard Wheatcroft Ltd. In 1946 he married Helena Morgenstern, known to her family as Lenchen, Wheatcroft had always lived within a 30-mile radius of Castle Donington, had by his death had amassed an estimate fortune of £120 million, and was father to seven children. Following on from his passion for motor racing, after Wheatcrofts construction business started to provide a stable source of income he returned to visiting race events as a spectator. In 1964 he bought an elderly Ferrari 125 Formula One car, formerly owned, despite having had its Ferrari V12 engine replaced by a Chevrolet Corvette V8 by the previous owner in Australia, Wheatcroft enjoyed driving the car at test sessions. The car sparked a buying spree and formed the first of what was to become a collection of Grand Prix machinery. Over the following years Wheatcroft and his distinctive laugh – described by historian Doug Nye as like a rusty truck failing to start – became a feature at race circuits around the world. Having made his fortune, and having started to build his car collection, in 1970 he purchased an ex-works Brabham BT26, Jacky Ickxs 1969 German Grand Prix-winning car, and entered Derek Bell for the Tasman Series 1970 New Zealand Grand Prix. Following that initial success, later that year he invested in a new a Brabham BT30 to run for Bell in the European Formula Two Championship. During the season he entered the BT26, in full three-litre form, at the Race of Champions, where Bell suffered an accident in practice, and the Belgian Grand Prix. At the 1971 Monaco Formula Three race Wheatcroft became acquainted with Roger Williamson, also from Leicester, driving for Wheatcroft Racing, in 1972 Williamson won two of the three British Formula Three Championships, and took part in numerous European Formula Three and Formula Two races. In 1973 Wheatcroft sponsored a seat for Williamson in the Formula One March Engineering works team, williamsons short career lasted two races. He crashed on the first lap of his debut, at the ill-fated 1973 British Grand Prix, then also on the eighth lap of the Dutch Grand Prix
26.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
27.
Lease
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An asset-backed security is a security whose income payments and hence value are derived from and collateralized by a specified pool of underlying assets. The pool of assets is typically a group of small and illiquid assets which are unable to be sold individually. The pools of underlying assets can include common payments from credit cards, auto loans, often a separate institution, called a special purpose vehicle, is created to handle the securitization of asset backed securities. The special purpose vehicle, which creates and sells the securities, uses the proceeds of the sale to pay back the bank that created, or originated and this allows banks to invest more of their capital in new loans or other assets and possibly have a lower capital requirement. In the first case, collateralized debt obligations and mortgage-backed securities, are subsets and it has also interpreted the phrase discrete pool to exclude those that can change in composition over time. However, such securities may be shelf-registered on Form S-3 only if the value of the leased property represents less than 20% of the original securitized pool balance. However, consistent with current practice, shelf registration on will be only if delinquent assets constitute 20% or less of the original asset pool. Exceptions to the Discrete Pool Requirement, the new rules generally codify the SEC staff’s position that a security must be backed by a discrete pool of assets in order to be considered an ABS. However, the new rules establish the following exceptions to address market practices, any security issued in a master trust structure would meet the definition of asset-backed security without limitation. Asset-backed securities will also include securities with a period of up to one year during which up to 50% of the offering proceeds may be used for subsequent purchases of pool assets. The new rules also include within the definition of asset-backed security securities with revolving periods during which new financial assets may be acquired, however, the new assets added to the pool during the revolving period must be of the same general character as the original pool assets. Investors typically refer to HELs as any nonagency loans that do not fit either the jumbo or alt-A loan categories. While early HELs were mostly second lien subprime mortgages, first-lien loans now make up the majority of issuance, Subprime mortgage borrowers have a less than perfect credit history and are required to pay interest rates higher than what would be available to a typical agency borrower. The second largest subsector in the ABS market is auto loans, auto finance companies issue securities backed by underlying pools of auto-related loans. Auto ABS are classified into three categories, prime, nonprime, and subprime, Prime auto ABS are collaterized by loans made to borrowers with strong credit histories, nonprime auto ABS consist of loans made to lesser credit quality consumers, which may have higher cumulative losses. Subprime borrowers will typically have lower incomes, tainted credited histories, owner trusts are the most common structure used when issuing auto loans and allow investors to receive interest and principal on sequential basis. Deals can also be structured to pay on a pro-rata or combination of the two, Securities backed by credit card receivables have been benchmark for the ABS market since they were first introduced in 1987. Credit card holders may borrow funds on a basis up to an assigned credit limit
28.
Bankruptcy
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Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, bankruptcy is limited to individuals, in the United States, bankruptcy is applied more broadly to formal insolvency proceedings. In France, the cognate French word banqueroute is used solely for cases of fraudulent bankruptcy, in Ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a man owed and he could not pay, he and his wife, children or servants were forced into debt slavery, until the creditor recouped losses through their physical labour. Many city-states in ancient Greece limited debt slavery to a period of five years, debt slaves had protection of life and limb, which regular slaves did not enjoy. However, servants of the debtor could be retained beyond that deadline by the creditor and were forced to serve their new lord for a lifetime. An exception to rule was Athens, which by the laws of Solon forbade enslavement for debt, as a consequence. The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency, Bankruptcy is also documented in East Asia. According to al-Maqrizi, the Yassa of Genghis Khan contained a provision that mandated the death penalty for anyone who became bankrupt three times, a failure of a nation to meet bond repayments has been seen on many occasions. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557,1560,1575 and 1596, at the edge of Europe, Egypt, Russia, and Turkey have histories of chronic default as well. For private households, it is argued to be insufficient to merely dismiss debts after a certain period and it is important to assess the underlying problems and to minimize the risk of financial distress to re-occur. In most EU Member States, debt discharge is conditioned by a partial payment obligation, in the United States, discharge is conditioned to a lesser extent. The spectrum is broad in the EU, with the UK coming closest to the US system, the Other Member States do not provide the option of a debt discharge. It is almost impossible to discharge student loan debt by filing bankruptcy, unlike most other debtors, the individual with student debt must give a series of reasons and tests to prove that the debtor could not pay the debt. If the person were to file bankruptcy, he or she is encouraged to do so under Chapter 13. In order to avoid bankruptcy, one could negotiate with the lender to lower monthly payments, student loan bankruptcy is considered a last resort. However, some find themselves being forced to file bankruptcy, as the lender refused to lower payments
29.
Park
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A park is an area of natural, semi-natural, or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. It may consist of areas, rocks, soil, and trees. In North America, many parks have fields for playing such as soccer, baseball and football. Many parks have trails for walking, biking and other activities, some parks are built adjacent to bodies of water or watercourses and may comprise a beach or boat dock area. Often, the smallest parks are in areas, where a park may take up only a city block or less. Urban parks often have benches for sitting and may contain picnic tables, the largest parks can be vast natural areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometres, with abundant wildlife and natural features such as mountains and rivers. In many large parks, camping in tents is allowed with a permit, many natural parks are protected by law, and users may have to follow restrictions. Large national and sub-national parks are typically overseen by a ranger or a park warden. Large parks may have areas for canoeing and hiking in the months and, in some northern hemisphere countries. The first parks were English deer parks, land set aside for hunting by royalty and they had walls or thick hedges around them to keep game animals in and people out. It was strictly forbidden for commoners to hunt animals in these deer parks and these game preserves evolved into landscaped parks set around mansions and country houses from the sixteenth century onwards. These may have served as hunting grounds but they also proclaimed the owners wealth, an aesthetic of landscape design began in these stately home parks where the natural landscape was enhanced by landscape architects such as Capability Brown. As cities became crowded, the hunting grounds became places for the public. With the Industrial revolution parks took on a new meaning as areas set aside to preserve a sense of nature in the cities, sporting activity came to be a major use for these urban parks. Areas of outstanding natural beauty were also set aside as national parks to prevent their being spoiled by uncontrolled development, in some parks or time periods with high pollen counts, parks tend to be avoided. Park design is influenced by the purpose and audience, as well as by the available land features. A park intended to provide recreation for children may include a playground, a park primarily intended for adults may feature walking paths and decorative landscaping. Specific features, such as riding trails, may be included to support specific activities, the design of a park may determine who is willing to use it
30.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
31.
Monopoly
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A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors, in economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is an entity that has significant market power, that is. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly, a small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry. A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in there is only one buyer of a product or service. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel, in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers. Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration, in many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, patents, copyrights, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government-granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly, There are four basic types of market structures in traditional economic analysis, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. A monopoly is a structure in which a single supplier produces, if there is a single seller in a certain market and there are no close substitutes for the product, then the market structure is that of a pure monopoly. Sometimes, there are many sellers in an industry and/or there exist many close substitutes for the goods being produced and this is termed monopolistic competition, whereas in oligopoly the companies interact strategically. Most economic textbooks follow the practice of explaining the perfect competition model. The boundaries of what constitutes a market and what does not are relevant distinctions to make in economic analysis, in a general equilibrium context, a good is a specific concept including geographical and time-related characteristics. Most studies of market structure relax a little their definition of a good, price Maker, Decides the price of the good or product to be sold, but does so by determining the quantity in order to demand the price desired by the firm. High Barriers, Other sellers are unable to enter the market of the monopoly, single seller, In a monopoly, there is one seller of the good, who produces all the output. Therefore, the market is being served by a single company, and for practical purposes. Price Discrimination, A monopolist can change the price or quantity of the product and he or she sells higher quantities at a lower price in a very elastic market, and sells lower quantities at a higher price in a less elastic market
32.
Brooklands
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Brooklands was a 2. 75-mile motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the worlds first purpose-built motor racing circuit as well as one of Britains first airfields, the Brooklands motor circuit was the brainchild of Hugh F. Locke King, and was the first purpose-built banked motor race circuit in the world. Apparently drawing inspiration from the development at Brooklands, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built soon afterwards, requirements of speed and spectator visibility led to the Brooklands track being built as a 100 ft wide,2.75 miles long, banked oval. The banking was nearly 30 feet high in places, in addition to the oval, a bisecting Finishing Straight was built, increasing the track length to 3.25 miles, of which 1.25 miles was banked. It could host up to 287,000 spectators in its heyday, owing to the complications of laying tarmacadam on banking, and the expense of laying asphalt, the track was built in uncoated concrete. This led in later years to a bumpy ride, as the surface suffered differential settlement over time. Along the centre of the track ran a black line. By driving over the line, a driver could take the banked corners without having to use the steering wheel. The Brooklands Mountain Circuit was a section of the track giving a lap 1¼ miles long, running from the Fork to the rear of Members Hill. It was created in 1930 using movable barriers, on 28–29 June 1907, eleven days after the circuit opened, it played host to the worlds first 24-hour motor event, with Selwyn Edge leading three specially converted Napier cars around the circuit. A statement of intent had been made in 1906, and Selwyn Edge entered into a training program to prepare for the event. His car,804 was extensively modified, having a fuel tank, bodywork removed. Over 300 red railway lamps were used to light the track during the night, flares were used to mark the upper boundary of the track. Edge drove his car for the duration, with the drivers of the other two cars taking the more familiar shift approach. During the event Edge covered a distance of 1,581.74 mi at an speed of 65.91 mph. Women were not allowed to compete for several years, edges leading driver, was refused entry despite having been the first English-woman to compete in a motor race in 1903, and holding the Ladies World Land Speed Record. Edge completed 2,545 km at an average 106.06 km/h, the first standard race meeting would be held the next week, on 6 July. George E. Stanley broke the record at Brooklands race track on a Singer motorcycle in 1912
33.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
34.
Isle of Man TT
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The International Isle of Man TT Race is a motorcycle sport event held annually on the Isle of Man in May or June of each year since the inaugural race in 1907. The Isle of Man TT for many years has been the most prestigious race in the world and also seen as the ultimate test for competitors. In 2016, the Vision Nine Group was appointed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development in a deal as a race promoter for the 2017 Isle of Man TT onwards. The Isle of Man TT has been run in a time-trial format on public roads closed for racing by the provisions of an Act of Tynwald. The event consists of one week of practice sessions followed by one week of racing, the first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy. From 1911 the Isle of Man TT transferred to the much longer Snaefell Mountain Course of 37.40 miles, the race did not take place from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War. A 250cc Lightweight TT race was added to the Isle of Man TT programme in 1922 followed by a Sidecar TT race in 1923, there was no racing on the Isle of Man between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War. It recommenced with the Manx Grand Prix in 1946 then the Isle of Man TT in 1947 with an expanded format that included the new Clubmans TT races. The Isle of Man TT became part of the FIM Motor-cycle Grand Prix World Championship as the British round of the World Motor-Cycling Championship during the period 1949–1976. It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world, with over 250 fatalities in its history. In 1976, the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status and was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM, the event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the Isle of Man TT Festival from 1989 onwards. Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial, restricted to touring automobiles. The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course.90 mph. The 1905 International Motor-Cycle Cup Race for five laps was won by J. S, campbell despite a fire during a pit stop in 4 hours,9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph. The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time-trial, the current format is a clutch start and race competitors will be started singly at 10-second intervals. Start Preliminaries First Signal –45 minutes before the start with a warm-up of engines in the Race Paddock, Second Signal –30 minutes before start. Third Signal –15 minutes before start, race competitors move to the start-line, fourth Signal –5 minutes before start, signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate. Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing. 5-mile Snaefell Mountain Course
35.
Whit Monday
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Whit Monday or Pentecost Monday is the holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost, a moveable feast in the Christian calendar. It is moveable because it is determined by the date of Easter, Whit Monday gets its English name from Whitsunday, an English name for Pentecost, one of the three baptismal seasons. The origin of the name Whit Sunday is generally attributed to the white garments worn by those newly baptized on this feast. In many of countries, Whit Monday is known as the second day of Pentecost or the second Whitsun. In France, it became a day for many workers from 2005 to 2007. This was to raise extra funds following the lack of preparation for a summertime heat wave. It continues to be a public holiday in France. In Liechtenstein, Whit Monday is considered to be a favorite holiday, in Germany, Whit Monday is a Holy Day of Obligation for Roman Catholics. In South Tyrol, it replaces the holiday of the patron saint celebrated elsewhere in Italy. Until 1973, Whit Monday was a holiday in Ireland. It was a holiday in the United Kingdom until 1967. It was formally replaced by the fixed Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May in 1971 and it was also a public holiday in various former British colonies, especially in the Pacific. It remains a holiday in some of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. In Sweden, Whit Monday was a holiday until 2004 as it was replaced by the National Day of Sweden from 2005. Although Whit Monday is a holiday in many countries, it is not a Catholic religious holiday any more than the other weekdays that follow Pentecost Sunday. Until the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, they were part of the octave of Pentecost, the Monday after Pentecost is now the first day of the resumption of Ordinary Time. While the details differ from diocese to diocese, the most widespread practice in Germany is to have a compulsory votive Mass of the Holy Spirit outranking even solemnities, the day following is known as Third Day of the Trinity. In the services on the Monday of the Holy Spirit many of the hymns are sung as on the day of Pentecost itself
36.
Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe
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Francis Richard Henry Penn Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, CBE, RD, PC, styled as Viscount Curzon from 1900 to 1929, was a British naval officer, Member of Parliament, and motor racing driver and promotor. In the 1918 UK General Election he won the Battersea South seat as the candidate of the Conservative Party, while in Parliament he took up motor racing, and later won the 193124 Hours of Le Mans race. He ascended to the Peerage in 1929, succeeding his father as the 5th Earl Howe, Earl Howe co-founded the British Racing Drivers Club with Dudley Benjafield in 1928, and served as its President until his death in 1964. Francis, Viscount Curzon, joined the Royal Navy after leaving school, when World War I started the RNVR was formed into the Royal Naval Division and they were to fight on land like infantrymen not sailors. Hon. Viscount Curzon served as Battalion Commander, Howe Battalion of the 2nd Brigade RND. Howe Battalion saw action at Gallipoli, April 1915 – January 1916, Mudros and Stavros, Salonica, January - May 1916, France and Belgium, May 1916 - February 1918, during part of this period Curzon also served as aide-de-camp to George V. Following the armistice Viscount Curzon moved into politics, in the 1918 General Election he won the Battersea South seat, standing for the Conservative Party. Following his fathers death in 1929 Francis Curzon ascended to the title Earl Howe and he was appointed a Privy Counsellor in the 1929 Dissolution Honours. However, during his years as an MP Curzon had begun to become involved in motor racing. An associate of the infamous Bentley Boys, he was instrumental in forming the ideas which led Dudley Benjafield to set up the British Racing Drivers Club in 1928, the newly ennobled Earl Howe was elected its President at the BRDCs first Annual General Meeting in 1929. Francis Curzon made his debut at the comparatively old age of 44. After leaving the House of Commons he pursued his career with increasing vigour. During the 1930s he became a known driver, competing in many national and international races. He entered the endurance classic six times between 1929 and 1935, only missing the 1933 event, for the first year he was entered as a part of the Bentley factory team, but latterly he entered his own cars. It was in his own Alfa Romeo 8C that he won the race in 1931, away from La Sarthe, Earl Howe drove in a variety of automobiles. Indeed, in the mid-1930s he was credited by Time magazine as having Europes most elaborate collection of racing cars and he favored the Bugatti marque, owning and campaigning several Bugattis. He won the Donington Park Trophy race in 1933, and added to his victory haul with a win in the 1938 Grosvenor Grand Prix, at Cape Town in South Africa. R. Aside from assuming the Presidency of the BRDC, Earl Howe also served as Vice-President of the FIAs Commission Sportive Internationale and he also kept motorsport issues on the political landscape, with numerous speeches in the House of Lords
37.
Bugatti Type 51
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The Type 51 series succeeded the famous Type 35 as Bugattis premier racing car for the 1930s. Unlike the dominant Type 35s of the decade, the Type 51 were unable to compete with the government-supported German and Italian offerings. The original Type 51 emerged in 1931 and its engine was a 160 hp twin overhead cam evolution of the supercharged 2.3 L single overhead cam straight-8 found in the Type 35B. A victory in the 1931 French Grand Prix was a case of success for the line. About 40 examples of the Type 51 and 51A were produced, the Type 51 is visually very similar to the Type 35. However many Type 35 cars have been fitted with later wheels, Grand Prix car of 1931, fitted with a twin overhead-cam 4.9 liter engine delivering 300 hp. Chassis number 54201 was the first type 54 built and was the car for Achille Varzi. It used an enlarged 3.3 L version of the straight-eight Type 57s engine sitting in a modified Type 54 chassis, the engine was lowered for a better center of gravity, and the frame was lightened with a number of holes drilled in the chassis. The signature piano wire wheels used splines between the drum and rim, and relied on the radial spokes to handle cornering loads. 250 hp was on tap, and eight were made,1933 Bugatti Type 59 Grand Prix racer from the Ralph Lauren collection Bugatti Type 53 – Four wheel drive Type 51 racer Bugatti Type 57 – luxury 1930s car Bugatti Trust Type 53 article
38.
Shuttleworth Collection
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The Shuttleworth Collection is an aeronautical and automotive museum located at the Old Warden Aerodrome, Old Warden in Bedfordshire, England. It is one of the most prestigious in the due to the variety of old. The collection was founded in 1928 by aviator Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, while flying a Fairey Battle at night on 2 August 1940, Shuttleworth fatally crashed. His mother, in 1944, formed the Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth Remembrance Trust for the teaching of the science and practice of aviation and of afforestation, restoration and maintenance work is carried out by a staff of nine full-time and many volunteer engineers. These volunteers are all members of the 3, 000-strong Shuttleworth Veteran Aeroplane Society and these dedicated enthusiasts are crucial to the preservation and restoration of the collection. In addition to the aircraft, the houses a number of vintage. Events include model-flying days, and once a year, there is a special flying day for schools in the area, the Shuttleworth Collection puts an emphasis on restoring as many aircraft as possible to flying condition, inline with the founders original intention. Some of the most notable aircraft in the collection are the five Edwardian aeroplanes, what makes these exceptional is that they still fly
39.
Alfa Romeo P3
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The Alfa Romeo P3, P3 monoposto or Tipo B was a classic Grand Prix car designed by Vittorio Jano, one of the Alfa Romeo 8C models. The P3 was first genuine single-seat Grand Prix racing car and Alfa Romeos second monoposto after Tipo A monoposto and it was based on the earlier successful Alfa Romeo P2. Taking lessons learned from that car, Jano went back to the board to design a car that could last longer race distances. The P3 was the first genuine single seater racing car, and was powered by a supercharged eight-cylinder engine, the car was very light for the period, weighing just over 1,500 lb despite using a cast iron engine block. The 1933 Grand Prix season brought financial difficulties to Alfa Corse so the cars were locked away. Enzo Ferrari had to run his breakaway works Alfa team as Scuderia Ferrari, using the older, Alfa procrastinated until August and missed the first 25 events, and only after much wrangling was the P3 finally handed over to Scuderia Ferrari. P3s then won six of the final 11 events of the season including the final 2 major Grands Prix in Italy, the regulations for the 1934 Grand Prix season brought larger bodywork requirements, so to counteract this the engine was bored out to 2.9 litres. Louis Chiron won the French Grand Prix at Montlhery, whilst the German Silver Arrows dominated the four rounds of the European Championship. However the P3s won 18 of all the 35 Grands Prix held throughout Europe, by the 1935 Grand Prix season the P3 was hopelessly uncompetitive against the superior German cars in 6 rounds of the European Championship, but that didnt stop one final, legendary works victory. The P3 was bored out to 3.2 litres for Nuvolari for the 1935 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, in the heartland of the Mercedes, the P3s agility and versatility enabled it to win 16 of the 39 Grands Prix in 1935. The P3 had earned its place as a great racing car. Profile of P3 at Grand Prix History The Golden Age by Leif Snellman Results Tables by Quintin Cloud
40.
1937 Donington Grand Prix
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The 1937 Donington Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held on 2 October 1937 at the Donington Park circuit. In the race, Hermann Lang led the first few laps but retired with a broken damper, the lead changed hands several times between Manfred von Brauchitsch, Bernd Rosemeyer and Rudolf Caracciola. Rosemeyer stayed in the lead until the end and took the win after 80 laps, away beyond the woods we heard the approaching scream of a well-tuned E. R. A. and down the winding slope towards us came Raymond Mays. He changed down, braked, skirted round the Hairpin and was gone, theres the winner, remarked one of my friends. Half a minute came the deeper note of a 2. 9-litre Maserati. Bira shot past us, cornering with that precision which marked him as the master he was, far away in the distance we heard an angry, deep-throated roaring – as someone once remarked, like hungry lions impatient for the arena. The two cars took the hairpin, von Brauchitsch almost sideways, and rocketed away out of sight with long plumes of smoke trailing from their huge rear tyres. The startled Pressmen gazed at each other, awe-struck, strewth, gasped one of them, so thats what theyre like. That was what they were like, notes, Arthur Dobson was entered with both number 10 and 19. Christian Kautz was a driver but took part in practice sessions. Charles Martin used both an ERA and a Maserati during the practice sessions, notes, Arthur Hyde withdrew before qualifying, thinking he was too slow. When the Germans came to Donington
41.
Donington Park
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Donington Park is a motorsport circuit located near Castle Donington in Leicestershire, England. The circuit business is now owned by MotorSport Vision, and the surrounding Donington Park Estate is currently under lease by MotorSport Vision until 2038. Originally part of the Donington Hall estate, it was created as a racing circuit during the period when the German Silver Arrows were battling for the European Championship. Used as a vehicle storage depot during World War II. Revived under his ownership in the 1970s, it hosted a single Formula One race, DVLL consequently lost the rights to the British rounds of both Formula1 and MotoGP, and in its bankruptcy returned the track to the Wheatcroft family in December 2009. Under Wheatcrofts ownership, the venue has undergone significant work, with the track restored to use in 2010, before major upgrades in the following five years. At the end of 2010, it was announced that Donington would become home to an annual motorsport event. Donington Park motor racing circuit was the first permanent park circuit in England, fred Craner was a former motorcycle rider who had taken part in seven Isle of Man TT races, and was by 1931 a Derby garage owner and secretary of the Derby & District Motor Club. Craner approached the owner of the Donington Hall estate, Alderman John Gillies Shields JP. The original track was 2 mile 327 yd in length, the first motor cycle race took place on Whit Monday,1931. For 1933 Craner obtained permission to build a permanent track, with the original layout widened and sealed at a cost of £12,000, the first car race was held on 25 March, followed by three car meetings further that year. The first Donington Park Trophy race was held on 7 October 1933, in 1935 the first 300-mile Donington Grand Prix was won by Richard Mad Jack Shuttleworth in an Alfa Romeo P3. In the 1937 Donington Grand Prix and 1938 Donington Grand Prix, the circuit at Donington Park was closed in 1939 due to World War II, when it was requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence and was converted into a military vehicle depot. In 1971 the circuit was bought by business man and car collector Tom Wheatcroft, Wheatcroft moved his collection to the circuit, in a museum now known as the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition which opened in 1973, and has the largest collection of Grand Prix cars in the world. The motor racing circuit re-opened for cars on 28 May 1977, as per the original pre-war opening, the first postwar car race meeting was organised by the Nottingham Sports Car Club, sponsored by local Lotus dealers, J A Else of Codnor. That first car meeting nearly didnt happen, as the local ramblers tried to assert their rights to access to footpaths at the eleventh hour. The meeting went ahead as a Motor Trial, a loophole that curtailed the use of single seater racing cars for that opening meeting. The NSCC continued to run meetings at Donington until the Donington Racing Club was formed
42.
Bernd Rosemeyer
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Bernd Rosemeyer was a German racing driver. His father owned a garage and repair shop where young Rosemeyer worked on motorcycles, having started by racing motorbikes, Rosemeyer became a member of the Auto Union racing team with hardly any experience in racing cars. This was later considered a benefit as he was not yet used to the handling of traditional layout race cars. The Ferdinand Porsche-designed mid-engined Silver Arrows of Auto Union were fast, but hard to drive, however, in subsequent years he made up for this mistake by winning three consecutive races at the Nürburgring, one famously in thick fog. Later in 1935 he won his first Grand Prix at the Brno Masaryk Circuit in Czechoslovakia, whilst on the podium he was introduced to the famous aviator Elly Beinhorn. Their celebrity relationship was too good an opportunity to miss for the Nazi Party and Heinrich Himmler chose to make him a member of the SS, all German drivers were required to join the National Socialist Motor Corps, but Rosemeyer allegedly got away with never wearing a uniform. Several sensational Grand Prix motor racing victories in 1936 and 1937 made him not only in Germany. He won the European driving championship in 1936, budapest, Hungary 1936, Rudolf Carraciola before Bernd Rosemeyer His marriage to Beinhorn added even more celebrity hype. It also made it possible for him to learn to fly a private plane and his son Bernd, Jr. was born in November 1937, only ten weeks before his death. Rosemeyer considered 13 to be his lucky number and he was married on 13 July 1936. 13 days later he won the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring and his last Nürburgring victory came on 13 June 1937. His last race came at his 13th start of the 1937 season at Donington Park. Rosemeyer was killed during a speed record attempt on the Autobahn between Frankfurt and Darmstadt on 28 January 1938. Competing for the record against Rudolf Caracciola, Rosemeyer went out later in the day in his Auto Union streamliner, in an effort to raise the record still higher, despite a report that wind was picking up, Rosemeyer took the streamliner again. After two preliminary runs he was on his third and final attempt at 11,47, when the car went out of control. Rosemeyer was thrown out of the car as it somersaulted through the air, the Rosemeyer memorial is south of Frankfurt at the Rosemeyer layby on the southbound side of A5 motorway at kilometer marker 508. At the south end of the layby a footpath leads west into the forest, audi honoured the 100th anniversary of Rosemeyers birth by placing a wreath at the memorial. There is also a memorial situated next to the entrance to the Donington Park Museum in Leicestershire
43.
Tazio Nuvolari
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Tazio Giorgio Nuvolari was an Italian racing driver. First he raced motorcycles and then he concentrated on cars and single-seaters. Resident in Mantua, he was known as Il Mantovano Volante, ferdinand Porsche called him the greatest driver of the past, the present, and the future. Nuvolari started racing motorcycles in 1920 at the age of 27, having raced cars as well as motorcycles from 1925 until 1930, he then concentrated on cars, and won the 1932 European Championship with the Alfa Romeo factory team, Alfa Corse. After Alfa Romeo officially withdrew from Grand Prix racing Nuvolari drove for Enzo Ferraris team, Scuderia Ferrari, who ran the Alfa Romeo cars semi-officially. In 1933 he won Le Mans in an Alfa Romeo as a member of Ferraris team, and it was the only time a non-German car won a European Championship race from 1935 to 1939. The relationship with Ferrari deteriorated during 1937, and Nuvolari raced an Auto Union in that years Swiss Grand Prix and he rejoined the Auto Union team for the 1938 season and stayed with them through 1939 until Grand Prix racing was put on hiatus by World War II. The only major European race he never won was the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix, when Nuvolari resumed racing after the war he was 54 and in poor health. In his final appearance in competition, driving a Cisitalia-Abarth Tipo 204A at a Palermo hillclimb on 10 April 1950, he won his class and he died in 1953 from a stroke. Nuvolari was born in Castel dArio near Mantua on 16 November 1892 to Arturo Nuvolari and his wife Elisa Zorzi. Nuvolari was married to Carolina Perina, and together they had two children, Giorgio, who died in 1937 aged 19 from myocarditis, and Alberto, Nuvolari obtained his license for motorcycle racing in 1915 at the age of 23. He served in the Italian army as a driver in World War I. He also raced cars, winning the Coppa Verona reliability trial in 1921, in 1925 he became the 350 cc European Motorcycling champion by winning the European Grand Prix. At the time, the European Grand Prix was considered the most important race of the motorcycling season and the winners in each category were designated European Champions. He won the Nations Grand Prix four times between 1925 and 1928, and the Lario Circuit race five times between 1925 and 1929, all in the 350 cc class on a Bianchi motorcycle and he crashed when the gearbox seized, and severely lacerated his back. He was not picked for the team, six days later, in bandages, with a cushion strapped to his stomach, and lifted onto his motorcycle by Bianchi mechanics for a push-start, he won the rain-soaked Nations Grand Prix at Monza. 1930 In 1930, Nuvolari won his first RAC Tourist Trophy, Motor racing legend has it that when one of the drivers broke the window of a butchers shop, Nuvolari drove onto the pavement and tried to grab a ham as he passed. According to Sammy Davis who met him there, Nuvolari enjoyed dark humour, for example, after he got a ticket for a journey home from the Sicilian Targa Florio he said to Enzo Ferrari, What a strange businessman you are
44.
Auto Union
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Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. It is the predecessor of Audi as it is known today. As well as acting as a firm for its four constituent brands. The companys distinctive logo, of four interlocking rings to represent the four members of the Auto Union. Horch – founded 1904 by August Horch in Zwickau and it built cars starting from straight-two engines to luxury models with V8- and V12 engines. Audi – because of disputes with the CFO, August Horch in 1909 left his namesake enterprise and founded Audi across town, building inline-four-, six-, in 1928 Audi became a subsidiary of Zschopauer Motorenwerke. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the equipment for eight-. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau, Audi Imperator and Audi Dresden models, at the same time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder models were manufactured. Although all four continued to sell cars under their own names and brands. Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a project to announce the new brand. Ferdinand Porsche, who had work for him before. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had developed their Mercedes-Benz W25. It resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the track between the two companies until World War II. Having garnered state funds, Auto Union bought Porsches Hochleistungsfahrzeugbau GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 RM, the Auto Union racing cars types A to D were built as Grand Prix racing cars from 1934 to 1939. They resembled the earlier Benz Tropfenwagen, also built in part by Rumpler engineers, The only Grand Prix racers to wear Auto Unions four-ringed logo, they were particularly dominant in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Auto Union cars car won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck Sr. and Achille Varzi. Much has been written about the handling characteristics of this car. The cars used supercharged engines, eventually producing almost 550 hp
45.
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
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The Ministry of Defence is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majestys Government and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces. The MoD states that its objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the forces, contingency planning. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlees government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946, the new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. These departments merged in 1964, the functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971. The Ministers in the Ministry of Defence are as follows, The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government, Permanent Under-Secretary of State, Stephen Lovegrove—commencing April 2016 Defence Equipment & Support CEO - Tony Douglas — commencing 2016 Chief Scientific Adviser, Professor Vernon C. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, vice-Chief of the Defence Staff, General Sir Gordon Messenger, Royal Marines. First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Philip Jones, Royal Navy Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Nick Carter, the Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service. These forces must be capable of representing Britain as lead nation in any coalition operations, the ability, at longer notice, to deploy forces in a large-scale operation while running a concurrent small-scale operation. The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of defence diplomacy, the UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered, the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces, Defend and contribute to the security and resilience of the UK. Contribute to improved understanding of the world through strategic intelligence and the defence network. Reinforce international security and the capacity of our allies, partners. Conduct operations to restore peace and stability, conduct major combat operations if required, including under NATO Article 5
46.
Donington Grand Prix Exhibition
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With five halls and over 130 exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition comprises the largest exhibition of Grand Prix cars in the world. The collection contains vehicles from many forms of open-wheel, single-seater racing, the museum was formed by the late Tom Wheatcroft in March 1973 and is based on Wheatcrofts personal collection of vehicles. These include some that Wheatcrofts own motor racing team ran for drivers such as Roger Williamson and Derek Bell, various external collections of automobilia and motor racing ephemera have been donated to the museum over the years. The collection also has examples of four different four-wheel drive Formula One cars, another star exhibit is the Lotus 18 with which Stirling Moss won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, along with Jim Clarks World Championship-winning Lotus 25. Noticeable, however, is the lack of Ferrari vehicles,3 in all. First being a Ferrari 312 driven by Chris Amon, second a 312B and thirdly, a Ferrari F2000, conversely, the 1998 Jordan 198, the most successful in Jordans history, also figures. Another interesting exhibit is an Auto Union, built from pre-war plans following the destruction by Allied bombing during World War II. Wheatcroft has also supplemented the racing car collection with some additional notable cars, in addition to exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition also incorporates a conference suite and gift shop. The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition was closed briefly in late 2009 in the wake of the death of Tom Wheatcroft and it reopened in January 2010, along with the cafe and race control offices. The museum sold the Jim Clark Lotus 25 c.2008 to a private collector. Although it is no longer on display, it has given the car the chance to be raced on track by Damon Hill. Several other Formula 1 cars have also disappeared from the museum including Jackie Stewarts 1973 championship winning Tyrrell, Lotus 72 and these cars may have been sold in order to solve Doningtons financial problems when it enlarged the circuit and attempted to host the 2012 British Grand Prix. The Donington Collection is home to the largest exhibition of McLaren vehicles, conversely, its lacklustre predecessor, the Steve Nichols designed MP4/3 TAG Porsche twin-turbo stands alongside it in a diachronic exhibition of Mclaren creations. In addition, rarities such as a Häkkinens MP4/13 in test livery, an M14A driven by Denny Hulme and an MP4/2, the car that took Alain Prost to his first World Drivers Championship in 1985. Alongside these lie helmets of great drivers who drove for the Woking based outfit over the years such as Senna, Prost, Lauda, Häkkinen, Berger, Grand Prix Museum, Macau The Donington Collections Website. Accessed, 20-03-2015 The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition, accessed, 28-11-2009 Donington Grand Prix Collection. Accessed,29 August 2013 The Donington Grand Prix Collection, accessed, 24-04-2009 Donington Collections — by Donington Park Collections official website
47.
The Ramblers
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The Ramblers, formerly known as the Ramblers Association, is the largest walkers rights organisation in Great Britain and aims to represent the interests of walkers. It is a charity registered in England and Wales and in Scotland, in 1931, the National Council of Ramblers Federations was formed because walkers felt that a national body to represent their interests was needed. During the mass trespass, the protesters present scuffled with the Duke of Devonshires gamekeepers, the National Council of Ramblers Federations did not endorse the tactics of the trespassers. This mass trespass is often seen as the turning point in the history of the Ramblers. In 1934 the Council decided to change its name, leading to the founding of the Ramblers Association on 1 January 1935. On 21 and 22 April 2007, the Ramblers celebrated the 75th anniversary of the trespass of Kinder Scout. Ramblers Association Services Ltd eventually became an entity from the Ramblers Association. From 1948 onwards its secretary was Tom Stephenson, who was a campaigner for open-country access and for the first British long-distance footpath. Labour politician Hugh Dalton, an outdoorsman, served a term as president of the Ramblers Association. Dalton was an environmentalist before the term came into fashion, the Ramblers Association and its members long felt that there was a need for a change of image following on from the last change in 1987. London-based brand agency Spencer du Bois, which specialises in not-for-profit organisations, was commissioned to create, the rebranding targeted this new and evolving demographic. In 2009, the Ramblers Association was rebranded as the Ramblers a new logo emerged incorporating a younger and it also argues that Britains network of public paths is an invaluable part of its national heritage and that the relevant authorities have a duty to invest in them. Since its inception, The Ramblers have campaigned for full rights of access to all of Britains green spaces. There are 550 Ramblers groups in about 50 areas, and around 350 other affiliated bodies, such as societies especially interested in walking and pedestrianism, each area sends representatives to an area committee. Once a year a council is held, whereby representatives from each area meet to discuss the priorities of The Ramblers for the forthcoming year. The trustees that are responsible for The Ramblers are also elected at this time. Increased emphasis on walking has also resulted in a number of specialised groups being formed, including the London Strollers who specialise in short, leisurely urban. The organisation also hopes that such initiatives will also attract more members from ethnic, another initiative is The Gay City Strollers, a collaboration between The Ramblers and the Lesbian and Gay Foundation of Manchester
Ayrton Senna, McLaren MP4/8, 1993, F1)
Marijn van Kalmthout, Benetton B197, 2011, BOSS GP)
